CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: durability. extractives</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: durability. extractives"> <meta name="keywords" content="durability. extractives"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="durability. extractives" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="durability. extractives"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 594</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: durability. extractives</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">504</span> Bond Strength of Different Strengthening Systems: Concrete Elements under Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Salt Water Immersion Exposure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firas%20Al-Mahmoud">Firas Al-Mahmoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Michel%20Mechling"> Jean-Michel Mechling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Shaban"> Mohamed Shaban</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The long-term durability of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is often stated as being the main reason for the use of these materials. Indeed, structures externally or Near Surface Mounted (NSM) reinforced with Carbon Fibre Reinforcement Polymer CFRP are often in contact with temperature cycles and salt water immersion and other environmental conditions that reduce the expected durability of the system. Bond degradation is a frequent cause of premature failure of structural elements and environmental conditions are known to relate to such failures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of environmental exposure on the bond for different CFRP strengthening systems. Bending tests were conducted to evaluate the bond with and without environmental exposure. The specimens were strengthened with CFRP sheets, CFRP plates and NSM CFRP rods embedded in two filling materials: epoxy resin and mortar. Then, they were exposed to up to 300 freeze–thaw cycles. One freeze–thaw cycle consisted of four stages according to ASTM or immersed in 3.5% salted tap water. A total of thirty-six specimens were prepared for this purpose. Results showed a decrease in ultimate bond strength for specimens strengthened by CFRP sheets that were immersed in salt water for 120 days, while a reduction was shown for CFRP sheet and plate bonded specimens that were subjected to 300 freeze–thaw cycles. Exposing NSM CFRP rod strengthened specimens, embedded in resin or mortar, to freeze–thaw cycles or to immersion in salt water does not affect the bond strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strengthening" title=" strengthening"> strengthening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP" title=" FRP"> FRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond" title=" bond"> bond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze%E2%80%93thaw" title=" freeze–thaw"> freeze–thaw</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25195/bond-strength-of-different-strengthening-systems-concrete-elements-under-freeze-thaw-cycles-and-salt-water-immersion-exposure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">503</span> Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Glass Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Pavement Quality Concrete Pavement Made of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Altaf%20Wasil">Imran Altaf Wasil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Ganvir"> Dinesh Ganvir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to a scarcity of virgin aggregates, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as a substitute for natural aggregates has gained popularity. Despite the fact that RAP is recycled in asphalt pavement, there is still excess RAP, and its use in concrete pavements has expanded in recent years. According to a survey, 98 percent of India's pavements are flexible. As a result, the maintenance and reconstruction of such pavements generate RAP, which can be reused in concrete pavements as well as surface course, base course, and sub-base of flexible pavements. Various studies on the properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement and its optimal requirements for usage in concrete has been conducted throughout the years. In this study a total of four different mixes were prepared by partially replacing natural aggregates by RAP in different proportions. It was found that with the increase in the replacement level of Natural aggregates by RAP the mechanical and durability properties got reduced. In order to increase the mechanical strength of mixes 40% Glass Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) was used and it was found that with replacement of cement by 40% of GGBS, there was an enhancement in the mechanical and durability properties of RAP inclusive PQC mixes. The reason behind the improvement in the properties is due to the processing technique used in order to remove the contaminant layers present in the coarse RAP aggregates. The replacement level of Natural aggregate with RAP was done in proportions of 20%, 40% and 60% along with the partial replacement of cement by 40% GGBS. It was found that all the mixes surpassed the design target value of 40 MPa in compression and 4.5 MPa in flexure making it much more economical and feasible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reclaimed%20asphalt%20pavement" title="reclaimed asphalt pavement">reclaimed asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20quality%20concrete" title=" pavement quality concrete"> pavement quality concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20granulated%20blast%20furnace%20slag" title=" glass granulated blast furnace slag"> glass granulated blast furnace slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20and%20durability%20properties" title=" mechanical and durability properties"> mechanical and durability properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150742/experimental-investigation-of-the-effect-of-glass-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-on-pavement-quality-concrete-pavement-made-of-recycled-asphalt-pavement-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">502</span> Process Modified Geopolymer Concrete: A Sustainable Material for Green Construction Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dibyendu%20Adak">Dibyendu Adak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saroj%20Mandal"> Saroj Mandal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ﬂy ash based geopolymer concrete generally requires heat activation after casting, which has been considered as an important limitation for its practical application. Such limitation can be overcome by a modification in the process at the time of mixing of ingredients (fly and activator fluid) for geopolymer concrete so that curing can be made at ambient temperature. This process modified geopolymer concrete shows an appreciable improvement in structural performance compared to conventional heat cured geopolymer concrete and control cement concrete. The improved durability performance based on water absorption, sulphate test, and RCPT is also noted. The microstructural properties analyzed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques show the better interaction of fly ash and activator solution at early ages for the process modified geopolymer concrete. This accelerates the transformation of the amorphous phase of fly ash to the crystalline phase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title="fly ash">fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer%20concrete" title=" geopolymer concrete"> geopolymer concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20modification" title=" process modification"> process modification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20properties" title=" structural properties"> structural properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-structures" title=" micro-structures"> micro-structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95820/process-modified-geopolymer-concrete-a-sustainable-material-for-green-construction-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">501</span> Impact of Alkaline Activator Composition and Precursor Types on Properties and Durability of Alkali-Activated Cements Mortars </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastiano%20Candamano">Sebastiano Candamano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Iorfida"> Antonio Iorfida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrizia%20Frontera"> Patrizia Frontera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Macario"> Anastasia Macario</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fortunato%20Crea"> Fortunato Crea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alkali-activated materials are promising binders obtained by an alkaline attack on fly-ashes, metakaolin, blast slag among others. In order to guarantee the highest ecological and cost efficiency, a proper selection of precursors and alkaline activators has to be carried out. These choices deeply affect the microstructure, chemistry and performances of this class of materials. Even if, in the last years, several researches have been focused on mix designs and curing conditions, the lack of exhaustive activation models, standardized mix design and curing conditions and an insufficient investigation on shrinkage behavior, efflorescence, additives and durability prevent them from being perceived as an effective and reliable alternative to Portland. The aim of this study is to develop alkali-activated cements mortars containing high amounts of industrial by-products and waste, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and ashes obtained from the combustion process of forest biomass in thermal power plants. In particular, the experimental campaign was performed in two steps. In the first step, research was focused on elucidating how the workability, mechanical properties and shrinkage behavior of produced mortars are affected by the type and fraction of each precursor as well as by the composition of the activator solutions. In order to investigate the microstructures and reaction products, SEM and diffractometric analyses have been carried out. In the second step, their durability in harsh environments has been evaluated. Mortars obtained using only GGBFS as binder showed mechanical properties development and shrinkage behavior strictly dependent on SiO2/Na2O molar ratio of the activator solutions. Compressive strengths were in the range of 40-60 MPa after 28 days of curing at ambient temperature. Mortars obtained by partial replacement of GGBFS with metakaolin and forest biomass ash showed lower compressive strengths (≈35 MPa) and shrinkage values when higher amount of ashes were used. By varying the activator solutions and binder composition, compressive strength up to 70 MPa associated with shrinkage values of about 4200 microstrains were measured. Durability tests were conducted to assess the acid and thermal resistance of the different mortars. They all showed good resistance in a solution of 5%wt of H2SO4 also after 60 days of immersion, while they showed a decrease of mechanical properties in the range of 60-90% when exposed to thermal cycles up to 700°C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20activated%20cement" title="alkali activated cement">alkali activated cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20ash" title=" biomass ash"> biomass ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slag" title=" slag"> slag</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65078/impact-of-alkaline-activator-composition-and-precursor-types-on-properties-and-durability-of-alkali-activated-cements-mortars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">500</span> The Effects of SCMs on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Fibre Cement Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ceren%20Ince">Ceren Ince</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berkay%20Zafer%20Erdem"> Berkay Zafer Erdem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahram%20Derogar"> Shahram Derogar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabi%20Yuzer"> Nabi Yuzer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fibre cement plates, often used in construction, generally are made using quartz as an inert material, cement as a binder and cellulose as a fibre. This paper first of all investigates the mechanical properties and durability of fibre cement plates when quartz is both partly and fully replaced with diatomite. Diatomite does not only have lower density compared to quartz but also has high pozzolanic activity. The main objective of this paper is the investigation of the effects of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) on the short and long term mechanical properties and durability characteristics of fibre cement plates prepared using diatomite. Supplementary cementing materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slug (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) are used in this study. 10, 20, 30 and 40% of GGBS and FA are used as partial replacement materials to cement. Short and long term mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strengths as well as capillary absorption, sorptivity characteristics and mass were investigated. Consistency and setting time at each replacement levels of SCMs were also recorded. The effects of using supplementary cementing materials on the carbonation and sulphate resistance of fibre cement plates were then experimented. The results, first of all, show that the use of diatomite as a full or partial replacement to quartz resulted in a systematic decrease in total mass of the fibre cement plates. The reduction of mass was largely due to the lower density and finer particle size of diatomite compared to quartz. The use of diatomite did not only reduce the mass of these plates but also increased the compressive strength significantly as a result of its high pozzolanic activity. The replacement levels of both GGBS and FA resulted in a systematic decrease in short term compressive strength with increasing replacement levels. This was essentially expected as the total heat of hydration is much lower in GGBS and FA than that of cement. Long term results however, indicated that the compressive strength of fibre cement plates prepared using both GGBS and FA increases with time and hence the compressive strength of plates prepared using SCMs is either equivalent or more than the compressive strength of plates prepared using cement alone. Durability characteristics of fibre cement plates prepared using SCMs were enhanced significantly. Measurements of capillary absorption and sopritivty characteristics were also indicated that the plates prepared using SCMs has much lower permeability compared to plates prepared cement alone. Much higher resistance to carbonation and sulphate attach were observed with plates prepared using SCMs. The results presented in this paper show that the use of SCMs does not only support the production of more sustainable construction materials but also enhances the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of fibre cement plates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diatomite" title="diatomite">diatomite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibre" title=" fibre"> fibre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supplementary%20cementing%20material" title=" supplementary cementing material"> supplementary cementing material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27372/the-effects-of-scms-on-the-mechanical-properties-and-durability-of-fibre-cement-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">499</span> Manufacturing of Nano Zeolite by Planetary Ball Mill and Investigation of the Effects on Concrete </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kourosh%20Kosari">Kourosh Kosari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is engineering the properties of concrete containing natural nano zeolite as supplementary cementitious material in the blended Portland-cement based binder in amounts of 5,7 and 10% by mass. Crashing of clinoptilolite zeolite is performed by means of planetary ball mill. Two types of concrete along with water to cementitious material ratio (W/(C + P)) in 0.45 and 0.4 at the ages of 7, 28 and 90 days and were compared with each other. The effect of these additives on mechanical properties (compressive and tensile strength) and durability has been investigated by Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) at the ages 28 and 90 days. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that nanoparticles of natural clinoptilolite could improve quality of concrete. As a result of the tests, decrease in penetration of chloride ion and increase electrical resistivity significantly that are appropriate option for controlling of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures but increase of mechanical characteristics is not considerable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ball%20mill" title="ball mill">ball mill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20zeolite" title=" nano zeolite"> nano zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50796/manufacturing-of-nano-zeolite-by-planetary-ball-mill-and-investigation-of-the-effects-on-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">498</span> Durability of Lime Treated Soil Reinforced by Natural Fibre under Bending Force</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivi%20Anggraini">Vivi Anggraini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Asadi"> Afshin Asadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bujang%20B.%20K.%20Huat"> Bujang B. K. Huat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earth structures constructed of marine clay soils have tendency to crack. In order to improve the flexural strength and brittleness, a technique of mixing short fibers is introduced to the soil lime mixture. Coir fiber was used in this study as reinforcing elements. An experimental investigation consisting primarily of flexural tensile tests was conducted to examine the influence of coir fibers on the flexural behaviour of the reinforced soils. The test results demonstrated that the coir fibers were effective in improving the flexural strength and young’s modulus of all soils were examined and ductility after peak strength for reinforced marine clay soil was treated by lime. 5% lime treated soil and 1% coir fiber reinforced soil specimen’s demonstrated good strength and durability when submerged in water and retained 45% of their air-cured strengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20strength" title="flexural strength">flexural strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durabilty" title=" durabilty"> durabilty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime" title=" lime"> lime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coir%20fibers" title=" coir fibers"> coir fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20force" title=" bending force"> bending force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductility" title=" ductility"> ductility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35165/durability-of-lime-treated-soil-reinforced-by-natural-fibre-under-bending-force" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">497</span> The Use of Plant-Based Natural Fibers in Reinforced Cement Composites </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20AlShaya">N. AlShaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Alhomidan"> R. Alhomidan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Alromizan"> S. Alromizan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Labib"> W. Labib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plant-based natural fibers are used more increasingly in construction materials. It is done to reduce the pressure on the built environment, which has been increased dramatically due to the increases world population and their needs. Plant-based natural fibers are abundant in many countries. Despite the low-cost of such environmental friendly renewable material, it has the ability to enhance the mechanical properties of construction materials. This paper presents an extensive discussion on the use of plant-based natural fibers as reinforcement for cement-based composites, with a particular emphasis upon fiber types; fiber characteristics, and fiber-cement composites performance. It also covers a thorough overview on the main factors, affecting the properties of plant-based natural fiber cement composite in it fresh and hardened state. The feasibility of using plant-based natural fibers in producing various construction materials; such as, mud bricks and blocks is investigated. In addition, other applications of using such fibers as internal curing agents as well as durability enhancer are also discussed. Finally, recommendation for possible future work in this area is presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20fibres" title="natural fibres">natural fibres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20composites" title=" cement composites"> cement composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20materia" title=" construction materia"> construction materia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stregth" title=" stregth"> stregth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93161/the-use-of-plant-based-natural-fibers-in-reinforced-cement-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">496</span> Evaluation of Fresh, Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Bagasse Ash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Haseeb%20Wani">Abdul Haseeb Wani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shruti%20Sharma"> Shruti Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafat%20Siddique"> Rafat Siddique</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-compacting concrete is an engineered concrete that flows and de-airs without additional energy input. Such concrete requires a high slump which can be achieved by the addition of superplasticizers to the concrete mix. In the present work, bagasse ash is utilised as a replacement of cement in self-compacting concrete. This serves the purpose of both land disposal and environmental concerns related to the disposal of bagasse ash. Further, an experimental program was carried out to study the fresh, strength, and durability properties of self-compacting concrete made with bagasse ash. The mixes were prepared with four percentages (0, 5, 10 and 15) of bagasse ash as partial replacement of cement. Properties investigated were; Slump-flow, V-funnel and L-box, Compressive strength, Splitting tensile strength, Chloride-ion penetration resistance and Water absorption. Compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted at the age of 7 and 28 days. Rapid chloride-ion permeability test was carried at the age of 28 days and water absorption test was carried out at the age of 7 days after initial curing of 28 days. Test results showed that there is an increase in the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the concrete specimens having up to 10% replacement level, however, there is a slight decrease at 15% level of replacement. Resistance to chloride-ion penetration of the specimens increased as the percentage of replacement was increased. The charge passed in all the specimens containing bagasse ash was lower than that of the specimen without bagasse ash. Water absorption of the specimens decreased up to 10% replacement level and increased at 15% level of replacement. Hence, it can be concluded that optimum level of replacement of cement with bagasse ash in self-compacting concrete comes out to be 10%; at which the self-compacting concrete has satisfactory flow characteristics (as per the European guidelines), improved compressive and splitting tensile strength and better durability properties as compared to the control mix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bagasse%20ash" title="bagasse ash">bagasse ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-compacting%20concrete" title=" self-compacting concrete"> self-compacting concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20tensile%20strength" title=" splitting tensile strength"> splitting tensile strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80357/evaluation-of-fresh-strength-and-durability-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-incorporating-bagasse-ash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">495</span> Risk of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in Recycled Aggregate Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Eckert">M. Eckert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oliveira"> M. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intensive use of natural aggregates, near cities and towns, associated to the increase of the global population, leads to its depletion and increases the transport distances. The uncontrolled deposition of construction and demolition waste in landfills and city outskirts, causes pollution and takes up space. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete preparation would contribute to mitigate the problem. However, it arises the problem that the high water absorption of recycled aggregate decreases the bleeding rate of concrete, and when this gets lower than the evaporation rate, plastic shrinkage cracking occurs. This phenomenon can be particularly problematic in hot and windy curing environments. Cracking facilitates the flow of liquid and gas into concrete which attacks the reinforcement and degrades the concrete. These factors reduce the durability of concrete structures and consequently the lifetime of buildings. A ring test was used, cured in a wind tunnel, to evaluate the plastic shrinkage cracking sensitivity of recycled aggregate concrete, in order to implement preventive means to control this phenomenon. The role of several aggregate properties on the concrete segregation and cracking mechanisms were also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20aggregate" title="recycled aggregate">recycled aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20shrinkage%20cracking" title=" plastic shrinkage cracking"> plastic shrinkage cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20tunnel" title=" wind tunnel"> wind tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24303/risk-of-plastic-shrinkage-cracking-in-recycled-aggregate-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">494</span> Chemical Durability of Textured Glass-coat Suitable for Building Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adejo%20Andrew%20Ojonugwa">Adejo Andrew Ojonugwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jomboh%20Jeff%20Kator"> Jomboh Jeff Kator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garkida%20Adele%20Dzikwi"> Garkida Adele Dzikwi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the behaviour of textured glass coat to chemical reactions upon application. Samples of textured glass coat developed from mixed post consumer glass were subjected to pH test (ASTM D5464), Chemical resistance test (ASTM D3260 and D1308), Adhesion test (ASTM D3359), and Abrasion test (ASTM D4060). Results shows a pH of 8.50, Chemical resistance of 5% flick rate when reacted with Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% discolouration when reacted with Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), Hydrogen fluoride (HF), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and NaOH respectively, an adhesion of 4A and abrasion of 0.2g. The results confirm that the developed textured glass coat is in line with the standard pH range of 8-9, resistant to acid and base except for HF, NaOH, and Mg(OH)₂, good adhesion and abrasion properties, thereby making the coat resistant to chemical degradation and a good engineering material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20durability" title="chemical durability">chemical durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass-coat" title=" glass-coat"> glass-coat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title=" building"> building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157990/chemical-durability-of-textured-glass-coat-suitable-for-building-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">493</span> Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorine-Free, Hydrophobic and Highly Transparent Coatings </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abderrahmane%20Hamdi">Abderrahmane Hamdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julie%20Chalon"> Julie Chalon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benoit%20Dodin"> Benoit Dodin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Champagne"> Philippe Champagne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research work concerns the synthesis of hydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings as an alternative to fluorine-based coatings used on glass. The developed, highly transparent coatings are produced by a chemical route (sol-gel method) using two silica-based precursors, hexamethyldisilazane and tetraethoxysilane (HMDS/TEOS). The addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) within the gel provides a photocatalytic property to the final coating. The prepared gels were deposited on glass slides using different methods. The properties of the coatings were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, and water contact angle method. The results show that the obtained coatings are homogeneous and have a hydrophobic character. In particular, after thermal treatment, the HMDS/TEOS@ZnO charged gel deposited on glass constitutes a coating capable of degrading methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. Optical transmission reaches more than 90% in most of the visible light spectrum. Synthetized coatings have also demonstrated their mechanical durability and self-cleaning ability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title="coating">coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobicity" title=" hydrophobicity"> hydrophobicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-cleaning" title=" self-cleaning"> self-cleaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparence" title=" transparence"> transparence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122907/synthesis-and-characterization-of-fluorine-free-hydrophobic-and-highly-transparent-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">492</span> Obtaining Composite Cotton Fabric by Cyclodextrin Grafting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20K.%20Sahin">U. K. Sahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Erdumlu"> N. Erdumlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Saricam"> C. Saricam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Gocek"> I. Gocek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Arslan"> M. H. Arslan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Acikgoz-Tufan"> H. Acikgoz-Tufan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kalav"> B. Kalav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Finishing is an important part of fabric processing with which a wide range of features are imparted to greige or colored fabrics for various end-uses. Especially, by the addition or impartation of nano-scaled particles to the fabric structure composite fabrics, a kind of composite materials can be acquired. Composite materials, generally shortened as composites or in other words composition materials, are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more component materials with significantly different physical, mechanical or chemical characteristics remaining separate and distinctive at the macroscopic or microscopic scale within the end product structure. Therefore, the technique finishing which is one of the fundamental methods to be applied on fabrics for obtainment of composite fabrics with many functionalities was used in the current study with the same purpose. However, regardless of the finishing materials applied, the efficient life of finished product on offering desired feature is low, since the durability of finishes on the material is limited. Any increase in durability of these finishes on textiles would enhance the life of use for textiles, which will result in happier users. Therefore, in this study, since higher durability was desired for the finishing materials fixed on the fabrics, nano-scaled hollow structured cyclodextrins were chemically imparted by grafting to the structure of conventional cotton fabrics by the help of finishing technique in order to be fixed permanently. By this way, a processed and functionalized base fabric having potential to be treated in the subsequent processes with many different finishing agents and nanomaterials could be obtained. Henceforth, this fabric can be used as a multi-functional fabric due to the encapturing ability of cyclodextrins to molecules/particles via physical/chemical means. In this study, scoured and rinsed woven bleached plain weave 100% cotton fabrics were utilized because textiles made of cotton are the most demanded textile products in the textile market by the textile consumers in daily life. Cotton fabric samples were immersed in treating baths containing β-cyclodextrin and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid and to reduce the curing temperature the catalyst sodium hypophosphite monohydrate was used. All impregnated fabric samples were pre-dried. The reaction of grafting was performed in dry state. The treated and cured fabric samples were rinsed with warm distilled water and dried. The samples were dried for 4 h and weighed before and after finishing and rinsing. Stability and durability of β-cyclodextrins on fabric surface against external factors such as washing as well as strength of functionalized fabric in terms of tensile and tear strength were tested. Presence and homogeneity of distribution of β-cyclodextrins on fabric surface were characterized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20fabric" title="cotton fabric">cotton fabric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclodextrine" title=" cyclodextrine"> cyclodextrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20durability" title=" improved durability"> improved durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifunctional%20composite%20textile" title=" multifunctional composite textile"> multifunctional composite textile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43878/obtaining-composite-cotton-fabric-by-cyclodextrin-grafting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">491</span> Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structure on Very High Aggressive Environment: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karla%20Peitl%20Miller">Karla Peitl Miller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leomar%20Bravin%20Porto"> Leomar Bravin Porto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaitto%20Correa%20Fraga"> Kaitto Correa Fraga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nataniele%20Eler%20Mendes"> Nataniele Eler Mendes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the evaluation and study of a real reinforced concrete structure of a fertilizer storage building, constructed on a Vale’s Port at Brazil, which has been recently under refurbishment. Data that will be shared and commented aim to show how wrong choices in project concepts allied to a very high aggressive environment lead to a fast track degradation, incurring on a hazardous condition associated with huge and expensive treatment for repair and guarantee of minimum performance conditions and service life. It will be also shown and discussed all the covered steps since pathological manifestations first signs were observed until the complete revitalization and reparation planning would be drawn. The conclusions of the work easily explicit the importance of professional technical qualification, the importance of minimum requirements for design and structural reforms, and mainly, the importance of good inspection and diagnostic engineering continuous work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete%20repair" title=" reinforced concrete repair"> reinforced concrete repair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20inspection" title=" structural inspection"> structural inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostic%20engineering" title=" diagnostic engineering"> diagnostic engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135749/durability-of-reinforced-concrete-structure-on-very-high-aggressive-environment-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">490</span> Effect of Fiber Inclusion on the Geotechnical Parameters of Clayey Soil Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Prasad">Arun Prasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20B.%20Ramudu"> P. B. Ramudu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deep%20Shikha"> Deep Shikha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deep%20Jyoti%20Singh"> Deep Jyoti Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A number of studies have been conducted recently to investigate the influence of randomly oriented fibers on some engineering properties of cohesive soils.Freezing and thawing of soil affects the strength, durability and permeability of soil adversely. Experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effect of inclusion of randomly distributed polypropylene fibers on the strength, hydraulic conductivity and durability of local soil (CL) subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. For evaluating the change in strength of soil, a series of unconfined compression tests as well as tri-axial tests were carried out on reinforced and unreinforced soil samples. All the samples were subjected to seven cycles of freezing and thawing. Freezing was carried out at a temperature of - 15 to -18 °C; and thawing was carried out by keeping the samples at room temperature. The reinforcement of soil samples was done by mixing with polypropylene fibers, 12 mm long and with an aspect ratio of 240. The content of fibers was varied from 0.25 to 1% by dry weight of soil. The maximum strength of soil was found in samples having a fiber content of 0.75% for all the samples that were prepared at optimum moisture content (OMC), and if the OMC was increased (+2% OMC) or decreased (-2% OMC), the maximum strength observed at 0.5% fiber inclusion. The effect of fiber inclusion and freeze–thaw on the hydraulic conductivity was studied increased from around 25 times to 300 times that of the unreinforced soil, without subjected to any freeze-thaw cycles. For studying the increased durability of soil, mass loss after each freeze-thaw cycle was calculated and it was found that samples reinforced with polypropylene fibers show 50-60% less loss in weight than that of the unreinforced soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20reinforcement" title="fiber reinforcement">fiber reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freezingand%20thawing" title=" freezingand thawing"> freezingand thawing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20conductivity" title=" hydraulic conductivity"> hydraulic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength" title=" unconfined compressive strength"> unconfined compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16429/effect-of-fiber-inclusion-on-the-geotechnical-parameters-of-clayey-soil-subjected-to-freeze-thaw-cycles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">489</span> Fundamental Research on Factors Affecting the Under-Film Corrosion Behavior of Coated Steel Members</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Sakamoto">T. Sakamoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kainuma"> S. Kainuma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Firstly, in order to examine the influence of the remaining amount of the rust on the coating film durability, the accelerated deterioration tests were carried out. In order to prepare test specimens, uncoated steel plates were corroded by the Salt Spray Test (SST) prior to the accelerated deterioration tests, and then the prepared test specimens were coated by epoxy resin and phthalic acid resin each of which has different gas-barrier performance. As the result, it was confirmed that the under-film corrosion occurred in the area and the adjacency to great quantities of salt exists in the rust, and did not occurred in the specimen which was applied the epoxy resin paint after the surface preparation by the power tool. Secondly, in order to clarify the influence of the corrosive factors on the coating film durability, outdoor exposure tests were conducted for one year on actual steel bridge located at a coastal area. The tests specimens consist of coated corroded plates and the uncoated steel plates, and they were installed on the different structural members of the bridge for one year. From the test results, the uncoated steel plates which were installed on the underside of the member are easily corrosive and had highly correlation with the amount of salt in the rust. On the other hand, the most corrosive under-film steel was the vertical surface of the web plate. Thus, it was confirmed that under-film corrosion rate was not match with corrosion rate of the uncoated steel. Consequently, it is estimated that the main factors of under-film corrosion are gas-barrier property of coating film and corrosive factors such as water vapor and temperature. The salt which significantly corrodes the uncoated steel plate is not directly related to the under-film corrosion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accelerated%20deterioration%20test" title="accelerated deterioration test">accelerated deterioration test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating%20durability" title=" coating durability"> coating durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20factor" title=" environmental factor"> environmental factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under-film%20corrosion" title=" under-film corrosion"> under-film corrosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39312/fundamental-research-on-factors-affecting-the-under-film-corrosion-behavior-of-coated-steel-members" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">488</span> Evaluate Effects of Different Curing Methods on Compressive Strength, Modulus of Elasticity and Durability of Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhara%20Shah">Dhara Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandrakant%20Shah"> Chandrakant Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction industry utilizes plenty of water in the name of curing. Looking at the present scenario, the days are not so far when all construction industries will have to switch over to an alternative-self curing system, not only to save water for sustainable development of the environment but also to promote indoor and outdoor construction activities even in water scarce areas. At the same time, curing is essential for the development of proper strength and durability. IS 456-2000 recommends a curing period of 7 days for ordinary Portland cement concrete, and 10 to 14 days for concrete prepared using mineral admixtures or blended cements. But, being the last act in the concreting operations, it is often neglected or not fully done. Consequently, the quality of hardened concrete suffers, more so, if the freshly laid concrete gets exposed to the environmental conditions of low humidity, high wind velocity and high ambient temperature. To avoid the adverse effects of neglected or insufficient curing, which is considered a universal phenomenon, concrete technologist and research scientists have come up with curing compounds. Concrete is said to be self-cured, if it is able to retain its water content to perform chemical reaction for the development of its strength. Curing compounds are liquids which are either incorporated in concrete or sprayed directly onto concrete surfaces and which then dry to form a relatively impermeable membrane that retards the loss of moisture from the concrete. They are an efficient and cost-effective means of curing concrete and may be applied to freshly placed concrete or that which has been partially cured by some other means. However, they may affect the bond between concrete and subsequent surface treatments. Special care in the choice of a suitable compound needs to be exercised in such circumstances. Curing compounds are generally formulated from wax emulsions, chlorinated rubbers, synthetic and natural resins, and from PVA emulsions. Their effectiveness varies quite widely, depending on the material and strength of the emulsion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curing%20methods" title="curing methods">curing methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-curing%20compound" title=" self-curing compound"> self-curing compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modulus%20of%20elasticity" title=" modulus of elasticity"> modulus of elasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10176/evaluate-effects-of-different-curing-methods-on-compressive-strength-modulus-of-elasticity-and-durability-of-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">487</span> Sustainability of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rashad%20Al%20Araj">Rashad Al Araj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20K.%20Tamimi"> Adil K. Tamimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete, despite being one of the most produced materials in the world, still has weaknesses and drawbacks. Significant concern of the cementitious materials in structural applications is their quasi-brittle behavior, which causes the material to crack and lose its durability. One of the very recently proposed mitigations for this problem is the implementation of nanotechnology in the concrete mix by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to it. CNTs can enhance the critical mechanical properties of concrete as a structural material. Thus, this paper demonstrates a state-of-the-art review of reinforcing concrete with CNTs, emphasizing on the structural performance. It also goes over the properties of CNTs alone, the present methods and costs associated with producing them, the possible special applications of concretes reinforced with CNTs, the key challenges and drawbacks that this new technology still encounters, and the most reliable practices and methodologies to produce CNT-reinforced concrete in the lab. This work has shown that the addition of CNTs to the concrete mix in percentages as low as 0.25% weight of cement could increase the flexural strength and toughness of concrete by more than 45% and 25%, respectively, and enhance other durability-related properties, given that an effective dispersion of CNTs in the cementitious mix is achieved. Since nano reinforcement for cementitious materials is a new technology, many challenges have to be tackled before it becomes practiced at the mass level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title="sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nano%20tube" title=" carbon nano tube"> carbon nano tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microsilica" title=" microsilica"> microsilica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66726/sustainability-of-carbon-nanotube-reinforced-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">486</span> Durability of Wood Shavel Composites with Environmental Friendly Based Binder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jul%20Endawati">Jul Endawati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The composite element of 20 mm in thickness were manufactured using high volume fly ash, silica fume as alternative hydraulic binders and Portland cement Type II. Pine wood shavel as by product of local small wood working industries were used as the composite filler. The elements were given in situ wet and dry treatment for 9 months. Visually there is no fiber degradation as a result of the interaction of the environment. The assessment were done to the elements bending strength and dimensional properties. Increase in MoR after 180 days of exposure shown that mechanically this degradation is not seen yet. The increment of MoR (213%) compare to that of 28 days might be affected by the formation of calcium hydroxide (CH) or ettringite in the transition zone. The use of pozzolan showed also a delay or minimize degradation of composites while improving the pore structure, and minimize the mineralization of the fiber bond with the cement matrix. The water absorption is 4,22% at 180 days, 7,94% at 120 days and 12,38% at 28 days, in line with the 68% decrease in Thickness Swelling (TS). This unoccured degradation could also be affected by the presence of silica fume in the binder matrix. After 270 days of exposure under tropical condition, the flexural strength started to decrease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20fibre" title=" natural fibre"> natural fibre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica%20fume" title=" silica fume "> silica fume </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17082/durability-of-wood-shavel-composites-with-environmental-friendly-based-binder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">485</span> An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Pultruded GFRP I-Sections Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parinaz%20Arashnia">Parinaz Arashnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzad%20Hatami"> Farzad Hatami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Ghaffarpour%20Jahromi"> Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using steel in bridges’ construction because of their desired tensile and compressive strength and light weight especially in large spans was widely popular. Disadvantages of steel such as corrosion, buckling and weaknesses in high temperature and unsuitable weld could be solve with using Fibres Reinforced Polymer (FRP) profiles. The FRP is a remarkable class of composite polymers that can improve structural elements behaviour like corrosion resistance, fir resistance with good proofing and electricity and magnetic non-conductor. Nowadays except FRP reinforced bars and laminates, FRP I-beams are made and studied. The main reason for using FRP profiles is, prevent of corrosion and increase the load carrying capacity and durability, especially in large spans in bridges’ deck. In this paper, behaviour of I-section glass fibres reinforced polymer (GFRP) beam is discussed under point loads with numerical models and results has been compared and verified with experimental tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20fibres%20reinforced%20polymer" title="glass fibres reinforced polymer">glass fibres reinforced polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-section%20beam" title=" I-section beam"> I-section beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20model" title=" numerical model"> numerical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32464/an-experimental-and-numerical-study-on-the-pultruded-gfrp-i-sections-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">484</span> Stress Recovery and Durability Prediction of a Vehicular Structure with Random Road Dynamic Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia-Shiun%20Chen">Jia-Shiun Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quoc-Viet%20Huynh"> Quoc-Viet Huynh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work develops a flexible-body dynamic model of an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), capable of recovering dynamic stresses while the ATV travels on random bumpy roads. The fatigue life of components is forecasted as well. While considering the interaction between dynamic forces and structure deformation, the proposed model achieves a highly accurate structure stress prediction and fatigue life prediction. During the simulation, stress time history of the ATV structure is retrieved for life prediction. Finally, the hot sports of the ATV frame are located, and the frame life for combined road conditions is forecasted, i.e. 25833.6 hr. If the usage of vehicle is eight hours daily, the total vehicle frame life is 8.847 years. Moreover, the reaction force and deformation due to the dynamic motion can be described more accurately by using flexible body dynamics than by using rigid-body dynamics. Based on recommendations made in the product design stage before mass production, the proposed model can significantly lower development and testing costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible-body%20dynamics" title="flexible-body dynamics">flexible-body dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=veicle" title=" veicle"> veicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamics" title=" dynamics"> dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26684/stress-recovery-and-durability-prediction-of-a-vehicular-structure-with-random-road-dynamic-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">483</span> Study of Objectivity, Reliability and Validity of Pedagogical Diagnostic Parameters Introduced in the Framework of a Specific Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emiliya%20Tsankova">Emiliya Tsankova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Genoveva%20Zlateva"> Genoveva Zlateva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Violeta%20Kostadinova"> Violeta Kostadinova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The challenges modern education faces undoubtedly require reforms and innovations aimed at the reconceptualization of existing educational strategies, the introduction of new concepts and novel techniques and technologies related to the recasting of the aims of education and the remodeling of the content and methodology of education which would guarantee the streamlining of our education with basic European values. Aim: The aim of the current research is the development of a didactic technology for the assessment of the applicability and efficacy of game techniques in pedagogic practice calibrated to specific content and the age specificity of learners, as well as for evaluating the efficacy of such approaches for the facilitation of the acquisition of biological knowledge at a higher theoretical level. Results: In this research, we examine the objectivity, reliability and validity of two newly introduced diagnostic parameters for assessing the durability of the acquired knowledge. A pedagogic experiment has been carried out targeting the verification of the hypothesis that the introduction of game techniques in biological education leads to an increase in the quantity, quality and durability of the knowledge acquired by students. For the purposes of monitoring the effect of the application of the pedagogical technique employing game methodology on the durability of the acquired knowledge a test-base examination has been applied to students from a control group (CG) and students form an experimental group on the same content after a six-month period. The analysis is based on: 1.A study of the statistical significance of the differences of the tests for the CG and the EG, applied after a six-month period, which however is not indicative of the presence or absence of a marked effect from the applied pedagogic technique in cases when the entry levels of the two groups are different. 2.For a more reliable comparison, independently from the entry level of each group, another “indicator of efficacy of game techniques for the durability of knowledge” which has been used for the assessment of the achievement results and durability of this methodology of education. The monitoring of the studied parameters in their dynamic unfolding in different age groups of learners unquestionably reveals a positive effect of the introduction of game techniques in education in respect of durability and permanence of acquired knowledge. Methods: In the current research the following battery of methods and techniques of research for diagnostics has been employed: theoretical analysis and synthesis; an actual pedagogical experiment; questionnaire; didactic testing and mathematical and statistical methods. The data obtained have been used for the qualitative and quantitative of the results which reflect the efficacy of the applied methodology. Conclusion: The didactic model of the parameters researched in the framework of a specific study of pedagogic diagnostics is based on a general, interdisciplinary approach. Enhanced durability of the acquired knowledge proves the transition of that knowledge from short-term memory storage into long-term memory of pupils and students, which justifies the conclusion that didactic plays have beneficial effects for the betterment of learners’ cognitive skills. The innovations in teaching enhance the motivation, creativity and independent cognitive activity in the process of acquiring the material thought. The innovative methods allow for untraditional means for assessing the level of knowledge acquisition. This makes possible the timely discovery of knowledge gaps and the introduction of compensatory techniques, which in turn leads to deeper and more durable acquisition of knowledge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=objectivity" title="objectivity">objectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20and%20validity%20of%20pedagogical%20diagnostic%20parameters%20introduced%20in%20the%20framework%20of%20a%20specific%20research" title=" reliability and validity of pedagogical diagnostic parameters introduced in the framework of a specific research"> reliability and validity of pedagogical diagnostic parameters introduced in the framework of a specific research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32698/study-of-objectivity-reliability-and-validity-of-pedagogical-diagnostic-parameters-introduced-in-the-framework-of-a-specific-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">482</span> Effect of Electric Arc Furnace Coarse Slag Aggregate And Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amiya%20Kumar%20Thakur">Amiya Kumar Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Ganvir"> Dinesh Ganvir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prem%20Pal%20Bansal"> Prem Pal Bansal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Industrial by product utilization has been encouraged due to environment and economic factors. Since electric arc furnace slag aggregate is a by-product of steel industry and its storage is a major concern hence it can be used as a replacement of natural aggregate as its physical and mechanical property are comparable or better than the natural aggregates. The present study investigates the effect of partial and full replacement of natural coarse aggregate with coarse EAF slag aggregate and partial replacement of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on the mechanical and durability properties of roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP).The replacement level of EAF slag aggregate were at five levels (i.e. 0% ,25% ,50%,75% & 100%) and of GGBFS was (0 % & 30%).The EAF slag aggregate was stabilized by exposing to outdoor condition for several years and the volumetric expansion test using steam exposure device was done to check volume stability. Soil compaction method was used for mix proportioning of RCCP. The fresh properties of RCCP investigated were fresh density and modified vebe test was done to measure the consistency of concrete. For investigating the mechanical properties various tests were done at 7 and 28 days (i.e. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure strength modulus of elasticity) and also non-destructive testing was done at 28 days (i.e. Ultra pulse velocity test (UPV) & rebound hammer test). The durability test done at 28 days were water absorption, skid resistance & abrasion resistance. The results showed that with the increase in slag aggregate percentage there was an increase in the fresh density of concrete and also slight increase in the vebe time but with the 30 % GGBFS replacement the vebe time decreased and the fresh density was comparable to 0% GGBFS mix. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure strength & modulus of elasticity increased with the increase in slag aggregate percentage in concrete when compared to control mix. But with the 30 % GGBFS replacement there was slight decrease in mechanical properties when compared to 100 % cement concrete. In UPV test and rebound hammer test all the mixes showed excellent quality of concrete. With the increase in slag aggregate percentage in concrete there was an increase in water absorption, skid resistance and abrasion resistance but with the 30 % GGBFS percentage the skid resistance, water absorption and abrasion resistance decreased when compared to 100 % cement concrete. From the study it was found that the mix containing 30 % GGBFS with different percentages of EAF slag aggregate were having comparable results for all the mechanical and durability property when compared to 100 % cement mixes. Hence 30 % GGBFS can be used as cement replacement with 100 % EAF slag aggregate as natural coarse aggregate replacement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability%20properties" title="durability properties">durability properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20arc%20furnace%20slag%20aggregate" title=" electric arc furnace slag aggregate"> electric arc furnace slag aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GGBFS" title=" GGBFS"> GGBFS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roller%20compacted%20concrete%20pavement" title=" roller compacted concrete pavement"> roller compacted concrete pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20compaction%20method" title=" soil compaction method"> soil compaction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150737/effect-of-electric-arc-furnace-coarse-slag-aggregate-and-ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-on-mechanical-and-durability-properties-of-roller-compacted-concrete-pavement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">481</span> Consumer Knowledge and Behavior in the Aspect of Food Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katarzyna%20Neffe-Skocinska">Katarzyna Neffe-Skocinska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzena%20Tomaszewska"> Marzena Tomaszewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beata%20Bilska"> Beata Bilska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dorota%20Zielinska"> Dorota Zielinska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Trzaskowska"> Monika Trzaskowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Lepecka"> Anna Lepecka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danuta%20Kolozyn-Krajewska"> Danuta Kolozyn-Krajewska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study was to assess Polish consumer behavior towards food waste, including knowledge of information on food labels. The survey was carried out using the CAPI (computer assisted personal interview) method, which involves interviewing the respondent using mobile devices. The research group was a representative sample for Poland due to demographic variables: gender, age, place of residence. A total of 1.115 respondents participated in the study (51.1% were women and 48.9% were men). The questionnaire included questions on five thematic aspects: 1. General knowledge and sources of information on the phenomenon of food waste; 2. Consumption of food after the date of minimum durability; 3. The meanings of the phrase 'best before ...'; 4. Indication of the difference between the meaning of the words 'best before ...' and 'use by'; 5. Indications products marked with the phrase 'best before ...'. It was found that every second surveyed Pole met with the topic of food waste (54.8%). Among the respondents, the most popular source of information related to the research topic was television (89.4%), radio (26%) and the Internet (24%). Over a third of respondents declared that they consume food after the date of minimum durability. Only every tenth (9.8%) respondent does not pay attention to the expiry date and type of consumed products (durable and perishable products). Correctly 39.8% of respondents answered the question: How do you understand the phrase 'best before ...'? In the opinion of 42.8% of respondents, the statements 'best before ...' and 'use by' mean the same thing, while 36% of them think differently. In addition, more than one-fifth of respondents could not respond to the questions. In the case of products of the indication information 'best before ...', more than 40% of the respondents chosen perishable products, e.g., yoghurts and durable, e.g., groats. A slightly lower percentage of indications was recorded for flour (35.1%), sausage (32.8%), canned corn (31.8%), and eggs (25.0%). Based on the assessment of the behavior of Polish consumers towards the phenomenon of food waste, it can be concluded that respondents have elementary knowledge of the study subject. Noteworthy is the good conduct of most respondents in terms of compliance with shelf life and dates of minimum durability of food products. The publication was financed on the basis of an agreement with the National Center for Research and Development No. Gospostrateg 1/385753/1/NCBR/2018 for the implementation and financing of the project under the strategic research and development program social and economic development of Poland in the conditions of globalizing markets – GOSPOSTRATEG - acronym PROM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20waste" title="food waste">food waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shelf%20life" title=" shelf life"> shelf life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dates%20of%20durability" title=" dates of durability"> dates of durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20knowledge%20and%20behavior" title=" consumer knowledge and behavior"> consumer knowledge and behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116780/consumer-knowledge-and-behavior-in-the-aspect-of-food-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116780.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">480</span> Experimental Investigation on Utilization of Waste Materials in Fly Ash Brick</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Southamirajan">S. Southamirajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Dhavashankaran"> D. Dhavashankaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fly ash is one of the major residues generated during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Fly ash brick technology is the process of converting industrial waste materials into quality building material. Another issue in earth is dumping of the Bagasse ash, rice husk ash and copper slag waste. In a growing country like India a huge amount of fly ash waste materials are polluting the environment. The necessity of recycling the materials play a big role in the development of the safe and non- polluted earth. Fly ash, lime, gypsum and quarry dust are used as a replacement material for fly ash. The fly ash was replaced by the Bagasse ash and rice husk ash in the proportion of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%27.5% and 30%. Two types of fly ash bricks were casted. One type is Bagasse ash replaced fly ash and another type is rice husk ash replaced fly ash bricks then copper slag are partially replaced in quarry dust. The prepared bricks are cured for 7 days and 28 days and dried in regular temperature. The mechanical and durability properties of optimum percentages of Bagasse ash and rice husk ash replaced fly ash bricks. The use of Bagasse ash and rice husk ash provides for considerable value – added utilization of Bagasse and rice husk in bricks and significant reductions in the production of greenhouse gases by the cement industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bagasse%20Ash" title="Bagasse Ash">Bagasse Ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fly%20ash" title=" Fly ash"> Fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title=" bricks"> bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20%26%20durability%20properties" title=" mechanical & durability properties"> mechanical & durability properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rice%20husk%20ash" title=" Rice husk ash"> Rice husk ash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120696/experimental-investigation-on-utilization-of-waste-materials-in-fly-ash-brick" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">479</span> Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Alkaline Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Production: Experimental Validation, Simulation Study, and Cost Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umair%20Ahmed">Umair Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bin%20Irfan"> Muhammad Bin Irfan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on designing and optimization of an alkaline water electrolyser for the production of green hydrogen. The aim is to enhance the durability and efficiency of this technology while simultaneously reducing the cost associated with the production of green hydrogen. The experimental results obtained from the alkaline water electrolyser are compared with simulated results using Aspen Plus software, allowing a comprehensive analysis and evaluation. To achieve the aforementioned goals, several design and operational parameters are investigated. The electrode material, electrolyte concentration, and operating conditions are carefully selected to maximize the efficiency and durability of the electrolyser. Additionally, cost-effective materials and manufacturing techniques are explored to decrease the overall production cost of green hydrogen. The experimental setup includes a carefully designed alkaline water electrolyser, where various performance parameters (such as hydrogen production rate, current density, and voltage) are measured. These experimental results are then compared with simulated data obtained using Aspen Plus software. The simulation model is developed based on fundamental principles and validated against the experimental data. The comparison between experimental and simulated results provides valuable insight into the performance of an alkaline water electrolyser. It helps to identify the areas where improvements can be made, both in terms of design and operation, to enhance the durability and efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the simulation results allow cost analysis providing an estimate of the overall production cost of green hydrogen. This study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of alkaline water electrolysis technology. The findings of this research can contribute to the development of more efficient and durable electrolyser technology while reducing the cost associated with this technology. Ultimately, these advancements can pave the way for a more sustainable and economically viable hydrogen economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title="sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20energy" title=" green energy"> green energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20hydrogen" title=" green hydrogen"> green hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrolysis%20technology" title=" electrolysis technology"> electrolysis technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169108/comprehensive-analysis-and-optimization-of-alkaline-water-electrolysis-for-green-hydrogen-production-experimental-validation-simulation-study-and-cost-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169108.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">478</span> The Portland Cement Limestone: Silica Fume System as an Alternative Cementitious Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20S.%20Paglia">C. S. Paglia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Ginercordero"> E. Ginercordero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Jornet"> A. Jornet </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental pollution, along with the depletion of natural resources, is among the most serious global challenges in our times. The construction industry is one of the sectors where a relevant reduction of the environmental impact can be achieved. Thus, the cement production will play a key role in sustainability, by reducing the CO₂ emissions and energy consumption and by increasing the durability of the structures. A large number of investigations have been carried out on blended cements, but it exists a lack of information on the Portland cement limestone - silica fume system. Mortar blends are optimized in the mix proportions for the different ingredients, in particular for the dosage of the silica fume. Portland cement and the new binder-based systems are compared with respect to the fresh mortar properties, the mechanical and the durability behaviour of the hardened specimens at 28 and 90 days. The use of this new binder combination exhibits an interesting hydration development with time and maintain the conventional characteristics of Portland cementitious material. On the other hand, it will be necessary to reproduce the Portland Limestone Cement-silica fume system within the concrete. A reduction of the CO₂ production, energy consumption, and a reasonable service life of the concrete structures, including a maintenance free period, will all contribute to a better environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binder" title="binder">binder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limestone" title=" limestone"> limestone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica%20fume" title=" silica fume "> silica fume </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124099/the-portland-cement-limestone-silica-fume-system-as-an-alternative-cementitious-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">477</span> An Analytical Study of FRP-Concrete Bridge Superstructures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20I.%20Alnahhal">Wael I. Alnahhal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is a major challenge to build a bridge superstructure that has long-term durability and low maintenance requirements. A solution to this challenge may be to use new materials or to implement new structural systems. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have continued to play an important role in solving some of persistent problems in infrastructure applications because of its high specific strength, light weight, and durability. In this study, the concept of the hybrid FRP-concrete structural systems is applied to a bridge superstructure. The hybrid FRP-concrete bridge superstructure is intended to have durable, structurally sound, and cost effective hybrid system that will take full advantage of the inherent properties of both FRP materials and concrete. In this study, two hybrid FRP-concrete bridge systems were investigated. The first system consists of trapezoidal cell units forming a bridge superstructure. The second one is formed by arch cells. The two systems rely on using cellular components to form the core of the bridge superstructure, and an outer shell to warp around those cells to form the integral unit of the bridge. Both systems were investigated analytically by using finite element (FE) analysis. From the rigorous FE studies, it was concluded that first system is more efficient than the second. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20superstructure" title="bridge superstructure">bridge superstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20system" title=" hybrid system"> hybrid system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20reinforced%20polymer" title=" fiber reinforced polymer"> fiber reinforced polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28411/an-analytical-study-of-frp-concrete-bridge-superstructures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">476</span> Comparison between Ultra-High-Performance Concrete and Ultra-High-Performance-Glass Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Soliman">N. A. Soliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Omran"> A. F. Omran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Tagnit-Hamou"> A. Tagnit-Hamou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The finely ground waste glass has successfully used by the authors to develop and patent an ecological ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), which was named as ultra-high-performance-glass concrete (UHPGC). After the successful development in laboratory, the current research presents a comparison between traditional UHPC and UHPGC produced using large-scale pilot plant mixer, in terms of rheology, mechanical, and durability properties. The rheology of the UHPGCs was improved due to the non-absorptive nature of the glass particles. The mechanical performance of UHPGC was comparable and very close to the traditional UHPC due to the pozzolan reactivity of the amorphous waste glass. The UHPGC has also shown excellent durability: negligible permeability (chloride-ion ≈ 20 Coulombs from the RCPT test), high abrasion resistance (volume loss index less than 1.3), and almost no freeze-thaw deterioration even after 1000 freeze-thaw cycles. The enhancement in the strength and rigidity of the UHPGC mixture can be referred to the inclusions of the glass particles that have very high strength and elastic modulus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20glass%20pozzolan" title="ground glass pozzolan">ground glass pozzolan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large-scale%20production" title=" large-scale production"> large-scale production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-high%20performance%20glass%20concrete" title=" ultra-high performance glass concrete"> ultra-high performance glass concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86343/comparison-between-ultra-high-performance-concrete-and-ultra-high-performance-glass-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86343.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">475</span> Effect of Pre-bonding Storage Period on Laser-treated Al Surfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rio%20Hirakawa">Rio Hirakawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Gundlach"> Christian Gundlach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sven%20Hartwig"> Sven Hartwig</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the use of aluminium has further expanded and is expected to replace steel in the future as vehicles become lighter and more recyclable in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve fuel economy. In line with this, structures and components are becoming increasingly multi-material, with different materials, including aluminium, being used in combination to improve mechanical utility and performance. A common method of assembling dissimilar materials is mechanical fastening, but it has several drawbacks, such as increased manufacturing processes and the influence of substrate-specific mechanical properties. Adhesive bonding and fusion bonding are methods that overcome the above disadvantages. In these two joining methods, surface pre-treatment of the substrate is always necessary to ensure the strength and durability of the joint. Previous studies have shown that laser surface treatment improves the strength and durability of the joint. Yan et al. showed that laser surface treatment of aluminium alloys changes α-Al2O3 in the oxide layer to γ-Al2O3. As γ-Al2O3 has a large specific surface area, is very porous and chemically active, laser-treated aluminium surfaces are expected to undergo physico-chemical changes over time and adsorb moisture and organic substances from the air or storage atmosphere. The impurities accumulated on the laser-treated surface may be released at the adhesive and bonding interface by the heat input to the bonding system during the joining phase, affecting the strength and durability of the joint. However, only a few studies have discussed the effect of such storage periods on laser-treated surfaces. This paper, therefore, investigates the ageing of laser-treated aluminium alloy surfaces through thermal analysis, electrochemical analysis and microstructural observations.AlMg3 of 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm thickness was cut using a water-jet cutting machine, cleaned and degreased with isopropanol and surface pre-treated with a pulsed fibre laser at 1060 nm wavelength, 70 W maximum power and 55 kHz repetition frequency. The aluminium surface was then analysed using SEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) after storage in air for various periods ranging from one day to several months TGA and FTIR analysed impurities adsorbed on the aluminium surface, while CV revealed changes in the true electrochemically active surface area. SEM also revealed visual changes on the treated surface. In summary, the changes in the laser-treated aluminium surface with storage time were investigated, and the final results were used to determine the appropriate storage period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20surface%20treatment" title="laser surface treatment">laser surface treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-treatment" title=" pre-treatment"> pre-treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesion" title=" adhesion"> adhesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bonding" title=" bonding"> bonding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissimilar%20material%20interface" title=" dissimilar material interface"> dissimilar material interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive" title=" automotive"> automotive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20alloys" title=" aluminium alloys"> aluminium alloys</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169560/effect-of-pre-bonding-storage-period-on-laser-treated-al-surfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=3" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">4</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=19">19</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=20">20</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability.%20extractives&page=5" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>