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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian physician (1899–1982)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Raman Viswanathan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-09-08</span>)</span>8 September 1899<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-07-14)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonologist">Pulmonologist</a><br />Physician<br />Medical <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">mycologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Chest diseases</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sharda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">A son and a daughter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze">NAS</a> Eugeno Morelli Prize<br />Forlanini Medal<br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">INSA</a> Dhanwantari Prize</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raman Viswanathan</b> (8 September 1899 – 14 July 1982) was an Indian chest physician, medical <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">mycologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonologist">pulmonologist</a>, considered by many as the father of Chest Medicine in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Raman_Viswanathan_–_the_Father_of_Chest_Medicine_in_India_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Raman_Viswanathan_–_the_Father_of_Chest_Medicine_in_India-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World'_Super_Scientists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder director of <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a>, a postgraduate medical institute based in Delhi. An elected fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians" title="American College of Chest Physicians">American College of Chest Physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Physicians of London">Royal College of Physicians of London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences,_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom">Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom</a>, he was a recipient of several honors including the <i>Forlanini Medal</i> by Italian Tuberculosis Association and the <i>Eugeno Morelli Prize</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze">National Academy of Sciences, Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deceased_Fellow_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceased_Fellow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, in 1974, for his contributions to medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_Awards_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>R. Viswanathan was born on 8 September 1899 in <a href="/wiki/Nagarcoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarcoil">Nagarcoil</a>, in the southern tip of India in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> to a government official in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore state</a> as the youngest of his two children.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After losing his mother at the age of nine, he stayed with his elder sister's family and did his schooling in Nagarcoil. Later, he secured his graduate degree with honours in Science and English literature from the Maharaja's College (present-day <a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College Thiruvananthapuram</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> in 1921 after which he graduated in medicine from <a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World'_Super_Scientists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing at the same institution, he passed MD in 1931 and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Physicians of London">Royal College of Physicians of London</a>, the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Classics_in_Indian_Medicine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classics_in_Indian_Medicine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he also worked as an Assistant Professor of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a> but moved to <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Medical_College" title="Andhra Medical College">Andhra Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> in 1934 as the Professor of Clinical Medicine, where he worked till 1941. In between, he took a hiatus from work and obtained <i>Diploma in Tuberculosis Diseases</i> (TDD) from <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Cardiff University School of Medicine">Cardiff University School of Medicine</a>, Wales, UK, in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World'_Super_Scientists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out, he joined <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Armed Forces</a> in 1942 as an Officer-Commanding of the Medical Division and served as a Medical Specialist and adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, he retired from the Army and joined the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> and worked in various capacities such as an adviser on Tuberculosis (1946–48) and as the Deputy Director General of Health Services (1948–57).<sup id="cite_ref-Classics_in_Indian_Medicine_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classics_in_Indian_Medicine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also associated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Delhi">University of Delhi</a> during this period, as the head of the Department of Medicine and as the Dean of the Faculty of Medical Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure with the Government of India, Viswanathan was appointed as the director of <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a> (VPCI) when the institution was established in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the honorary director till 1957 and continued as a full-time director till his superannuation in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post his regular career, he was made the Honorary Professor of VPCI and the Emeritus Scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR) and held both the posts till his death, involving himself in research, in post graduate medical education, in organizing medical conferences or delivering keynote addresses at various conferences in India and abroad. He also served as the Honorary Research Director cum Consultant at the <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Memorial_Research_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences">Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, Patna and as a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> (1958) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. Viswanathan was first married to Parvathi, a homemaker, and then to Dr. Sharada, a gynaecologist at the Government Hospital, Delhi. Dr. Viswanathan has two children from his first marriage to Parvathi; his son, Prof. V. Raman, who was an Environmental Engineering scientist and the daughter, V. Kamla, a homemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 14 July 1982, at the age of 82.<sup id="cite_ref-Deceased_Fellow_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceased_Fellow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viswanathan was involved in the establishment of several medical organizations. He was among the group of medical professionals who founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="National Academy of Medical Sciences">National Academy of Medical Sciences</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder president of the Association of Chest Physicians of India and stayed at the post till its reorganization in 1981. He was one of the founders of the Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India and was its president since its inception. He also served as the president of many national and international conferences including the 8th <i>National Congress of Diseases of the Chest</i> (1963), the <i>Conference of the Association of Physicians of India</i> (1968), the <i>National Tuberculosis Conference</i> (1968) and the <i>World Congress on Asthma, Bronchitis and Allied Conditions</i> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also involved with the activities of the <i>Tuberculosis Association of India</i> as a member of its various committees,<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the leader of the USAID Exchange Program of 1953 as well as the Indian Regent of <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians" title="American College of Chest Physicians">American College of Chest Physicians</a> during 1957–58 when he was entrusted with the investigation of infectious <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World'_Super_Scientists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viswanathan was credited with pioneering research in bronchopulmonary diseases and was reported to be the first researcher to propose <a href="/wiki/Tropical_eosinophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical eosinophilia">tropical eosinophilia</a> as a distinct clinical entity in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Deceased_Fellow_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceased_Fellow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His studies of autopsy reports of the patients died of tropical eosinophilia helped to define the pathology of the disease for the first time and established <i>positive leucocyte adhesion phenomenon with M. bancrofit</i>. He developed a novel <a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">bronchography</a> technique and made innovations in <a href="/wiki/Tomography" title="Tomography">tomography</a> procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His researches also covered several other diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral malaria">cerebral malaria</a>, basal <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, lung <a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">atelectasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">bagassosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">byssinosis</a>, and high altitude <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary oedema">pulmonary oedema</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published seven books <sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included <i>Pulmonary Tuberculosis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pulmonary_Tuberculosis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulmonary_Tuberculosis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Diseases of the Chest</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Diseases_of_the_Chest_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diseases_of_the_Chest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Medical Problems of Old Age</i><sup id="cite_ref-Medical_Problems_of_Old_Age_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medical_Problems_of_Old_Age-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 230 medical articles in peer reviewed journals, <i>Epidemiology</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Epidemiology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epidemiology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): a critical study-epidemiology</i><sup id="cite_ref-Infectious_hepatitis_in_Delhi_(1955-56):_a_critical_study-epidemiology._1957._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infectious_hepatitis_in_Delhi_(1955-56):_a_critical_study-epidemiology._1957.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>A review of the literature on the epidemiology of infectious hepatitis</i><sup id="cite_ref-A_review_of_the_literature_on_the_epidemiology_of_infectious_hepatitis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_review_of_the_literature_on_the_epidemiology_of_infectious_hepatitis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being some of the notable ones; his articles and books have been cited in several medical journals and text books, too.<sup id="cite_ref-JindalShankar2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JindalShankar2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrietoRodes2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrietoRodes2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColacinoHeinz2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColacinoHeinz2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also founded a medical journal, the <i>Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences</i> (IJCDAS) in 1959 as the publishing arm of <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viswanathan, a founder fellow of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="National Academy of Medical Sciences">National Academy of Medical Sciences</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-Founder_Fellows_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Founder_Fellows-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an honorary physician to the President of India,<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an elected fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a> (1968), National College of Chest Physicians (India), <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Physicians of London">Royal College of Physicians of London</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians" title="American College of Chest Physicians">American College of Chest Physicians</a> (1947) and <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences,_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom">Academy of Medical Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deceased_Fellow_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceased_Fellow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of such medical societies as <a href="/wiki/American_Thoracic_Society" title="American Thoracic Society">American Thoracic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Thoracic_Society" title="British Thoracic Society">British Thoracic Society</a>, Indian Association of Pathologists, Associations of Physicians of India and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Association" title="Indian Medical Association">Indian Medical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze">National Academy of Sciences, Italy</a> awarded him the Eugeno Morelli Prize in 1969 and the Italian Tuberculosis Association followed suit with its Forlanini Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-Deceased_Fellow_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceased_Fellow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the Dhanwanthari Prize of the Indian National Science Academy in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, the Government of India included him the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Indian_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian honours system">Republic Day Honours</a> list for the third highest civilian award of the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_Awards_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a> renamed the main hospital complex as <i>Viswanathan Chest Hospital</i> in honor of its founder director.<sup id="cite_ref-Institutions_-_Patel_Chest_Institute_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institutions_-_Patel_Chest_Institute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Conference on Pulmonary Diseases (NAPCON) has instituted an annual oration, <i>Prof. Raman Viswanathan Memorial Chest Oration</i>, in his honor; the 2015 lecture was delivered by noted <a href="/wiki/Pulmonologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonologist">pulmonologist</a>, S. K. Katiyar.<sup id="cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_Memorial_Chest_Oration_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_Memorial_Chest_Oration-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Candida_viswanathii" title="Candida viswanathii">Candida viswanathii</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> species and a common <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> causing fungal infections, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_of_the_fellows_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_of_the_fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Fellow_1968_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Fellow_1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pathogenicity_of_Candida_viswanathii_for_normal_and_cortisone-treated_mice_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pathogenicity_of_Candida_viswanathii_for_normal_and_cortisone-treated_mice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His life has been documented in his autobiography, <i>While the Light Lives - Reminiscences of a Medical Scientist</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-While_the_Light_Lives_-_Reminiscences_of_a_Medical_Scientist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-While_the_Light_Lives_-_Reminiscences_of_a_Medical_Scientist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in an article, <i>Dr. R. Viswanathan : a profile</i>, published in the <i>Indian Journal of Chest Disease and Allied Science</i>, the official journal of <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a> and the National College of Chest Physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._R._Viswanathan_:_a_profile_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._R._Viswanathan_:_a_profile-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1957" class="citation journal cs1">R. Viswanathan (January 1957). "Epidemiology". <i>Indian J Med Res</i>. <b>45</b> (Suppl): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13438536">13438536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Med+Res&rft.atitle=Epidemiology&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1957-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13438536&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1957" class="citation journal cs1">R. Viswanathan (January 1957). "A review of the literature on the epidemiology of infectious hepatitis". <i>Indian J Med Res</i>. <b>45</b> (Suppl): 145–55. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13438550">13438550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Med+Res&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+literature+on+the+epidemiology+of+infectious+hepatitis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=145-55&rft.date=1957-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13438550&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1957" class="citation journal cs1">R. Viswanathan (1957). "Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): a critical study-epidemiology". <i>Natl Med J India</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 362–77. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25074004">25074004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natl+Med+J+India&rft.atitle=Infectious+hepatitis+in+Delhi+%281955-56%29%3A+a+critical+study-epidemiology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=362-77&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25074004&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Vishwanathan1964" class="citation book cs1">R. Vishwanathan (1964). <i>Respiratory allergy; a symposium</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2558217">2558217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+allergy%3B+a+symposium&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2558217&rft.au=R.+Vishwanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1968" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan (January 1968). <i>Diseases of the Chest</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0210312438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0210312438"><bdi>978-0210312438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+of+the+Chest&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1968-01&rft.isbn=978-0210312438&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan,_A._S._Paintal1968" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan, A. S. Paintal (1968). <i>Postgraduate medical education in India</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155748194">155748194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postgraduate+medical+education+in+India&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155748194&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan%2C+A.+S.+Paintal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1969" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan (1969). <i>Medical Problems of Old Age</i>. Current Technical Literature. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69810">69810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Problems+of+Old+Age&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Current+Technical+Literature&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69810&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Vishwanathan1972" class="citation book cs1">R. Vishwanathan, ed. (1972). <i>Advances in medicine</i>. Association of Physicians of India. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3613230">3613230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+medicine&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Association+of+Physicians+of+India&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3613230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Vishwanathan1972" class="citation book cs1">R. Vishwanathan, ed. (1972). <i>Advances in medicine</i>. Association of Physicians of India. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14426689">14426689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+medicine&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Association+of+Physicians+of+India&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14426689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1975" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan (1975). <i>While the Light Lives - Reminiscences of a Medical Scientist</i>. Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis Foundation of India. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+the+Light+Lives+-+Reminiscences+of+a+Medical+Scientist&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Asthma+and+Chronic+Bronchitis+Foundation+of+India&rft.date=1975&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan,_O._P._Jaggi1977" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan, O. P. Jaggi (1977). <i>Advances in chronic obstructive lung disease : proceedings of the World Congress on Asthma, Bronchitis & Conditions Allied</i>. Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. p. 893. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4655837">4655837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+chronic+obstructive+lung+disease+%3A+proceedings+of+the+World+Congress+on+Asthma%2C+Bronchitis+%26+Conditions+Allied&rft.pages=893&rft.pub=Asthma+and+Bronchitis+Foundation+of+India&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4655837&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan%2C+O.+P.+Jaggi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1982" class="citation journal cs1">R. Viswanathan (1982). "Smoking and health". <i>Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences</i>: 240. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35380316">35380316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chest+Diseases+%26+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Smoking+and+health&rft.pages=240&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35380316&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1996" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan (July 1996). <i>Pulmonary Tuberculosis</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0210312148" title="Special:BookSources/978-0210312148"><bdi>978-0210312148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Tuberculosis&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996-07&rft.isbn=978-0210312148&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Viswanathan1966" class="citation book cs1">R. Viswanathan (1966). <i>Pulmonary tuberculosis</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6325416">6325416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+tuberculosis&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6325416&rft.au=R.+Viswanathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Medical_College" title="Andhra Medical College">Andhra Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Cardiff University School of Medicine">Cardiff University School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_viswanathii" title="Candida viswanathii">Candida viswanathii</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpci.org.in/pageLevel.php?id=6&cat=implinks&subid=7&subcat=implinks_sublinks_sublinks">"Prof. Raman Viswanathan"</a>. Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Raman+Viswanathan&rft.pub=Vallabhbhai+Patel+Chest+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpci.org.in%2FpageLevel.php%3Fid%3D6%26cat%3Dimplinks%26subid%3D7%26subcat%3Dimplinks_sublinks_sublinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._Raman_Viswanathan_–_the_Father_of_Chest_Medicine_in_India-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Raman_Viswanathan_–_the_Father_of_Chest_Medicine_in_India_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvmc.ac.in/pulmonology/">"Dr. Raman Viswanathan – the Father of Chest Medicine in India"</a>. Tirunelveli Medical College. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Raman+Viswanathan+%E2%80%93+the+Father+of+Chest+Medicine+in+India&rft.pub=Tirunelveli+Medical+College&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvmc.ac.in%2Fpulmonology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World'_Super_Scientists-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World'_Super_Scientists_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/scientists/viswanathan-raman.html">"World' Super Scientists"</a>. Winentrance. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Birkhäuser. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-7903-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-7903-3"><bdi>978-3-0348-7903-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hepatitis+Prevention+and+Treatment&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-0348-7903-3&rft.au=Joseph+M.+Colacino&rft.au=Beverly+A.+Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLX8ECAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Founder_Fellows-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Founder_Fellows_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nams-india.in/downloads/obit.pdf">"Founder Fellows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Academy of Medical Sciences. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founder+Fellows&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnams-india.in%2Fdownloads%2Fobit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutions_-_Patel_Chest_Institute-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Institutions_-_Patel_Chest_Institute_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmsc.ac.in/patelchest.htm">"Institutions - Patel Chest Institute"</a>. Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institutions+-+Patel+Chest+Institute&rft.pub=Vallabhbhai+Patel+Chest+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmsc.ac.in%2Fpatelchest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_Memorial_Chest_Oration-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prof._Raman_Viswanathan_Memorial_Chest_Oration_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929021032/http://www.napcon2015.org/ScientificProgramDay2.aspx">"Prof. Raman Viswanathan Memorial Chest Oration"</a>. NAPCON. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napcon2015.org/ScientificProgramDay2.aspx">the original</a> on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Raman+Viswanathan+Memorial+Chest+Oration&rft.pub=NAPCON&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napcon2015.org%2FScientificProgramDay2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pathogenicity_of_Candida_viswanathii_for_normal_and_cortisone-treated_mice-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pathogenicity_of_Candida_viswanathii_for_normal_and_cortisone-treated_mice_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.S._RandhawaS._K._MishraV._N._DamodaranA._Prakash2015" class="citation journal cs1">H.S. Randhawa; S. K. Mishra; V. N. Damodaran; A. Prakash; A. Chowdhary; Z. U. Khan (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.em-consulte.com/en/article/1015363">"Pathogenicity of Candida viswanathii for normal and cortisone-treated mice"</a>. <i>Journal de Mycologie Médicale</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 287–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycmed.2015.10.010">10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26597146">26597146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9161400">9161400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Mycologie+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Pathogenicity+of+Candida+viswanathii+for+normal+and+cortisone-treated+mice&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-92&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9161400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26597146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mycmed.2015.10.010&rft.au=H.S.+Randhawa&rft.au=S.+K.+Mishra&rft.au=V.+N.+Damodaran&rft.au=A.+Prakash&rft.au=A.+Chowdhary&rft.au=Z.+U.+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em-consulte.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F1015363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-While_the_Light_Lives_-_Reminiscences_of_a_Medical_Scientist-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-While_the_Light_Lives_-_Reminiscences_of_a_Medical_Scientist_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViswanathan,_R.1975" class="citation book cs1">Viswanathan, R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092431/http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201976/January%201976.pdf"><i>While the Light Lives - Reminiscences of a Medical Scientist</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis Foundation of India. p. 288. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201976/January%201976.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+the+Light+Lives+-+Reminiscences+of+a+Medical+Scientist&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Asthma+and+Chronic+Bronchitis+Foundation+of+India&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Viswanathan%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrsitbrd.nic.in%2FIJTB%2FYear%25201976%2FJanuary%25201976.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._R._Viswanathan_:_a_profile-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dr._R._Viswanathan_:_a_profile_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaggi_O._P.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Jaggi O. P. (September 1974). "Dr. R. Viswanathan : a profile". <i>Indian J Chest Dis</i>. <b>16</b> (vii–viii): vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4613640">4613640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Chest+Dis.&rft.atitle=Dr.+R.+Viswanathan+%3A+a+profile&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=vii%E2%80%93viii&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4613640&rft.au=Jaggi+O.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_Viswanathan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaggi_O._P.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Jaggi O. P. (September 1974). "Dr. R. Viswanathan : a profile". <i>Indian J Chest Dis</i>. <b>16</b> (vii–viii): vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4613640">4613640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Chest+Dis.&rft.atitle=Dr.+R.+Viswanathan+%3A+a+profile&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=vii%E2%80%93viii&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4613640&rft.au=Jaggi+O.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaman+Viswanathan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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S. Avinashilingam Chettiar">T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Hansraj_Gupta" title="Lala Hansraj Gupta">Lala Hansraj Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Lal_Joshi" title="Ratan Lal Joshi">Ratan Lal Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurram_Jashuva" title="Gurram Jashuva">Gurram Jashuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sadoba_Kajrolkar" title="Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar">Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kamala" title="Kumari Kamala">Kumari Kamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Kelkar" title="P. K. Kelkar">P. K. Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Krishnan_(geologist)" title="M. S. Krishnan (geologist)">M. S. Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Latif_(writer)" title="Syed Abdul Latif (writer)">Syed Abdul Latif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwantrao_Mandloi" title="Bhagwantrao Mandloi">Bhagwantrao Mandloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Prasad_Mehray" title="Mahesh Prasad Mehray">Mahesh Prasad Mehray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra" title="Sombhu Mitra">Sombhu Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Mukhopadhyaya" title="Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya">Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswami_Ramiah" title="Krishnaswami Ramiah">Krishnaswami Ramiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annasaheb_Sahasrabuddhe" title="Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe">Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrendar_Saini" title="Surrendar Saini">Surrendar Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jan_Thirakwa" title="Ahmed Jan Thirakwa">Ahmed Jan Thirakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._M._Wagle" title="N. M. Wagle">N. M. Wagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Wahi" title="Prem Nath Wahi">Prem Nath Wahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal" title="Yashpal">Yashpal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Ramaswami_Ayyar" title="N. Ramaswami Ayyar">N. Ramaswami Ayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraj_Bhan" title="Suraj Bhan">Suraj Bhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokulbhai_Bhatt" title="Gokulbhai Bhatt">Gokulbhai Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaishankar_Bhojak" title="Jaishankar Bhojak">Jaishankar Bhojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Cherian_(journalist)" title="K. M. Cherian (journalist)">Kandathil Mammen Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrao_Deshmukh" title="Ramrao Deshmukh">Ramrao Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasaheb_Garware" title="Abasaheb Garware">Abasaheb Garware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musiri_Subramania_Iyer" title="Musiri Subramania Iyer">Musiri Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palghat_Mani_Iyer" title="Palghat Mani Iyer">Palghat Mani Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungtu_Ram_Jaipuria" title="Mungtu Ram Jaipuria">Mungtu Ram Jaipuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni_Shankar_Jha" title="Veni Shankar Jha">Veni Shankar Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainendra_Kumar" title="Jainendra Kumar">Jainendra Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhananjay_Keer" title="Dhananjay Keer">Dhananjay Keer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_(singer)" title="Amir Khan (singer)">Amir Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisar_Hussain_Khan" title="Nisar Hussain Khan">Nisar Hussain Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Kunchu_Kurup" title="Guru Kunchu Kurup">Guru Kunchu Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantilal_Jamnadas_Mehta" title="Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta">Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Rattan_Mohan" title="Ved Rattan Mohan">Ved Rattan Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupada_Mukhopadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya">Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalindi_Charan_Panigrahi" title="Kalindi Charan Panigrahi">Kalindi Charan Panigrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manibhai_J._Patel" title="Manibhai J. Patel">Manibhai J. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnarao_Phulambrikar" title="Krishnarao Phulambrikar">Krishnarao Phulambrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatarama_Ramalingam_Pillai" title="Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai">Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulimiri_Ramalingaswami" title="Vulimiri Ramalingaswami">Vulimiri Ramalingaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Chandra_Roy" title="Suresh Chandra Roy">Suresh Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vasudeo_Sukhatme" title="Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme">Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichu_Sambamoorthi" title="Pichu Sambamoorthi">Pichu Sambamoorthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Verma" title="Bhagwati Charan Verma">Bhagwati Charan Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmeshwari_Lal_Verma" title="Parmeshwari Lal Verma">Parmeshwari Lal Verma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_Bagal" title="Madhavrao Bagal">Madhavrao Bagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulestan_Rustom_Billimoria" title="Gulestan Rustom Billimoria">Gulestan Rustom Billimoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">Kunhiraman Palat Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan_Chakravarti" title="Ram Narayan Chakravarti">Ram Narayan Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashodhara_Dasappa" title="Yashodhara Dasappa">Yashodhara Dasappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Chand_Dewan" title="Hari Chand Dewan">Hari Chand Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwan Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_Gill" title="Inderjit Singh Gill">Inderjit Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhumal_Hiranand_Hiranandani" title="Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani">Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._A._Krishna_Iyer" title="L. A. Krishna Iyer">L. A. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Krishna" title="Jai Krishna">Jai Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a></li> <li>Ashwini Kumar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran_Nath_Luthra" title="Pran Nath Luthra">Pran Nath Luthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Krishna_Murti" title="N. G. Krishna Murti">N. G. Krishna Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayakrao_Patwardhan" title="Vinayakrao Patwardhan">Vinayakrao Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatraya_Yeshwant_Phadke" title="Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke">Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Nilkanth_Purandare" title="Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare">Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ram" title="Bharat Ram">Bharat Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohinder_Singh_Randhawa" title="Mohinder Singh Randhawa">Mohinder Singh Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adya_Rangacharya" title="Adya Rangacharya">Adya Rangacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._B._Ramachandra_Rao" title="M. B. Ramachandra Rao">M. B. Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Rao" title="A. S. Rao">A. S. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujoy_B._Roy" title="Sujoy B. Roy">Sujoy Bhushan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantilal_C._Sheth" title="Shantilal C. Sheth">Shantilal C. Sheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh_(neurologist)" title="Baldev Singh (neurologist)">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khem_Karan_Singh" title="Khem Karan Singh">Khem Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Singh_(general)" title="Sartaj Singh (general)">Sartaj Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendranath_Sircar" title="Birendranath Sircar">Birendranath Sircar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papanasam_Sivan" title="Papanasam Sivan">Papanasam Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Swaminathan" title="K. Swaminathan">K. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Dattatreya_Tilak" title="Bal Dattatreya Tilak">Bal Dattatreya Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Husain_Zaheer" title="Syed Husain Zaheer">Syed Husain Zaheer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_P._Bahl" title="Om P. Bahl">Om P. Bahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembai" title="Chembai">Chembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harindranath_Chattopadhyay" title="Harindranath Chattopadhyay">Harindranath Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banarsidas_Chaturvedi" title="Banarsidas Chaturvedi">Banarsidas Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Muthiah_Chettiar" title="M. A. Muthiah Chettiar">M. A. Muthiah Chettiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothan_Joseph" title="Pothan Joseph">Pothan Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Malkani" title="N. R. Malkani">N. R. Malkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoo_Mankad" title="Vinoo Mankad">Vinoo Mankad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Muzumdar" title="R. M. Muzumdar">R. M. Muzumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnarao_Shankar_Pandit" title="Krishnarao Shankar Pandit">Krishnarao Shankar Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitambar_Pant" title="Pitambar Pant">Pitambar Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennelakanti_Raghavayya" title="Vennelakanti Raghavayya">Vennelakanti Raghavayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sukumaran_(journalist)" title="K. Sukumaran (journalist)">K. Sukumaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Boner" title="Alice Boner">Alice Boner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Bulcke" title="Camille Bulcke">Camille Bulcke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Kumar_Caroli" title="Ram Kumar Caroli">Ram Kumar Caroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendra_Nath_Ganguly" title="Dhirendra Nath Ganguly">Dhirendra Nath Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Huzurbazar" title="V. S. Huzurbazar">V. S. Huzurbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintamoni_Kar" title="Chintamoni Kar">Chintamoni Kar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogubai_Kurdikar" title="Mogubai Kurdikar">Mogubai Kurdikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Pandurang_Naik" title="Jayant Pandurang Naik">Jayant Pandurang Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahman_(architect)" title="Habib Rahman (architect)">Habib Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="B. N. Reddy">B. N. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(bishop_of_Car_Nicobar)" title="John Richardson (bishop of Car Nicobar)">John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toppur_Seethapathy_Sadasivan" title="Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan">Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhlal_Sanghvi" title="Sukhlal Sanghvi">Sukhlal Sanghvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Dhirajlal_Sankalia" title="Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia">Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaideva_Singh" title="Jaideva Singh">Jaideva Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachala_Sreenivasan" title="Arunachala Sreenivasan">Arunachala Sreenivasan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raman Viswanathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Akhtar" title="Begum Akhtar">Begum Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilbagh_Singh_Athwal" title="Dilbagh Singh Athwal">Dilbagh Singh Athwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asima_Chatterjee" title="Asima Chatterjee">Asima Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Sadashiv_Gore" title="Madhav Sadashiv Gore">Madhav Sadashiv Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Gupta" title="Pratul Chandra Gupta">Pratul Chandra Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Iyengar" title="P. K. Iyengar">P. K. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Jehangir_Jussawala" title="Darab Jehangir Jussawala">Darab Jehangir Jussawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancheti_Koteswaram" title="Pancheti Koteswaram">Pancheti Koteswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi" title="Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi">Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balai_Chand_Mukhopadhyay" title="Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay">Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_Narang" title="Kirpal Singh Narang">Kirpal Singh Narang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Carlton_Vivian_Piadade_Noronha" title="Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha">Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Shastri" title="Ratan Shastri">Ratan Shastri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Adiseshiah" title="Malcolm Adiseshiah">Malcolm Adiseshiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan" title="Harivansh Rai Bachchan">Harivansh Rai Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakanta_Barua" title="Nabakanta Barua">Nabakanta Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmanshastri_Balaji_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi">Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Godrej" title="Naval Godrej">Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zehra_Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Zehra Ali Yavar Jung">Zehra Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogilal_Pandya" title="Bhogilal Pandya">Bhogilal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswami_Srinivas_Sanjivi" title="Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi">Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri" title="Devulapalli Krishnasastri">Devulapalli Krishnasastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sivaramamurti" title="C. Sivaramamurti">C. Sivaramamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">E. C. George Sudarshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Aman" title="Gopinath Aman">Gopinath Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Singh_Azad" title="Prithvi Singh Azad">Prithvi Singh Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra" title="Harish-Chandra">Harish-Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulrenu_Guha" title="Phulrenu Guha">Phulrenu Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailas_Nath_Kaul" title="Kailas Nath Kaul">Kailas Nath Kaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Husain" title="Yusuf Husain">Yusuf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narayanaswamy" title="K. S. Narayanaswamy">K. S. Narayanaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasubramaniam_Ramamurthi" title="Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi">Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugu_Siva_Reddy" title="Perugu Siva Reddy">Perugu Siva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Devi" title="Annapurna Devi">Annapurna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudhvir_Singh" title="Yudhvir Singh">Yudhvir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._Meenakshisundaram" title="T. P. Meenakshisundaram">Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div># Posthumous conferral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)">1954–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)">2020–2029</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23913539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23913539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23913539#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000044275269">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56323097">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbMcdx6MbXYRhMvMmYgKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004048717">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/26163867X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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