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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kulat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kulat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kulat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kulat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Peristilahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristilahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Peristilahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristilahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Filogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertumbuhan_dan_fisiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertumbuhan_dan_fisiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pertumbuhan dan fisiologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertumbuhan_dan_fisiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembiakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembiakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pembiakan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pembiakan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pembiakan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pembiakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembiakan_aseks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembiakan_aseks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pembiakan aseks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembiakan_aseks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembiakan_seksual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembiakan_seksual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pembiakan seksual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembiakan_seksual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebaran_spora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebaran_spora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Penyebaran spora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyebaran_spora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proses_seks_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses_seks_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Proses seks lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses_seks_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ekologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_alam_sekitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_alam_sekitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hubungan dengan alam sekitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_alam_sekitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sumber utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kulat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 183 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongs" title="Fongs – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fongs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holatra" title="Holatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gljiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarlar" title="Mantarlar – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Kulat" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kulat"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kulat"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Kulat" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Kulat" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&oldid=6317715" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Kulat&id=6317715&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKulat"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKulat"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kulat"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kulat&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Kulat<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Julat zaman: Awal <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene">Kini</a><br /><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">410–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div 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href="/wiki/Ordovisi" title="Ordovisi">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Silures">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:; left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa karbon">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasik">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Usia_kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia kapur">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:5.0769230769231px; width:214.92307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:81.230769230769px; width:138.76923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:82.230769230769px; width:136.76923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top left): a mushroom with a flat red top with white spots and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic spherical grey semitransparent cell with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/290px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/435px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/580px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Ikut arah jam dari kiri atas: <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>, sejenis basidiomiset;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoscypha_coccinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcoscypha coccinea (laman tidak wujud)">Sarcoscypha coccinea</a></i>, sejenis askomiset;</li> <li>roti dilitupi <a class="mw-selflink selflink">kulat</a>;</li> <li>sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Chytridiomycota</a>;</li> <li>sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conidiofor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conidiofor (laman tidak wujud)">conidiofor</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspergillus (laman tidak wujud)">Aspergillus</a></i>.</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Pengelasan saintifik</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Fungi" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obazoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obazoa (laman tidak wujud)">Obazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(tanpa pangkat): </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthokonta (laman tidak wujud)">Opisthokonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(tanpa pangkat): </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Holomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alam: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fungus</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royall_T._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royall T. Moore (laman tidak wujud)">R.T.Moore</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moore1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Subalam/Filum </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellomyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Rozellomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Rozellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsporidia (laman tidak wujud)">Microsporidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelidiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelidiomyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Aphelidiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelidiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelidiomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Aphelidiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amastigomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Eumycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Chytridiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Chytridiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Blastocladiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Blastocladiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Zoopagomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiobolomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiobolomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Basidiobolomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycota (laman tidak wujud)">Entomophthoromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Kickxellomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortierellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortierellomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Mortierellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromyceta (laman tidak wujud)">Mucoromyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcarisporiellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcarisporiellomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycota (laman tidak wujud)">Mucoromycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbiomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Symbiomycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomeromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomeromycota (laman tidak wujud)">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entorrhizomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entorrhizomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Entorrhizomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikarya (laman 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كولت</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) ialah salah satu daripada <a href="/wiki/Organisma" title="Organisma">organisma</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot">eukariot</a> yang mencernakan makanannya di luar dan menyerap <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> <a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">nutrien</a> ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">selnya</a>. Organisme-organisme sepunya ciri ini dikelaskan dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Alam_(biologi)" title="Alam (biologi)">alam hidupan</a> tersendiri diberi nama saintifiknya <b>Fungus</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ([fun.gus], <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5953951"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فوڠݢوس</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) setaraf dengan alam-alam <a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant">tumbuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">binatang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>. Bidang kajian mengenai hidupan dalam alam ini disebutkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">mikologi</a> (dari akar kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a>: <span lang="el">μυκες</span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: el is deprecated </span> <i>mykes</i> "lendir" dan <span title="Yunani-language text"><span lang="el">λογοσ</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: el is deprecated </span> <i>logos</i> "pengetahuan, lambang"). </p><p>Kulat digunakan secara meluas oleh <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yis" title="Yis">ragi</a> digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Penapaian" class="mw-disambig" title="Penapaian">menapaikan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bir" title="Bir">bir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, sedangkan perladangan <a href="/wiki/Cendawan" title="Cendawan">cendawan</a> merupakan industri yang besar di banyak negara. Kulat ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurai (laman tidak wujud)">pengurai</a> utama untuk bahan-bahan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Haiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiwan">haiwan</a> mati di dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>, dan biasa dapat dinampak ketika roti lama bercendawan. Bagaimanapun, <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> kulat yang rumit menjangkau pengetahuan dan pengalaman biasa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peristilahan">Peristilahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Peristilahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peristilahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg/220px-Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg/330px-Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg/440px-Fungi_at_Seksyen_6_Kota_Damansara_20231027_143424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Kulat di Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <p>Perkataan <i>kulat</i> merupakan istilah umum turunan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Proto-Austronesia">akar Proto-Austronesia</a> *<i>kulaC</i> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_proto-Melayu-Polinesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa proto-Melayu-Polinesia (laman tidak wujud)">cabang Melayu-Polinesia</a>nya *<i>kulat</i>₂ merujuk dahulunya kepada spesies genus <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyporus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyporus (laman tidak wujud)">Polyporus</a></i> yang ada di Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-truss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah <i>Fungus</i> yang digunakan dalam konteks saintifik diserap langsung dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> digunakan dalam tulisan-tulisan <a href="/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius">Horatius</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Plinius_yang_Tua" title="Plinius yang Tua">Plinius</a> bermaksud "cendawan", kata ini berasal dari kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Purba" title="Bahasa Yunani Purba">Yunani Purba</a> <span title="Yunani-language text"><span lang="el">σφόγγος</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: el is deprecated </span> <i>sphongos</i> "<a href="/wiki/Bunga_karang" title="Bunga karang">bunga karang</a>" menggambarkan struktur makroskopik dan morfologi sejenis kulapuk dan cendawan mirip hidupan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filogeni">Filogeni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Filogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Filogeni"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dikelaskan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> pada asalnya, kulat langsung bukan tumbuhan kerana kulat ialah <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrof</a>, iaitu organisma ini tidak menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> sendiri melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> tetapi sebaliknya, menggunakan karbon yang dihasilkan oleh organisma yang lain. Sebenarnya, kulat kini dianggap lebih berkait dengan <a href="/wiki/Haiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiwan">haiwan</a> berbanding tumbuhan, dan kekadang dimasukkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opistokon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opistokon (laman tidak wujud)">opistokon</a>, sekumpulan <a href="/wiki/Monofili" title="Monofili">monofili</a>, bersama-sama dengan haiwan. Bagaimanapun, berbeza dengan haiwan, kulat menyerap dan bukan menginges makanannya, serta mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel">dinding sel</a>. Disebabkan alasan-alasan ini, kulat kini dimasukkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_(biologi)" title="Alam (biologi)">alam</a> sendiri, iaitu alam <b>Kulat</b>. </p><p>Ahli <a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">mikologi</a> (ahli <a href="/wiki/Sains" title="Sains">sains</a> yang mengkaji kulat) mempercayai bahawa kulat adalah monofoli — iaitu semua jenis kulat datangnya daripada leluhur yang sama — kerana kesemua kulat mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Kitin" title="Kitin">kitin</a> di dalam dinding selnya dan merupakan heterotrof berdaya serap, selain daripada ciri-ciri serupa yang lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pertumbuhan_dan_fisiologi">Pertumbuhan dan fisiologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pertumbuhan dan fisiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pertumbuhan dan fisiologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="box-Bahagian_kosong plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bahagian ini kosong.</b><br />Anda boleh bantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=">menambah isi bahagian ini.</a> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DecayingPeachSmall.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Urutan fotografi selang waktu dari persik yang semakin berubah warna dan membusuk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/DecayingPeachSmall.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Kulapuk" title="Kulapuk">kulapuk</a> melitupi sebiji <a href="/wiki/Persik" class="mw-redirect" title="Persik">persik</a> yang mereput busuk. Setiap gambar seturutan diambil kira-kira setiap 12 jam selama enam hari.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembiakan">Pembiakan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembiakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembiakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembiakan kulat sangat kompleks mencerminkan perbezaan gaya hidup dan susunan genetia dalam alam organisme yang beragam ini.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kira-kira sepertiga dari semua cendawan membiak menggunakan lebih dari satu metode perbanyakan; misalnya, pembiakan dapat terjadi dalam dua tahap yang terdiferensiasi dengan baik dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_hidup_organisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur hidup organisme (laman tidak wujud)">siklus hidup</a> suatu spesies, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleomorf (laman tidak wujud)">teleomorf</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamorf (laman tidak wujud)">anamorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keadaan lingkungan sekitar memicu keadaan perkembangan yang ditentukan secara genetik yang mendorong terbentuknya struktur khusus pembiakan seks atau aseks. Struktur ini membantu pembiakan dengan menyebarkan spora atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propagul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propagul (laman tidak wujud)">propagul</a> yang mengandung spora secara efisien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembiakan_aseks">Pembiakan aseks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembiakan aseks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembiakan aseks"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pembiakan_aseks" title="Pembiakan aseks">Pembiakan aseks</a> terjadi melalui spora vegetatif (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konidium (laman tidak wujud)">konidia</a>) atau melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemecahan_(pembiakan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemecahan (pembiakan) (laman tidak wujud)">pemecahan</a> <a href="/wiki/Miselium" title="Miselium">miselium</a>. Pemecahan ini terjadi ketika miselium kulat terpisah menjadi beberapa bahagian, dan setiap bahagiantumbuh menjadi miselium terpisah. Fragmentasi miselium dan spora vegetatif mempertahankan populasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klon_(genetika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klon (genetika) (laman tidak wujud)">klon</a> yang teradaptasi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relung_(ekologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relung (ekologi) (laman tidak wujud)">relung</a> tertentu, dan memungkinkan penyebaran yang lebih cepat daripada pembiakan seksual.<sup id="cite_ref-Heitman2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitman2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Fungi imperfecti" (kulat yang tidak memiliki tahap sempurna atau seksual) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuteromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deuteromycota (laman tidak wujud)">Deuteromycota</a> terdiri dari semua spesies yang tidak memiliki kitaran pembiakan yang dapat diamati.<sup id="cite_ref-Alcamo2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcamo2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deuteromycota bukan klad taksonomi yang diterima, dan sekarang dianggap hanya bererti kulat yang tidak memiliki tahap seksual yang diketahui. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembiakan_seksual">Pembiakan seksual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembiakan seksual" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembiakan seksual"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkawinan_pada_fungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkawinan pada fungi (laman tidak wujud)">Perkawinan pada fungi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleksi_seksual_pada_fungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleksi seksual pada fungi (laman tidak wujud)">Seleksi seksual pada fungi</a></div> <p>Pembiakan seksual dengan <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> telah diamati secara langsung di semua filum kulat kecuali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomeromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomeromycota (laman tidak wujud)">Glomeromycota</a><sup id="cite_ref-Redecker2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redecker2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (analisis genetik menunjukkan mungkin meiosis juga terjadi di Glomeromycota). Ini berbeza dalam banyak aspek dari pembiakan seksual pada hewan atau tumbuhan. Perbedaan juga ada antara kelompok-kelompok kulat dan dapat digunakan untuk membedakan spesies dengan perbedaan morfologis dalam struktur seksual dan strategi pembiakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Guarro1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guarro1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Percobaan kawin antara isolat kulat dapat mengidentifikasi spesies berdasarkan konsep spesies biologis.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelompok-kelompok kulat utama awalnya dideskripsikan berdasarkan morfologi struktur dan spora seksualnya; misalnya, struktur yang mengandung spora, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askus (laman tidak wujud)">askus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidium (laman tidak wujud)">basidium</a>, dapat digunakan dalam identifikasi <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>, berturut-turut. Fungi menggunakan dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perkawinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perkawinan (laman tidak wujud)">sistem perkawinan</a>: spesies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterotalik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterotalik (laman tidak wujud)">heterotalik</a> memungkinkan persenyawaan hanya antara individu-individu dari jenis yang berlawanan, sedangkan spesies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homotalik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homotalik (laman tidak wujud)">homotalik</a> dapat senyawa lalu membiak secara seks baik dengan individu lain atau dirinya sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzenberg1990_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzenberg1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebanyakan kulat memiliki tahap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haploid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haploid (laman tidak wujud)">haploid</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diploid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diploid (laman tidak wujud)">diploid</a> dalam siklus hidupnya. Dalam kulat yang membiak secara seksual, individu yang cocok dapat bergabung dengan menggabungkan hifa mereka bersama-sama ke dalam jaringan yang saling berhubungan; proses ini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastomosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastomosis (laman tidak wujud)">anastomosis</a>, diperlukan untuk inisiasi siklus seksual. Banyak Ascomycota dan Basidiomycota melewati tahap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikariotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikariotik (laman tidak wujud)">dikariotik</a>, di mana inti yang diwarisi dari dua orang tua tidak bergabung segera setelah fusi sel, tetapi tetap terpisah dalam sel-sel hifa (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterokariosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterokariosis (laman tidak wujud)">heterokariosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Morelasci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pandangan mikroskopis dari banyak struktur seakan kantung memanjang lejas masing-masing berisi delapan bola berjajar sebaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/220px-Morelasci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/330px-Morelasci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/440px-Morelasci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Askus berspora 8 dari <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morchella_elata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morchella elata (laman tidak wujud)">Morchella elata</a></i>, dilihat dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_fase_kontras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop fase kontras (laman tidak wujud)">mikroskop fase kontras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada Ascomycota, hifa dikariotik dari <a href="/wiki/Himenium" title="Himenium">himenium</a> (lapisan jaringan yang mengandung spora) membentuk kait (<i>hook</i>) yang khas pada septum hifa. Selama <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembelahan sel">pembelahan sel</a>, pembentukan kait memastikan penyebaran yang tepat dari inti yang baru membelah ke kompartemen hifa apikal dan basal. Askus kemudian dibentuk, di mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariogami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariogami (laman tidak wujud)">kariogami</a> (fusi inti) terjadi. Askus tertanam dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askokarp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askokarp (laman tidak wujud)">askokarp</a>, atau tubuh buah. Kariogami dalam askus segera diikuti oleh meiosis dan produksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askospora (laman tidak wujud)">askospora</a>. Setelah menyebar, askospora dapat berkecambah dan membentuk miselium haploid baru.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pembiakan seksual pada Basidiomycota mirip dengan Ascomycota. Hifa haploid yang cocok menyatu untuk menghasilkan miselium dikariotik. Namun, fase dikariotik lebih banyak di Basidiomycota, sering kali juga terdapat dalam miselium yang tumbuh secara vegetatif. Struktur anatomi khusus, yang disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamp_connection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamp connection (laman tidak wujud)">clamp connection</a></i>, dibentuk pada setiap septum hifa. Seperti halnya kait pada Ascomycota yang serupa secara struktural, <i>clamp connection</i> pada Basidiomycota diperlukan untuk transfer nukleus yang terkendali selama pembelahan sel, untuk mempertahankan tahap dikariotik dengan dua nukleus yang berbeza secara genetik di setiap kompartemen hifa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiokarp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiokarp (laman tidak wujud)">basidiokarp</a> terbentuk yang di dalamnya terdapat struktur seperti <a href="/wiki/Gada" title="Gada">gada</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidium (laman tidak wujud)">basidium</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiospora (laman tidak wujud)">basidiospora</a> haploid setelah karyogami dan meiosis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basidiokarp yang paling dikenal adalah jamur, tetapi basidiokarp juga dapat berbentuk lain (lihat bahagian<a href="#Morfologi">Morfologi</a>). </p><p>Pada kulat yang dulunya diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygomycota (laman tidak wujud)">Zygomycota</a>, hifa haploid dari dua individu melebur membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametangium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gametangium (laman tidak wujud)">gametangium</a>, struktur sel khusus yang menjadi sel penghasil <a href="/wiki/Gamet" title="Gamet">gamet</a> yang subur. Gametangium berkembang menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zigospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zigospora (laman tidak wujud)">zigospora</a> yang berdinding tebal dibentuk oleh penyatuan gamet. Zigospora yang bercambah engalami <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> lalu menghasilkan hifa haploid baru yang kemudian dapat membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporangiospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporangiospora (laman tidak wujud)">sporangiospora</a> aseks. Sporangiospora ini memungkinkan kulat menyebar dengan cepat dan bertunas menjadi miselia kulat haploid baru yang mirip secara genetiknya.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyebaran_spora">Penyebaran spora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyebaran spora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyebaran spora"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baik spora atau sporangiospora aseks dan seks sering kali secara aktif disebarkan melalui penyemburan paksa dari struktur biaknya. Penyemburan ini memastikan keluarnya spora berjarak jauh melalui udara. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fungi coklat berbentuk cangkir dengan beberapa struktur berbentuk piringan keabu-abuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/220px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/330px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/440px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption> Kulat sarang burung, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyathus_stercoreus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyathus stercoreus (laman tidak wujud)">Cyathus stercoreus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mekanisme dan fisiologi khusus serta struktur permukaan spora (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofobin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofobin (laman tidak wujud)">hidrofobin</a>) memungkinkan penyebaran spora yang efisien.<sup id="cite_ref-Linder2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linder2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askus (laman tidak wujud)">sel yang mengandungi spora</a> pada beberapa spesies Ascomycota memiliki struktur yang menyebabkan penumpukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmolit (laman tidak wujud)">zat-zat</a> mempengaruhi isipadu sel dan keseimbangan cecair kandungan memungkinkan pelepasan spora tersebar bebas ke udara.<sup id="cite_ref-Trail2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trail2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyemburan paksa spora tunggal yang disebut <i>balistospora</i> melibatkan pembentukan titisan air (titisan Buller) yang ketika menyentuh spora menyebabkan pelepasan berkelajian awal lebih dari 10.000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya g (laman tidak wujud)">g</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hasil akhirnya adalah bahwa spora dikeluarkan sejauh 0,01-0,02 cm, jarak yang cukup untuk jatuh melalui insang atau liang ke udara di bawah.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulat lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bebola_hembus" title="Bebola hembus">bebola hembus</a>, mengandalkan mekanisme alternatif untuk melepaskan spora, seperti gaya mekanis eksternal. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nidulariaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nidulariaceae (laman tidak wujud)">Kulat sarang burung</a> meniru pergerakan titisan air yang jatuh untuk melepaskan spora dari tubuh buah berbentuk cangkir.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie1975_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie1975-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategi lain terdapat pada kulat <a href="/wiki/Tanduk_busuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanduk busuk">tanduk busuk</a> yang berpenampilan berwarna cerah dan berbau busuk menarik perhatian serangga yang akan menyebarkan sporanya.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cara penyebaran spora yang paling umum adalah melalui tiupan angin – spesies yang menggunakan bentuk dispersi ini sering kali menghasilkan spora kering atau hidrofobik yang tidak menyerap air dan mudah tersebar oleh titisan hujan, misalnya. Sebahagian besar spesies kulat yang diteliti menghasilkan spora yang dibawa angin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proses_seks_lainnya">Proses seks lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Proses seks lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Proses seks lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selain pembiakan seks biasa secara meiosis, kulat tertentu, seperti pada genera <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium (laman tidak wujud)">Penicillium</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspergillus (laman tidak wujud)">Aspergillus</a></i>, dapat bertukar material genetik melalui proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraseksualitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraseksualitas (laman tidak wujud)">paraseksual</a>, yang dimulai oleh anastomosis antara hifa-hifa dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmogami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmogami (laman tidak wujud)">plasmogami</a> sel-sel jamur.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frekuensi dan kepentingan relatif dari kejadian paraseksual tidak jelas dan mungkin lebih rendah dari proses seksual lainnya. Proses paraseksual diketahui berperan dalam hibridisasi intraspesifik<sup id="cite_ref-Furlaneto1992_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furlaneto1992-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kemungkinan diperlukan untuk hibridisasi antar spesies, yang telah dikaitkan dengan peristiwa besar dalam evolusi kulat.<sup id="cite_ref-Schardl2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schardl2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologi">Ekologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg/300px-Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Kulat bertumbuh di pokok di <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_dengan_alam_sekitar">Hubungan dengan alam sekitar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan dengan alam sekitar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan dengan alam sekitar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun sering tidak mudah dilihat, kulat bertumbuh di setiap persekitaran di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> dan memainkan peranan yang amat penting di dalam kebanyakan ekosistem. Banyak kulat merupakan pengurai utama bahan-bahan tumbuhan dan haiwan mati di dalam <a href="/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan">hutan</a>, serta banyak persekitaran yang lain. Sebilangan kulat adalah <a href="/wiki/Pemangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangsa">pemangsa</a> <a href="/wiki/Nematod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematod">nematod</a> yang menangkap mangsanya melalui pelbagai cara seperti cecincin mencerut atau jaring pelekat . Jenis yang lain adalah <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasit</a> tumbuhan dan haiwan, termasuk manusia. Kulat mengakibatkan banyak <a href="/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutu_air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutu air (laman tidak wujud)">kutu air</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kurap" title="Kurap">kurap</a> dalam manusia dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_Pokok_Elm_Belanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit Pokok Elm Belanda (laman tidak wujud)">penyakit Pokok Elm Belanda</a> dalam tumbuhan. Kulat yang lain merupakan pekongsi dalam perhubungan <a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">simbiosis</a> dengan organisma yang lain. Umpamanya, <a href="/wiki/Liken" class="mw-redirect" title="Liken">liken</a> dibentukkan daripada perhubungan simbosis antara <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sianobakteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sianobakteria (laman tidak wujud)">sianobakteria</a> dengan kulat. Kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_pembuluh" title="Tumbuhan pembuluh">tumbuhan pembuluh</a> menerima manfaat daripada simbiosis antara <a href="/wiki/Akar" title="Akar">akarnya</a> dengan kulat. </p><p><br /> Kulat mempunyai sejarah penggunaan oleh manusia yang panjang. Banyak jenis <a href="/wiki/Cendawan" title="Cendawan">cendawan</a> dan kulat yang lain dimakan, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Cendawan_butang" title="Cendawan butang">cendawan butang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cendawan_shitake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cendawan shitake (laman tidak wujud)">cendawan shitake</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Cendawan_tiram" title="Cendawan tiram">cendawan tiram</a>. Tentu saja, banyak <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> cendawan adalah beracun dan menyebabkan banyak kes sakit serta kematian setiap tahun. Sejenis kulat unisel yang digelarkan <a href="/wiki/Yis" title="Yis">yis</a> digunakan untuk membakar roti dan menapaikan <a href="/wiki/Minuman_beralkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuman beralkohol">minuman beralkohol</a>. Kulat juga digunakan untuk menghasilkan bahan kimia perindustrian seperti <a href="/wiki/Asid_laktik" title="Asid laktik">asid laktik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a>, dan juga untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Jean" title="Jean">jean</a> yang pudar <a href="/wiki/Warna" title="Warna">warnanya</a>. Beberapa jenis kulat dimakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Dadah_psikedelik" title="Dadah psikedelik">sifat psikedeliknya</a>, baik untuk <a href="/wiki/Dadah_rekreasi" title="Dadah rekreasi">rekreasi</a> mahupun untuk tujuan <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">keagamaan</a>. Sila lihat rencana utama, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cendawan_psikedelik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cendawan psikedelik (laman tidak wujud)">Cendawan psikedelik</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moore1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1980_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoore_RT.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Moore RT. 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"Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota". <i>FEMS Microbiology Letters</i>. <b>276</b> (1): 12–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2007.00900.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00900.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784861">17784861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Fungal+cannons%3A+explosive+spore+discharge+in+the+Ascomycota&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-8&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2007.00900.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784861&rft.aulast=Trail&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPringlePatekFischerStolze2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle A, Patek SN, Fischer M, Stolze J, Money NP (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/004/0866.htm">"The captured launch of a ballistospore"</a>. <i>Mycologia</i>. <b>97</b> (4): 866–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2Fmycologia.97.4.866">10.3852/mycologia.97.4.866</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16457355">16457355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.atitle=The+captured+launch+of+a+ballistospore&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=866-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3852%2Fmycologia.97.4.866&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16457355&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Patek%2C+SN&rft.au=Fischer%2C+M&rft.au=Stolze%2C+J&rft.au=Money%2C+NP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybertruffle.org.uk%2Fcyberliber%2F59350%2F0097%2F004%2F0866.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk <i>et al</i>., p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodie1975-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie1975_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1975" class="citation book cs1">Brodie HJ (1975). <i>The Bird's Nest Fungi</i>. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. m/s. 80. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8020-5307-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8020-5307-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-5307-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bird%27s+Nest+Fungi&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5307-7&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect05_b.htm">"Spore Dispersal in Fungi"</a>. <i>www.botany.hawaii.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Disember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.botany.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Spore+Dispersal+in+Fungi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwong%2FBOT135%2FLect05_b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/dispersal">"Dispersal"</a>. <i>herbarium.usu.edu</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Disember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=herbarium.usu.edu&rft.atitle=Dispersal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbarium.usu.edu%2Ffun-with-fungi%2Fdispersal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings and Lysek, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furlaneto1992-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furlaneto1992_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Furlaneto1992</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Schardl2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schardl2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Schardl2003</code></span></li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "Redecker2000" yang ditentukan dalam <code><references></code> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_utama">Sumber utama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1976" class="citation book cs1">Ainsworth GC (1976). <i>Introduction to the History of Mycology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-11295-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-11295-6"><bdi>978-0-521-11295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mycology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11295-6&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon2005" class="citation book cs1">Deacon, J.W (2005). <i>Fungal Biology (Biologi Kulat)</i> (ed. keempat). India: Penerbitan Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1405130660" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1405130660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology+%28Biologi+Kulat%29&rft.place=India&rft.edition=keempat&rft.pub=Penerbitan+Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=J.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaminstein,_D.2002" class="citation web cs1">Kaminstein, D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105045303/http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/mushroom_poisoning.jsp">"Mushroom poisoning (Peracunan cendawan)"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/mushroom_poisoning.jsp">yang asal</a> pada 5 Januari 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">5 Januari</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mushroom+poisoning+%28Peracunan+cendawan%29&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kaminstein%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthatoz.com%2Fhealthatoz%2FAtoz%2Fency%2Fmushroom_poisoning.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKulat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biocrawler.com/Pictures/?d=Botany/Fungi">Gambar-gambar kulat di Biocrawler.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624172721/http://www.biocrawler.com/Pictures/?d=Botany%2FFungi">Diarkibkan</a> 2017-06-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/fungi-sulphur-shelf.htm">Gambar dan maklumat untuk Kulat Para Belerang - <i>Laetiporous sulphureous</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/fungi_giant_puffball.htm">Gambar dan maklumat untuk Kulat Kumbul Gergasi - <i>Calvatia gigantea</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/">Persatuan Mikologi British</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html"><i>Alam Kelima</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msafungi.org/">Persatuan Mikologi Amerika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykoweb.com/">MykoWeb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namyco.org/">Persatuan Mikologi Amerika Utara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydneyfungalstudies.org.au/Intro.html/">Kumpulan Kajian Kulat Sydney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711035944/http://www.sydneyfungalstudies.org.au/Intro.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-07-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/fungimap_/welcome/">Projek FungiMap Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821013627/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/fungimap_/welcome/">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-08-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnwfungi.org/Pacific">Kulat Barat Laut, jurnal dalam talian</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada Oktober 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnwfungi.wsu.edu/programs/aboutDatabase.asp/">Pangkalan Data Kulat Barat Laut Pasifik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705222419/http://pnwfungi.wsu.edu/programs/aboutDatabase.asp">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-07-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomvolkfungi.net/">Kulat Tom Volk</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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