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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C_and_Unix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C_and_Unix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>C and Unix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C_and_Unix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_academic_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_academic_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications and academic papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_academic_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Ritchie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="دينيس ريتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دينيس ريتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rit%C3%A7i" title="Dennis Ritçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dennis Ritçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="دنیس ریچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیس ریچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="ডেনিস রিচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেনিস রিচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Дэніс Рычы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэніс Рычы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Дэніс Рычы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэніс Рычы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Денис Ричи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Денис Ричи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_M._Ritchie" title="Dennis M. Ritchie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dennis M. Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Ντένις Ρίτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντένις Ρίτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="دنیس ریچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنیس ریچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%98" title="데니스 리치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데니스 리치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Դենիս Ռիտչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դենիս Ռիտչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="डेनिस रिची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेनिस रिची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="דניס ריצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דניס ריצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಡೆನ್ನಿಸ್ ರಿಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೆನ್ನಿಸ್ ರಿಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Деннис Ритчи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Деннис Ритчи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Деннис Ритчи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деннис Ритчи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Ritchie" title="Dionysius Ritchie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dionysius Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniss_Ri%C4%8Dijs" title="Deniss Ričijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deniss Ričijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_M._Ritchie" title="Dennis M. Ritchie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dennis M. Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Денис Ричи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Денис Ричи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡെന്നിസ് റിച്ചി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെന്നിസ് റിച്ചി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="डेनिस रिची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेनिस रिची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="დენის რითჩი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დენის რითჩი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="دينيس ريتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دينيس ريتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="डेनिस रिची – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डेनिस रिची" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC" title="デニス・リッチー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デニス・リッチー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੈਨਿਸ ਰਿਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੈਨਿਸ ਰਿਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Richi" title="Denis Richi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Denis Richi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ритчи, Деннис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ритчи, Деннис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="डेनिस रिची – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="डेनिस रिची" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C" title="دێنیس ڕیتچی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێنیس ڕیتچی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Денис Ричи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Денис Ричи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தென்னிசு இரிட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னிசு இரிட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80" title="డెన్నిస్ రిచీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెన్నిస్ రిచీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="เดนนิส ริตชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดนนิส ริตชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D1%96" title="Денніс Рітчі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Денніс Рітчі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ڈینس رچی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈینس رچی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dennis Ritchie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="丹尼斯·里奇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丹尼斯·里奇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%A3%AB%E5%88%97%E6%B2%BB" title="丹尼士列治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="丹尼士列治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="丹尼斯·里奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丹尼斯·里奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Ritchie.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist, co-creator of the Unix operating system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Dennis Ritchie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg/220px-Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg/330px-Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg/440px-Dennis_Ritchie_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dennis Ritchie at the Japan Prize Foundation in May 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1941-09-09</span>)</span>September 9, 1941<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York" title="Bronxville, New York">Bronxville, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 12, 2011<span style="display:none">(2011-10-12)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Heights,_New_Jersey" title="Berkeley Heights, New Jersey">Berkeley Heights, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._S." class="mw-redirect" title="B. S.">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ALTRAN" title="ALTRAN">ALTRAN</a><br /><a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a><br /><a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a><br /><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Emanuel_R._Piore_Award" title="IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award">IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award</a> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> (1983)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> (1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a> (1994)<br /><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> Fellow (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Computerhistory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computerhistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pender_Award" title="Harold Pender Award">Harold Pender Award</a> (2003)<br /><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> (2011)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_C._Fischer" title="Patrick C. Fischer">Patrick C. Fischer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www">bell-labs<wbr />.com<wbr />/usr<wbr />/dmr<wbr />/www</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie</b> (September 9, 1941 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 12, 2011) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> and, with long-time colleague <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritchie and Thompson were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999. </p><p>Ritchie was the head of <a href="/wiki/Lucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucent">Lucent Technologies</a> System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dennis Ritchie was born in <a href="/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York" title="Bronxville, New York">Bronxville, New York</a>. His father was Alistair E. Ritchie, a longtime <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> scientist and co-author of <i>The Design of Switching Circuits</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">switching circuit theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ-2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, Dennis moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey" title="Summit, New Jersey">Summit, New Jersey</a>, where he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Summit_High_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Summit High School (New Jersey)">Summit High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NJ-2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJ-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> with <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ-2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg/220px-Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> (left) and Dennis Ritchie (right), in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/220px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/330px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/440px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, including Dennis Ritchie's home directory: <code>/usr/dmr</code></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, Ritchie began working at the Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center. In 1968, he defended his PhD thesis on "Computational Complexity and Program Structure" at Harvard under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_C._Fischer" title="Patrick C. Fischer">Patrick C. Fischer</a>. However, Ritchie never officially received his PhD degree as he did not submit a bound copy of his dissertation to the Harvard library, a requirement for the degree.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> worked with Ritchie's family and Fischer's family and found a copy of the lost dissertation.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lost_diss_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost_diss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, Ritchie and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> worked on the <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> operating system at Bell Labs. Thompson then found an old <a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a> machine and developed his own application programs and operating system from scratch, aided by Ritchie and others. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> suggested the name "<a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>", a pun on the name "Multics".<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supplement assembly language with a system-level programming language, Thompson created <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>. Later, B was replaced by <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, created by Ritchie, who continued to contribute to the development of Unix and C for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-c_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, Ritchie collaborated with James Reeds and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)" title="Robert Morris (cryptographer)">Robert Morris</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attack" title="Ciphertext-only attack">ciphertext-only attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/M-209" title="M-209">M-209</a> US cipher machine that could solve messages of at least 2000–2500 letters.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchiec_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchiec-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritchie relates that, after discussions with the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>, the authors decided not to publish it, as they were told that the principle applied to machines still in use by foreign governments.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchiec_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchiec-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritchie was also involved with the development of the operating systems <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a>, and the programming language <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>. </p><p>As part of an AT&T restructuring in the mid-1990s, Ritchie was transferred to Lucent Technologies, where he retired in 2007 as head of System Software Research Department.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C_and_Unix">C and Unix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C and Unix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Usenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenix">Usenix</a> conference, 1984</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City,_Utah--Summer_1984,_Usenix_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg/230px-Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg/345px-Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg/460px-Dennis_Ritchie_in_a_chalet_in_the_mountains_surrounding_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah--Summer_1984%2C_Usenix_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ritchie conversing in a <a href="/wiki/Chalet" title="Chalet">chalet</a> in the mountains surrounding <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/230px-Usenix84_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/345px-Usenix84_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/460px-Usenix84_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ritchie, standing in middle, in a striped sweater, behind <a href="/wiki/Steven_Bellovin" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Bellovin">Steven Bellovin</a> in a baseball cap</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ritchie created the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> and was one of the developers of the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system. With <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>, he co-wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a></i>, which is often referred to as <i>K&R</i> after their initials. Ritchie worked together with <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, who is credited with writing the original version of Unix; one of Ritchie's contributions to Unix was its porting to different machines and platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were so influential on <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a> that <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug McIlroy">Doug McIlroy</a> later wrote, "The names of Ritchie and Thompson may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed."<sup id="cite_ref-reader_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, the C language is widely used in application, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a> development, and its influence is seen in most modern programming languages. C is a low-level language with constructs closely translating to the hardware's instruction set. However, it is not tied to any given hardware, making it easy to write programs on any machine that supports C.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, C is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> with constructs mapping to <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>. </p><p>C influenced several other languages and derivatives, such as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> used by Apple, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> used by Microsoft, and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> used in corporate environments extensively and by <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>. Ritchie and Thompson used C to write Unix, which has been influential in establishing many computing concepts and principles that are adopted widely. </p><p>In an interview from 1999, Ritchie clarified that he saw <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD) operating systems as a continuation of the basis of the Unix operating system, and as derivatives of Unix:<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> manufacturers.</p></blockquote> <p>In the same interview, he stated that he viewed Unix and Linux as "the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, Ritchie and Thompson received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> "for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system".<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritchie's Turing Award lecture was titled "Reflections on Software Research".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, both Ritchie and Thompson received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), "for the origination of the UNIX operating system and the C programming language".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, both Ritchie and Thompson were made Fellows of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>, "for co-creation of the UNIX operating system, and for development of the C programming language."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 21, 1999, Thompson and Ritchie jointly received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> of 1998 from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> for co-inventing the UNIX operating system and the C programming language which, according to the citation for the medal, "led to enormous advances in computer hardware, software, and networking systems and stimulated growth of an entire industry, thereby enhancing American leadership in the Information Age".<sup id="cite_ref-NationalMedalAnnouncement_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalMedalAnnouncement-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NationalMedalPressRelease_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalMedalPressRelease-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Research_Institute" title="Industrial Research Institute">Industrial Research Institute</a> awarded Ritchie its <a href="/wiki/IRI_Achievement_Award" title="IRI Achievement Award">Achievement Award</a> in recognition of his contribution to science and technology, and to society generally, with his development of the Unix operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Ritchie, along with Thompson, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize for Information and Communications</a> for his work in the development of the Unix operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Ritchie_(right)_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg/220px-Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg/330px-Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg/440px-Dennis_Ritchie_%28right%29_Receiving_Japan_Prize.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Dennis Ritchie (right) with <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug McIlroy">Doug McIlroy</a> (left) in May 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Ritchie was found dead on October 12, 2011, at the age of 70 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Heights,_New_Jersey" title="Berkeley Heights, New Jersey">Berkeley Heights, New Jersey</a>, where he lived alone.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First news of his death came from his former colleague, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RobPike_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobPike-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been in frail health for several years following treatment for <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of Ritchie's death was largely overshadowed by the media coverage of the death of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, which occurred the week before.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Ritchie's death, computer historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Ceruzzi" title="Paul E. Ceruzzi">Paul E. Ceruzzi</a> stated:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ritchie was under the radar. His name was not a household name at all, but... if you had a microscope and could look in a computer, you'd see his work everywhere inside.</p></blockquote> <p>In an interview shortly after Ritchie's death, long-time colleague <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> said Ritchie never expected C to be so significant.<sup id="cite_ref-ForbesKernighanInterview2011-11-04_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForbesKernighanInterview2011-11-04-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kernighan told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> "The tools that Dennis built—and their direct descendants—run pretty much everything today."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kernighan reminded readers of how important a role C and Unix had played in the development of later high-profile projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other testimonials to his influence followed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheEconomist_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEconomist-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting upon his death, a commentator compared the relative importance of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and Ritchie, concluding that "[Ritchie's] work played a key role in spawning the technological revolution of the last forty years—including technology on which Apple went on to build its fortune."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another commentator said, "Ritchie, on the other hand, invented and co-invented two key software technologies which make up the DNA of effectively every single computer software product we use directly or even indirectly in the modern age. It sounds like a wild claim, but it really is true."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another said, "many in computer science and related fields knew of Ritchie's importance to the growth and development of, well, everything to do with computing,..."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fedora_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora 16">Fedora 16</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>, which was released about a month after he died, was dedicated to his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-F16Phoronix_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F16Phoronix-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> 9.0, released January 12, 2012, was also dedicated in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeBSD_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeBSD-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/294727_Dennisritchie" class="mw-redirect" title="294727 Dennisritchie">294727 Dennisritchie</a>, discovered by astronomers <a href="/wiki/Tom_Glinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Glinos">Tom Glinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_H._Levy" title="David H. Levy">David H. Levy</a> in 2008, was named in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_294001%E2%80%93295000#727" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 294001–295000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 7 February 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">Minor Planet Circulars</a> (M.P.C.) 78272).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> on which many succeeding languages and technologies are based.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> multiuser operating system. Several workalikes (commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems) have been developed based on Unix's design. Some follow <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standards, again based on Unix.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Unix Programmer's Manual</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a></i> (sometimes referred to as <i>K&R</i>; 1978 with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_academic_papers">Publications and academic papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications and academic papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ritchie has been the author or contributor to about 50 academic papers, books and textbooks and which have had over 15,000 citations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some of his most cited works: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a>, BW Kernighan, DM Ritchie, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Programming languages, D Ritchie (1978) <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The UNIX time-sharing system, DM Ritchie, K Thompson, Classic operating systems, 195-220 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Programming_in_the_Unix_Environment" title="Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment">Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment</a>, WR Stevens, SA Rago, DM Ritchie, Addison-Wesley (1992, 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf">"IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Emanuel+R.+Piore+Award+Recipients&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpiore_rl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Computerhistory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Computerhistory_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103005313/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Dennis,Ritchie/">"Dennis Ritchie"</a>. Computer History Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Dennis,Ritchie/">the original</a> on January 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dennis+Ritchie&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ffellowawards%2Fhall%2Fbios%2FDennis%2CRitchie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr2011" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (October 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725032530/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html">"Dennis Ritchie, Programming Trailblazer, Dies at 70"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html">the original</a> on July 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Dennis M. Ritchie, who helped shape the modern digital era by creating software tools that power things as diverse as search engines like Google and smartphones, was found dead on Wednesday at his home in Berkeley Heights, N.J. He was 70. Mr. Ritchie, who lived alone, was in frail health in recent years after treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease, said his brother Bill.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+Programming+Trailblazer%2C+Dies+at+70&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F14%2Ftechnology%2Fdennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeisterRitchieWashburn1951" class="citation book cs1">Keister, William; Ritchie, Alistair E.; Washburn, Seth E. (1951). <i>The Design of Switching Circuits</i> (eighth printing Sep. 1963 ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., inc. <q>Members of the Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+of+Switching+Circuits&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=eighth+printing+Sep.+1963&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Co.%2C+inc.&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Keister&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Alistair+E.&rft.au=Washburn%2C+Seth+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-2018_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-2018_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Stephen (October 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204774604576629354123067080">"Pioneer Programmer Shaped the Evolution of Computers"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Programmer+Shaped+the+Evolution+of+Computers&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970204774604576629354123067080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJ-2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NJ-2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeill2011" class="citation news cs1">Keill, Liz (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/independentpress/index.ssf/2011/02/japan_prize_for_unix_was_a_sur.html">"Berkeley Heights man wins Japan Prize for inventing UNIX operating system"</a>. Independent Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Ritchie, 69, has lived in Berkeley Heights for 15 years. He was born in Bronxville, New York, grew up in Summit and attended Summit High School before going to Harvard University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Berkeley+Heights+man+wins+Japan+Prize+for+inventing+UNIX+operating+system&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Keill&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Findependentpress%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F02%2Fjapan_prize_for_unix_was_a_sur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Renesse2014" class="citation journal cs1">van Renesse, Robbert (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2626401.2626421">"The First SIGOPS Dennis M. Ritchie Doctoral Dissertation Award"</a>. <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2626401.2626421">10.1145/2626401.2626421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34452214">34452214</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGOPS+Operating+Systems+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+SIGOPS+Dennis+M.+Ritchie+Doctoral+Dissertation+Award&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2626401.2626421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34452214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=van+Renesse&rft.aufirst=Robbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F2626401.2626421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory.org-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory.org_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory.org_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2020" class="citation web cs1">Brock, David C. (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/discovering-dennis-ritchies-lost-dissertation/">"Discovering Dennis Ritchie's Lost Dissertation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> (CHM)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum+%28CHM%29&rft.atitle=Discovering+Dennis+Ritchie%27s+Lost+Dissertation&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fblog%2Fdiscovering-dennis-ritchies-lost-dissertation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lost_diss-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lost_diss_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrailsfordKernighanRitchie2022" class="citation report cs1">Brailsford, David F.; Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, William A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/dmr/doceng22.pdf">How did Dennis Ritchie Produce his PhD Thesis? A Typographical Mystery</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3558100.3563839">10.1145/3558100.3563839</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=How+did+Dennis+Ritchie+Produce+his+PhD+Thesis%3F+A+Typographical+Mystery&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3558100.3563839&rft.aulast=Brailsford&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Kernighan%2C+Brian+W.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2F~bwk%2Fdmr%2Fdoceng22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1984" class="citation report cs1">Ritchie, Dennis M. (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html">The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System</a>. <i>Bell Laboratories</i> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Unix+Time-sharing+System&rft.date=1984-10&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation report cs1">Ritchie, Dennis (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html">The Development of the C Language</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ritchie"</a>. <i>LinuxFocus.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LinuxFocus.org&rft.atitle=Interview+With+Dennis+M.+Ritchie&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Benet&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfocus.org%2FEnglish%2FJuly1999%2Farticle79.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritchie-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/ritchie_1506389.cfm">"A.M. Turing Award Laureate - Dennis M. 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Hamming Medal Recipients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620000223/http://ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IEEE+Richard+W.+Hamming+Medal+Recipients&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate-awards.ieee.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fhamming-rl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403185444/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Dennis,Ritchie/">"Dennis Ritchie: 1997 Fellow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> (CHM)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computerhistory.org/profile/dennis-ritchie/">the original</a> on April 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum+%28CHM%29&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%3A+1997+Fellow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fprofile%2Fdennis-ritchie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalMedalAnnouncement-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalMedalAnnouncement_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327052807/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1998/december/9/1.html">"Ritchie and Thompson Get National Medal of Technology"</a>. Bell Labs. December 8, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1998/december/9/1.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ritchie+and+Thompson+Get+National+Medal+of+Technology&rft.date=1998-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2Fdecember%2F9%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalMedalPressRelease-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalMedalPressRelease_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031011075017/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1999/april/28/1.html">"Ritchie and Thompson Receive National Medal of Technology from President Clinton"</a>. Bell Labs. April 27, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1999/april/28/1.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritchie+and+Thompson+Receive+National+Medal+of+Technology+from+President+Clinton&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=1999-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fapril%2F28%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204000724/http://www3.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3cg_SL8h2VAQAv8HY9g%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_LU_2005%2FLU_News_Article_005372.xml">"Dennis Ritchie, Bell Labs Researcher and Co-Inventor of Unix, Receives 2005 Industrial Research Institute Achievement Award"</a>. Alcatel-Lucent Press Release. November 15, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3cg_SL8h2VAQAv8HY9g!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_LU_2005/LU_News_Article_005372.xml">the original</a> on February 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+Bell+Labs+Researcher+and+Co-Inventor+of+Unix%2C+Receives+2005+Industrial+Research+Institute+Achievement+Award&rft.pub=Alcatel-Lucent+Press+Release&rft.date=2005-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcatel-lucent.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3cg_SL8h2VAQAv8HY9g%21%21%3FLMSG_CABINET%3DDocs_and_Resource_Ctr%26LMSG_CONTENT_FILE%3DNews_Releases_LU_2005%2FLU_News_Article_005372.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2011" class="citation news cs1">Evangelista, Benny (January 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Ken-Thompson-Dennis-Ritchie-win-Japan-Prize-2478569.php">"Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie win Japan Prize"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Ken+Thompson%2C+Dennis+Ritchie+win+Japan+Prize&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FKen-Thompson-Dennis-Ritchie-win-Japan-Prize-2478569.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15287391">"Unix creator Dennis Ritchie dies aged 70"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Pioneering computer scientist Dennis Ritchie has died after a long illness. ... The first news of Dr Ritchie's death came via Rob Pike, a former colleague who worked with him at Bell Labs. Mr Ritchie's passing was then confirmed in a statement from Alcatel-Lucent which now owns Bell Labs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Unix+creator+Dennis+Ritchie+dies+aged+70&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-15287391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobPike-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobPike_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Pike, Rob</a> (October 12, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217120050/https://plus.google.com/101960720994009339267/posts/ENuEDDYfvKP?hl=en"><i>(untitled post to Google+)</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.google.com/101960720994009339267/posts/ENuEDDYfvKP">the original</a> on February 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2011</span>, <q>I just heard that, after a long illness, Dennis Ritchie (dmr) died at home this weekend. I have no more information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28untitled+post+to+Google%2B%29&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.google.com%2F101960720994009339267%2Fposts%2FENuEDDYfvKP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224065622/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/summary-box-dennis-ritchie-pioneer-in-computer-programming-at-bell-labs-dies-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAFKC7hL_story.html">"Summary Box: Dennis Ritchie, pioneer in computer programming at Bell Labs, dies at 70"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, Associated Press, October 13, 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/summary-box-dennis-ritchie-pioneer-in-computer-programming-at-bell-labs-dies-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAFKC7hL_story.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2011</span>, <q>Not known: Alcatel-Lucent confirmed his death to The Associated Press but would not disclose the cause of death or when Ritchie died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Summary+Box%3A+Dennis+Ritchie%2C+pioneer+in+computer+programming+at+Bell+Labs%2C+dies+at+70&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fsummary-box-dennis-ritchie-pioneer-in-computer-programming-at-bell-labs-dies-at-70%2F2011%2F10%2F13%2FgIQAFKC7hL_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Gallagher, Sean (October 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/10/dennis-ritchie/">"Dennis Ritchie, Father of C and Co-Developer of Unix, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+Father+of+C+and+Co-Developer+of+Unix%2C+Dies&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredenterprise%2F2011%2F10%2Fdennis-ritchie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinstock" class="citation web cs1">Binstock, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drdobbs.com/cpp/231900742?cid=DDJ_nl_upd_2011-10-13_h">"Dennis Ritchie, in Memoriam"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+in+Memoriam&rft.aulast=Binstock&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrdobbs.com%2Fcpp%2F231900742%3Fcid%3DDDJ_nl_upd_2011-10-13_h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2011" class="citation web cs1">Srinivasan, Rajeev (October 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/dennis-ritchie-a-tech-genius-as-great-as-steve-jobs-2-3590163.html">"Dennis Ritchie, a tech genius as great as Steve Jobs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+a+tech+genius+as+great+as+Steve+Jobs&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Ftech%2Fnews-analysis%2Fdennis-ritchie-a-tech-genius-as-great-as-steve-jobs-2-3590163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2011" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Emily (October 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/dennis-ritchie-founder-of-unix-and-c-dies-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAXsVXiL_story.html">"Dennis Ritchie, founder of Unix and C, dies at 70"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+founder+of+Unix+and+C%2C+dies+at+70&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fdennis-ritchie-founder-of-unix-and-c-dies-at-70%2F2011%2F10%2F13%2FgIQAXsVXiL_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForbesKernighanInterview2011-11-04-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForbesKernighanInterview2011-11-04_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Prasad, Shishir (November 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forbesindia.com/interview/special/brian-kernighan-no-one-thought-c-would-become-so-big/29982/1">"No one thought 'C' would become so big: Brian Kernighan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_India" title="Forbes India">Forbes India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Q Did Dennis Ritchie or you ever think C would become so popular? [Kernighan] I don't think that at the time Dennis worked on Unix and C anyone thought these would become as big as they did. Unix, at that time, was a research project inside Bell Labs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+India&rft.atitle=No+one+thought+%27C%27+would+become+so+big%3A+Brian+Kernighan&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Shishir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforbesindia.com%2Finterview%2Fspecial%2Fbrian-kernighan-no-one-thought-c-would-become-so-big%2F29982%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohroct2011" class="citation news cs1">Lohroct, Steve (October 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html">"Dennis Ritchie, 70, Dies, Programming Trailblazer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+70%2C+Dies%2C+Programming+Trailblazer&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.aulast=Lohroct&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F14%2Ftechnology%2Fdennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727010843/http://www.deccanherald.com/blog/?p=220">"Myths of Steve Jobs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. November 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/blog/?p=220">the original</a> on July 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of the C language and co-inventor of the Unix operating system, died a few days after Steve Jobs. He was far more influential than Jobs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Myths+of+Steve+Jobs&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2011" class="citation news cs1">Datta, Subhajit (November 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116000934/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article2622056.ece">"The tale of three deeply different technologists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article2622056.ece">the original</a> on November 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+tale+of+three+deeply+different+technologists&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Subhajit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2Farticle2622056.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinal2011" class="citation news cs1">Cardinal, David (November 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/computing/102835-dennis-ritchie-creator-of-c-bids-goodbye-world">"Dennis Ritchie, creator of C, bids "goodbye, world"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Tech">Extreme Tech</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The book came off the shelf in service of teaching another generation a simple, elegant way to program that allows the developer to be directly in touch with the innards of the computer. The lowly integer variable—int—has grown in size over the years as computers have grown, but the C language and its sparse, clean, coding style live on. For that we all owe a lot to Dennis Ritchie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie%2C+creator+of+C%2C+bids+%22goodbye%2C+world%22&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=Cardinal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F102835-dennis-ritchie-creator-of-c-bids-goodbye-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEconomist-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheEconomist_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21536536">"Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy: Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy, machine whisperers, died on October 8th and 24th respectively, aged 70 and 84"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. November 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Now that digital devices are fashion items, it is easy to forget what really accounts for their near-magical properties. Without the operating systems which tell their different physical bits what to do, and without the languages in which these commands are couched, the latest iSomething would be a pretty but empty receptacle. The gizmos of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie+and+John+McCarthy%3A+Dennis+Ritchie+and+John+McCarthy%2C+machine+whisperers%2C+died+on+October+8th+and+24th+respectively%2C+aged+70+and+84&rft.date=2011-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21536536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswise.com/articles/the-strange-birth-and-long-life-of-unix">"The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix"</a>. Newswise. November 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Four decades ago, Ken Thompson, the late Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T's Bell Laboratories developed Unix, which turned out to be one of the most influential pieces of software ever written. Their work on this operating system had to be done on the sly, though, because their employer had recently backed away from operating-systems research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Birth+and+Long+Life+of+Unix&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswise.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-strange-birth-and-long-life-of-unix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2011" class="citation news cs1">Das, Shyamanuja (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703005812/http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/The-forgotten-tech-luminaries/156641/0/">"The forgotten tech luminaries: The new generation of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy"</a>. <i>Ciol.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/The-forgotten-tech-luminaries/156641/0/">the original</a> on July 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>. <q>UNIX, to the development of which Ritchie greatly contributed, and whose C made it possible it to be ported to other machines, is, even today, in its different avatars, the de facto OS for anything that is mission critical. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, Linux—all these are derived from UNIX.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ciol.com&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+tech+luminaries%3A+The+new+generation+of+the+digital+age+owe+a+part+of+their+numeric+souls+to+Dennis+Ritchie+and+John+McCarthy&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Shyamanuja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciol.com%2FNews%2FNews%2FNews-Reports%2FThe-forgotten-tech-luminaries%2F156641%2F0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2011" class="citation news cs1">Duncan, Geoff (October 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/was-dennis-ritchie-more-important-than-steve-jobs/">"Was Dennis Ritchie more important than Steve Jobs?"</a>. Digital Trends<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Dennis+Ritchie+more+important+than+Steve+Jobs%3F&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fapple%2Fwas-dennis-ritchie-more-important-than-steve-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlow2015" class="citation news cs1">Perlow, Jason (October 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/without-dennis-ritchie-there-would-be-no-jobs/">"Without Dennis Ritchie, there would be no Steve Jobs"</a>. <i>ZDNet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNet.com&rft.atitle=Without+Dennis+Ritchie%2C+there+would+be+no+Steve+Jobs&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Perlow&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fwithout-dennis-ritchie-there-would-be-no-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs2011" class="citation news cs1">Biggs, John (October 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/15/what-can-we-learn-from-dennis-ritchie/">"What Can We Learn From Dennis Ritchie?"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=What+Can+We+Learn+From+Dennis+Ritchie%3F&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2011%2F10%2F15%2Fwhat-can-we-learn-from-dennis-ritchie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F16Phoronix-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F16Phoronix_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2011" class="citation news cs1">Larabel, Michael (November 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTAxMjg">"Red Hat Releases Fedora 16 "Verne"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=Red+Hat+Releases+Fedora+16+%22Verne%22&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTAxMjg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeBSD-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreeBSD_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJude2012" class="citation news cs1">Jude, Allan (January 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/releases/9.0R/announce.html">"FreeBSD-9.0 Announcement"</a>. <i>FreeBSD.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FreeBSD.org&rft.atitle=FreeBSD-9.0+Announcement&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.aulast=Jude&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Freleases%2F9.0R%2Fannounce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-object-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-object_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=294727">"294727 Dennisritchie (2008 BV41)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=294727+Dennisritchie+%282008+BV41%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D294727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernighanRitchie1978" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cprogramminglang00kern"><i>The C Programming Language</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131101630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131101630"><bdi>978-0131101630</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3608698">3608698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C+Programming+Language&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3608698&rft.isbn=978-0131101630&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcprogramminglang00kern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&oi=ao">"Dennis Ritchie"</a>. <i>scholar.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.google.com&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dw1WB5d0AAAAJ%26oi%3Dao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernighanRitchie1988" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis (March 22, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi5FI5QcdmYC&q=The+C+programming+language+BW+Kemighan,+DM+Ritchie+-"><i>C Programming Language: C PROGRAMMING LANG _p2</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-308621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-308621-8"><bdi>978-0-13-308621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C+Programming+Language%3A+C+PROGRAMMING+LANG+_p2&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-13-308621-8&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi5FI5QcdmYC%26q%3DThe%2BC%2Bprogramming%2Blanguage%2BBW%2BKemighan%2C%2BDM%2BRitchie%2B-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&oi=ao#d=gs_md_cita-d&u=/citations?view_op=view_citation&user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=w1WB5d0AAAAJ:9vf0nzSNQJEC&tzom=480">"Dennis Ritchie"</a>. <i>scholar.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.google.com&rft.atitle=Dennis+Ritchie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dw1WB5d0AAAAJ%26oi%3Dao%23d%3Dgs_md_cita-d%26u%3D%2Fcitations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26user%3Dw1WB5d0AAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3Dw1WB5d0AAAAJ%3A9vf0nzSNQJEC%26tzom%3D480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Dennis M.; Thompson, Ken (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3510-9_11">"The Unix Time-Sharing System"</a>. In Hansen, Per Brinch (ed.). <i>Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems</i>. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 195–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3510-9_11">10.1007/978-1-4757-3510-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-3510-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-3510-9"><bdi>978-1-4757-3510-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unix+Time-Sharing+System&rft.btitle=Classic+Operating+Systems%3A+From+Batch+Processing+to+Distributed+Systems&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=195-220&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3510-9_11&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-3510-9&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3510-9_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensRago2008" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, W. Richard; Rago, Stephen A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHI8PgAACAAJ"><i>Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-52594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-52594-9"><bdi>978-0-321-52594-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Programming+in+the+UNIX+Environment&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-321-52594-9&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Rago%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHI8PgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADennis+Ritchie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Ritchie.ogg" title="File:Dennis Ritchie.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 17 June 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-06-17</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www">Official website</a></span></span>, Bell Labs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm">"The C Family of Languages: Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, and James Gosling" – article in Java Report, 5(7), July 2000 and C++ Report, 12(7), July/August 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053711/http://www.linux-mag.com/id/801/">"The Guru" – article in Linux Magazine, June 2001</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/video/unix-starting-point-personal-computer-13869282?tab=9482931&section=1206840&playlist=11496627&page=1">Dennis Ritchie's video interview June 2011</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Padlipsky" title="Michael A. Padlipsky">Michael A. Padlipsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dennis Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">Jerry Saltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Schroeder" title="Glenda Schroeder">Glenda Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schroeder" title="Michael Schroeder">Michael Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Soley" title="Richard Soley">Richard Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Van_Vleck" title="Tom Van Vleck">Tom Van Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Vyssotsky" title="Victor A. Vyssotsky">Victor A. 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Time-Sharing System</a> (predecessor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Multics" title="Category:Multics">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C_programming_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C_programming_language" title="Template:C programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C_programming_language" title="Template talk:C programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C programming language"><abbr title="Edit this 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Include_directive#C" title="Include directive">Header files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_string_handling" title="C string handling">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_syntax" title="C syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">Preprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_data_types" title="C data types">Data types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">Standard library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_character_classification" title="C character classification">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_file_input/output" title="C file input/output">File I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_mathematical_functions" title="C mathematical functions">Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">Dynamic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_string_handling" title="C string handling">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_date_and_time_functions" title="C date and time functions">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stdarg.h" title="Stdarg.h">Variadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_POSIX_library" title="C POSIX library">POSIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybris_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybris (software)">libhybris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Windows CRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_C_compilers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of C compilers">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">ACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Turbo_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Borland Turbo C">Borland Turbo C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">ICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCC_(compiler)" title="LCC (compiler)">LCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcroft_C_compiler" title="Norcroft C compiler">Norcroft C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_C_Compiler" title="Portable C Compiler">PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Device_C_Compiler" title="Small Device C Compiler">SDCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_C_Compiler" title="Tiny C Compiler">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">Watcom C/C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLion" class="mw-redirect" title="CLion">CLion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Builder" title="GNOME Builder">GNOME Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison with<br />other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Comparison with Pascal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descendant<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)" title="Vala (programming language)">Vala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dennis Ritchie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:C_(programming_language)" title="Category:C (programming language)">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_W._Hamming_Medal_recipients" title="Template:Richard W. 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Hamming Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Reed" title="Irving S. Reed">Irving S. Reed</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Berlekamp" title="Elwyn Berlekamp">Elwyn Berlekamp</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jorma_Rissanen" title="Jorma Rissanen">Jorma Rissanen</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Ungerboeck" title="Gottfried Ungerboeck">Gottfried Ungerboeck</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Ziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Semenovich_Pinsker" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Semenovich Pinsker">Mark Semenovich Pinsker</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cover" title="Thomas M. Cover">Thomas M. Cover</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David D. Clark</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Huffman" title="David A. Huffman">David A. Huffman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_G._Fraser" title="Alexander G. Fraser">Alexander G. Fraser</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Elias" title="Peter Elias">Peter Elias</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Berrou" title="Claude Berrou">Claude Berrou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Glavieux" title="Alain Glavieux">Alain Glavieux</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wolf" title="Jack Wolf">Jack K. Wolf</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sloane" title="Neil Sloane">Neil Sloane</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Levenshtein" title="Vladimir Levenshtein">Vladimir Levenshtein</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lempel" title="Abraham Lempel">Abraham Lempel</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Verd%C3%BA" title="Sergio Verdú">Sergio Verdú</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Franaszek" title="Peter Franaszek">Peter Franaszek</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Merkle" title="Ralph Merkle">Ralph Merkle</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Berger" title="Toby Berger">Toby Berger</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Luby" title="Michael Luby">Michael Luby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amin_Shokrollahi" title="Amin Shokrollahi">Amin Shokrollahi</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Calderbank" title="Robert Calderbank">Robert Calderbank</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Thomas Richardson / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Urbanke" title="Rüdiger Urbanke">Rüdiger Urbanke</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imre_Csisz%C3%A1r" title="Imre Csiszár">Imre Csiszár</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Gamal" title="Abbas El Gamal">Abbas El Gamal</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Shamai" title="Shlomo Shamai">Shlomo Shamai</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erdal_Ar%C4%B1kan" title="Erdal Arıkan">Erdal Arıkan</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Tse" title="David Tse">David Tse</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">A. M. Turing Award</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles Bachman</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana Scott</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dennis Ritchie</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard Karp</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Richard E. Stearns</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Manuel Blum</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Amir Pnueli</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Jim Gray</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Andrew Yao</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard Adleman</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Allen" title="Frances Allen">Frances Allen</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Edmund M. Clarke</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">E. Allen Emerson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Valiant" title="Leslie Valiant">Leslie G. Valiant</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Ed Catmull</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> (2020) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Avi Wigderson</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_Prize" title="Template talk:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Katchalski-Katzir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir">Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)" title="David Turnbull (materials scientist)">David Turnbull</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_J._Kolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem J. Kolff">Willem J. Kolff</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beachell" title="Henry Beachell">Henry Beachell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush">Gurdev Khush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vendryes" title="Georges Vendryes">Georges Vendryes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isao_Arita" title="Isao Arita">Isao Arita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Le_Pichon" title="Xavier Le Pichon">Xavier Le Pichon</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_J._Wild" title="John J. Wild">John J. Wild</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Christopher_Polge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest John Christopher Polge">Ernest John Christopher Polge</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kary_B._Mullis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kary B. Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Hayward Pickering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> Jr. / <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masao_Ito" title="Masao Ito">Masao Ito</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Sugimura" title="Takashi Sugimura">Takashi Sugimura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Engelberger" title="Joseph Engelberger">Joseph Engelberger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshikawa" title="Hiroyuki Yoshikawa">Hiroyuki Yoshikawa</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Schell" title="Jozef Schell">Jozef Schell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marc_Van_Montagu" title="Marc Van Montagu">Marc Van Montagu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wesley_Peterson" title="W. Wesley Peterson">W. Wesley Peterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Strominger" title="Jack L. Strominger">Jack L. Strominger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Don_Craig_Wiley" title="Don Craig Wiley">Don Craig Wiley</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kimishige_Ishizaka" title="Kimishige Ishizaka">Kimishige Ishizaka</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._Parsons" title="Timothy R. Parsons">Timothy R. Parsons</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski" title="Andrzej Tarkowski">Andrzej Tarkowski</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Yorke" title="James A. Yorke">James A. Yorke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ogawa" title="Seiji Ogawa">Seiji Ogawa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Honda" title="Kenichi Honda">Kenichi Honda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujishima" title="Akira Fujishima">Akira Fujishima</a> / Keith J. Sainsbury / <a href="/wiki/John_Lawton_(biologist)" title="John Lawton (biologist)">John H. Lawton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Nagao" title="Makoto Nagao">Makoto Nagao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Takeichi" title="Masatoshi Takeichi">Masatoshi Takeichi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Ruoslahti" title="Erkki Ruoslahti">Erkki Ruoslahti</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Houghton_(physicist)" title="John Houghton (physicist)">John Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Endo_(biochemist)" title="Akira Endo (biochemist)">Akira Endo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Ashton" title="Peter Shaw Ashton">Peter Shaw Ashton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert E. Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_E._Kuhl" title="David E. Kuhl">David E. Kuhl</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shun-ichi_Iwasaki" title="Shun-ichi Iwasaki">Shun-ichi Iwasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitousek" title="Peter Vitousek">Peter Vitousek</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Hirano" title="Toshio Hirano">Toshio Hirano</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lydon" title="Nicholas Lydon">Nicholas Lydon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masato_Sagawa" title="Masato Sagawa">Masato Sagawa</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Grant_Willson" title="C. Grant Willson">C. Grant Willson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Frederick_Grassle" title="J. Frederick Grassle">John Frederick Grassle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuharu_Suematsu" title="Yasuharu Suematsu">Yasuharu Suematsu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">C. David Allis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Takahasi" title="Yutaka Takahasi">Yutaka Takahasi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Friedmann" title="Theodore Friedmann">Theodore Friedmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Fischer" title="Alain Fischer">Alain Fischer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Hosono" title="Hideo Hosono">Hideo Hosono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_D._Tanksley" title="Steven D. Tanksley">Steven D. Tanksley</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Dale_Cooper" title="Max Dale Cooper">Max Dale Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Okamoto" title="Yoshio Okamoto">Yoshio Okamoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Rattan Lal</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Green_(professor)" title="Martin Green (professor)">Martin A. Green</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert A. Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Christopher Field</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Nakazawa" title="Masataka Nakazawa">Masataka Nakazawa</a> / Kazuo Hagimoto / <a href="/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck" title="Gero Miesenböck">Gero Miesenböck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hoskins" title="Brian Hoskins">Brian Hoskins</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace" title="John Michael Wallace">John Michael Wallace</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45575#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080803719">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/616522">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1774710/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmMb8k6XJmCV7gj38Qv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/110760239">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n77018721">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126571234">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126571234">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454287">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35778388">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0041904&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068332920">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90209735">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054706&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000004826&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=60469">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201605618">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670989605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007305273705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00070436?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=155881">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100458439">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7201711092">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ritchie.dennis-m">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/r/DennisRitchie">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/148635">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1082998">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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