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Philip Showalter Hench - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4" title="فيليب هنش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليب هنش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ادوارد کالوین کندال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد کالوین کندال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A" title="ফিলিপ শোয়ালটার হেঞ্চ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলিপ শোয়ালটার হেঞ্চ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Філіп Хенч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіп Хенч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Филип Хенч – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филип Хенч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hench" title="Philip Hench – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Philip Hench" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Φίλιπ Σόγουολτερ Χεντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίλιπ Σόγουολτερ Χεντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%86" title="فیلیپ هنچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپ هنچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%BD_%EC%87%BC%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B0_%ED%97%A8%EC%B9%98" title="필립 쇼월터 헨치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필립 쇼월터 헨치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A5%27" title="פיליפ שוולטר הנץ&#039; – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיליפ שוולטר הנץ&#039;" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Филип Хенч – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Филип Хенч" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hench" title="Philip Hench – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Philip Hench" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_Showalter_Hench" title="Philippus Showalter Hench – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippus Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპ ჰენჩი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილიპ ჰენჩი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4" title="فيليب هنش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيليب هنش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%86" title="فیلیپ هنچ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیلیپ هنچ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81" title="フィリップ・ショウォルター・ヘンチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリップ・ショウォルター・ヘンチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86" title="فلپ شوالٹر ہینچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلپ شوالٹر ہینچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Хенч, Филип – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хенч, Филип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86" title="فیلیپ شۆوڵتەر ھینچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلیپ شۆوڵتەر ھینچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Филип Шоволтер Һенч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Филип Шоволтер Һенч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิลิป โชวอลเตอร์ เฮนช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิลิป โชวอลเตอร์ เฮนช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Philip Showalter Hench" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Філіп Генч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіп Генч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%86%DA%86" title="فلپ شوالٹر ہنچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلپ شوالٹر ہنچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Philip Showalter Hench</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Showalter_Hench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philip_Showalter_Hench.jpg/220px-Philip_Showalter_Hench.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Philip_Showalter_Hench.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 28, 1896<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 20, 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-03-20)</span> (aged&#160;69) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocho_Rios,_Jamaica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocho Rios, Jamaica (not yet started)">Ocho Rios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma&#160;mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafayette College (not yet started)">Lafayette College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known&#160;for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Philip Showalter Hench</b> (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965) was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>. Hench won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1950. He won the award along with his <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> co-worker <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Calvin Kendall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a> . They won it for finding the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a> and its use for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-nobelsummary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelsummary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hench went to <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafayette College (not yet started)">Lafayette College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. He was trained as a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Medical_Corps&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Army Medical Corps (not yet started)">United States Army Medical Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. Hench began working at <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in 1923. He later became the head of the Department of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheumatology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheumatology (not yet started)">Rheumatology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Change section: Early life and education" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Early life and education"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He attended <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafayette College (not yet started)">Lafayette College</a> in Easton, Pennsylvania. At Lafayette, he earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in 1916. After that, he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training. He got a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (not yet started)">University of Pittsburgh</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After getting his medical <a href="/wiki/Degree_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree (school)">degree</a>, Hench spent a year as an <a href="/wiki/Intern" class="mw-redirect" title="Intern">intern</a> at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh. Next, he became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Foundation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayo Foundation (not yet started)">Mayo Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 and 1929, Hench studied at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiburg_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Freiburg University (not yet started)">Freiburg University</a> and the von Müller Clinic in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_career">Medical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Change section: Medical career" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Medical career"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hench started his career at <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in 1923. He worked in the Department of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheumatology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheumatology (not yet started)">Rheumatic Diseases</a>. In 1926, he became the head of the department. While at Mayo Clinic, Hench worked mainly on <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritic diseases</a>. This lead him to believe that <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a> lessened the <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> caused by the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Calvin Kendall</a> has found several steroids created by the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a> cortex. After several years of work, Hench and Kendall decided to use one of these steroids on <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The steroid they used was named Compound E at the time. It later become known as <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>. </p><p>Hench, Kendall and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a> won the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> "for their discoveries relating to the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenal_cortex&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrenal cortex (not yet started)">adrenal cortex</a>, their structure and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> effects."<sup id="cite_ref-nobelsummary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelsummary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel winners who worked with Mayo Clinic.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelaffils_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelaffils-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Rheumatism_Association&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Rheumatism Association (not yet started)">American Rheumatism Association</a>. He was its <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">president</a> in 1940 and 1941. </p><p>Hench also got the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasker_Award&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasker Award (not yet started)">Lasker Award</a> (1949), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passano_Foundation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Passano Foundation (not yet started)">Passano Foundation</a> Award (1950), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criss_Award&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Criss Award (not yet started)">Criss Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lafayette College, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_and_Jefferson_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington and Jefferson College (not yet started)">Washington and Jefferson College</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Reserve_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Reserve University (not yet started)">Western Reserve University</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_University_of_Ireland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National University of Ireland (not yet started)">National University of Ireland</a> and the University of Pittsburgh gave Hench honorary doctorates.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobelsummary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelsummary_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelsummary_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950"</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1950&amp;rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1950%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Showalter+Hench" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelbio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-5">2.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-6">2.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_2-7">2.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/hench.html">"Philip S. Hench"</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Philip+S.+Hench&amp;rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1950%2Fhench.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Showalter+Hench" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelaffils-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelaffils_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html">"Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations"</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates+and+Research+Affiliations&amp;rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Flists%2Funiversities.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Showalter+Hench" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Showalter_Hench&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Other websites"><span>change 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href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901 – 1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> (1901)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> (1902)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> (1903)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (1904)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> (1905)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> (1906)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> (1907)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov">Mechnikov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1908)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> (1909)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> (1910)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> (1911)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> (1912)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Richet</a> (1913)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> (1914)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> (1919)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> (1920)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> (1922)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">Macleod</a> (1923)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> (1924) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926 – 1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a> (1926)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> (1928)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> (1929)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> (1930)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> (1931)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Adrian</a> (1932)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> (1933)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">Murphy</a> (1934)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> (1935)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> (1936)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> (1938)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> (1939)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> (1943)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> (1944)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> (1945)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/H._J._Muller" title="H. J. Muller">Muller</a> (1946)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C.Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G.Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> (1947)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> (1948)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> (1949)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hench</a> (1950) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951 – 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> (1951)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> (1952)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs">Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> (1953)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> (1954)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> (1955)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" class="mw-redirect" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> (1956)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> (1957)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> (1958)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (1959)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> (1960)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> (1961)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> (1962)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> (1963)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> (1964)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Michel Lwoff">Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> (1965)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> (1966)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> (1967)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> (1968)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> (1969)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> (1970)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a> (1971)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> (1972)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> (1973)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> (1974)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Temin" title="Howard Temin">Temin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a> (1975) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976 – 2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> (1976)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a> (1977)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> (1978)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> (1979)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> (1980)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" title="David Hubel">Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1981)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> (1982)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> (1983)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" class="mw-redirect" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> (1984)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> (1985)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> (1987)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/James_Black" title="James Black">Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> (1988)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Varmus</a> (1989)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> (1990)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> (1991)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> (1992)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Sharp" title="Phillip Sharp">Sharp</a> (1993)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> (1994)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> (1995)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> (1996)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> (1997)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> (1998)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> (1999)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001 – present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hartwell" title="Lee Hartwell">Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (2001)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> (2002)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (2003)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> (2004)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> (2005)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> (2006)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> (2007)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a> (2008)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> (2009)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a> (2010)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> (2011)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> (2012)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. 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