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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_lettering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_lettering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Computer lettering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_lettering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tools and methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tools_and_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tools and methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On-the-board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-the-board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>On-the-board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-the-board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EC_Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EC_Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>EC Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EC_Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_lettering_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_lettering_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Computer lettering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_lettering_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letterers_and_lettering_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterers_and_lettering_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Letterers and lettering studios</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letterers_and_lettering_studios-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letterers and lettering studios subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letterers_and_lettering_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_letterers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_letterers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notable letterers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_letterers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist-letterers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist-letterers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Artist-letterers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist-letterers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Member of a team of comic book creators responsible for drawing the comic book's text</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Letterer</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/80px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>letterer</b> is a member of a team of <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic book creator">comic book creators</a> responsible for drawing the comic book's text. The letterer's use of <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, letter size, and <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">layout</a> all contribute to the impact of the comic. The letterer crafts the comic's <a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">"display lettering"</a>: the story title lettering and other special captions and credits that usually appear on a story's first page. The letterer also writes the letters in the <a href="/wiki/Word_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Word balloon">word balloons</a> and draws in <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">sound effects</a>. Many letterers also design logos for the comic book company's various titles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericasBestComics3006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AmericasBestComics3006_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AmericasBestComics3006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AmericasBestComics3006_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AmericasBestComics3006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/AmericasBestComics3006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Lettered 1949 panel from <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Best_Comics" title="America's Best Comics">America's Best Comics</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>By the time comic books came of age in the 1940s, the huge volume of work demanded by publishers had encouraged an assembly-line process, dividing the creative process into distinct tasks: writer, <a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">penciller</a>, letterer, <a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">inker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">colorist</a>. By the late 1940s, it became possible to make a living just lettering comic strips and comic books for artists, studios, and companies that did not have the time or desire to do it in-house. The career of freelance letterer was born, and by the 1950s, letterers such as <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Saladino" title="Gaspar Saladino">Gaspar Saladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rosen_(comics)" title="Sam Rosen (comics)">Sam Rosen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Oda" title="Ben Oda">Ben Oda</a> were crafting full-time careers as letterers for <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate" title="King Features Syndicate">King Features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letterer and logo designer <a href="/wiki/Ira_Schnapp" title="Ira Schnapp">Ira Schnapp</a> defined the DC Comics look for nearly thirty years. Starting in 1940, he designed or refined such iconic logos as <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(comic_book)" title="Superman (comic book)">Superman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(comic_book)" title="The Flash (comic book)">The Flash</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice League of America">Justice League of America</a></i>, while also creating the distinctive appearance of DC's house ads and promotions. (Schnapp also designed the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a> seal, which was a fixture on comic book covers from all major companies for over forty years.)<sup id="cite_ref-chill_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chill-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DC Comics used a stable of more than 20 letterers in the comics they published in the 1950s and 1960s (some of the letterers — like <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Robinson" title="Jerry Robinson">Jerry Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Sprang" title="Dick Sprang">Dick Sprang</a> — were more well known as artists):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Costanza" title="John Costanza">John Costanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_D%27Agostino" title="Jon D'Agostino">Jon D'Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Oda" title="Ben Oda">Ben Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Robinson" title="Jerry Robinson">Jerry Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosen" title="Joe Rosen">Joe Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roussos" title="George Roussos">George Roussos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Saladino" title="Gaspar Saladino">Gaspar Saladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Schnapp" title="Ira Schnapp">Ira Schnapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Sprang" title="Dick Sprang">Dick Sprang</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Starting in around 1966, Ira Schnapp's classic, art deco-inspired look was replaced by the pulsing, organic style of Gaspar Saladino, who redesigned DC's house style for the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-BDS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaspar became the cover letterer for all of DC's books throughout the 1970s, and even "<a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghosted</a>" as Marvel Comics' "page-one" letterer for much of the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaspar's work became so iconic that various independent comics publishers which sprang up in the 1970s and 1980s – such as <a href="/wiki/Atlas/Seaboard_Comics" title="Atlas/Seaboard Comics">Atlas/Seaboard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Continuity_Comics" title="Continuity Comics">Continuity Comics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Comics" title="Eclipse Comics">Eclipse Comics</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – hired him to design logos for their entire line of titles. </p><p>From the 1930 through the 1990s (with a few exceptions), the letterer plied his craft on the same page drawn by the penciler. (The penciled art was then inked after the letterer has completed his work on the page.) At DC Comics during the "<a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a>" of the 1960s, pencilers were required to "rough in balloons and sound effects" for the letterers to later go over. An accomplished letterer was able to adapt his or her style to the style of the art for that particular book.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_lettering">Computer lettering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computer lettering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of desktop publishing powered by computers, especially those made by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, began in the 1980s, and started having a gradual impact on comics lettering soon after. One of the first users of computer-generated lettering was writer/artist <a href="/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)" title="John Byrne (comics)">John Byrne</a>, who made fonts from existing lettering. (Incidentally, Byrne made use of existing lettering by other artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Dave_Gibbons" title="Dave Gibbons">Dave Gibbons</a>, without their permission.<sup id="cite_ref-computer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now Byrne uses a computer font based on the handwriting of letterer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Morelli" title="Jack Morelli">Jack Morelli</a> – with Morelli's permission.)<sup id="cite_ref-FAQProcess_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQProcess-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early users of computer lettering were <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Cody_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Cody Weiss (page does not exist)">David Cody Weiss</a><sup id="cite_ref-computer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Starr" title="Roxanne Starr">Roxanne Starr</a>, who experimented in computer lettering with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Burden" title="Bob Burden">Bob Burden</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Carrot_Comics" title="Flaming Carrot Comics">Flaming Carrot Comics</a></i>. </p><p>Computer lettering really started making an impact with the availability of the first commercial comic book font, "Whizbang" (created by Studio Daedalus) around 1990. </p><p>In the early 1990s letterer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Starkings" title="Richard Starkings">Richard Starkings</a> and his partner <a href="/wiki/John_Roshell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roshell">John Roshell</a> (formerly Gaushell) began creating comic book fonts and started <a href="/wiki/Comicraft" title="Comicraft">Comicraft</a>, which has since become the major source of comics fonts (though they have competition from others, such as <a href="/wiki/Blambot" title="Blambot">Blambot</a>). </p><p>In deference to tradition, at first computer lettering was printed out and pasted onto the original artwork, but after a few years, as comics coloring also moved to desktop publishing, digital lettering files began to be used in a more effective way by combining them directly with digital art files, eliminating the physical paste-up stage altogether. <a href="/wiki/Wildstorm_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildstorm Comics">Wildstorm Comics</a> was ahead of the curve, Marvel came around a few years later, and DC held to traditional production methods the longest, but now nearly all lettering is digitally applied.<sup id="cite_ref-computer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of the 21st Century, the mainstream American comics companies moved almost exclusively to in-house computer lettering, effectively ending the era of the freelance letterer.<sup id="cite_ref-Contino_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contino-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Eliopoulos" title="Chris Eliopoulos">Chris Eliopoulos</a> designed the fonts for Marvel's in-house lettering unit, and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Lopez" title="Ken Lopez">Ken Lopez</a> did the same at DC.<sup id="cite_ref-Contino_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contino-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the trend has swung the other way, with most comics publishers once again using freelance letterers rather than in-house staff. Nearly all use computer and digital comic book fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_methods">Tools and methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tools and methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-the-board">On-the-board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On-the-board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional comic book letterer needs little more than a <a href="/wiki/Lettering_guide" title="Lettering guide">lettering guide</a>, a pen or brush, <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>, and white paint for corrections. Some situations required the letterer to use <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> overlays on top of the original art.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EC_Comics">EC Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: EC Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lettering in the comics of the sensationalist <a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">horror comics</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a> (c. 1945 – c. 1955) was different from other publishers – its mechanical appearance gave it a sterile aspect, and helped define the particular style of comics EC was known for. EC's letterers achieved their particular look by using a Leroy lettering set, a device popular amongst draftsmen and architects. The Leroy lettering set consisted of a stylus and a <a href="/wiki/Pantographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantographic">pantographic</a> lettering form.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_lettering_2">Computer lettering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer lettering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Marvel and DC books are now lettered using a graphics program such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> that resembles hand lettering. Computer lettering provides a lot of technical shortcuts, especially by combining the lettering work directly with digital art files, eliminating the tedious physical paste-up stage altogether. Some letterers handwrite part of the script. Hand-lettering is often used for sound effects and <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> in comics. </p><p>There are also still comics artists and inkers who prefer to have the lettering directly on their pages. First, it saves drawing time (not having to put art where a big caption will be); and second, comics tell a story, and a page of comics art without the lettering is only half the story. </p><p>Long-time letterer <a href="/wiki/John_Workman" title="John Workman">John Workman</a> toes a middle ground between traditional and digital lettering. In addition to his "on-the-art boards work", Workman has been electronically hand-lettering by way of a <a href="/wiki/Wacom_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacom (company)">Wacom</a> tablet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shazam_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shazam Awards">Shazam Awards</a>, given from 1970 to 1975, had a "best letterer" category. Both the <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Award">Harvey Awards</a> (given starting in 1992) and the <a href="/wiki/Eisner_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisner Award">Eisner Awards</a> (given starting in 1993) have a "best letterer" category. <a href="/wiki/Todd_Klein" title="Todd Klein">Todd Klein</a> has won the Eisner award for lettering fifteen times and has won the Harvey Award for lettering eight times. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bruzenak" title="Ken Bruzenak">Ken Bruzenak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Ware" title="Chris Ware">Chris Ware</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Workman" title="John Workman">John Workman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Clowes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Clowes">Dan Clowes</a> have all won the Harvey Award for lettering multiple times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letterers_and_lettering_studios">Letterers and lettering studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Letterers and lettering studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_letterers">Notable letterers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable letterers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Albers" title="Diana Albers">Diana Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Aparo" title="Jim Aparo">Jim Aparo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Bruzenak" title="Ken Bruzenak">Ken Bruzenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Chiang" title="Janice Chiang">Janice Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costanza" title="John Costanza">John Costanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Eliopoulos" title="Chris Eliopoulos">Chris Eliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(letterer)" title="Tom Frame (letterer)">Tom Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Klein" title="Todd Klein">Todd Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Lopez" title="Ken Lopez">Ken Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Morelli" title="Jack Morelli">Jack Morelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Novak" title="Jim Novak">Jim Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Oakley_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Oakley (artist)">Bill Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Oda" title="Ben Oda">Ben Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Orzechowski" title="Tom Orzechowski">Tom Orzechowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Parkhouse" title="Annie Parkhouse">Annie Parkhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearson_(American_writer)" title="Bill Pearson (American writer)">Bill Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nate_Piekos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nate Piekos">Nate Piekos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosen" title="Joe Rosen">Joe Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rosen_(comics)" title="Sam Rosen (comics)">Sam Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Saladino" title="Gaspar Saladino">Gaspar Saladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Schnapp" title="Ira Schnapp">Ira Schnapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Simek" title="Artie Simek">Artie Simek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Starkings" title="Richard Starkings">Richard Starkings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Workman" title="John Workman">John Workman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Yoshida" title="Bill Yoshida">Bill Yoshida</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist-letterers">Artist-letterers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artist-letterers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartoonists known for the lettering on their own comics: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Aparo" title="Jim Aparo">Jim Aparo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)" title="John Byrne (comics)">John Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Campbell" title="Eddie Campbell">Eddie Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clowes" title="Daniel Clowes">Daniel Clowes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Gibbons" title="Dave Gibbons">Dave Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Jean (Moebius) Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rian_Hughes" title="Rian Hughes">Rian Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Kelly" title="Walt Kelly">Walt Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Miller (comics)">Frank Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Sakai" title="Stan Sakai">Stan Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Sim" title="Dave Sim">Dave Sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty_Templeton" title="Ty Templeton">Ty Templeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Thorne" title="Frank Thorne">Frank Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Ware" title="Chris Ware">Chris Ware</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies">Companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies and studios that create fonts and provide computer lettering: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blambot" title="Blambot">Blambot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicraft" title="Comicraft">Comicraft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kleinletters.com/LetteringTop.html">"How it all began," Todd Klein: Lettering – Logos – Design.</a> Retrieved July 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chill-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chill_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Kirk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/376/">"The Big Chill," Dial B for Blog #376 (Oct. 10, 2006).</a> Retrieved July 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Letterer Index," DC Comics Artists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530054647/http://dccomicsartists.com/letters/letters.htm">Archived at the Wayback Machine.</a> Accessed July 31, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.D.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtv-zone.com/silverager/interviews/saladino.shtml">Interview with Gaspar Saladino in "Silver Age Sage," The Silver Lantern: A Tribute to the Silver Age of DC Comics (May 25, 2007).</a> Retrieved July 18, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2006/08/31/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-66/">Mark Evanier quoted in Brian Cronin's "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed" #66, Comic Book Resources (Aug. 21, 2006).</a> Retrieved July 20, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Natural_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Kirk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/489/">"Gaspar Saladino — The Natural,"</a> Dial B for Blog #489 (Sept.). Accessed May 18, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar_Saladino_—_Atlas_Shrugged!_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Kirk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/497/">"Gaspar Saladino — Atlas Shrugged!"</a> Dial B for Blog #497 (Sept.). Accessed May 19, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicvine.com/gaspar-saladino/26-4302/">"Gaspar Saladino,"</a> ComicVine. Retrieved July 20, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letterer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clem_Robins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clem Robins (page does not exist)">Clem Robins</a>, quoted in Kimball, Kirk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/490/">"Gaspar Saladino — A New Star on the DC Horizon,"</a> Dial B for Blog #490 (Sept.). Accessed May 19, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-computer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computer_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kleinletters.com/ComputerLettering.html">"Computer lettering," Todd Klein: Lettering – Logos – Design.</a> Retrieved July 23, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAQProcess-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAQProcess_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne Robotics FAQ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byrnerobotics.com/FAQ/listing.asp?ID=6&T1=Creative+Process">Creative Process</a>. Retrieved December 2, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contino-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Contino_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Contino_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Contino, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=36&t=001693">"ABCs with Orzechowski," Comicon.com: The Pulse (Dec. 30, 2003). Retrieved July 17, 2008.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926133441/http://www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=36&t=001693">Archived</a> September 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, Casey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caseyburns.com/artwork/font-design/">"Squa Tront and Spa Fon (2001)"</a>, Casey Burns official website. Accessed May 21, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Evanier, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014054923/http://www.povonline.com/cols/COL116.htm">"Lettering part 1," POV Online (Jan. 10, 1997)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929194910/http://www.povonline.com/cols/COL117.htm">"Lettering part 2," POV Online (Jan. 17, 1997).</a></li> <li>Klein, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kleinletters.com">Todd Klein: Lettering – Logos – Design.</a></li> <li>Thomas, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=188">"The Invisible Art in Plain Sight: A Look at the Art of Lettering," Comic Book Resources (June 9, 2000).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninjalettering.com">Ninja Lettering – extensive website devoted to the craft of comic book lettering</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balloontales.com">Balloon Tales – the Comicraft studio's online guide to comic book lettering</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letterer&oldid=1251973655">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letterer&oldid=1251973655</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_letterers" title="Category:Comic book letterers">Comic book letterers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_terminology" title="Category:Comics terminology">Comics terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_creators" title="Category:Comics creators">Comics creators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_occupations" title="Category:Visual arts occupations">Visual arts occupations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2014">Use mdy dates from December 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 03:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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