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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focal_lesions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focal_lesions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Focal lesions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focal_lesions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exogenous_substances_(metabolic_ataxia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exogenous_substances_(metabolic_ataxia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exogenous_substances_(metabolic_ataxia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Radiation poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamin_B12_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_B12_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_B12_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothyroidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothyroidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hypothyroidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothyroidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_isolated_sensory_ataxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_isolated_sensory_ataxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Causes of isolated sensory ataxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_isolated_sensory_ataxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-hereditary_cerebellar_degeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-hereditary_cerebellar_degeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Non-hereditary cerebellar degeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-hereditary_cerebellar_degeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hereditary_ataxias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_ataxias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hereditary ataxias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_ataxias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arnold–Chiari_malformation_(congenital_ataxia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnold–Chiari_malformation_(congenital_ataxia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Arnold–Chiari malformation (congenital ataxia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnold–Chiari_malformation_(congenital_ataxia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilson's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilson's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Wilson's disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilson's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gluten_ataxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gluten_ataxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Gluten ataxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gluten_ataxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potassium_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Potassium pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cerebellar_ataxia_associated_with_anti-GAD_antibodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerebellar_ataxia_associated_with_anti-GAD_antibodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-GAD antibodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerebellar_ataxia_associated_with_anti-GAD_antibodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ataxia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AD" title="رنح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رنح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksiya" title="Ataksiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ataksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Атаксія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атаксія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Атаксия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атаксия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksija" title="Ataksija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ataksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A0xia" title="Atàxia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atàxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxie" title="Ataxie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ataxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksi" title="Ataksi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ataksi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxie" title="Ataxie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ataxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksio" title="Ataksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ataksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آتاکسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتاکسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxie" title="Ataxie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ataxie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neamhluail" title="Neamhluail – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neamhluail" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%A4%EC%A1%B0" title="운동실조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운동실조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksija" title="Ataksija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ataksija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxio" title="Ataxio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ataxio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksia" title="Ataksia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ataksia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atassia" title="Atassia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atassia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="אטקסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksia" title="Ataksia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ataksia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Атаксия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атаксия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Атаксия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атаксия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxie" title="Ataxie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ataxie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF" title="失調 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="失調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksi" title="Ataksi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ataksi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆଟାକ୍ସିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଟାକ୍ସିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksiya" title="Ataksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ataksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksja" title="Ataksja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ataksja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxie" title="Ataxie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ataxie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Атаксия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атаксия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ataxia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksija" title="Ataksija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ataksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Атаксија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksija" title="Ataksija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ataksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataksia" title="Ataksia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ataksia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxi" title="Ataxi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ataxi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neurological impairment of voluntary muscle movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ataxia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ataxia (disambiguation)">Ataxia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Ataxia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Lack of coordination</li> <li>Slurred speech</li> <li>Trouble eating and swallowing</li> <li>Deterioration of fine motor skills</li> <li>Difficulty walking</li> <li>Gait abnormalities</li> <li>Eye movement abnormalities</li> <li>Tremors</li> <li>Heart problems</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Ataxia</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") is a <a href="/wiki/Neurological_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological sign">neurological sign</a> consisting of lack of voluntary <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination of muscle movements</a> that can include <a href="/wiki/Gait_abnormality" title="Gait abnormality">gait abnormality</a>, speech changes, and abnormalities in <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">eye movements</a>, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> that coordinate movement, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p><p>These nervous system dysfunctions occur in several different patterns, with different results and different possible causes. Ataxia can be limited to one side of the body, which is referred to as hemiataxia. <a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a> has gait abnormality as the most commonly presented symptom. Dystaxia is a mild degree of ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cerebellar">Cerebellar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cerebellar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">Cerebellar ataxia</a></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">cerebellar ataxia</a> is used to indicate ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cerebellum is responsible for integrating a significant amount of neural information that is used to coordinate smoothly ongoing movements and to participate in <a href="/wiki/Motor_planning" title="Motor planning">motor planning</a>. Although ataxia is not present with all cerebellar <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>, many conditions affecting the cerebellum do produce ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with cerebellar ataxia may have trouble regulating the force, range, direction, velocity, and rhythm of muscle contractions.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8036-0093-3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8036-0093-3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in a characteristic type of irregular, uncoordinated movement that can manifest itself in many possible ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynergy">asynergy</a>, delayed reaction time, and <a href="/wiki/Dyschronometria" title="Dyschronometria">dyschronometria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with cerebellar ataxia could also display instability of gait, difficulty with eye movements, <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysmetria" title="Dysmetria">dysmetria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dysdiadochokinesia" title="Dysdiadochokinesia">dysdiadochokinesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deficits can vary depending on which cerebellar structures have been damaged, and whether the lesion is bi- or unilateral.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People with cerebellar ataxia may initially present with poor balance, which could be demonstrated as an inability to stand on one leg or perform <a href="/wiki/Tandem_gait" title="Tandem gait">tandem gait</a>. As the condition progresses, walking is characterized by a widened base and high stepping, as well as staggering and lurching from side to side.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning is also problematic and could result in falls. As cerebellar ataxia becomes severe, great assistance and effort are needed to stand and walk.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">Dysarthria</a>, an impairment with articulation, may also be present and is characterized by "scanning" speech that consists of slower rate, irregular rhythm, and variable volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, slurring of speech, tremor of the voice, and <a href="/wiki/Ataxic_respiration" title="Ataxic respiration">ataxic respiration</a> may occur. Cerebellar ataxia could result with incoordination of movement, particularly in the extremities. Overshooting (or hypermetria) occurs with finger-to-nose testing and heel to shin testing; thus, <a href="/wiki/Dysmetria" title="Dysmetria">dysmetria</a> is evident.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impairments with alternating movements (dysdiadochokinesia), as well as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_dysrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac dysrhythmia">dysrhythmia</a>, may also be displayed. Tremor of the head and trunk (<a href="/wiki/Titubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Titubation">titubation</a>) may be seen in individuals with cerebellar ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmahmann_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmahmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dysmetria is thought to be caused by a deficit in the control of interaction <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> in multijoint motion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10805697_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10805697-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interaction torques are created at an associated joint when the primary joint is moved. For example, if a movement required reaching to touch a target in front of the body, <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> would create a torque at the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> of the elbow would create a torque at the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. These torques increase as the speed of movement increases and must be compensated and adjusted for to create coordinated movement. This may, therefore, explain decreased coordination at higher movement velocities and accelerations. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_syndrome" title="Vestibulocerebellar syndrome">Dysfunction of the vestibulocerebellum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">flocculonodular lobe</a>) impairs balance and the control of eye movements. This presents itself with <a href="/wiki/Postural_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural instability">postural instability</a>, in which the person tends to separate his/her feet upon standing, to gain a wider base and to avoid titubation (bodily oscillations tending to be forward-backward ones). The instability is, therefore, worsened when standing with the feet together, regardless of whether the eyes are open or closed. This is a negative <a href="/wiki/Romberg%27s_test" title="Romberg's test">Romberg's test</a>, or more accurately, it denotes the individual's inability to carry out the test, because the individual feels unstable even with open eyes. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">spinocerebellum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermis">vermis</a> and associated areas near the midline) presents itself with a wide-based "drunken sailor" <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a> (called truncal ataxia),<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenfeld_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenfeld-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characterised by uncertain starts and stops, lateral deviations, and unequal steps. As a result of this gait impairment, <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falling</a> is a concern in patients with ataxia. Studies examining falls in this population show that 74–93% of patients have fallen at least once in the past year and up to 60% admit to fear of falling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20157791_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20157791-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15645525_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15645525-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">cerebrocerebellum</a> (lateral hemispheres) presents as disturbances in carrying out voluntary, planned movements by the extremities (called appendicular ataxia).<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenfeld_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenfeld-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a> (coarse trembling, accentuated over the execution of voluntary movements, possibly involving the head and eyes, as well as the limbs and torso)</li> <li>Peculiar writing abnormalities (large, unequal letters, irregular underlining)</li> <li>A peculiar pattern of <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a> (slurred speech, sometimes characterised by explosive variations in voice intensity despite a regular rhythm)</li> <li>Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, known as dysdiadochokinesia, occurs, and could involve rapidly switching from <a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">pronation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supination</a> of the forearm. Movements become more irregular with increases of speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inability to judge distances or ranges of movement happens. This dysmetria is often seen as undershooting, <a href="/wiki/Hypometria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypometria">hypometria</a>, or overshooting, <a href="/wiki/Hypermetria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermetria">hypermetria</a>, the required distance or range to reach a target. This is sometimes seen when a patient is asked to reach out and touch someone's finger or touch his or her own nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The rebound phenomenon, also known as the loss of the check reflex, is also sometimes seen in patients with cerebellar ataxia, for example, when patients are flexing their elbows isometrically against a resistance. When the resistance is suddenly removed without warning, the patients' arms may swing up and even strike themselves. With an intact check reflex, the patients check and activate the opposing triceps to slow and stop the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitz_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Patients may exhibit a constellation of subtle to overt cognitive symptoms, which are gathered under the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cognitive_affective_syndrome" title="Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome">Schmahmann's syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory">Sensory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Sensory_ataxia" title="Sensory ataxia">sensory ataxia</a> is used to indicate ataxia due to loss of <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, the loss of sensitivity to the positions of joint and body parts. This is generally caused by dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal columns">dorsal columns</a> of the spinal cord, because they carry proprioceptive information up to the brain. In some cases, the cause of sensory ataxia may instead be dysfunction of the various parts of the brain that receive positional information, including the cerebellum, <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9184691_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9184691-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sensory ataxia presents itself with an unsteady "stomping" gait with heavy <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a> strikes, as well as a postural instability that is usually worsened when the lack of proprioceptive input cannot be compensated for by <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual input</a>, such as in poorly lit environments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicians can find evidence of sensory ataxia during <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> by having patients stand with their feet together and <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a> shut. In affected patients, this will cause the instability to worsen markedly, producing wide oscillations and possibly a fall; this is called a positive <a href="/wiki/Romberg%27s_test" title="Romberg's test">Romberg's test</a>. Worsening of the finger-pointing test with the eyes closed is another feature of sensory ataxia. Also, when patients are standing with arms and hands extended toward the physician, if the eyes are closed, the patients' fingers tend to "fall down" and then be restored to the horizontal extended position by sudden muscular contractions (the "ataxic hand").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vestibular">Vestibular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vestibular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term vestibular ataxia is used to indicate ataxia due to dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, which in acute and unilateral cases is associated with prominent <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>. In slow-onset, chronic bilateral cases of vestibular dysfunction, these characteristic manifestations may be absent, and <a href="/wiki/Dysequilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysequilibrium">dysequilibrium</a> may be the sole presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three types of ataxia have overlapping causes, so can either coexist or occur in isolation. Cerebellar ataxia can have many causes despite normal neuroimaging.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focal_lesions">Focal lesions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Focal lesions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any type of focal lesion of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, inflammatory [such as <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>], and "chronic lymphocytyc inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids syndrome" [CLIPPERS<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]) will cause the type of ataxia corresponding to the site of the lesion: cerebellar if in the cerebellum; sensory if in the dorsal spinal cord...to include cord compression by thickened ligamentum flavum or stenosis of the boney spinal canal...(and rarely in the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a>); or vestibular if in the vestibular system (including the vestibular areas of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exogenous_substances_(metabolic_ataxia)"><span id="Exogenous_substances_.28metabolic_ataxia.29"></span>Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogenous">Exogenous</a> substances that cause ataxia mainly do so because they have a depressant effect on central nervous system function. The most common example is <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (alcohol), which is capable of causing reversible cerebellar and vestibular ataxia. Chronic intake of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> causes atrophy of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses induced by <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34444449_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34444449-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples include various prescription drugs (e.g. most <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic drugs">antiepileptic drugs</a> have cerebellar ataxia as a possible <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">adverse effect</a>), Lithium level over 1.5mEq/L, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">synthetic cannabinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">HU-211</a> ingestion<sup id="cite_ref-Inadvertent_Ingestion_of_Marijuana_---_Los_Angeles,_California,_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inadvertent_Ingestion_of_Marijuana_---_Los_Angeles,_California,_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various other medical and recreational drugs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, all of which are <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> that produce a dissociative state at high doses). A further class of pharmaceuticals which can cause short term ataxia, especially in high doses, are <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid817697_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid817697-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1888441_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1888441-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>, through consumption of fish with high <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> concentrations, is also a known cause of ataxia and other <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">neurological disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19253038_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19253038-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_poisoning">Radiation poisoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Radiation poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ataxia can be induced as a result of severe <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation poisoning</a> with an absorbed dose of more than 30 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">grays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, those with <a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">ataxia telangiectasia</a> may have a high sensitivity towards <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_B12_deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vitamin B12 deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a> may cause, among several neurological abnormalities, overlapping cerebellar and sensory ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuropsychological symptoms may include sense loss, difficulty in <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, poor balance, loss of sensation in the feet, changes in <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a>, dementia, and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, which can be reversible with treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications may include a neurological complex known as <a href="/wiki/Subacute_combined_degeneration_of_spinal_cord" title="Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord">subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord</a>, and other neurological disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hypothyroidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms of neurological dysfunction may be the presenting feature in some patients with <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>. These include reversible <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">cerebellar ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. Most of the neurological complications improve completely after <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormone</a> replacement therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-149992-X_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-149992-X-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pavan_2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavan_2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_isolated_sensory_ataxia">Causes of isolated sensory ataxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Causes of isolated sensory ataxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">Peripheral neuropathies</a> may cause generalised or localised sensory ataxia (e.g. a limb only) depending on the extent of the neuropathic involvement. Spinal disorders of various types may cause sensory ataxia from the lesioned level below, when they involve the dorsal columns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-hereditary_cerebellar_degeneration">Non-hereditary cerebellar degeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-hereditary cerebellar degeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-hereditary causes of cerebellar degeneration include chronic <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_cerebellar_degeneration" title="Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration">paraneoplastic</a> and non-paraneoplastic <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmune</a> ataxia,<sup id="cite_ref-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medusa_head_ataxia_-_Part_3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_2019_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2019-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hermaszewski_1991_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermaszewski_1991-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Normal-pressure_hydrocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal-pressure hydrocephalus">normal-pressure hydrocephalus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lv_2022_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lv_2022-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and infectious or post-infectious <a href="/wiki/Post_viral_cerebellar_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Post viral cerebellar ataxia">cerebellitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parvez_2022_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parvez_2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary_ataxias">Hereditary ataxias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hereditary ataxias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ataxia may depend on <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> disorders consisting of degeneration of the cerebellum or of the spine; most cases feature both to some extent, and therefore present with overlapping cerebellar and sensory ataxia, even though one is often more evident than the other. Hereditary disorders causing ataxia include <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> ones such as <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">spinocerebellar ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episodic_ataxia" title="Episodic ataxia">episodic ataxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dentatorubropallidoluysian_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy">dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a> (sensory and cerebellar, with the former predominating) and <a href="/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease" title="Niemann–Pick disease">Niemann–Pick disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">ataxia–telangiectasia</a> (sensory and cerebellar, with the latter predominating), autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-14<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abetalipoproteinaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abetalipoproteinaemia">abetalipoproteinaemia</a>. An example of X-linked ataxic condition is the rare <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X-associated_tremor/ataxia_syndrome" title="Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome">fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome</a> or FXTAS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arnold–Chiari_malformation_(congenital_ataxia)"><span id="Arnold.E2.80.93Chiari_malformation_.28congenital_ataxia.29"></span>Arnold–Chiari malformation (congenital ataxia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arnold–Chiari malformation (congenital ataxia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnold%E2%80%93Chiari_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold–Chiari malformation">Arnold–Chiari malformation</a> is a malformation of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. It consists of a downward displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tonsils" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar tonsils">cerebellar tonsils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a>, sometimes causing <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> as a result of obstruction of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> outflow.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency">Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency">Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Recessive_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive gene">recessive gene</a> disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene results in the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid</a> (GHB) in the body. GHB accumulates in the nervous system and can cause ataxia as well as other <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-urlSSADH_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlSSADH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilson's_disease"><span id="Wilson.27s_disease"></span>Wilson's disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wilson's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Recessive_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive gene">recessive gene</a> disorder whereby an alteration of the ATP7B gene results in an inability to properly excrete <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.birminghammodis.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.birminghammodis.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and raises the toxicity levels in the nervous system causing demyelination of the nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause ataxia as well as other <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> and organ impairments.<sup id="cite_ref-urlWilsons_disease2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWilsons_disease2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gluten_ataxia">Gluten ataxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gluten ataxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv/220px--Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="125" data-durationhint="111" data-mwtitle="Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv/Gluten_ataxia_eng.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A male with gluten ataxia: previous situation and evolution after three months of a gluten-free diet</figcaption></figure> <p>Gluten ataxia is an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is triggered by the ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MitomaAdhikari2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitomaAdhikari2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sapone-etal-2010-b_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapone-etal-2010-b-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early diagnosis and treatment with a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a> can improve ataxia and prevent its progression. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on the elapsed time from the onset of the ataxia until diagnosis, because the death of <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">neurons in the cerebellum</a> as a result of gluten exposure is irreversible.<sup id="cite_ref-MitomaAdhikari2016_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitomaAdhikari2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HadjivassiliouSanders2015_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HadjivassiliouSanders2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accounts for 40% of ataxias of unknown origin and 15% of all ataxias.<sup id="cite_ref-HadjivassiliouSanders2015_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HadjivassiliouSanders2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 10% of people with gluten ataxia present any gastrointestinal symptom and only about 40% have intestinal damage.<sup id="cite_ref-MitomaAdhikari2016_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitomaAdhikari2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HadjivassiliouSanders2015_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HadjivassiliouSanders2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entity is classified into primary auto-immune cerebellar ataxias (PACA).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a continuum between presymptomatic ataxia and immune ataxias with clinical deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potassium_pump">Potassium pump</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Potassium pump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Sodium-potassium_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-potassium pump">sodium-potassium pump</a> may be a factor in some ataxias. The <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>-<span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> pump has been shown to control and set the intrinsic activity mode of <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar">cerebellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje neurons">Purkinje neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that the pump might not simply be a homeostatic, "housekeeping" molecule for ionic gradients; but could be a computational element in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, an <a href="/wiki/Ouabain" title="Ouabain">ouabain</a> block of <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>-<span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> pumps in the cerebellum of a live <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> results in it displaying ataxia and <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ataxia is observed for lower ouabain concentrations, dystonia is observed at higher ouabain concentrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cerebellar_ataxia_associated_with_anti-GAD_antibodies">Cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-GAD antibodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-GAD antibodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antibodies impair motor learning and cause behavioral deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">GAD antibodies</a> related ataxia is part of the group called immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antibodies induce a synaptopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to autoimmune disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cerebellar circuitry has capacities to compensate and restore function thanks to cerebellar reserve, gathering multiple forms of plasticity. LTDpathies gather immune disorders targeting <a href="/wiki/Long-term_depression" title="Long-term depression">long-term depression</a> (LTD), a form of plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Imaging studies – A <abbr>CT</abbr> scan or <abbr>MRI</abbr> of the brain might help determine potential causes. An <abbr>MRI</abbr> can sometimes show shrinkage of the cerebellum and other brain structures in people with ataxia. It may also show other treatable findings, such as a blood clot or benign tumour, that could be pressing on the cerebellum.</li> <li>Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – A needle is inserted into the lower back (lumbar region) between two lumbar vertebrae to obtain a sample of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> for testing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> – Determines whether the mutation that causes one of the hereditary ataxic conditions is present. Tests are available for many but not all of the hereditary ataxias.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment of ataxia and its effectiveness depend on the underlying cause. Treatment may limit or reduce the effects of ataxia, but it is unlikely to eliminate them entirely. Recovery tends to be better in individuals with a single focal injury (such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign tumour">benign tumour</a>), compared to those who have a neurological degenerative condition.<sup id="cite_ref-can_rehabilitation_help_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can_rehabilitation_help-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of the management of degenerative ataxia was published in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-systematic_review_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systematic_review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of rare conditions presenting with prominent cerebellar ataxia are amenable to specific treatment and recognition of these disorders is critical. Diseases include vitamin E deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Niemann–Pick type C disease, Refsum's disease, glucose transporter type 1 deficiency, episodic ataxia type 2, gluten ataxia, glutamic acid decarboxylase ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novel therapies target the RNA defects associated with cerebellar disorders, using in particular anti-sense oligonucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement disorders associated with ataxia can be managed by pharmacological treatments and through <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17000340_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17000340-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some drug treatments that have been used to control ataxia include: <a href="/wiki/5-hydroxytryptophan" class="mw-redirect" title="5-hydroxytryptophan">5-hydroxytryptophan</a> (5-HTP), <a href="/wiki/Idebenone" title="Idebenone">idebenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">amantadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">physostigmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-carnitine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-carnitine">L-carnitine</a> or derivatives, <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">vigabatrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-aminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-aminopyridine">4-aminopyridine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-systematic_review_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systematic_review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> requires a focus on adapting activity and facilitating <a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">motor learning</a> for retraining specific functional motor patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Intensive_coordinative_training_improves_motor_performance_in_degenerative_cerebellar_disease_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intensive_coordinative_training_improves_motor_performance_in_degenerative_cerebellar_disease-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent systematic review suggested that physical therapy is effective, but there is only moderate evidence to support this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19114434_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19114434-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used physical therapy interventions for cerebellar ataxia are vestibular habituation, <a href="/wiki/Frenkel_exercises" title="Frenkel exercises">Frenkel exercises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprioceptive_neuromuscular_facilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation">proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation</a> (PNF), and balance training; however, therapy is often highly individualized and gait and coordination training are large components of therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current research suggests that, if a person is able to walk with or without a <a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">mobility aid</a>, physical therapy should include an exercise program addressing five components: static balance, dynamic balance, trunk-limb coordination, stairs, and <a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">contracture</a> prevention. Once the physical therapist determines that the individual is able to safely perform parts of the program independently, it is important that the individual be prescribed and regularly engage in a supplementary home exercise program that incorporates these components to further improve long term outcomes. These outcomes include balance tasks, gait, and individual activities of daily living. While the improvements are attributed primarily to changes in the brain and not just the hip or ankle joints, it is still unknown whether the improvements are due to adaptations in the cerebellum or compensation by other areas of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Intensive_coordinative_training_improves_motor_performance_in_degenerative_cerebellar_disease_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intensive_coordinative_training_improves_motor_performance_in_degenerative_cerebellar_disease-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decomposition, simplification, or slowing of multijoint movement may also be an effective strategy that therapists may use to improve function in patients with ataxia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9184691_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9184691-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training likely needs to be intense and focused—as indicated by one study performed with stroke patients experiencing limb ataxia who underwent intensive upper limb retraining.<sup id="cite_ref-stroke_ataxia_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroke_ataxia-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their therapy consisted of <a href="/wiki/Constraint-induced_movement_therapy" title="Constraint-induced movement therapy">constraint-induced movement therapy</a> which resulted in improvements of their arm function.<sup id="cite_ref-stroke_ataxia_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroke_ataxia-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment should likely include strategies to manage difficulties with everyday activities such as walking. Gait aids (such as a cane or walker) can be provided to decrease the risk of falls associated with impairment of <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a> or poor <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination</a>. Severe ataxia may eventually lead to the need for a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a>. To obtain better results, possible coexisting motor deficits need to be addressed in addition to those induced by ataxia. For example, muscle weakness and decreased endurance could lead to increasing fatigue and poorer movement patterns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several assessment tools available to therapists and health care professionals working with patients with ataxia. The <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Ataxia_Rating_Scale" title="International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale">International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale</a> (ICARS) is one of the most widely used and has been proven to have very high reliability and validity.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tools that assess motor function, balance and coordination are also highly valuable to help the therapist track the progress of their patient, as well as to quantify the patient's functionality. These tests include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Berg_Balance_Scale" title="Berg Balance Scale">Berg Balance Scale</a></li> <li>Tandem Walking (to test for <a href="/wiki/Tandem_gait" title="Tandem gait">Tandem gaitability</a>)</li> <li>Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16769946_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16769946-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>tapping tests – The person must quickly and repeatedly tap their arm or leg while the therapist monitors the amount of <a href="/wiki/Dysdiadochokinesia" title="Dysdiadochokinesia">dysdiadochokinesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Notermans_1994_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notermans_1994-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger-nose_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-nose testing">finger-nose testing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Notermans_1994_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notermans_1994-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – This test has several variations including finger-to-therapist's finger, finger-to-finger, and alternate nose-to-finger.<sup id="cite_ref-urlOPETA:_Neurologic_Examination_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlOPETA:_Neurologic_Examination-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "ataxia" is sometimes used in a broader sense to indicate lack of coordination in some physiological process. Examples include <b>optic ataxia</b> (lack of coordination between visual inputs and hand movements, resulting in inability to reach and grab objects) and <a href="/wiki/Ataxic_respiration" title="Ataxic respiration">ataxic respiration</a> (lack of coordination in respiratory movements, usually due to dysfunction of the respiratory centres in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>). </p><p>Optic ataxia may be caused by lesions to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">posterior parietal cortex</a>, which is responsible for combining and expressing positional information and relating it to movement. Outputs of the posterior parietal cortex include the spinal cord, brain stem motor pathways, pre-motor and pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia and the cerebellum. Some neurons in the posterior parietal cortex are modulated by intention. Optic ataxia is usually part of <a href="/wiki/Balint%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Balint's syndrome">Balint's syndrome</a>, but can be seen in isolation with injuries to the superior parietal lobule, as it represents a disconnection between visual-association cortex and the frontal premotor and motor cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17603404_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17603404-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataxic_cerebral_palsy" title="Ataxic cerebral palsy">Ataxic cerebral palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotor_ataxia" title="Locomotor ataxia">Locomotor ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruns_apraxia" title="Bruns apraxia">Bruns apraxia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dystaxia">"Dystaxia Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome". <i>The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fjnp.16.3.367">10.1176/jnp.16.3.367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15377747">15377747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuropsychiatry+and+Clinical+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Disorders+of+the+cerebellum%3A+ataxia%2C+dysmetria+of+thought%2C+and+the+cerebellar+cognitive+affective+syndrome&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fjnp.16.3.367&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15377747&rft.aulast=Schmahmann&rft.aufirst=JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtaxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8036-0093-3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8036-0093-3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredericks1996" class="citation book cs1">Fredericks CM (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hy-q.com/cooper/pdf/NCS%20Exam/208%20Disorders%20of%20the%20Cerebellum%20and%20its%20Connections.pdf">"Disorders of the Cerebellum and Its Connections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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"Spatial neglect, Balint-Homes' and Gerstmann's syndrome, and other spatial disorders". <i>CNS Spectrums</i>. <b>12</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">527–</span>536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1092852900021271">10.1017/S1092852900021271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17603404">17603404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45201083">45201083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Spectrums&rft.atitle=Spatial+neglect%2C+Balint-Homes%27+and+Gerstmann%27s+syndrome%2C+and+other+spatial+disorders&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E527-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45201083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17603404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1092852900021271&rft.aulast=Vallar&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtaxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerlman1998" class="citation book cs1">Perlman S (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1138/">"Hereditary Ataxia Overview (last revision 2012)"</a>. In Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, Bird TD (eds.). <i>All GeneReview</i>. University of Washington, Seattle. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301317">20301317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hereditary+Ataxia+Overview+%28last+revision+2012%29&rft.btitle=All+GeneReview&rft.pub=University+of+Washington%2C+Seattle&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20301317&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK1138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtaxia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMantoGruolSchmahmannKoibuchi2013" class="citation book cs1">Manto M, Gruol D, Schmahmann J, Koibuchi N, Rossi F (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-94-007-1332-1"><i>Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1332-1"><bdi>978-94-007-1332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Cerebellum+and+Cerebellar+Disorders&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1332-1&rft.aulast=Manto&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Gruol%2C+D&rft.au=Schmahmann%2C+J&rft.au=Koibuchi%2C+N&rft.au=Rossi%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fbiomed%2Fneuroscience%2Fbook%2F978-94-007-1332-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtaxia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsmail2018" class="citation journal cs1">Esmail S (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scivisionpub.com/journals/articleinpress-journal-of-medical-clinical-research-reviews">"Cerebellar ataxia but normal neuroimaging: now what?"</a>. <i>Scivision</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scivision&rft.atitle=Cerebellar+ataxia+but+normal+neuroimaging%3A+now+what%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Esmail&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scivisionpub.com%2Fjournals%2Farticleinpress-journal-of-medical-clinical-research-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtaxia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataxia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ataxia.org">National Ataxia Foundation (USA)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213373" class="extiw" title="d:Q213373">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#99719518">MB45.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1705355202">8A03</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R27.0">R27.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001259">D001259</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb15409.htm">15409</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_movement_and_gait205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Movement and gait symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Movement_and_gait_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Movement and gait symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_movement_and_gait205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to movement and <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gait_abnormality" title="Gait abnormality">Gait abnormality</a></li> <li>CNS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_gait" title="Scissor gait">Scissor gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">Cerebellar ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Choreic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonian_gait" title="Parkinsonian gait">Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_gait" title="Magnetic gait">Magnetic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche_%C3%A0_petit_pas" title="Marche à petit pas">Marche à petit pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_gait" title="Propulsive gait">Propulsive gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomping_gait" title="Stomping gait">Stomping gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_gait" title="Spastic gait">Spastic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncal_ataxia" title="Truncal ataxia">Truncal ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muscular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myopathic_gait" title="Myopathic gait">Myopathic gait/Waddling gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendelenburg_gait" title="Trendelenburg gait">Trendelenburg gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_gait" title="Pigeon gait">Pigeon gait</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drop" title="Foot drop">Foot drop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppage_gait" title="Steppage gait">Steppage gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_walking" title="Toe walking">Toe walking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asymmetric gait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gait#Variables" title="Gait">Leaping gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asynchronous gait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunslinger%27s_gait" title="Gunslinger's gait">Gunslinger's gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparetic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limp" title="Limp">Limp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalgic_gait" title="Antalgic gait">Antalgic gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deformity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_gait" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus gait">Lotus gait</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interlimb_coordination" title="Interlimb coordination">Coordination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">Cerebellar ataxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysmetria" title="Dysmetria">Dysmetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysdiadochokinesia" title="Dysdiadochokinesia">Dysdiadochokinesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_drift" title="Pronator drift">Pronator drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssynergia" title="Dyssynergia">Dyssynergia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_ataxia" title="Sensory ataxia">Sensory ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterixis" title="Asterixis">Asterixis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasia" title="Abasia">Abasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimotor_neglect" title="Hemimotor neglect">Hemimotor neglect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Abnormal movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">Fasciculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">Fibrillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myokymia" title="Myokymia">Myokymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinesia" title="Hyperkinesia">Hyperkinesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">Hypokinesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonia" title="Myotonia">Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Hypotonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">Echopraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_posturing" title="Abnormal posturing">Abnormal posturing</a></li> <li>Stooped posture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camptocormia" title="Camptocormia">Camptocormia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonus" title="Opisthotonus">Opisthotonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">Spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trismus" title="Trismus">Trismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetany" title="Tetany">Tetany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_locking_(symptom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint locking (symptom)">Joint locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalepsy" title="Catalepsy">Catalepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxy_flexibility" title="Waxy flexibility">Waxy flexibility</a></li> <li>Grimacing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death#Humans" title="Apparent death">Tonic immobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">Paralysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis" title="Flaccid paralysis">Flaccid paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_paralysis" title="Periodic paralysis">Periodic paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_paraplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spastic paraplegia">Spastic paraplegia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">Spastic diplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_paraplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spastic paraplegia">Spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syndromes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoplegia" title="Monoplegia">Monoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplegia" title="Diplegia">Diplegia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">Paraplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiplegia">Hemiplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplegia" title="Triplegia">Triplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraplegia" title="Tetraplegia">Tetraplegia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quadruplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruplegia">Quadruplegia</a></li></ul></li> <li>General causes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion" title="Upper motor neuron lesion">Upper motor neuron lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron_lesion" title="Lower motor neuron lesion">Lower motor neuron lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">Weakness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowers%27_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowers' sign">Gowers' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_syndrome" title="Locomotive syndrome">Locomotive syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">Ptosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">Range of motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">Contracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlem_myopathy" title="Bethlem myopathy">Bethlem sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">Club foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_stiffness" title="Joint stiffness">Joint stiffness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankylosis" title="Ankylosis">Ankylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)" title="Hypermobility (joints)">Hypermobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlin_sign" title="Gorlin sign">Gorlin sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehlers-Danlos_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndromes">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_spectrum_disorder" title="Hypermobility spectrum disorder">HSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonniere_deformity" title="Boutonniere deformity">Boutonniere deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_neck_deformity" title="Swan neck deformity">Swan neck deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">Kyphosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachitic_rosary" title="Rachitic rosary">Rachitic rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">Flat feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot#overpronation" title="Pronation of the foot">Overpronation/Flexible flat feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock-knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock-knee">Knock-knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow-leggedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow-leggedness">Bow-leggedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Back knee">Back knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporeflexia" title="Hyporeflexia">Hyporeflexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">Hyperreflexia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clasp-knife_response" title="Clasp-knife response">Clasp-knife response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering">Shivering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnic_jerk" title="Hypnic jerk">Hypnic jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astasia-abasia" title="Astasia-abasia">Astasia-abasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_shock" title="Shell shock">Shell shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">Stupor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template talk:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a><br /> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related<br /> crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">Drunk driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prison alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1jaro_verde" title="Pájaro verde">Pájaro verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">Public intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">Alcoholism in rural Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a 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beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> 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1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect" title="Gateway drug effect">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a 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