CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lulu (opera) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aba0d115-ea0b-4ee9-acdc-43596c004798","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lulu_(opera)","wgTitle":"Lulu (opera)","wgCurRevisionId":1259833142,"wgRevisionId":1259833142,"wgArticleId":113319,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2020","All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from December 2019","Articles with dead external links from March 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2019","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Works with IMSLP links","Articles with International Music Score Library Project links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Operas by Alban Berg","German-language operas","Unfinished operas","Operas completed by others","Cultural depictions of Jack the Ripper","Classical musical works published posthumously","1937 operas","Operas","Operas based on plays","Twelve-tone compositions by Alban Berg","Expressionist music","Stefan Zweig Collection","Adultery in theatre","Plays about incest","Plays about prostitution","LGBTQ-related plays","LGBTQ-related operas","Adaptations of works by Frank Wedekind"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lulu_(opera)","wgRelevantArticleId":113319,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q837545","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/WP_Alban_Berg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1624"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/WP_Alban_Berg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1083"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="866"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lulu (opera) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lulu_opera rootpage-Lulu_opera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lulu+%28opera%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lulu+%28opera%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lulu+%28opera%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lulu+%28opera%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prologue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prologue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prologue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prologue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dramatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dramatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Musical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit_orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Pit orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Special groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Serialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Posthumous history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters,_articles_and_theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters,_articles_and_theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Chapters, articles and theses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters,_articles_and_theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography_and_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography_and_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Discography and recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography_and_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Lulu</i> (opera)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(Berg)" title="Lulu (Berg) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lulu (Berg)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(Oper)" title="Lulu (Oper) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lulu (Oper)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lul%C3%BA_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Lulú (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lulú (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Lulu (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lulu (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Lulu (ópera) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lulu (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%B0%EB%A3%A8_(%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="룰루 (오페라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룰루 (오페라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Լուլու (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուլու (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9)" title="ルル (オペラ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルル (オペラ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Lulu (ópera) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lulu (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лулу (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лулу (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu" title="Lulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lulu (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Лулу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лулу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E9%9C%B2_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7)" title="露露 (歌剧) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="露露 (歌剧)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q837545#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lulu_(opera)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lulu_(opera)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lulu_(opera)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&oldid=1259833142" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lulu_%28opera%29&id=1259833142&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLulu_%28opera%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLulu_%28opera%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lulu_%28opera%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lulu_(opera)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q837545" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For 1824 Danish fairy tale opera, see <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(Kuhlau_opera)" title="Lulu (Kuhlau opera)">Lulu (Kuhlau opera)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unfinished opera by Alban Berg</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Lulu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Alban_Berg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WP_Alban_Berg.jpg/220px-WP_Alban_Berg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/WP_Alban_Berg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="310" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sketch of the composer by <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Stumpp" title="Emil Stumpp">Emil Stumpp</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data">Berg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Spirit_(play)" title="Earth Spirit (play)">Erdgeist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(play)" title="Pandora's Box (play)">Die Büchse der Pandora</a></i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">2 June 1937<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1937-06-02</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Opera" title="Zurich Opera">Zurich Opera</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Lulu</b></i> (composed from 1929 to 1935, premièred incomplete in 1937 and complete in 1979) is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in three acts by <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>. Berg adapted the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>'s two <i>Lulu</i> <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, <i>Erdgeist</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Spirit_(play)" title="Earth Spirit (play)">Earth Spirit</a></i>, 1895) and <i>Die Büchse der Pandora</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(play)" title="Pandora's Box (play)">Pandora's Box</a></i>, 1904).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdornoBrandHailey1991120–122_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdornoBrandHailey1991120–122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg died before completing the third and final act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decades the opera was typically performed incomplete,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a>'s 1979 orchestration of the act 3 sketches has become established as the standard version. <i>Lulu</i> is notable for using <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a> during a time that was particularly inhospitable to it. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> praised it as "one of those works that reveals the extent of its quality the longer and more deeply one immerses oneself in it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19962_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19962-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opera tells the story of Lulu, an ambiguous <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a>, through a series of <a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiastic structures</a> in both the music and drama alike. She is introduced <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism" title="Serpent symbolism">symbolically as a serpent</a> in the prologue. Her first husband, the physician, dies of stroke upon finding her <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto" title="In flagrante delicto">in flagrante delicto</a></i></span> with the painter. She survives two <a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">dysfunctional marriages</a> while navigating a stream of alternately dangerous and devoted admirers. Her second husband, the painter, dies by suicide when he learns that she is being married off and has been sexually exploited since childhood. One man she says "rescued" and "loved" her becomes her third husband. She kills him in apparent self-defense and is imprisoned. With the help of a lesbian admirer, the Countess Geschwitz, she escapes and flees to London with her lover (and last husband's son) Alwa. They are ruined by a <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a>, reducing her to prostitution. One of her clients beats Alwa to death, and the next, <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>, murders Lulu and Geschwitz. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berg was familiar with Wedekind's <i>Erdgeist</i> by 1903, when he was 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA1_p.&nbsp;1]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA1_p.&nbsp;1]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also saw <i>Die Büchse der Pandora</i> in 1905 in a production by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a> on 29 May, and was inspired by the introductory speech that Kraus delivered on that occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wedekind's two <i>Lulu</i> plays, now often performed together under that title, <i>Erdgeist</i> forms the basis for the act 1 and act 2, scene 1, of the opera culminating in her shooting Dr. Schön, while <i>Die Büchse der Pandora</i> forms the basis for the rest of act 2 and act 3, Lulu's imprisonment, escape and subsequent decline and murder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berg did not begin work on <i>Lulu</i> until 1929, after he had completed his other opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19913_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman19913-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to <i>Wozzeck</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s success Berg had economic security that enabled him to embark on a second opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA67_p.&nbsp;67]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA67_p.&nbsp;67]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But life in the musical world was becoming increasingly difficult in the 1930s in both Vienna and Germany due to rising <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> cultural ideology that denounced the music of Berg, Webern, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even to have an association with someone Jewish could lead to denunciation, and Berg had studied with the Jewish composer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wozzeck'</i>s success was short-lived, as theatre after theatre succumbed to political pressure and refused to produce it, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a>'s 30 November 1932 production being the last, while sets and scenery were systematically destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA78_p.&nbsp;78–80]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA78_p.&nbsp;78–80]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wozzeck</i> was also banned in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as "bourgeois".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg found that opportunities for his work to be performed in Germany were growing scarce, and in September 1935 his music was proscribed as <i>Entartete Musik</i> (<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate music</a>) under the label <i>Kulturbolschewismus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQaj0alN21yMCpgPA138_pp.&nbsp;138–139]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQaj0alN21yMCpgPA138_pp.&nbsp;138–139]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotley2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotley2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these conditions, Berg worked on <i>Lulu</i> in seclusion at his lodge, the <i>Waldhaus</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>. In the spring of 1934 he learned from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> that production of <i>Lulu</i> in Berlin would be impossible with the current cultural and political situation. It was at this point that he set the work on the opera aside to prepare a concert suite, in the event that the opera could never be performed, and also considered expanding it into a <i>Lulu</i> Symphony. This was his <i>Symphonische Stücke aus der Oper "Lulu"</i> (<i>Lulu Suite</i>) for soprano and orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMSLP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMSLP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kleiber performed the piece at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> on 30 November, and despite an enthusiastic reception by some sections of the audience, condemnation by the authorities prompted Kleiber's resignation four days later and departure from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction of periodicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Musik" title="Die Musik">Die Musik</a></i> and <i>Zeitschrift für Musik</i> was particularly hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEHuIhK7J7MCpgPA186_p.&nbsp;186]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEHuIhK7J7MCpgPA186_p.&nbsp;186]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 7, <a href="/wiki/Goebbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels">Goebbels</a> made a speech equating <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> with "the Jewish intellectual infection," while the January 1935 issue of <i>Die Musik</i> suggested that any reviewer who had written anything favourable about the suite should be dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA79_p.&nbsp;79]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA79_p.&nbsp;79]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1935, the Russian-born American violinist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a>, who had championed Berg's work in the United States, approached Berg to commission a violin concerto. Berg was reluctant to set aside <i>Lulu</i> for this, but the money ($1,500) was welcomed, as Berg was in financial difficulties, financially and artistically ruined by the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskulturkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskulturkammer">Reichskulturkammer</a></i> (Nazi cultural committee). At first there was only a tentative agreement, but at the end of March he told Krasner he would compose it and had started some preliminary work. But it was the tragic death of 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon Gropius</a> (the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>, whom the Bergs treated as their own daughter) on April 22 that prompted Berg to set aside <i>Lulu</i> for the concerto, which he dedicated to her. The <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">concerto</a> was completed swiftly, between April and August of that year, but the time he spent on it prevented him from completing the opera before his sudden death on December 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey2010a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey2010a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp_VxlULxuq8CpgPA59_pp.&nbsp;59–60]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp_VxlULxuq8CpgPA59_pp.&nbsp;59–60]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following portions of the third and final act were fully scored: the first 268 bars; the instrumental interlude between scenes 1 and 2; and the finale of the opera, beginning with the monologue of Countess Geschwitz. (The last two of these passages comprise the fourth and fifth movements of the <i>Lulu Suite</i> that Berg compiled for concert performance.) The rest of the work remained in <a href="/wiki/Short_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Short score">short score</a> with indications of instrumentation for much of it. Berg heard the Symphonic Pieces in a BBC radio broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a>, London, on 20 March 1935, conducted by Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(conductor)" title="Edward Clark (conductor)">Edward Clark</a>. It was the first time he had ever heard any of the music of <i>Lulu</i>. He did not hear these excerpts performed live until a concert in Vienna on December 11, a fortnight before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1985_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1985-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoctor1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCVCtkShvDSkCpgPA309_pp.&nbsp;309–312]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoctor1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCVCtkShvDSkCpgPA309_pp.&nbsp;309–312]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere casts in Zürich, Paris</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUE2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUE2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Zürich Opera premiere,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2-act version,<br />2 June 1937<br /><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Denzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Denzler">Robert Denzler</a> </th> <th>Paris Opéra premiere,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDGG1979-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3-act version,<br />24 February 1979<br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lulu, <i>an adolescent former <a href="/wiki/Street_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Street child">street urchin</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Power2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano"><i>Hoher Sopran</i></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahrija_Nuri_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Bahrija Nuri Hadžić">Bahrija Nuri Hadžić</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stratas" title="Teresa Stratas">Teresa Stratas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Countess Martha Geschwitz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano"><i>Dramatischer Mezzosopran</i></a> </td> <td>Maria Bernhard </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Minton" title="Yvonne Minton">Yvonne Minton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A theatrical dresser (<i>Eine Theater-Garderobiere</i>) (Act 1)<br /> A schoolboy (<i>Ein Gymnasiast</i>) (Act 2)<br />Bob, A valet (<i>Ein Groom</i>) (Act 3) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto"><i>Alt</i></a> </td> <td>Frida Kurz<br />Erika Feichtinger<br />– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Schwarz" title="Hanna Schwarz">Hanna Schwarz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Walter Schwarz, an artist (<i>Der Maler</i>), <i>Lulu's second husband</i> (Act 1)<br />A negro (Act 3) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor"><i>Lyrischer Tenor</i></a> </td> <td>Paul Feher<br />– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tear" title="Robert Tear">Robert Tear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dr. Ludwig Schön, (<i>Chefredakteur</i>), <i>newspaper editor</i> (Acts 1 & 2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> (Act 3) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone"><i>Heldenbariton</i></a> </td> <td>Asger Stig<br />– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mazura" title="Franz Mazura">Franz Mazura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alwa, <i>Dr. Schön's son, a composer</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor"><i>Jugendlicher Heldentenor</i></a> </td> <td>Peter Baxevanos </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Riegel" title="Kenneth Riegel">Kenneth Riegel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schigolch, <i>an old man</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)"><i>Hoher Charakterbass</i></a> </td> <td>Fritz Honisch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toni_Blankenheim" title="Toni Blankenheim">Toni Blankenheim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctor Goll (<i>Der Medizinalrat</i> – Medical officer), <i>Lulu's first husband</i> </td> <td>spoken </td> <td>Peter Poschl </td> <td>Toni Blankenheim </td></tr> <tr> <td>An animal tamer (<i>Tierbändiger</i>) (Prolog)<br />Rodrigo, (<i>Ein Athlet</i>), <i>an Athlete</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Acts 2 & 3) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basso_buffo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso buffo"><i>Heldenbass mit Buffo-Einschlag</i></a> </td> <td>Albert Emmerich </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Nienstedt" title="Gerd Nienstedt">Gerd Nienstedt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The prince, <i>a traveller in Africa</i> /<br />The manservant /<br />The marquis </td> <td><i>Tenor-Buffo</i> </td> <td>Oscar Mörwald<br />(role of Marquis not sung in 1937) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Pampuch" title="Helmut Pampuch">Helmut Pampuch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The theatre manager </td> <td><i>Bass-Buffo (tief)</i> </td> <td>Walter Frank </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastin" title="Jules Bastin">Jules Bastin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The professor<br />A clown<br />A stagehand </td> <td>silent </td> <td> </td> <td>Le Nain Roberto </td></tr> <tr> <td>A fifteen-year-old girl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette"><i>Opernsoubrette</i></a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Daniele Chlostawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Her mother </td> <td><i>Alt</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Boese" title="Ursula Boese">Ursula Boese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A woman artist </td> <td><i>Mezzosopran</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Anna Ringart </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Banker </td> <td><i>Hoher Bass</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jules Bastin </td></tr> <tr> <td>A journalist </td> <td><i>Hoher Bariton</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_M%C3%A9loni" title="Claude Méloni">Claude Méloni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The police commissioner </td> <td>spoken </td> <td> </td> <td>Toni Blankenheim </td></tr> <tr> <td>A manservant </td> <td><i>Tiefer Bariton</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Pierre-Yves Le Maigat </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i>Pianist, stage manager, attendants of the prince, policemen, nurses, wardresses, dancers, party guests, servants, workers</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Berg specified that a number of cast members should take more than one role. Thus, the singers of Lulu's three husbands return as her clients while a prostitute: one performer each appears as the Doctor and the Professor, as the Painter and the Negro, and as Dr. Schön and Jack the Ripper. Other specified combinations are one mezzo-soprano as the Dresser, the Schoolboy, and the Groom; one tenor as the Prince, the Manservant, and the Marquis; one bass as the Animal Tamer and the Athlete, and another bass as the Theatre Manager and the Banker. Another aspect of the cast list that differs from Wedekind's original is that all characters in the two plays receive a proper name. Berg removed these names except for the five leading roles of Lulu, Schön, Alwa, Geschwitz and Schigolch. Some of Wedekind's other names have sometimes been applied to Berg's characters; for example, the Athlete is often called "Rodrigo Quast", but this name is not in the score. </p><p>Berg perhaps modeled the Geschwitz role on his lesbian sister Smaragda, Dr. Schön on Arnold Schoenberg, the Painter on <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, Schigolch on his wife Helene's biological father (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>), and Alwa on himself, among other semiautobiographical and allegorical elements, according to Olaf Winnecke. The physician Dr. Goll, as in <i>Wozzeck</i>, may represent society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Long_plot plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Plot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's plot summary <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_plot_summary" title="Wikipedia:How to write a plot summary">too long or excessively detailed</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit">help improve it</a> by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Prologue, a circus animal tamer introduces Lulu symbolically as a serpent and the other roles likewise as various "domesticated" animals ("Hereinspaziert in die <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a>!"). </p><p>In Act 1, Lulu is being painted in a late 19th-century studio in a city like Vienna. Dr. Schön and his son Alwa, a composer and admirer, are visiting. When they leave, the Painter ravishes her ("Gnädige Frau ..."). Dr. Goll, her physician husband, finds them and dies of stroke. Lulu inherits his wealth (Verwandlungsmusik I). Later in scene 2, the Painter has happily married her, but one day news of Schön's engagement angers her ("Eva? – Befehlen?"). Since childhood, she has been <a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">sexually groomed</a> (she says "rescued" and "loved") by the elder Schön, who is trying to discard her. The same day, the asthmatic Schigolch, who may or may not be Lulu's father or another one of her lovers, had visited them as a beggar. Schön explains these matters to the Painter so that he may properly "handle" Lulu. But the Painter reaches his <a href="/wiki/Breaking_point_(psychology)" title="Breaking point (psychology)">breaking point</a>, realizing that he does not know who Lulu (variously "Nelly", "Eva", or "Mignon") is. When the Painter dies by suicide, Schön blames Lulu, calling her a "murderess". In scene 3, Schön himself tries to manage Lulu by making her a dancer. A Prince plans to marry her and move to Africa. She persuades Schön to marry her instead ("Sehr geehrtes Fräulein"). </p><p>In Act 2, Schön is jealous of her cadre of admirers, including the lesbian Geschwitz. He experiences paranoid delusions and hallucinations. He tries to kill Lulu ("Du Kreatur ..."), but she kills him instead (Lied der Lulu: "Wenn sich die Menschen"). During the cinematic sequence (Filmmusik,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dramatic and musical midpoint of the opera), Lulu is tried, convicted, and imprisoned before Geschwitz helps her escape via the infirmary, having both contracted <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> together to this end. Though free ("O Freiheit!") in scene 2, Lulu is a shadow of her former self. Alwa still idealizes her as his muse (Alwa's hymn: "Durch dieses Kleid"). They flee the law to London, and her admirers follow. </p><p>In Act 3, some of them blackmail and threaten to <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex traffick</a> her, perhaps to Africa (Lied des Mächenhändlers, quoting Wedekind's lute song; Lied der Lulu reprise). She arranges to have one murdered with Geschwitz's help. The stock market crashes, ruining everyone (Verwandlungsmusik). In scene 2, Lulu is reduced to prostitution as perhaps before in her childhood. Seeking money, Schigolch finds only a book of <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homilies</a> in the coat of Lulu's first client, the Professor (the mirror, in a <a href="/wiki/Dual_role" title="Dual role">dual role</a>, of her first husband Dr. Goll), who has discreetly paid Lulu in advance. Her second client, an African Prince (the Painter's double), refuses to pay and beats Alwa dead. Geschwitz contemplates suicide. Lulu is so captivated by (or afraid of) her third client, Jack the Ripper (Schön's double), that she waives payment. He murders Lulu and her "crazy sister" Geschwitz, who dies mourning Lulu ("Lulu! Mein Engel!"). </p><p><i>(Stage directions and musical notes in italics)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prologue">Prologue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prologue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The animal tamer appears from behind the curtain, whip in hand</i> </p><p>A circus animal tamer welcomes the audience, <i>Hereinspaziert in die Menagerie</i> (Come on in to the menagerie) and describes the various animals in his menagerie, such as tigers, bears and monkeys. He lifts the curtain, and calls for the snake to be brought on. A stage hand carries out Lulu (<i>Lulu motif</i>) dressed as <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>, while the animal tamer describes her in biblical terms as the source of evil, fated to murder, <i>Sie ward geschaffen, Unheil anzustiften ... Zu morden – ohne dass es einer spürt.</i> (She was created, evil to instigate ... to murder – without leaving any clues), and orders her off, while inviting the audience to see what will unfold. He then retires behind the curtain, which rises on scene 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A spacious but shabby artist's studio. A podium, folding screen, easel with unfinished portrait of Lulu, divan with tiger skin, step ladder and sculpture. Lulu is standing on the podium, posing as Pierrot, holding a shepherd's crook</i> </p><p>The Painter is painting Lulu's portrait. Dr. Schön is watching, and is joined by his son, Alwa. He excuses himself because he has to go to a rehearsal, and he and Schön leave. Alone with Lulu, the Painter makes passes at her. She rejects him initially, as he pursues her round the studio (<i><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a>, beginning with Lulu motif</i>: <i>Gnädige Frau ... Frau Medizinalrat – Wer hätte das gedacht!</i>; Dearest Lady ... Frau Medizinalrat – Who would have imagined it!), during which the ladder falls and the statue breaks. At one stage, he calls her <i>Eva</i>. She explains that she is expecting her husband. Eventually she succumbs to his advances. The artist has locked the studio door, and when Dr. Goll arrives, there is consternation. Goll breaks the door down, and on finding Lulu and the artist together, dies of a stroke. At first they do not realise her husband is dead and call a doctor. Lulu is alone with her husband's corpse (<i>canzonetta: Auf einmal springt er auf</i>; In a moment he will spring to life). When she accepts that he is dead, she reflects that she is now rich, to the artist's horror, <i>Jetzt bin ich reich – Es ist grauenerregend</i> (Now I am rich – How revolting). They sing a duet in which he questions her beliefs, and the answer is always the same, <i>Eine Frage: Kannst Du die Wahrheit sagen? – Ich weiss es nicht</i> (A question: Can you tell the truth? – I don't know). While Lulu is changing into her street clothes, the artist addresses her husband's corpse (<i>arioso</i>: <i>Ich möchte tauschen mit Dir, Du Toter! Ich geb' sie Dir zurück</i>; I would trade places with you, dead man. I would give her back to you). </p><p><i>Interlude</i> </p><p><i>Scene 2: An elegant drawing room in Lulu's apartment, the studio beyond, her finished portrait on the wall. Lulu, on a chaise-longue is gazing into her hand mirror</i> </p><p>The artist enters with the mail, again addressing her as Eve. In the mail he learns he has sold another painting of her, and mentions he has sold a number of paintings since they were married. She places one, a letter from Countess Corticelli, in her bosom. Another brings notice of Schön's engagement, which seems to trouble her. They sing a love <i>duettino</i>, <i>Ich finde, Du siehst heute reizend aus – Ich komme aus dem Bad</i> (I find you so beautiful today – I have just come from my bath). She is visited by Schigolch, who remarks of the artist (<i>chamber music</i>, <i>Den hab'ich mir auch ganz anders vorgestellt</i>; I thought he would be different than he is). Schigolch is an asthmatic beggar who seems to have been featured in her past in an unspecified way, he asks for money which she gives him, and when he calls her "Lulu", she says she has not been called that in a long time. As she is showing him out, Schön arrives (<i>sonata movement</i>) and recognises him, referring to him as Lulu's father, which she does not deny.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schön asks Lulu to stay out of his life from now on, since he is engaged and it would be scandalous for them to see each other socially, but she says she belongs only to him (<i>coda: love theme</i>. <i>Wenn ich einem Menschen auf dieser Welt angehöre, gehöre ich Ihnen</i>; If I belong to any man in this world, I belong to you). Their discussion reveals that all the good fortune Lulu has experienced comes from Schön's interventions, and that they have been meeting regularly. The exchange becomes increasingly agitated, until the return of the artist, who asks what has transpired. Lulu leaves in a huff, while Schön implies that he has had a longstanding affair with Lulu, since she was 12, and rescued her from the streets as a flower seller. The artist becomes increasingly distressed as he learns how little he knows about Lulu, not even her name, which appears to be different for every lover. Schön informs him about Schigolch being her father, and that after the death of his wife, Lulu appeared to be trying to take her place, so that he arranged to marry her off to Goll. Increasingly Schön urges the artist to confront Lulu, which he agrees to, leaving the room, but a terrible groan is heard offstage and Schön discovers the artist has locked the door. Lulu returns and they discuss what to do next, but are interrupted by the arrival of Alwa, who announces that revolution has broken out on the streets of Paris, which is causing consternation at the newspaper office. Lulu brings a hatchet, and they force open the door to find the artist dead. From a partly audible telephone conversation Schön has, which he implies is with the police, it is revealed that the artist cut his throat. Lulu, once again, is unmoved by the tragedy, while Schön and Alwa hope that the political news will sweep aside the scandal. When Schön calls her <i>Ungeheuer!</i> (Monster!), Lulu hints that she and Schön will be married after all (<i>Lulu motif</i>: <i>Sie heiraten mich ja doch!</i>; You will marry me after all). The curtain falls as the doorbell rings, which they believe is the police. </p><p><i>Interlude (Love theme)</i> </p><p><i>Scene 3: In Lulu's dressing room in the theatre, a folding screen upstage, a poster of Lulu's portrait is seen</i> </p><p>Lulu is changing behind the screen, Alwa is pouring champagne. The two discuss whether Schön will come that night, and a Prince who wants to take her to Africa. Alwa recalls his mother's death, and how he had hoped that Lulu would replace her, while Lulu observes that his father put her on the stage in the hope that someone rich would marry her and take her off his hands. Lulu emerges in a ballet dress, Alwa appears smitten and they drink. At the sound of a bell, Lulu leaves to take the stage. Alwa watches her leave and then contemplates writing an opera based on her life, but as he draws out the scenes he concludes that they are too gruesome. Applause can be heard, and the Prince enters and reveals his wish to marry Lulu. It is apparent her sudden fame is due to favourable reviews published by Schön. Suddenly the bell starts ringing incessantly and an uproar is heard offstage. Alwa appears startled and Lulu enters suddenly, flinging herself in a chair, followed by the dresser and theatre manager, who explain that she fainted. She implies it was because she saw Schön with his fiancée, <i>Mit seiner Braut!</i> (With his bride!) whereupon Schön himself enters and Lulu refuses to continue because his fiancée is in the audience. All try to persuade Lulu to return to the stage, in a sextet <i>Das hättest Du Dir besser erspart!</i> (This you could have spared yourself!), then Schön dismisses the company leaving Lulu and himself alone. He admonishes her, <i>Wie kannst Du die Szene gegen mich ausspielen?</i> (how can you play this scene to get me?), they argue and she taunts him with the Prince and his inability to break off their relationship. It is apparent that he is torn between the two women, and she begins to exploit his weakness, compelling him to write a letter that she dictates, breaking off the engagement (Letter duet: <i>Sehr geehrtes Fräulein …</i>; Most respected Fräulein ...). Schön expresses feelings of impending doom, <i>Jetzt – kommt – die Hinrichtung...</i> (Now – comes – the execution) and Lulu, having achieved her purpose, prepares to return to the stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: In Lulu's house, a magnificent German Renaissance style room with a gallery and staircase. A folding Chinese screen in front of the fireplace. Again, Lulu's portrait can be seen, this time on an easel. Lulu is in an armchair in a morning gown, Countess Geschwitz on an ottoman, in masculine clothes, her face veiled. Dr. Schön is standing.</i> </p><p>Countess Geschwitz, an admirer of Lulu, who is now married to Schön, is visiting her to invite her to a ball. She has brought flowers and, complimenting her on her portrait, wishes to paint her herself. Schön is clearly uncomfortable and Lulu shows Geschwitz out. Schön, left alone, appears disturbed and jealous and speaks of madness, producing a <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a>, <i>Der Irrsinn hat sich meiner Vernunft schon bemächtigt</i> (Madness has conquered my reason already). On her return Lulu tries to convince Schön to take the afternoon off and go for a drive with her (<i>cavatina</i>: <i>Könntest Du Dich für heute Nachmittag nicht freimachen?</i>; Can't you make this afternoon free?), but he points out that he is due at the stock exchange. Lulu starts to lavish affection on Schön, and they go into the bedroom, whereupon Geschwitz reenters the house and hides behind the screen. Schigolch and two other admirers, the athlete, who is carrying the struggling schoolboy (played by a woman, <i>i.e.</i> a <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">travesti</a> role), all enter. Schigolch says that he also lives in the house and that they have paid him to leave them with Lulu, who then reappears. She is dressed for the ball, décolleté with orchids between her breasts. She leans in to the schoolboy, urging him to smell the flowers. As she leaves they begin to discuss the Prince, who has gone abroad (<i>canon</i>: <i>Er hat sie nämlich ursprünglich heiraten wollen</i>; She was the one he originally wanted to marry) and Schigolch says that he too wishes to marry Lulu, <i>Wer hat sie nicht ursprünglich heiraten wollen!</i> (Who has not always wanted to marry her!), a sentiment with which they all agree, as he explains that Lulu is not his daughter. </p><p>When Lulu returns, she also agrees that she never had a father. They discuss Schön, who has left for the exchange, and what Lulu calls his <i>Verfolgungswahn</i> (paranoia), but a servant announces his return and the athlete and schoolboy also hide while Schigolch starts to leave. However, it is Alwa who enters, not his father, and she orders refreshments as they sit and start to talk and flirt. Schön enters unnoticed, sees his son, and he too hides. Their conversation becomes more intense and Alwa declares his love for Lulu, <i>Liebst Du mich Mignon?</i> (Do you love me, Mignon?), burying his head in her lap. At this point, Lulu confesses to Alwa that she poisoned his mother. Meanwhile, unnoticed by the couple, Schön sees the athlete and draws his revolver, but the athlete indicates it is Alwa he should kill, and hides again. Lulu notices them and announces his presence. </p><p>Schön reveals himself, once again announcing revolution in Paris, newspaper in hand, and drags Alwa away. The athlete briefly reappears, pursued by Schön, revolver in hand. Schön, believing the athlete escaped, begins to harangue Lulu (<i>aria in five <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophes</a></i>: <i>Du Kreatur, die mich durch den Strassenkot zum Martertode schleift!</i>; You wretch, that drags me through the faeces in the streets to martyrdom!), handing the revolver to Lulu, who appears unperturbed, and implying she should kill herself before he kills Alwa. She points the revolver at him, but instead she fires at the ceiling. Increasingly agitated, Schön seizes the revolver and begins to search the house for Lulu's lovers, but finds only Geschwitz, whom he locks in another room. Again he gives Lulu the gun, implying her suicide will save his reputation from being considered a cuckold, <i>meine Stirn zu verzieren</i> (my head to decorate) – i.e. with horns. Lulu sings the <i>Lied der Lulu</i> (<i>Wenn sich die Menschen um meinetwillen umgebracht haben</i>; When men have killed for my sake) in which she asks for a divorce, saying she can only be <i>als was ich bin</i> (what I am).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schön only replies that he will murder her and make it look like suicide, forcing her to her knees and pointing the gun at her while holding it in her hand (<i>5th strophe</i>: <i>Nieder, Mörderin! In die Knie!</i>; Get down, murderess, on your knees!). While Schön is momentarily distracted by the schoolboy's sudden appearance, Lulu empties the remaining five rounds into him. But he is still alive, and realises he has yet another 'rival', <i>Und – da – ist – noch – einer!</i> (And – there – is – another!). He calls for his son, who reappears, while Lulu appears remorseful, and then he dies. Lulu goes to leave but Alwa bars her way. She begs him not to give her up (<i>arietta</i>: <i>Du kannst mich nicht dem Gericht ausliefern!</i>; You cannot deliver me up to the Law!), which he refuses to do despite her offers to be his for the rest of her life, <i>Ich will Dir treu sein mein Leben lang</i> (I will be faithful to you my whole life long). Once again, a doorbell announces the arrival of the police. </p><p><i>Interlude in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>. Both film and the musical accompaniment are in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lulu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lulu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film depicts four main events, pivoting on Lulu's one year in prison, and four following her imprisonment, forming the palindrome. The first sequence shows the arrest, detention, trial and the prison door closing. The second sequence shows the reverse with the prison door opening, the medical assessment, the isolation ward in hospital, and her escape. In each mirror event the number of people involved is the same, for example three people arrest her and three liberate her. As the palindrome progresses, Lulu loses hope in detention, is tried and transferred to prison, where she becomes resigned to her fate. There hope returns as she contracts cholera and after a further "trial" by doctors is transferred to hospital where hope grows as Geschwitz visits her, they change clothes, and Lulu escapes disguised as the other woman. During the palindrome many details and symbols, before and after prison, match each other, including Lulu's portrait, a recurring visual <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> throughout the opera.</i> </p><p><i>Scene 2: The same place as scene 1, one year later, an air of neglect, daylight has been shut out. The portrait is now leaning against the fireplace, facing away from the audience,</i> </p><p>Geschwitz, Alwa and the athlete are anxiously awaiting Schigolch and discussing the escape plan. The athlete is dressed as Alwa's footman and is planning to marry Lulu and take her to Paris as an acrobat. Geschwitz appears frail and will take Lulu's place in hospital. She is funding the escape, but refuses Alwa's offer of financial help. She is going to sacrifice her own freedom by taking Lulu's place so that nobody will discover she has escaped until it is too late. When Schigolch arrives, he and Geschwitz depart for the hospital, while the other two men discuss their plans. Alwa has sold the newspaper and written a melodrama for Lulu to star in. They begin to argue over money but are interrupted by the schoolboy (<i>chamber music II</i>, <i>Mit wem habe ich</i>; With whom have I), who has just broken out of prison and devised a scheme to free Lulu. Alwa and the athlete lie to him that Lulu is dead, showing him a newspaper article about her illness, then throw him out. Schigolch arrives with Lulu (<i>melodrama</i>: <i>Hü, kleine Lulu: – wir müssen heut' noch über die Grenze</i>; Well, little Lulu: we must cross the border today), looking very pale and weak from her illness. The athlete is disgusted at seeing her in this state, abandons his plan and goes off saying that he will summon the police instead. Schigolch goes to buy train tickets. As soon as he has gone, Lulu, who has been acting the part of the invalid, makes an instant recovery. Now alone with Alwa, she explains the plot in detail. Geschwitz went to Hamburg to nurse cholera patients and deliberately infected both herself and Lulu with contaminated clothing so that they were both placed in an isolation ward together. After Geschwitz was discharged, she returned to visit Lulu and they changed places (<i>melodrama</i>: <i>Jetzt liegt sie dort drüben als die Mörderin des Doktor Schön</i>; Now she lies there as the murderer of Dr. Schön), while Lulu feigned illness to get rid of the athlete. Now alone with Alwa, the portrait is returned to the easel and Lulu seduces the willing Alwa once again. They declare their love for each other in a second love duet, <i>uns sehen, so oft wir wollen</i> (to see each other as often as we want) reaching its climax with Alwa's hymn to Lulu (<i>hymne</i>: <i>Durch dieses Kleid empfinde ich Deinen Wuchs wie Musik</i>; Through this dress I feel your body like music), and make plans to go away together. At the end of the duet and scene she asks him, <i>Ist das noch der Diwan, – auf dem sich – dein Vater – verblutet hat?</i> (Isn't this the sofa on which your father bled to death?). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A spacious drawing room in Lulu's luxurious house in Paris. Lulu's portrait hangs on the wall. The guests are assembled</i> </p><p>Lulu is living in Paris under the alias of a French countess. A grand birthday party is taking place at her house and the athlete who is planning to get married proposes a toast to her. The Marquis shows an unusual interest in the 15-year-old girl. The guests move to the gaming room to play <a href="/wiki/Baccarat_(card_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccarat (card game)">baccarat</a>. The conversation moves to discussing shares in the Jungfrau Railway, which most of the guests at the party have invested in to varying extents, and which appear to be performing magnificently. </p><p>The Marquis has discovered Lulu's true identity, and is blackmailing her (<i>duet</i>:<i>Sag es nur gleich heraus, wieviel du haben willst</i>; Tell me without delay, how much money you want), threatening to hand her over to the authorities. She offers herself to him, having had a previous affair, but his interests lie more in trafficking women and girls for commercial sexual exploitation, <i>Lied des Mächenhändlers</i>: <i>Ich sagte dir doch, daß ich auch Mächenhändler bin</i> (song of the human tafficker: I told you I am a white slave trader). Again, Lulu sings about who she is and what she has become, as in her act II Lied; <i>Ich tauge nicht für diesen Beruf. Als ich fünfzehn Jahre alt war, hätte mir das gefallen können</i> (I'm no good for this sort of work, when I was fifteen it was different, I might have enjoyed it). The Marquis indicates he could summon the policeman stationed out in the street and claim the reward for her capture, but he would get a far higher price by selling her to a Cairo brothel to which he has sent a picture of her portrait as Eve. She offers to pay him, but he is aware that Alwa's fortune is all in the railway shares, and he wants cash, giving her a deadline later that day. She reads a note the athlete handed her just before the Marquis confronted her and learns that he too wants to blackmail her. Geschwitz accuses her of not returning the favours and affection she showed Lulu when they were in hospital. The athlete returns and makes apparent that he is still interested in Lulu's affections and also gives her a deadline, <i>duet</i>: <i>Einen Moment! Hast du meinen Brief gelesen?</i> (One Moment! Have you read my note?). A telegram arrives for the Banker informing him the railway shares are now worthless. When Schigolch arrives, asking for money for his girlfriend (<i>duet</i>: <i>Ich brauche nämlich notwendig Geld...Ich miete meiner Geliebten eine Wohnung</i>; I need some money now, I am renting an apartment for my lover), Lulu collapses in despair but confides in him. </p><p>Schigolch too has designs upon Lulu, but she persuades him that if he can arrange for the athlete's death she will give him the money, which he says he will do if she can persuade the athlete to come to his home, which she promises. The Marquis suspects the athlete, but he denies it. Lulu then convinces the athlete that if he spends the night with Geschwitz, she will pay Lulu, who can then pay him the blackmail money. She then persuades the countess that she will give herself to her if she spends the night with the athlete. Although puzzled, Geschwitz agrees to the bargain. Having achieved this, Lulu turns to her valet and orders him to change clothes with her. The news of the railway collapse spreads through the company to general despair. Lulu, dressed as her valet, informs Alwa they have been discovered and the police are on their way, and they escape. Again the scene ends with the arrival of the police, who confront the valet before realising their mistake. </p><p><i>Scene 2: A windowless garret in London, with a leaking skylight. A bucket collects water dripping from the skylight. On the floor a torn mattress. A door leads to Lulu's bedroom</i> </p><p>Alwa and Schigolch are discussing their predicament. They and Lulu are now living in poverty and on the run. It is Lulu's first day of work as a <i>Freudenmädchen</i> (sex worker), from which they intend to make a living, although Alwa is ambivalent. When they hear Lulu approaching with her first client, a professor,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they hide. The professor remains silent throughout, is very gentle and pays her generously. Lulu is thrilled. Geschwitz, now shabbily dressed, then arrives with the portrait of Lulu, which she has removed from the frame and brought from Paris. Lulu is disturbed at seeing it, but Alwa is inspired and hangs it on the wall, believing it will please the clients, and they discuss the fate of the artist, <i>quartet</i>: <i>Ihr Körper stand auf dem Höhepunkt</i> (Her body, then, was at it highest peak). Lulu goes out to prove her attractiveness, leaving with Geschwitz. Alwa reveals that Lulu had contracted venereal disease from the Marquis and in turn passed it on to him. </p><p>Lulu returns with her second client, the Negro,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Komm nur herein, mein Schatz! Komm!</i> (Come in, my love! Come in!), who becomes angry at being asked to pay in advance and attacks her. Alwa rushes to her defence but is killed by the Negro, who then leaves, followed by Lulu in despair while Schigolch removes the body. Geschwitz returns, saying Lulu sent her away, while Schigolch leaves. She produces a gun and considers killing herself, bitterly believing that Lulu would shed <i>mir keine Träne nach</i> (not one tear for me), then changes her mind and goes to hang herself, pausing first in reverence before Lulu's portrait. She is interrupted by the entrance of Lulu and her third client, Jack the Ripper.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked, she says Geschwitz is her crazy sister. Jack makes to leave, saying he has little money and she is asking too much. She pleads with him and they haggle over the price, while she reveals it is her first day on the job, as he suspected. He also guesses the true nature of Geschwitz's feelings for Lulu. Lulu says she is drawn to Jack and eventually offers to give herself to him without payment. They go into the bedroom. Geschwitz, left to herself, resolves to return to Germany to become a lawyer and work for women's rights. On hearing Lulu's screams, she rushes to the bedroom door but Jack emerges with a blood-stained knife that he plunges into her body, and she collapses. Jack calmly washes his hands in the basin, not believing his luck at having killed two women at once, <i>Ich bin doch ein verdammter Glückspilz</i>! (I am just the luckiest of men!), complains about the lack of a towel and leaves. In her dying breath Geschwitz declares her eternal love for Lulu, <i>Lulu! Mein Engel! Laß dich noch einmal sehn! Ich bin dir nah! Bleibe dir nah! In Ewigkeit!</i> (Lulu! My Angel! Let me see you one more time! I am close! Stay close! For eternity!).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpernführer2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpernführer2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDGG1979-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandos2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandos2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic">Dramatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dramatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The character of Lulu has been described as embodying both elements of female sexuality's dualism, <a href="/wiki/Earth-mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-mother">earth-mother</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whore" class="mw-redirect" title="Whore">whore</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the words of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>, she is the woman "who became the destroyer of all because everyone destroyed her".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg's involvement with the lower depths of society in his two dramatic works, <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i> and <i>Lulu</i>, surprised even <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Like <i>Wozzeck</i>, <i>Lulu</i> is social criticism, a tragedy in which the protagonists are portrayed as victims, gradually becoming enslaved to social forces they are too weak to deal with. Significantly, Lulu is canonically startlingly young, only about <a href="/wiki/Child_Prostitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Prostitution">15 years of age</a> when the drama begins, and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Schigolch</a>, who may or may not be her father, is implied to have been her <a href="/wiki/Child_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Sexual Abuse">first sexual experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palindromes in the piece take many forms, such as the rise and fall of Lulu and the recycling of the actors: the three men whose deaths she contributes to become Lulu's three clients, and the man she murdered murders her. Alwa, thought to be the antithesis of Lulu, was changed from Wedekind's dramatist to Berg's composer and is assumed to be a stand-in for Berg himself. In all cases, the music underscores and confirms Berg's dramatic allusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical">Musical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pit_orchestra">Pit orchestra</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pit orchestra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 60em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>Woodwinds</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (all doubling <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolos</a>)</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> (3rd doubling <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">English horn</a>)</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a> (1st and 2nd doubling <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> clarinets</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophone</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a> (3rd doubling <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>)</dd> <dt>Brass</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a> in F</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> in C</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 15em;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a></dd> <dd>jazz drum</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rute_(music)" title="Rute (music)">switch</a></dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tams</a> (high and low)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">vibraphone</a></dd> <dt>Keyboard</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 15em;"> <dl><dt>Strings</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a> I</dd> <dd>violins II</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Special_groups">Special groups</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Special groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The onstage jazz band in act 1, scene 3 (instrumentalists can be drawn from the pit players) consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUE2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 30em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 15em;"> <dl><dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophone</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophone</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>2 Jazz <a href="/wiki/Trumpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpets">trumpets</a> in C</dd> <dd>2 Jazz <a href="/wiki/Trombones" class="mw-redirect" title="Trombones">trombones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sousaphone" title="Sousaphone">sousaphone</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 15em;"> <dl><dd>Jazz <a href="/wiki/Drum_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum set">drum set</a> (3 players)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Violins">violins</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">jazz horns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">contrabass</a></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In act 3, scene 2, Cerha's edition uses a small onstage ensemble that requires: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flute</a></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a></dd></dl> <p><i>Lulu</i> is arguably the first seminal work of western art music that used the vibraphone, an instrument that had previously been associated with jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been used in smaller works by major composers prior to <i>Lulu</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>'s orchestrations of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quichotte_%C3%A0_Dulcin%C3%A9e" title="Don Quichotte à Dulcinée">Don Quichotte à Dulcinée</a></i> and <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronsard_%C3%A0_son_%C3%A2me" class="extiw" title="fr:Ronsard à son âme">Ronsard à son âme <sup>[fr]</sup></a></i> (1933 and 1935 respectively), as well as <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>'s incidental music to <i>L'annonce faite à Marie</i> (1932).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png/300px-Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png/450px-Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Berg_lulu_palindrome_mirror_point.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Centre-point of the palindrome in act 2</figcaption></figure> <p>Berg was obsessed with symmetry in his works and <i>Lulu</i> is no exception, the whole being perceived as a palindrome or mirror. Lulu's popularity in the first act is mirrored by the squalor she lives in during act 3, and this is emphasised by Lulu's husbands in act 1 being played by the same singers as her clients in act 3. The motifs associated with each are repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This mirrorlike structure is further emphasised by the film interlude at act 2 at the very centre of the work. The events shown in the film are a miniature version of the mirror structure of the opera as a whole (Lulu enters prison and then leaves again) and the music accompanying the film is an exact <a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindrome</a> – it reads the same forwards as backwards. The centre of this palindrome is indicated by an arpeggio played on the piano, first rising, then falling (shown here on the top staff).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berg assigns specific vocal styles to each character with descriptive orchestral representation, recapitulative episodes to emphasise psychological significance and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch-sets</a>. Recapitulation includes having single singers performing multiple roles. The use of pitch includes the use of twelve-<a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone rows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA56_p.&nbsp;56]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA56_p.&nbsp;56]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serialism">Serialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Serialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">Cell z</a> (also one of the basic cells in Bartók's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._4_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="String Quartet No. 4 (Bartók)">String Quartet No. 4</a>) is the basic cell of <i>Lulu</i> and generates <a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)#20th-century_music" title="Trope (music)">trope</a> I:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVw3IeMkt8KACpgPA12_p.&nbsp;12]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVw3IeMkt8KACpgPA12_p.&nbsp;12]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png/400px-Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png/600px-Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png/800px-Berg%27s_Lulu_trope_I.png 2x" data-file-width="4295" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The two non-identical forms of trope I, each generated from all even or odd forms of cell z</figcaption></figure> <p>Although some of <i>Lulu</i> is freely composed, Berg also makes use of Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>. Rather than using one <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone row</a> for the entire work, however, he gives each character his or her own tone row, meaning that the tone rows act rather like the <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s operas. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png/400px-Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png/600px-Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png/800px-Berg_-_Lulu_basic_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Berg's <i>Lulu</i> basic tone row<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on C</figcaption></figure> <p>From this one tone row, Berg derives tone rows for many of the characters. For example, the tone row associated with Lulu herself is: F, G, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, C, D, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, E, A, B, C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>. This row is constructed by extracting one note (F) from the basic row's first trichord, then taking the next note (G) from the basic row's second trichord, then taking the third note (A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) from the basic row's third trichord, and so on, cycling through the basic row three times. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png/400px-Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png/600px-Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png/800px-Berg_-_Lulu_Alwa_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Berg's <i>Lulu</i> Alwa tone row<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on C</figcaption></figure> <p>The tone row associated with Alwa is arrived at by repeating the basic tone row over and over and taking every seventh note; </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_-_Lulu,_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png/400px-Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png/600px-Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png/800px-Berg_-_Lulu%2C_derivation_of_Alwa_from_basic_series.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>Derivation of Alwa series from basic series by taking every seventh note from repetitions of the basic series.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPople1991p.&nbsp;22_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPople1991p.&nbsp;22-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>this results in the following tone row: B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, F, B, E, D, A, C, C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, G </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png/400px-Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png/600px-Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png/800px-Berg_-_Lulu_Dr_Sch%C3%B6n_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Berg's <i>Lulu</i> Dr. Schön tone row<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on C</figcaption></figure> <p>Similarly, the tone row associated with Dr. Schön is arrived at by repeating the basic tone row (as in the previous example) and taking the first note, missing one note, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, missing three, taking the next, missing three, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, missing one, taking the next, missing one, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, and so on; this results in the following tone row: B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, G, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, D, F, E, A, B, C, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png/400px-Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png/600px-Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png/800px-Berg_-_Lulu_Schoolboy_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Berg's <i>Lulu</i> Schoolboy tone row<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on C</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_history">Posthumous history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Posthumous history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opera was first performed by the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Opera">Zürich Opera</a> in an incomplete form on June 2, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Stein" title="Erwin Stein">Erwin Stein</a> made a vocal score of the whole of act 3 following Berg's death,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Helene Berg, Alban's widow, approached Schoenberg to complete the orchestration. Schoenberg at first accepted, but upon being sent copies of Berg's sketches he changed his mind, saying that it would be a more time-consuming task than he had thought. Helene subsequently forbade anybody else to complete the opera, and for over 40 years only the first two acts could be given complete, usually with the act 3 portions of the <i>Lulu Suite</i> played in place of act 3. The last recording made of the original two-act version—<a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Christoph von Dohnányi">Christoph von Dohnányi</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Anja_Silja" title="Anja Silja">Anja Silja</a> in the title role (Decca/London, recorded 1976 and released 1978)—presented it in this form. </p><p>Director Heinz Ruckert shot the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> featured at the midpoint according to Berg's exacting specifications. The film wordlessly depicts Lulu's arrest, trial, incarceration, and ultimate liberation thanks to the cunning of the Countess Geschwitz. Like the music for this sequence (and the opera as a whole), the film has a palindromic structure. The original film is lost save for four stills which remain in the Zürich Stadtarchiv.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each successive production requires a new film to be shot with the stage actors, though many recent productions have omitted the film altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Zürich premiere, the opera was seen at <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> on 4 September 1949 during the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Sanzogno" title="Nino Sanzogno">Sanzogno</a>. The German premiere was at the <a href="/wiki/Grillo-Theater" title="Grillo-Theater">Grillo-Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> on 7 March 1953 with <a href="/wiki/Carla_Spletter" title="Carla Spletter">Carla Spletter</a> in the title role, and the Netherlands premiere on July 7 of that year at the <a href="/wiki/Stadsschouwburg" title="Stadsschouwburg">Stadsschouwburg</a> in Amsterdam as part of the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Festival" title="Holland Festival">Holland Festival</a>, both with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Bühnen der Stadt Essen</i></span> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_K%C3%B6nig" title="Gustav König">Gustav König</a> and broadcast to the UK on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> on 10 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1953_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1953-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a production at <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera" title="Hamburg State Opera">Hamburg</a> in 1957 with <a href="/wiki/Helga_Pilarczyk" title="Helga Pilarczyk">Helga Pilarczyk</a> in a <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Rennert" title="Günther Rennert">Günther Rennert</a> production, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ludwig" title="Leopold Ludwig">Leopold Ludwig</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also seen at the Paris Opera in 1960 and La Scala in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadler's Wells">Sadler's Wells</a> 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its two-act form plus sketches of the third act, <i>Lulu</i> made its American debut at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Opera" title="Santa Fe Opera">Santa Fe Opera</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> during the 1963 season, with the American soprano <a href="/wiki/Joan_Carroll_(soprano)" title="Joan Carroll (soprano)">Joan Carroll</a> in the title role, together with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Gramm" title="Donald Gramm">Donald Gramm</a> (Schön), <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Bonazzi" title="Elaine Bonazzi">Elaine Bonazzi</a> (Geschwitz), and <a href="/wiki/George_Shirley" title="George Shirley">George Shirley</a> (Alwa), with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a> conducting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber2829_Lulu_1963]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber2829_Lulu_1963]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> The Opera's general director, <a href="/wiki/John_Crosby_(conductor)" title="John Crosby (conductor)">John Crosby</a>, attempted to negotiate for Santa Fe to stage the American premiere of the full three-act opera, but was not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable Lulu, Silja, made her debut in a <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a> production at the <a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Stuttgart" title="Staatsoper Stuttgart">Staatsoper Stuttgart</a> in 1966 (which was later filmed, with <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alexander" title="Carlos Alexander">Carlos Alexander</a> as Schön). In 1967 the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> presented the Hamburg State Opera production with Ludwig conducting, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Blankenheim" title="Toni Blankenheim">Toni Blankenheim</a> (Schön), <a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Rothenberger" title="Anneliese Rothenberger">Anneliese Rothenberger</a> (Lulu), <a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Meyer" title="Kerstin Meyer">Kerstin Meyer</a> (Geschwitz), <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Unger" title="Gerhard Unger">Gerhard Unger</a> (Alwa), <a href="/wiki/Kim_Borg" title="Kim Borg">Kim Borg</a> (Schigolch) and <a href="/wiki/Maria_von_Ilosvay" title="Maria von Ilosvay">Maria von Ilosvay</a> (Theatre dresser). This production was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Electrola" title="Electrola">Electrola</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrated Lulus have included <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Lear" title="Evelyn Lear">Evelyn Lear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stratas" title="Teresa Stratas">Teresa Stratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Shade" title="Nancy Shade">Nancy Shade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karan_Armstrong" title="Karan Armstrong">Karan Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Migenes" title="Julia Migenes">Julia Migenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Christine Schäfer">Christine Schäfer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marlis_Petersen" title="Marlis Petersen">Marlis Petersen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2015_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helene Berg's death in 1976 paved the way for a new completed version of the opera to be made by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a>. There was insufficient time to have the score of this three-act version ready for the first production of the work at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in April 1977 (in a production by <a href="/wiki/John_Dexter" title="John Dexter">John Dexter</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Carole_Farley" title="Carole Farley">Carole Farley</a> in the title role),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_News1977_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_News1977-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the incomplete version was used. Published in 1979, the Cerha completion premiered on 24 February the same year at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opera Garnier</a> and was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, with Stratas singing the lead role; the production (by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>) was a sensation and the recording won the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone Award">Gramophone Award</a> for 1979. </p><p>The U.S. premiere of the complete opera was on 28 July 1979 at Santa Fe, with Nancy Shade (Lulu), <a href="/wiki/William_Dooley" title="William Dooley">William Dooley</a> (Schön), <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Ciesinski" title="Katherine Ciesinski">Katherine Ciesinski</a> (Geschwitz) and Barry Busse (Alwa).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber3030_Lulu_1979]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber3030_Lulu_1979]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> The Metropolitan Opera first presented it in December 1980, a performance later released on DVD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 2015 production, with <a href="/wiki/Marlis_Petersen" title="Marlis Petersen">Marlis Petersen</a> in the title role, was broadcast in <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">high definition</a> on 21 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That production featured projections and animated drawings by <a href="/wiki/William_Kentridge" title="William Kentridge">William Kentridge</a>. The same production, with a different cast, also played at <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Opera" title="Dutch National Opera">De Nationale Opera</a>, Amsterdam (2015), the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a>, London in 2016, and the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a> (2017). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Cast: Dr. Schön<br />Lulu<br />Alwa<br />Countess Geschwitz </th> <th>Conductor,<br />opera house and orchestra,<br />version </th> <th>Label </th></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wiener_(baritone)" title="Otto Wiener (baritone)">Otto Wiener</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilona_Steingruber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilona Steingruber (page does not exist)">Ilona Steingruber</a><br />Hans Libert<br />Maria Cerny </td> <td>Herbert Häfner<br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Symphony" title="Vienna Symphony">Vienna Symphony</a><br /><i>Two acts</i> </td> <td>Vinyl: Columbia Masterworks (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>)<br />Cat: SL-121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toni_Blankenheim" title="Toni Blankenheim">Toni Blankenheim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Rothenberger" title="Anneliese Rothenberger">Anneliese Rothenberger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Unger" title="Gerhard Unger">Gerhard Unger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Meyer" title="Kerstin Meyer">Kerstin Meyer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ludwig" title="Leopold Ludwig">Leopold Ludwig</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Staatsoper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Staatsoper">Hamburg Staatsoper</a><br />Zürich<br /><i>Two acts</i> </td> <td>Vinyl: <a href="/wiki/Electrola" title="Electrola">Electrola</a><br />Cat: SMA 91711/13<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Lear" title="Evelyn Lear">Evelyn Lear</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Donald_Grobe" title="Donald Grobe">Donald Grobe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Johnson_(mezzo-soprano)" title="Patricia Johnson (mezzo-soprano)">Patricia Johnson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a><br />Orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a><br />Berlin<br /><i>Two acts</i> </td> <td>Vinyl: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">DGG</a><br />Cat: <br />CD: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">DGG</a><br />Cat: </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Berry_(bass-baritone)" title="Walter Berry (bass-baritone)">Walter Berry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anja_Silja" title="Anja Silja">Anja Silja</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Josef_Hopferwieser" title="Josef Hopferwieser">Josef Hopferwieser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Fassbaender" title="Brigitte Fassbaender">Brigitte Fassbaender</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Christoph von Dohnányi">Christoph von Dohnányi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a><br /><i>Two acts</i> </td> <td>Vinyl: <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a><br />Cat: D48D 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mazura" title="Franz Mazura">Franz Mazura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stratas" title="Teresa Stratas">Teresa Stratas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Riegel" title="Kenneth Riegel">Kenneth Riegel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Minton" title="Yvonne Minton">Yvonne Minton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a><br />Paris<br /><i>Three acts</i> </td> <td>Vinyl: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">DGG</a><br />Cat: 2711 024<br />CD: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">DGG</a><br />Cat: 0289 463 6172 6<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDGG1979-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg1979_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg1979-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theo_Adam" title="Theo Adam">Theo Adam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Julia_Migenes" title="Julia Migenes">Julia Migenes</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Karczykowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Karczykowski (page does not exist)">Richard Karczykowski</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Fassbaender" title="Brigitte Fassbaender">Brigitte Fassbaender</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> (live)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna State Opera Orchestra">Vienna State Opera Orchestra</a><br /><i>Three acts</i> </td> <td>CD: RCA 74321 57734 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%B6ne" title="Wolfgang Schöne">Wolfgang Schöne</a><br /> <p>Patricia Wise<br /> Peter Straka<br /> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Fassbaender" title="Brigitte Fassbaender">Brigitte Fassbaender</a><br /> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tate" title="Jeffrey Tate">Jeffrey Tate</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a> (live)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France" title="Orchestre National de France">Orchestre National de France</a><br /> <i>Three acts</i> </p> </td> <td>CD: EMI 5 09400 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>Monte Jaffe<br /><a href="/wiki/Constance_Hauman" title="Constance Hauman">Constance Hauman</a><br />Peter Straka<br />Julia Juon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Schirmer" title="Ulf Schirmer">Ulf Schirmer</a><br />Ridehuset (Royal Riding School) Christiansborg Castle<br /><a href="/wiki/Danish_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Danish National Symphony Orchestra">Danish National Symphony Orchestra</a><br /><i>Three acts</i> </td> <td>CD: Chandos 9540(3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hayward_(bass-baritone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hayward (bass-baritone) (page does not exist)">Robert Hayward</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Saffer" title="Lisa Saffer">Lisa Saffer</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Graham-Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Graham-Hall (page does not exist)">John Graham-Hall</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Parry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Parry (page does not exist)">Susan Parry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniel" title="Paul Daniel">Paul Daniel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a><br />Paris (<i>Three acts, in English</i>) </td> <td>CD: <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Records" title="Chandos Records">Chandos</a><br />Cat: 3130<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandos2015_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandos2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Volle" title="Michael Volle">Michael Volle</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agneta_Eichenholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agneta Eichenholz (page does not exist)">Agneta Eichenholz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Florian_Vogt" title="Klaus Florian Vogt">Klaus Florian Vogt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Larmore" title="Jennifer Larmore">Jennifer Larmore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a><br />Paris </td> <td>DVD: <a href="/wiki/Opus_Arte" class="mw-redirect" title="Opus Arte">Opus Arte</a><br />ASIN: B003LRQ0XU<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpus_Arte2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpus_Arte2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Henschel" title="Dietrich Henschel">Dietrich Henschel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Workman_(tenor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Workman (tenor) (page does not exist)">Charles Workman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Workman_(Tenor)" class="extiw" title="de:Charles Workman (Tenor)">de</a>]</span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natascha_Petrinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natascha Petrinsky (page does not exist)">Natascha Petrinsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Петрински, Наташа">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniel" title="Paul Daniel">Paul Daniel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">La Monnaie</a><br />Brussels </td> <td>DVD: BelAir Classiques<br /><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00M4CA7O6">B00M4CA7O6</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/47px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/62px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prostitutes_and_courtesans#In_literature" title="List of prostitutes and courtesans">List of sex workers in literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lolita_(opera)" title="Lolita (opera)"><i>Lolita</i> (opera)</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frequently referred to in English translations as "acrobat"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Lulu Suite, the <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, in act 2, scene 1, Schigolch categorically denies being Lulu's father in an exchange with the Athlete and the Schoolboy, adding the comment <i>Sie hat nie einen gehabt</i>! (She has never had one).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dedicated by the composer to <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The professor is played by the same person as Dr. Goll, her first husband</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The negro is played by the same person as the artist, her second husband</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack is played by the same person as Dr. Schön, her third husband</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdornoBrandHailey1991120–122-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdornoBrandHailey1991120–122_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdornoBrandHailey1991">Adorno, Brand & Hailey 1991</a>, pp. 120–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19919–11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19962-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19962_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA1_p.&nbsp;1]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA1_p.&nbsp;1]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGY4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">p. 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA55_p.&nbsp;55]_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2014">Elliott 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">p. 55</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman19913-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman19913_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA67_p.&nbsp;67]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA67_p.&nbsp;67]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1995">Perle 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWstz_E4b0C&pg=PA67">p. 67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNGY4AAAAIAAJpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGY4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44">p. 44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA78_p.&nbsp;78–80]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA78_p.&nbsp;78–80]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1989">Jarman 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGm2lGZh3wsC&pg=PA78">p. 78–80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsTWstz_E4b0CpgPA68_p.&nbsp;68]_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1995">Perle 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWstz_E4b0C&pg=PA68">p. 68</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQaj0alN21yMCpgPA138_pp.&nbsp;138–139]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQaj0alN21yMCpgPA138_pp.&nbsp;138–139]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinweis1996">Steinweis 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qaj0alN21yMC&pg=PA138">pp. 138–139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotley2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotley2010_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNotley2010">Notley 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMSLP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMSLP_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIMSLP">IMSLP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEHuIhK7J7MCpgPA186_p.&nbsp;186]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbEHuIhK7J7MCpgPA186_p.&nbsp;186]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLondon2000">London 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEHuIhK7J7MC&pg=PA186">p. 186</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA79_p.&nbsp;79]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxGm2lGZh3wsCpgPA79_p.&nbsp;79]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1989">Jarman 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGm2lGZh3wsC&pg=PA79">p. 79</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey2010a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey2010a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010a">Hailey 2010a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1991p.&nbsp;4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarman1991">Jarman 1991</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp_VxlULxuq8CpgPA59_pp.&nbsp;59–60]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp_VxlULxuq8CpgPA59_pp.&nbsp;59–60]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_VxlULxuq8C&pg=PA59">pp. 59–60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1985-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1985_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1985">Chadwick 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoctor1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCVCtkShvDSkCpgPA309_pp.&nbsp;309–312]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoctor1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCVCtkShvDSkCpgPA309_pp.&nbsp;309–312]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoctor1999">Doctor 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVCtkShvDSkC&pg=PA309">pp. 309–312</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUE2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUE2015_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUE2015">UE 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarewood1987pp.&nbsp;873–878_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarewood1987">Harewood 1987</a>, pp. 873–878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDGG1979-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDGG1979_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDGG1979">DGG 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power2013_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2013_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power, Steph. 24 January 2013. The Wales Arts Review,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesartsreview.org/alban-bergs-lulu-decadence-decay-and-myths-of-freedom/">"Alban Berg's <i>Lulu</i> Decadence, Decay and Myths of Freedom"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lulu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lulu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/lulu">"Lulu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Lulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fworks%2Flulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpernführer2015-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpernführer2015_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpernführer2015">Opernführer 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandos2015-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandos2015_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandos2015_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandos2015">Chandos 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1979pp.&nbsp;28–29_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulez1979">Boulez 1979</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlades2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksida8V3Z6j2ExECpgPA409_p.&nbsp;409]_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlades2005">Blades 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC&pg=PA409">p. 409</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/en/works/work/45400/">"L'annonce faite à Marie, Darius Milhaud"</a>. <i>brahms.ircam.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brahms.ircam.fr&rft.atitle=L%27annonce+faite+%C3%A0+Marie%2C+Darius+Milhaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrahms.ircam.fr%2Fen%2Fworks%2Fwork%2F45400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA56_p.&nbsp;56]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrkTAwAAQBAJpgPA56_p.&nbsp;56]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2014">Elliott 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">p. 56</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVw3IeMkt8KACpgPA12_p.&nbsp;12]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVw3IeMkt8KACpgPA12_p.&nbsp;12]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1977">Perle 1977</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw3IeMkt8KAC&pg=PA12">p. 12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008p.&nbsp;81_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittall2008">Whittall 2008</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPople1991p.&nbsp;22-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPople1991p.&nbsp;22_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPople1991">Pople 1991</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_Nederland2015_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpera_Nederland2015">Opera Nederland 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscher2006pp.&nbsp;112–114_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscher2006">Huscher 2006</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carner, Mosco. 'Stein, Erwin', in <i>Grove Music Online</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2002-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith2002_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith2002">Goldsmith 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1953-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1953_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1953">Stuart 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2004p.&nbsp;91_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaminski2004">Kaminski 2004</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminski2014[httpsbooksgooglecombookside-57BAAAQBAJpgPT30_p.&nbsp;30]_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaminski2014">Kaminski 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-57BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">p. 30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber2829_Lulu_1963]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber2829_Lulu_1963]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanta_Fe2015">Santa Fe 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafeopera.org/tickets/production.aspx?performanceNumber=2829">Lulu 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon2012_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon2012">Dillon 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscogs2015_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiscogs2015">Discogs 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2015-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2015_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2015">Gordon 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_News1977-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpera_News1977_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpera_News1977">Opera News 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber3030_Lulu_1979]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanta_Fe2015[httpwwwsantafeoperaorgticketsproductionaspxperformanceNumber3030_Lulu_1979]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanta_Fe2015">Santa Fe 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafeopera.org/tickets/production.aspx?performanceNumber=3030">Lulu 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2015-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2015_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2015">Cooper 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg1979-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg1979_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerg1979">Berg 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpus_Arte2010-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpus_Arte2010_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpus_Arte2010">Opus Arte 2010</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdornoBrandHailey1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a>; Brand, Juliane; Hailey, Christopher (1991). <i>Alban Berg, Master of the Smallest Link</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521330165" title="Special:BookSources/0521330165"><bdi>0521330165</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22544628">22544628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%2C+Master+of+the+Smallest+Link&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22544628&rft.isbn=0521330165&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor+W.&rft.au=Brand%2C+Juliane&rft.au=Hailey%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlades2005" class="citation book cs1">Blades, James (2005) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC"><i>Percussion instruments and their history</i></a> (5th ed.). Westport, Conn.: Bold Strummer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933224612" title="Special:BookSources/9780933224612"><bdi>9780933224612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percussion+instruments+and+their+history&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bold+Strummer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780933224612&rft.aulast=Blades&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8V3Z6j2ExEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor1999" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Jennifer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVCtkShvDSkC"><i>The BBC and ultra-modern music, 1922–1936: shaping a nation's tastes</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521661171" title="Special:BookSources/9780521661171"><bdi>9780521661171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BBC+and+ultra-modern+music%2C+1922%E2%80%931936%3A+shaping+a+nation%27s+tastes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521661171&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVCtkShvDSkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2014" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Antokoletz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkTAwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Twentieth-Century Music in a Theoretic-Analytical Context</i></a>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135037307" title="Special:BookSources/9781135037307"><bdi>9781135037307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Music+in+a+Theoretic-Analytical+Context&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135037307&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Antokoletz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrkTAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailey2010" class="citation book cs1">Hailey, Christopher, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DO04-IuTw1oC"><i>Alban Berg and his world</i></a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400836475" title="Special:BookSources/9781400836475"><bdi>9781400836475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg+and+his+world&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781400836475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDO04-IuTw1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1996" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Patricia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gto6Vl6WhNIC"><i>A view of Berg's Lulu through the autograph sources</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520088191" title="Special:BookSources/9780520088191"><bdi>9780520088191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+view+of+Berg%27s+Lulu+through+the+autograph+sources&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520088191&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGto6Vl6WhNIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarewood1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood">Harewood, Earl of</a>, ed. (1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Opera_Book" title="The Complete Opera Book"><i>Kobbé's Complete Opera Book</i></a> (10th ed.). London: Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-31017-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-31017-9"><bdi>0-370-31017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kobb%C3%A9%27s+Complete+Opera+Book&rft.place=London&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-370-31017-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span>, see also <a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Opera_Book" title="The Complete Opera Book">The Complete Opera Book</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscher2006" class="citation book cs1">Huscher, Phillip (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91nJngEACAAJ"><i>The Santa Fe Opera: An American pioneer</i></a>. Santa Fe, New Mexico: The Santa Fe Opera. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-550-8"><bdi>978-0-86534-550-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Santa+Fe+Opera%3A+An+American+pioneer&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=The+Santa+Fe+Opera&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86534-550-8&rft.aulast=Huscher&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91nJngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarman1989" class="citation book cs1">Jarman, Douglas (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGm2lGZh3wsC"><i>Alban Berg, Wozzeck</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521284813" title="Special:BookSources/9780521284813"><bdi>9780521284813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%2C+Wozzeck&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780521284813&rft.aulast=Jarman&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGm2lGZh3wsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarman1991" class="citation book cs1">Jarman, Douglas (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGY4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Alban Berg: Lulu</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521284806" title="Special:BookSources/9780521284806"><bdi>9780521284806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+Lulu&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521284806&rft.aulast=Jarman&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNGY4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaminski, Piotr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fayard.fr/mille-et-un-operas-9782213600178"><i>Mille et un opéras</i></a>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213600178" title="Special:BookSources/9782213600178"><bdi>9782213600178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mille+et+un+op%C3%A9ras&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782213600178&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fayard.fr%2Fmille-et-un-operas-9782213600178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaminski, Piotr (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-57BAAAQBAJ"><i>Les 101 grands opéras</i></a>. Paris: Fayard/Pluriel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782818504604" title="Special:BookSources/9782818504604"><bdi>9782818504604</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+101+grands+op%C3%A9ras&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard%2FPluriel&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782818504604&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-57BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Douglas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_VxlULxuq8C"><i>Masterworks of 20th-Century Music: The Modern Repertory of the Symphony Orchestra</i></a>. NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136066900" title="Special:BookSources/9781136066900"><bdi>9781136066900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterworks+of+20th-Century+Music%3A+The+Modern+Repertory+of+the+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781136066900&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_VxlULxuq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2000" class="citation book cs1">London, John, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEHuIhK7J7MC"><i>Theatre under the Nazis</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719059919" title="Special:BookSources/9780719059919"><bdi>9780719059919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+under+the+Nazis&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780719059919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEHuIhK7J7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerle1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">Perle, George</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw3IeMkt8KAC"><i>Twelve-tone tonality</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520033870" title="Special:BookSources/9780520033870"><bdi>9780520033870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve-tone+tonality&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780520033870&rft.aulast=Perle&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVw3IeMkt8KAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerle1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">Perle, George</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWstz_E4b0C"><i>The right notes: twenty-three selected essays on twentieth-century music</i></a>. Stuyvesant, NY: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945193371" title="Special:BookSources/9780945193371"><bdi>9780945193371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+notes%3A+twenty-three+selected+essays+on+twentieth-century+music&rft.place=Stuyvesant%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780945193371&rft.aulast=Perle&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTWstz_E4b0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPople1991" class="citation book cs1">Pople, Anthony (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBE6u3FHUqwC"><i>Berg: Violin Concerto</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521399760" title="Special:BookSources/9780521399760"><bdi>9780521399760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berg%3A+Violin+Concerto&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521399760&rft.aulast=Pople&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBE6u3FHUqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinweis1996" class="citation book cs1">Steinweis, Alan E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qaj0alN21yMC"><i>Art, ideology, & economics in Nazi Germany: the Reich chambers of music, theater, and the visual arts</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807846070" title="Special:BookSources/9780807846070"><bdi>9780807846070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+ideology%2C+%26+economics+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+the+Reich+chambers+of+music%2C+theater%2C+and+the+visual+arts&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780807846070&rft.aulast=Steinweis&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQaj0alN21yMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittall2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Whittall, Arnold</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir8ENvcecUsC"><i>The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521863414" title="Special:BookSources/9780521863414"><bdi>9780521863414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Serialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521863414&rft.aulast=Whittall&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIr8ENvcecUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapters,_articles_and_theses"><span id="Chapters.2C_articles_and_theses"></span>Chapters, articles and theses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chapters, articles and theses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, Nicholas (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/eblj/1985articles/pdf/article3.pdf">"Alban Berg and the BBC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Library Journal</i>. <b>11</b>: 46–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Alban+Berg+and+the+BBC&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=46-59&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Feblj%2F1985articles%2Fpdf%2Farticle3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, Patrick (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2012/8/Departments/Coda__The_Performance_I_Can_t_Forget.html">"The Performance I Can't Forget"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>. <b>77</b> (2). Metropolitan Opera Guild<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=The+Performance+I+Can%27t+Forget&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012-08&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operanews.com%2FOpera_News_Magazine%2F2012%2F8%2FDepartments%2FCoda__The_Performance_I_Can_t_Forget.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053345/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0415102-110441/unrestricted/Goldsmith_dis.pdf"><i>Alban Berg's Filmic Music: Intentions and Extensions of the Film Music Interlude in the Opera </i>Lulu<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Ph_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph D">Ph D</a> thesis). Department of Music, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>. Docket etd-0415102-11044. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0415102-110441/unrestricted/Goldsmith_dis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Alban+Berg%27s+Filmic+Music%3A+Intentions+and+Extensions+of+the+Film+Music+Interlude+in+the+Opera+Lulu&rft.inst=Department+of+Music%2C+Louisiana+State+University&rft.date=2002-05&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Ursula+Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lsu.edu%2Fdocs%2Favailable%2Fetd-0415102-110441%2Funrestricted%2FGoldsmith_dis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGordon2015">Gordon, Peter V. (2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/an-opera-of-permanent-catastrophe-and-of-hope/">An Opera of Permanent Catastrophe, and of Hope</a>". <i>The Nation</i> (3 December) (accessed 27 May 2020).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailey2010a" class="citation book cs1">Hailey, Christopher (2010a). <i>Berg's Worlds</i>. pp. 3–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berg%27s+Worlds&rft.pages=3-32&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hailey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey (2010)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotley2010" class="citation book cs1">Notley, Margaret (2010). <i>1934, Alban Berg, and the shadow of politics: documents of a troubled year</i>. pp. 223–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1934%2C+Alban+Berg%2C+and+the+shadow+of+politics%3A+documents+of+a+troubled+year&rft.pages=223-268&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Notley&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey (2010)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1953" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Charles (17 July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/17th-july-1953/13/contemporary-arts">"The Holland Festival: <i>Lulu</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Holland+Festival%3A+Lulu&rft.date=1953-07-17&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F17th-july-1953%2F13%2Fcontemporary-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpera_News1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://213.185.182.229/library/index.php/attachments/single/1342">"<i>Lulu</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>. <b>41</b> (21). Metropolitan Opera Guild. 2 April 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=Lulu&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1977-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F213.185.182.229%2Flibrary%2Findex.php%2Fattachments%2Fsingle%2F1342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discography_and_recordings">Discography and recordings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Discography and recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiscogs2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/Alban-Berg-Anneliese-Rothenberger-Elisabeth-Steiner-Kerstin-Meyer-Toni-Blankenheim-Erwin-Wohlfahrt-G/release/5155112">"<i>Lulu</i> – Die Günther Rennert-Inszenierung"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(1968 Electrola recording information)</span>. <i>Discogs</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Lulu+%E2%80%93+Die+G%C3%BCnther+Rennert-Inszenierung&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FAlban-Berg-Anneliese-Rothenberger-Elisabeth-Steiner-Kerstin-Meyer-Toni-Blankenheim-Erwin-Wohlfahrt-G%2Frelease%2F5155112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandos2015" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418012733/http://www.chandos.net/pdf/CHAN%203130.pdf"><i>Alban Berg: Lulu</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Liner notes and English libretto). <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Records" title="Chandos Records">Chandos</a>. 2006. 3130. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chandos.net/pdf/CHAN%203130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+Lulu&rft.pub=Chandos&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chandos.net%2Fpdf%2FCHAN%25203130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span> Synopsis pp. 18–23; Libretto pp. 116–203</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulez1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a> (1979). <i><span></span></i>Lulu<i> – The Second Opera</i>. Griffiths, Paul (translator). pp. 28–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lulu+%E2%80%93+The+Second+Opera&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Boulez&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFDGG1979">DGG (1979)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDGG1979" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><i>Alban Berg: Lulu</i> (Liner notes). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>. 1979. 0289 463 6172 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+Lulu&rft.pub=Deutsche+Grammophon&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg1979" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Alban (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/de/cat/4636172">"Lulu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Audio tracks)</span>. DGG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lulu&rft.pub=DGG&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschegrammophon.com%2Fde%2Fcat%2F4636172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpus_Arte2010" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opusarte.com/details/OABD7070D#.VkNMz7-D9jZ">"Berg: <i>Lulu</i>"</a>. Opus Arte. 2010. OABD7070D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berg%3A+Lulu&rft.pub=Opus+Arte&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opusarte.com%2Fdetails%2FOABD7070D%23.VkNMz7-D9jZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpera_Nederland2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operanederland.nl/2015/05/29/nederlandse-premiere-berg-lulu/">"Nederlandse première: Berg – <i>Lulu</i>"</a>. <i>Opera Nederland</i> (in Dutch). 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opera+Nederland&rft.atitle=Nederlandse+premi%C3%A8re%3A+Berg+%E2%80%93+Lulu&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperanederland.nl%2F2015%2F05%2F29%2Fnederlandse-premiere-berg-lulu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanta_Fe2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafeopera.org/index.aspx">"The Santa Fe Opera"</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Santa+Fe+Opera&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafeopera.org%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (December 2019)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpernführer2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera-guide.ch/opera.php?id=56&uilang=de">"<i>Lulu</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Libretto, two act version)</span>. <i>Opernführer</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opernf%C3%BChrer&rft.atitle=Lulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opera-guide.ch%2Fopera.php%3Fid%3D56%26uilang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kareol.es/obras/lulu/acto1.htm">"<i>Lulu</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Libretto, three act version)</span>. <i>Kareol</i> (in German and Spanish). 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kareol&rft.atitle=Lulu&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kareol.es%2Fobras%2Flulu%2Facto1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFIMSLP"></span><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Lulu_Suite_(Berg,_Alban)" class="extiw" title="scores:Lulu Suite (Berg, Alban)"><i>Lulu Suite</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2015" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Michael (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/arts/music/soprano-marlis-petersen-is-saying-goodbye-to-lulu.html">"Soprano Marlis Petersen Is Saying Goodbye to <i>Lulu</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soprano+Marlis+Petersen+Is+Saying+Goodbye+to+Lulu&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fsoprano-marlis-petersen-is-saying-goodbye-to-lulu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUE2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaledition.com/Alban-Berg/composers-and-works/composer/51/work/3480">"Alban Berg: <i>Lulu</i>"</a>. Vienna: Universal Edition AG. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+Lulu&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Universal+Edition+AG&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universaledition.com%2FAlban-Berg%2Fcomposers-and-works%2Fcomposer%2F51%2Fwork%2F3480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120010855/http://www.metopera.org/Season/2015-16-Season/lulu-berg-tickets/">"Alban Berg: <i>Lulu</i> Nov 5 – Dec 3"</a>. Metropolitan Opera. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopera.org/Season/2015-16-Season/lulu-berg-tickets/">the original</a> on 2015-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+Lulu+Nov+5+%E2%80%93+Dec+3&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Opera&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metopera.org%2FSeason%2F2015-16-Season%2Flulu-berg-tickets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063254/http://www.metopera.org/metoperafiles/season/2015-16/operas/lulu/Playbill%20Programs/Nov%2017%20Lulu.pdf">"<i>Lulu</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Metropolitan Opera. 17 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopera.org/metoperafiles/season/2015-16/operas/lulu/Playbill%20Programs/Nov%2017%20Lulu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Program notes)</span> on 2015-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lulu&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Opera&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metopera.org%2Fmetoperafiles%2Fseason%2F2015-16%2Foperas%2Flulu%2FPlaybill%2520Programs%2FNov%252017%2520Lulu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg, Alban</a> (2005) [1997]. Lonitz, Henri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uh4-BQAAQBAJ"><i>Briefwechsel 1925–1935</i></a> [<i>Correspondence 1925–1935</i>]. Translated by Hoban, Wieland. Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745694962" title="Special:BookSources/9780745694962"><bdi>9780745694962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Briefwechsel+1925%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780745694962&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor+W.&rft.au=Berg%2C+Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duh4-BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published by Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Barber, Charles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=csJfojzOX_UC"><i>Corresponding with Carlos: a biography of Carlos Kleiber</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810881433" title="Special:BookSources/9780810881433"><bdi>9780810881433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corresponding+with+Carlos%3A+a+biography+of+Carlos+Kleiber&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810881433&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcsJfojzOX_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Cerha, Friedrich</a>. <i>The Third act of Alban Berg's </i>Lulu<i><span></span></i>. Translated by Griffiths, Paul. pp. 33–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+act+of+Alban+Berg%27s+Lulu&rft.pages=33-35&rft.aulast=Cerha&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFDGG1979">DGG (1979)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jarman, Douglas (1985) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-84UtteI-F0C"><i>The Music of Alban Berg</i></a> (Revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520049543" title="Special:BookSources/9780520049543"><bdi>9780520049543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Alban+Berg&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780520049543&rft.aulast=Jarman&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-84UtteI-F0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Killy" title="Walther Killy">Killy, Walther</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vierhaus" title="Rudolf Vierhaus">Vierhaus, Rudolf</a>, eds. (2005). <i>Dictionary of German Biography. Volume 9: Schmidt-Theyer</i>. München: K. G. Saur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110966299" title="Special:BookSources/9783110966299"><bdi>9783110966299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+German+Biography.+Volume+9%3A+Schmidt-Theyer&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=K.+G.+Saur&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783110966299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald_(music_critic)" title="Malcolm MacDonald (music critic)">MacDonald, Malcolm</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsaFwzCMNa4C"><i>Schoenberg</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198038405" title="Special:BookSources/9780198038405"><bdi>9780198038405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schoenberg&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780198038405&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsaFwzCMNa4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">Perle, George</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP-IhA8dY_oC"><i>The Operas of Alban Berg: Vol 2 Lulu</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520066168" title="Special:BookSources/9780520066168"><bdi>9780520066168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Alban+Berg%3A+Vol+2+Lulu&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780520066168&rft.aulast=Perle&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP-IhA8dY_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Silvio José dos (April 2004). "Ascription of Identity: The <i>Bild</i> Motif and the Character of Lulu". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): 267–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2004.21.2.267">10.1525/jm.2004.21.2.267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25805393">25805393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Ascription+of+Identity%3A+The+Bild+Motif+and+the+Character+of+Lulu&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-308&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2004.21.2.267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25805393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Silvio+Jos%C3%A9+dos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Santos, Silvio J. dos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUIlBQAAQBAJ"><i>Narratives of identity in Alban Berg's 'Lulu'<span></span></i></a>. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580464833" title="Special:BookSources/9781580464833"><bdi>9781580464833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+identity+in+Alban+Berg%27s+%27Lulu%27&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781580464833&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Silvio+J.+dos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUIlBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simms, Bryan R. (2013) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWJlcWfpebMC"><i>Alban Berg</i></a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135846749" title="Special:BookSources/9781135846749"><bdi>9781135846749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135846749&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWJlcWfpebMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walton, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0QlBQAAQBAJ"><i>Lies and Epiphanies: Composers and their Inspiration from Wagner to Berg</i></a>. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580464772" title="Special:BookSources/9781580464772"><bdi>9781580464772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lies+and+Epiphanies%3A+Composers+and+their+Inspiration+from+Wagner+to+Berg&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781580464772&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0QlBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lulu_(opera)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lulu (opera)"><i>Lulu</i> (opera)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Lulu_(Berg,_Alban)" class="extiw" title="scores:Lulu (Berg, Alban)"><i>Lulu</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eilenberg, Armin H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002071809/http://www.kultur-fibel.de/Oper,Lulu_Alban,Berg.htm">"<i>Lulu</i>"</a>. <i>Kultur Fibel</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Salzburger_Festspiele" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburger Festspiele">Salzburger Festspiele</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur-fibel.de/Oper,Lulu_Alban,Berg.htm">the original</a> on 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kultur+Fibel&rft.atitle=Lulu&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Eilenberg&rft.aufirst=Armin+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur-fibel.de%2FOper%2CLulu_Alban%2CBerg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/an-opera-of-permanent-catastrophe-and-of-hope/">"An Opera of Permanent Catastrophe, and of Hope"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gordon_(historian)" title="Peter Gordon (historian)">Peter E. Gordon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, 3 December 2015</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615170601/http://www.operone.de/opern/lulu.html">"<i>Lulu</i> discography"</a>. <i>Operone</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operone.de/opern/lulu.html">the original</a> on 2011-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operone&rft.atitle=Lulu+discography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operone.de%2Fopern%2Flulu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Capon, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRLULU.HTM#TOP">"<i>Lulu</i> discography"</a>. <i>CLOR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CLOR&rft.atitle=Lulu+discography&rft.aulast=Capon&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk%2FCLBRLULU.HTM%23TOP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALulu+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394678">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-solo" aria-labelledby="Alban_Berg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alban_Berg" title="Template:Alban Berg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alban_Berg" title="Template talk:Alban Berg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alban_Berg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alban Berg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alban_Berg" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alban_Berg" title="List of compositions by Alban Berg">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lulu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Pieces for Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farben_chord" title="Farben chord">Farben chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">Schoenberg hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alban_Berg" title="Category:Alban Berg">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Viennese_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template talk:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Viennese_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (1874-1951)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_Lieder_(Schoenberg)" title="Vier Lieder (Schoenberg)">Vier Lieder</a></i>, Op. 2 (1899-1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Buch_der_h%C3%A4ngenden_G%C3%A4rten" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Buch der hängenden Gärten">Das Buch der hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15 (1907-1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Herzgewächse">Herzgewächse</a></i>, Op. 20 (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21 (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Vier Lieder</a>, Op. 22 (1913-1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i>, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1</a>, Op. 7 (1904-1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano)</a>, Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26 (1923-1924)</li> <li>Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 3</a>, Op. 30 (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 4</a>, Op. 37 (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>, Op. (1900-1903, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1910-1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> (1914–1922, rev. 1944)</li> <li>"Prelude" to <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46 (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande_(Schoenberg)" title="Pelleas und Melisande (Schoenberg)">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i>, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Fünf Orchesterstücke</a>, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for orchestra</a>, Op. 31 (1926-1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34 (1929-1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a>, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (<a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for 2pf, 1941-1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Drei Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 11 (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechs_kleine_Klavierst%C3%BCcke" title="Sechs kleine Klavierstücke">Sechs kleine Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 19 (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Piano" title="Five Pieces for Piano">Fünf Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 23 (1920-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Piano_(Schoenberg)" title="Suite for Piano (Schoenberg)">Suite für Klavier</a>, Op. 25 (1921-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i>, Op. 17 (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>, Op. 18 (1910-1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i>, Op. 32 (1928-1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1930–32, compl. <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kocsis" title="Zoltán Kocsis">Kocsis</a> 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg#Textbooks" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Harmonielehre</a></i> (1910-1911, rev. 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_biblische_Weg" title="Der biblische Weg">Der biblische Weg</a></i> (1922-1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> (1883-1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langsamer_Satz" title="Langsamer Satz">Langsamer Satz</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia_(Webern)" title="Passacaglia (Webern)">Passacaglia</a>, Op. 1 (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_(Webern)" title="Symphony (Webern)">Symphony</a>, Op. 21 (1927-1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Nine_Instruments_(Webern)" title="Concerto for Nine Instruments (Webern)">Concerto for Nine Instruments</a>, Op. 24 (1931-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_piano_(Webern)" title="Variations for piano (Webern)">Variations for piano</a>, Op. 27 (1935-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Webern)" title="String Quartet (Webern)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 28 (1937–38)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> (1885-1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (first setting, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a> (1905-1908, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a>, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i>, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">rearr.</a> 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>, Op. 7 (1914-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a> (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for cl, vl, pf 1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (second setting, 1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> (1925-1926 for <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, 1928 ii-iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lulu</a></i> (1928-1935, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> compl. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Cerha</a> 1962-1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a> (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord" title=""Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord">6-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">6-Z44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Guido Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altenberg" title="Peter Altenberg">Peter Altenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)#In_different_types_of_music" title="Subject (music)">Athematicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Josef_Bach" title="David Josef Bach">David Josef Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">Developing variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Fragmentation (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Herlinger" title="Ruzena Herlinger">Ruzena Herlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Contemporary_Music" title="International Society for Contemporary Music">International Society for Contemporary Music</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie" title="Klangfarbenmelodie">Klangfarbenmelodie</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Malipiero" title="Riccardo Malipiero">Riccardo Malipiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Monod" title="Jacques-Louis Monod">Jacques-Louis Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Musical fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Oppenheimer_(artist)" title="Max Oppenheimer (artist)">Max Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Family" title="Schönberg Family">Schönberg Family</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Musical set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Hermann Scherchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Private_Musical_Performances" title="Society for Private Musical Performances">Society for Private Musical Performances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_trichord" title="Viennese trichord">Viennese trichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Template:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Template talk:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Jack the Ripper in fiction">in fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seminal works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(novel)" title="The Lodger (novel)">The Lodger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper:_The_Final_Solution" title="Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution">Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" title="Dear Boss letter">"Dear Boss" letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">"From Hell" letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">"Saucy Jacky" postcard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Waxworks_(film)" title="Waxworks (film)">Waxworks</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(1929_film)" title="Pandora's Box (1929 film)">Pandora's Box</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(1932_film)" title="The Lodger (1932 film)">The Lodger</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(1944_film)" title="The Lodger (1944 film)">The Lodger</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Room_to_Let_(1950_film)" title="Room to Let (1950 film)">Room to Let</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Attic" title="Man in the Attic">Man in the Attic</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1959_film)" title="Jack the Ripper (1959 film)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(1962_film)" title="Lulu (1962 film)">Lulu</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_in_Terror" title="A Study in Terror">A Study in Terror</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Ripper" title="Hands of the Ripper">Hands of the Ripper</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Sister_Hyde" title="Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde">Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruling_Class_(film)" title="The Ruling Class (film)">The Ruling Class</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Swedish_Butler_Saw" title="What the Swedish Butler Saw">What the Swedish Butler Saw</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1976_film)" title="Jack the Ripper (1976 film)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murder_by_Decree" title="Murder by Decree">Murder by Decree</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(1979_film)" title="Time After Time (1979 film)">Time After Time</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack%27s_Back" title="Jack's Back">Jack's Back</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Sanity_(film)" title="Edge of Sanity (film)">Edge of Sanity</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Advice" title="Deadly Advice">Deadly Advice</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripper_(film)" title="Ripper (film)">Ripper</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_(film)" title="From Hell (film)">From Hell</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Karma_(2002_film)" title="Bad Karma (2002 film)">Bad Karma</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Closed:_The_Phantom_of_Baker_Street" title="Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street">Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripper_2:_Letter_from_Within" title="Ripper 2: Letter from Within">Ripper 2: Letter from Within</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(2009_film)" title="The Lodger (2009 film)">The Lodger</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holmes_%26_Watson._Madrid_Days" title="Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days">Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight" title="Batman: Gotham by Gaslight">Batman: Gotham by Gaslight</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bizarre,_Bizarre" title="Bizarre, Bizarre">Bizarre, Bizarre</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Raspberry_Blower_of_Old_London_Town" title="The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town">The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Women_on_the_Moon" title="Amazon Women on the Moon">Amazon Women on the Moon</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(song)" title="Jack the Ripper (song)">Jack the Ripper</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ripper (song)">The Ripper</a>" (1976)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Killer_on_the_Loose" title="Killer on the Loose">Killer on the Loose</a>" (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Somatic_Defilement" title="The Somatic Defilement">The Somatic Defilement</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_episodes#Season_4_(2014–2015)" title="List of Epic Rap Battles of History episodes">Jack the Ripper vs. Hannibal Lecter</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Spirit_(play)" title="Earth Spirit (play)">Earth Spirit</a></i> (1895 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(play)" title="Pandora's Box (play)">Pandora's Box</a></i> (1904 play)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lulu</a></i> (1937 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(opera)" title="The Lodger (opera)">The Lodger</a></i> (1960 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruling_Class_(play)" title="The Ruling Class (play)">The Ruling Class</a></i> (1968 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Innocent" title="Blood of the Innocent">Blood of the Innocent</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_by_Gaslight" title="Gotham by Gaslight">Gotham by Gaslight</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Hell" title="From Hell">From Hell</a></i> (1989–98)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman:_Amazonia" title="Wonder Woman: Amazonia">Wonder Woman: Amazonia</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen,_Volume_III:_Century" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sherlock Holmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Sherlock_Holmes_Story" title="The Last Sherlock Holmes Story">The Last Sherlock Holmes Story</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whitechapel_Horrors" title="The Whitechapel Horrors">The Whitechapel Horrors</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes:_The_Unauthorized_Biography" title="Sherlock Holmes: The Unauthorized Biography">Sherlock Holmes: The Unauthorized Biography</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dust_and_Shadow" title="Dust and Shadow">Dust and Shadow</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_Legacy" title="The Ripper Legacy">The Ripper Legacy</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Toy_for_Juliette" title="A Toy for Juliette">A Toy for Juliette</a>" (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prowler_in_the_City_at_the_Edge_of_the_World" title="The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World">The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World</a>" (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Feast_Unknown" title="A Feast Unknown">A Feast Unknown</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(Alexander_novel)" title="Time After Time (Alexander novel)">Time After Time</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Ripper" title="Night of the Ripper">Night of the Ripper</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Blood" title="Phantom Blood">Phantom Blood</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naomi%27s_Room" title="Naomi's Room">Naomi's Room</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Dracula" title="Anno Dracula">Anno Dracula</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_the_Lonesome_October" title="A Night in the Lonesome October">A Night in the Lonesome October</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper,_Light-Hearted_Friend" title="Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend">Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(Perry_and_Tucker_novel)" title="Matrix (Perry and Tucker novel)">Matrix</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(Maguire_novel)" title="Lost (Maguire novel)">Lost</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Killer" title="Portrait of a Killer">Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood and Fog">Blood and Fog</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_of_Chiswick" title="The Witches of Chiswick">The Witches of Chiswick</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_(Armstrong_novel)" title="Broken (Armstrong novel)">Broken</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkside_(novel)" title="Darkside (novel)">Darkside</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lifeblood_(novel)" title="Lifeblood (novel)">Lifeblood</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_the_Un-dead" title="Dracula the Un-dead">Dracula the Un-dead</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Ripper" title="I, Ripper">I, Ripper</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cutthroat" title="The Cutthroat">The Cutthroat</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1973_TV_series)" title="Jack the Ripper (1973 TV series)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(miniseries)" title="Jack the Ripper (miniseries)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)">Sanctuary</a></i> (2007–11)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_(TV_series)" title="Whitechapel (TV series)">Whitechapel</a></i> (2009–13)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripper_Street" title="Ripper Street">Ripper Street</a></i> (2012–17)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(American_TV_series)" title="Time After Time (American TV series)">Time After Time</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_File_n%C2%BA221:_Kabukicho" title="Case File nº221: Kabukicho">Case File nº221: Kabukicho</a></i> (2019–20)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_in_Russia" title="Sherlock in Russia">Sherlock in Russia</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beforeigners" title="Beforeigners">Beforeigners</a></i> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_the_Fold" title="Wolf in the Fold">Wolf in the Fold</a>" (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Comes_the_Inquisitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes the Inquisitor">Comes the Inquisitor</a>" (1995)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ripper_(The_Outer_Limits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripper (The Outer Limits)">Ripper</a>" (1999)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_for_All" title="Sanctuary for All">Sanctuary for All</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Great_British_Fake_Off" title="The Great British Fake Off">The Great British Fake Off</a>" (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Across_Time" title="Bridge Across Time">Bridge Across Time</a></i> (1985 TV film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1987_video_game)" title="Jack the Ripper (1987 video game)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Files_of_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes">The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripper_(video_game)" title="Ripper (video game)">Ripper</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem:_Zero_Hour" title="Duke Nukem: Zero Hour">Duke Nukem: Zero Hour</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Man_(video_game)" title="Shadow Man (video game)">Shadow Man</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MediEvil_2" title="MediEvil 2">MediEvil 2</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(2004_video_game)" title="Jack the Ripper (2004 video game)">Jack the Ripper</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Versus_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper">Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_(video_game)" title="The Ripper (video game)">The Ripper</a></i> (canceled)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order:_1886" title="The Order: 1886">The Order: 1886</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Syndicate:_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Jack the Ripper">Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Jack the Ripper</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Death:_Du_Lac_%26_Fey" title="Dance of Death: Du Lac & Fey">Dance of Death: Du Lac & Fey</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casebook:_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Casebook: Jack the Ripper">Casebook: Jack the Ripper</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood!:_The_Life_and_Future_Times_of_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Blood!: The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper">Blood!: The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Category:Jack the Ripper in fiction">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837545#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/186104544">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/300018657">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13908428j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13908428j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007345426105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/0906c8af-da0c-4c13-ae63-e8db5d7fd9c3">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&oldid=1259833142">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&oldid=1259833142</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_by_Alban_Berg" title="Category:Operas by Alban Berg">Operas by Alban Berg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German-language_operas" title="Category:German-language operas">German-language operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unfinished_operas" title="Category:Unfinished operas">Unfinished operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_completed_by_others" title="Category:Operas completed by others">Operas completed by others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Jack the Ripper">Cultural depictions of Jack the Ripper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_musical_works_published_posthumously" title="Category:Classical musical works published posthumously">Classical musical works published posthumously</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1937_operas" title="Category:1937 operas">1937 operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas" title="Category:Operas">Operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_based_on_plays" title="Category:Operas based on plays">Operas based on plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Twelve-tone_compositions_by_Alban_Berg" title="Category:Twelve-tone compositions by Alban Berg">Twelve-tone compositions by Alban Berg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expressionist_music" title="Category:Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stefan_Zweig_Collection" title="Category:Stefan Zweig Collection">Stefan Zweig Collection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adultery_in_theatre" title="Category:Adultery in theatre">Adultery in theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_about_incest" title="Category:Plays about incest">Plays about incest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_about_prostitution" title="Category:Plays about prostitution">Plays about prostitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ-related_plays" title="Category:LGBTQ-related plays">LGBTQ-related plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ-related_operas" title="Category:LGBTQ-related operas">LGBTQ-related operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adaptations_of_works_by_Frank_Wedekind" title="Category:Adaptations of works by Frank Wedekind">Adaptations of works by Frank Wedekind</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_plot_summary_needing_attention_from_March_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2020">Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_with_plot_summary_needing_attention" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention">All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2019">Articles with dead external links from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_December_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2019">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_with_IMSLP_links" title="Category:Works with IMSLP links">Works with IMSLP links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_International_Music_Score_Library_Project_links" title="Category:Articles with International Music Score Library Project links">Articles with International Music Score Library Project links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 08:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(opera)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-669b4ddb54-rwrg5","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.583","walltime":"1.864","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11620,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":231449,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16500,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":209719,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1578.640 1 -total"," 16.26% 256.761 77 Template:Sfn"," 12.20% 192.578 15 Template:Cite_web"," 10.19% 160.823 2 Template:Navbox_musical_artist"," 10.09% 159.221 1 Template:Alban_Berg"," 9.79% 154.610 32 Template:Cite_book"," 9.70% 153.109 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.10% 127.851 4 Template:Lang"," 4.39% 69.304 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.85% 60.727 1 Template:Infobox_opera"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.003","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17138504,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdornoBrandHailey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlades2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulez1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDGG1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiscogs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHailey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHailey2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarewood1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuscher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMSLP\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpera_Nederland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpera_News1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpernführer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpus_Arte2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerle1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerle1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPople1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanta_Fe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinweis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUE2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittall2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Alban Berg\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Based on\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media notes\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 5,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 4,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox opera\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 2,\n [\"Jack the Ripper media\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Long plot\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 25,\n [\"Nonspecific\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Second Viennese School\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 77,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sronly\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","40.0"],["?","240","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","6.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","2.0"],["chunk \u003CModule:Footnotes\u003E","20","2.0"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","20","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","2.0"],["[others]","80","8.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7544d74b98-6hxbb","timestamp":"20241127085952","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lulu (opera)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lulu_(opera)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q837545","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q837545","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-19T19:34:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T08:59:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d6\/WP_Alban_Berg.jpg","headline":"unfinished opera by Alban Berg"}</script> </body> </html>