ADW: Cambarus diogenes: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Cambarus diogenes: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cambarus_diogenes/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cambarus_diogenes/" /> <meta content="Cambarus diogenes (devil crawfish)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/dale_westaby/Cdiogenes3/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Cambarus diogenes (devil crawfish)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Cambarus diogenes (devil crawfish) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/dale_westaby/Cdiogenes3/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="428" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="572" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cambarus_diogenes/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; 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They have been found in thirty states and the District of Columbia, from Ontario, CA to Texas and from Wyoming to North Carolina, spanning an estimated 2 million km². <span class="citations"> (<a href="#6CB5CA2E-5E88-45BF-AA01-AC880ADBB95C" class="citation">Grow and Merchant, 1980</a>; <a href="#EE77261C-CB08-447C-B224-BCE44966512E" class="citation">Marlow, 1960</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish are burrowing crayfish found primarily in freshwater. Individuals spend most of their life-cycle in underground chambers near marshy and swampy areas of rivers, streams, and ponds. These underground tunnels, each with only one inhabitant, have several openings at the surface, which may have chimneys formed by excavated dirt. These tunnels provide excellent shelter and protection during feeding, mating, egg laying and rearing young, and are deep enough to reach ground water during periods of drought and to avoid freezing winter temperatures. Mean burrow depth ranges from 57.5 cm in autumn to 61.9 cm in spring. Burrows also serve as microhabitats for amphipods and isopods. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#6CB5CA2E-5E88-45BF-AA01-AC880ADBB95C" class="citation">Grow and Merchant, 1980</a>; <a href="#0B2D1BE4-83E3-4B08-9318-A80208E9FEB5" class="citation">Harris, 1903a</a>; <a href="#17179C50-B469-47C9-AC74-1B5202A76CD1" class="citation">Pintor and Soluk, 2006</a>; <a href="#0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196" class="citation">S, 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145747">freshwater</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <span>lakes and ponds</span> </li> <li> <span>rivers and streams</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Wetlands</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145363">marsh</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145679">swamp</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range depth</dt> <dd>0.575 to 0.619 m</dd> <dd class="english">1.89 to 2.03 ft</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish are crustaceans related to lobsters (Family Nephropidae) and shrimp (Infraorder Caridea). They have hard exoskeletons that serve as protection from predatory animals. Coloring of these crayfish can vary but they tend to be dark reddish-brown or gray. Bright pastel red and blue individuals have also been found and young crayfish are mostly green, while older individuals are mostly dark brown. Two color variants have been observed in this species, a solid color phase (the most typical) and a striped phase. Devil crayfish resemble miniature lobsters, with spines, ten legs, a rostrum (extending in front of its eyes) with an acumen (pointed apical tip), and a pair of chelae (large claws). Gills are tucked underneath the body. Males differ from females in having a long rostrum with a narrower, more tapered acumen and larger, heavier chelae. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#F2F4796B-FBD9-4F0D-8D32-7963436E9F5B" class="citation">Hobbs Jr. and Barr Jr., 1960</a>; <a href="#EE77261C-CB08-447C-B224-BCE44966512E" class="citation">Marlow, 1960</a>; <a href="#679E8EB0-95EA-44AD-969A-72E980D144A1" class="citation">Ortmann, 1905</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>sexes shaped differently</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>40 to 61 mm</dd> <dd class="english">1.57 to 2.40 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">After devil crayfish hatch, young cling tightly to their mothers' pleopods using their claws. Young stay with the mother through their first and second molts and most of the third. During the first larval stage, devil crayfish measure about 4.5 mm and are still somewhat embryonic. While in the second larval stage, young detach and swim away from their mothers, returning throughout the second and third stages and remaining near their mothers until they are able to be independent. Juveniles will grow up to 20 mm during the fall, and by their second summer they reach 30 to 35 mm, molting into mature adults. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E" class="citation">Andrews, 1907</a>; <a href="#A3771094-12AD-473C-BD19-DE122AC0DAF6" class="citation">Norrocky, 1989</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish are solitary animals, meeting with other individuals only during mating season. Females release pheromones, signaling their readiness to mate. These pheromones are detected by males through their antennules (short antennae). Males court females by touching them with their antennae and claws. Males deposit sperm into females' sperm receptacles during copulation, plugging them afterwards to prevent further mating. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E" class="citation">Andrews, 1907</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145483">polygynandrous (promiscuous)</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This species reproduces annually, with breeding occurring predominantly in the fall. Egg-laying occurs in spring after temperatures have risen and photoperiods extend. All devil crayfish eggs are attached to the mother's pleopods for at least four weeks (the composition of the attachment is unknown). Females can lay up to 200 eggs, but only 10% typically survive past the first year. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E" class="citation">Andrews, 1907</a>; <a href="#6CF85FD2-1D63-4759-AC7E-E383C688D763" class="citation">Jegla, 1966</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145554">iteroparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Devil crayfish breed once yearly.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Fall</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average number of offspring</dt> <dd>200</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">While devil crayfish mate in the fall, they wait until the warmer spring temperatures to lay their eggs. After they have been laid, eggs are attached to the mothers until hatching via a hardened mass. After hatching, the larvae are in the first larval stage and firmly attached to their mother's pleopods, living an embryo-like existence. Even after molting into the second and third larval stage, the larvae still rely heavily on their mother because they are incapable of being freely living. However, after the second stage the larvae detach themselves from their mothers, although they return to her often. After molting into the third larval stage, young continue to stay with their mothers for protection until reaching full maturity. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E" class="citation">Andrews, 1907</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145746">female parental care</a> </li> <li> <span>pre-hatching/birth</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>pre-weaning/fledging</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>pre-independence</span> <ul> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish can live three years or more. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#A3771094-12AD-473C-BD19-DE122AC0DAF6" class="citation">Norrocky, 1989</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>3 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish are burrowing crayfish that spend most of their life cycles in underground burrows, which they dig themselves. The chimneys surrounding these burrows, reaching up to a foot high and made of excavated clay and dirt, are notable. Individuals are solitary, with one inhabitant living in each burrow; interaction between individuals has only been observed during mating season. They are nocturnal and hunt at night. This species has been described as one of the most widespread and successful crayfish species in North America. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#6CB5CA2E-5E88-45BF-AA01-AC880ADBB95C" class="citation">Grow and Merchant, 1980</a>; <a href="#558AEDAF-6F7C-4CB8-92D0-245F2226C792" class="citation">Grow, 1981</a>; <a href="#8D5B4154-FE39-4B54-940D-4D6B04482D8C" class="citation">Harris, 1903b</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145661">fossorial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914213156">natatorial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145585">sedentary</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145381">solitary</a> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The home range of this species is unlikely to extend much beyond an individual's burrow, but no data regarding the average area covered by these tunnels is available. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#6CB5CA2E-5E88-45BF-AA01-AC880ADBB95C" class="citation">Grow and Merchant, 1980</a>; <a href="#558AEDAF-6F7C-4CB8-92D0-245F2226C792" class="citation">Grow, 1981</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish have eyes on movable stalks, allowing them to see in different directions. They use their antennae and chelae, which are covered in tiny hairs, to detect prey and predator animals by sensing water movements. In order to identify and signal readiness for mating to other crayfish, they emit chemical cues, including female pheromones which males sense via their antennules. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E" class="citation">Andrews, 1907</a>; <a href="#0B2D1BE4-83E3-4B08-9318-A80208E9FEB5" class="citation">Harris, 1903a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145769">pheromones</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish are scavengers and predators. About 60% of their diet is comprised of living or decaying aquatic vegetation with the other 40% made up of aquatic worms, insects, snails and detritus. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#17179C50-B469-47C9-AC74-1B5202A76CD1" class="citation">Pintor and Soluk, 2006</a>; <a href="#0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196" class="citation">S, 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145711">insectivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145763">omnivore</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145349">detritivore</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>insects</span> </li> <li> <span>mollusks</span> </li> <li> <span>aquatic or marine worms</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>leaves</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145342">detritus</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This species is prey to more than 200 predatory species, including various fishes, raccoons, Virginia opossum, red foxes, barred owls, Eastern newts, muskrats, crows, spotted salamanders, Eastern painted turtles, Northern water snakes, and red-tailed hawks. Two-thirds of this species' population is consumed by fish. Their burrows, as well as their small size and ability to move quickly, lend individuals some protection from predation. An anti-predator adaptation in this species is a tail-flip response, a rapid flip of the tail segments that allows individuals to quickly flee in the opposite direction. This response also acts as a warning system, signaling others to follow suit. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#F0F584C0-6DC3-45D4-9764-FC3D60503D20" class="citation">Dietz, 2003</a>; <a href="#0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196" class="citation">S, 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>Fishes</li> <li>Raccoon (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Procyon_lotor/">Procyon lotor</a>)</li> <li>Virginia opossum (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Didelphis_virginiana/">Didelphis virginiana</a>)</li> <li>Muskrat (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Ondatra_zibethicus/">Ondatra zibethicus</a>)</li> <li>Red fox (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/">Vulpes vulpes</a>)</li> <li>Barred owl (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Strix_varia/">Strix varia</a>)</li> <li>Red-tailed hawk (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_jamaicensis/">Buteo jamaicensis</a>)</li> <li>American crow (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_brachyrhynchos/">Corvus brachyrhynchos</a>)</li> <li>Eastern newt (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Notophthalmus_viridescens/">Notophthalmus viridescens</a>)</li> <li>Eastern painted turtle (<a class="taxon-link rank-infraspecies" href="/accounts/Chrysemys_picta_picta/">Chrysemys picta picta</a>)</li> <li>Spotted salamander (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Ambystoma_maculatum/">Ambystoma maculatum</a>)</li> <li>Northern water snake (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Nerodia_sipedon/">Nerodia sipedon</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Devil crayfish play an important role in the aquatic ecosystem as predators and have been observed to have a net positive effect on prey animal populations. They also function as ecosystem engineers, providing extensive burrowing tunnels and systems throughout aquatic habitats. The larvae of an endangered species (Hines emerald dragonfly, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Somatochlora_hineana/">Somatochlora hineana</a>) regularly inhabit devil crayfish burrows in the late summer when their own larval habitats dry up. Devil crayfish are also a threat to populations of this species because they are are known to prey on larvae. Devil crayfish are hosts to a number of parasites, including a leech-like worm (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Cambarincola macrodonta</span>), flukeworms and many ostracods. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#73C96B47-4612-11E2-BD4C-002500F14F28" class="citation">Cockerell, 1912</a>; <a href="#7D54384F-4619-11E2-B501-002500F14F28" class="citation">Hobbs and Peters, 1993</a>; <a href="#FE147FFD-4617-11E2-8D14-002500F14F28" class="citation">Olsen, 1974</a>; <a href="#17179C50-B469-47C9-AC74-1B5202A76CD1" class="citation">Pintor and Soluk, 2006</a>; <a href="#0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196" class="citation">S, 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <span>creates habitat</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145725">biodegradation</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Commensal/Parasitic Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li><span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Cambarincola macrodonta</span> (Family Branchiobdellidae, Phylum Annelida)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Cymocythere_gonia/">Cymocythere gonia</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_cryptoteresis/">Dactylocythere cryptoteresis</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_coloholca/">Dactylocythere coloholca</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_crawfordi/">Dactylocythere crawfordi</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_crena/">Dactylocythere crena</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_macroholca/">Dactylocythere macroholca</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dactylocythere_prionata/">Dactylocythere prionata</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Uncinocythere_zancla/">Uncinocythere zancla</a> (Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda)</li> <li>Trematodes (Phylum Platyhelminthes)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This species is important to the food industry in a number of ways. It serves as bait, particularly for bass, trout, perch, carp and catfish, and it is also consumed by humans. Devil crayfish keep water quality levels high by eating dead animal and plant material from streams, and they control insect populations as well. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#F0F584C0-6DC3-45D4-9764-FC3D60503D20" class="citation">Dietz, 2003</a>; <a href="#0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196" class="citation">S, 2002</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> <li> <span>controls pest population</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known adverse effects of devil crayfish on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">According to the IUCN Red List, devil crayfish are of Least Concern (LC) status, as they occupy a wide range of habitats and are highly tolerant to many ecological conditions. However, this species is locally threatened by anthropogenic changes including lake acidification and wetland destruction, though its wide distribution should guarantee its continued survival. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8DFF5F76-441B-472B-88BB-E872FBB41CBE" class="citation">Guiasu, et al., 1996</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Least Concern</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Anna Lui (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Jeremy Wright (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145725"> <dl> <dt>biodegradation</dt> <dd> <p>helps break down and decompose dead plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145349"> <dl> <dt>detritivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats decomposed plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145342"> <dl> <dt>detritus</dt> <dd> <p>particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. Detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers (organisms that decompose organic material).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145746"> <dl> <dt>female parental care</dt> <dd> <p>parental care is carried out by females</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145661"> <dl> <dt>fossorial</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145747"> <dl> <dt>freshwater</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in water that is not salty.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145711"> <dl> <dt>insectivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145554"> <dl> <dt>iteroparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145363"> <dl> <dt>marsh</dt> <dd> <p>marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914213156"> <dl> <dt>natatorial</dt> <dd> <p>specialized for swimming</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145763"> <dl> <dt>omnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145769"> <dl> <dt>pheromones</dt> <dd> <p>chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145483"> <dl> <dt>polygynandrous</dt> <dd> <p>the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145585"> <dl> <dt>sedentary</dt> <dd> <p>remains in the same area</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145381"> <dl> <dt>solitary</dt> <dd> <p>lives alone</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145679"> <dl> <dt>swamp</dt> <dd> <p>a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="8A0BCF53-7BF8-40BD-B8BC-D6AA1BE1E50E">Andrews, E. 1907. The Attached Young of the Crayfish Cambarus clarkii and Cambarus diogenes. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Naturalist</span>, 41(484): 253-274. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2454952">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2454952</a></tt>. </p> <p id="ABD94B00-2E63-4F77-990F-B67D89A958EA">Berrill, M., B. Chenoweth. 1982. The Burrowing Ability of Nonburrowing Crayfish. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Midland Naturalist</span>, 108(1): 199-201. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2425310">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2425310</a></tt>. </p> <p id="73C96B47-4612-11E2-BD4C-002500F14F28">Cockerell, T. 1912. The Fauna of Boulder County, Colorado, II. Pp. 41-52 in F Ramaley, ed. <span style="font-style: italic">The University of Colorado Studies</span>, Vol. 9/2. Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado. Accessed December 14, 2012 at <tt><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=f2ocAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR1">https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=f2ocAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR1</a></tt>. </p> <p id="F0F584C0-6DC3-45D4-9764-FC3D60503D20">Dietz, W. 2003. "Smart Angler's Notebook Crazy Crawfish" (On-line). Accessed February 15, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.fish.state.pa.us/education/catalog/crazycrayfish.pdf">http://www.fish.state.pa.us/education/catalog/crazycrayfish.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="853657F4-8042-4005-8454-546793AB9F9D">Dorn, N., J. Volin. 2009. Resistance of crayfish (Procambarus spp.) populations to wetland drying depends on species and substrate. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the North American Benthological Society</span>, 28(4): 766-777. </p> <p id="9A5D4C0E-8AE4-4330-A8E7-96586442A903">Grosell, M., C. Brauner, S. Kelly, J. McGeer, A. Bianchini, C. Wood. 2002. Physiological responses to acute silver exposure in the freshwater crayfish (Cambarus diogenes diogenes)—a model invertebrate?. <span style="font-style: italic">Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</span>, 20(2): 369-374. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620210220/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620210220/full</a></tt>. </p> <p id="558AEDAF-6F7C-4CB8-92D0-245F2226C792">Grow, L. 1981. Burrowing Behavior in the Crayfish, Cambarus diogenes diogenes Girard. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behavior</span>, 29: 351-356. </p> <p id="6CB5CA2E-5E88-45BF-AA01-AC880ADBB95C">Grow, L., H. Merchant. 1980. The Burrow Habitat of the Crayfish, Cambarus diogenes diogenes (Girard). <span style="font-style: italic">American Midland Naturalist</span>, 103(2): 231-237. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/2424621">http://www.jstor.org/pss/2424621</a></tt>. </p> <p id="8DFF5F76-441B-472B-88BB-E872FBB41CBE">Guiasu, R., D. Barr, D. Dunham. 1996. Distribution and status of crayfishes of the genera Cambarus and Fallicambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in Ontario, Canada. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Crustacean Biology</span>, 2: 373-383. </p> <p id="0B2D1BE4-83E3-4B08-9318-A80208E9FEB5">Harris, J. 1903. The habits of Cambarus. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Naturalist</span>, 37(441): 601-608. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2454797">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2454797</a></tt>. </p> <p id="8D5B4154-FE39-4B54-940D-4D6B04482D8C">Harris, J. 1903. <span style="font-style: italic">An ecological catalogue of the crayfishes belonging to the genus Cambarus</span>. Lawrence, Kansas: The Kansas University. </p> <p id="C869C5D1-E62C-4AAB-A677-D6EBB1D42821">Hasiotis, S., C. Mitchelle. 1993. A comparison of crayfish burrow morphologies: Triassic and Holocene fossil, paleo‐ and neo‐ichnological evidence, and the identification of their burrowing signatures. <span style="font-style: italic">Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces</span>, 2(4): 291-314. </p> <p id="6B80A477-0B9D-45E0-8852-883948D02C1D">Hazlett, B. 1989. Additional sources of disturbance pheromone affecting the crayfish Orconectes virilis. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Chemical Ecology</span>, 15(1): 381-385. </p> <p id="F2F4796B-FBD9-4F0D-8D32-7963436E9F5B">Hobbs Jr., H., T. Barr Jr.. 1960. The Origins and Affinities of the Troglobitic Crayfishes of North America (Decapoda, Astacidae). I. The Genus Cambarus. <span style="font-style: italic">American Midland Naturalist</span>, 64(1): 12-33. </p> <p id="7D54384F-4619-11E2-B501-002500F14F28">Hobbs, H., D. Peters. 1993. New Records of Entocytherid Ostracods Infesting Burrowing and Cave-Dwelling Crayfishes, with Descriptions of Two New Species. <span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</span>, 106/3: 455-466. Accessed December 14, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://biostor.org/reference/65543.text">http://biostor.org/reference/65543.text</a></tt>. </p> <p id="6CF85FD2-1D63-4759-AC7E-E383C688D763">Jegla, T. 1966. Reproductive and molting cycles in cave crayfish. <span style="font-style: italic">The Biological Bulletin</span>, 130: 345-358. </p> <p id="8FF79049-240B-4CF5-B967-4B83B50D5405">Kilian, J., A. Becker, S. Stranko, M. Ashton, R. Klauda, J. Gerber, M. Hurd. 2010. The Status and Distribution of Maryland Crayfishes. <span style="font-style: italic">Southeastern Naturalist</span>, 9(3): 11-32. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.009.s302">http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.009.s302</a></tt>. </p> <p id="EE77261C-CB08-447C-B224-BCE44966512E">Marlow, G. 1960. The subspecies of Cambarus diogenes. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Midland Naturalist</span>, 64(1): 239-250. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2422905">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2422905</a></tt>. </p> <p id="A3771094-12AD-473C-BD19-DE122AC0DAF6">Norrocky, M. 1989. New Distribution Records for the Crayfish Cambarus (Cambarus) ortmanni Williamson (Decapoda: Cambaridae) With Life History Note. <span style="font-style: italic">Ohio Journal of Science</span>, 89(3): 67-69. Accessed March 12, 2012 at <tt><a href="https://dspace.lib.ohio-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/23319/V089N3_067.pdf?sequence=1">https://dspace.lib.ohio-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/23319/V089N3_067.pdf?sequence=1</a></tt>. </p> <p id="FE147FFD-4617-11E2-8D14-002500F14F28">Olsen, O. 1974. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Parasites: Their Life Cycles and Ecology</span>. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. </p> <p id="679E8EB0-95EA-44AD-969A-72E980D144A1">Ortmann, A. 1905. The Mutual Affinities of the Species of the Genus Cambarus, and Their Dispersal over the United States. <span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</span>, 44(180): 91-136. Accessed January 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/983509">http://www.jstor.org/stable/983509</a></tt>. </p> <p id="61BF8FB1-559B-4D98-B01D-84B65EE667D6">Penn, G. 1950. Utilization of Crawfishes by Cold-Blooded Vertebrates in the Eastern United States. <span style="font-style: italic">American Midland Naturalist</span>, 44(3): 643-658. Accessed March 12, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2421826">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2421826</a></tt>. </p> <p id="17179C50-B469-47C9-AC74-1B5202A76CD1">Pintor, L., D. Soluk. 2006. Evaluating the non-consumptive, positive effects of a predator in the persistence of an endangered species. <span style="font-style: italic">Biological Conservation</span>, 130: 584-591. </p> <p id="0137AF6F-D21A-407B-97AC-1805A24A2196">S, M. 2002. "Virtual Zoo" (On-line). Accessed February 24, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://pioneerunion.ca.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetailid=2865&linkid=nav-menu-container-4-4633">http://pioneerunion.ca.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetailid=2865&linkid=nav-menu-container-4-4633</a></tt>. </p> <p id="FD495ADF-64B9-4BDB-B73E-950C0D1C4327">Thomas, N., D. Bergman. 2008. Examination of Crayfish Biodiversity and Distribution Within the Grand River, Michigan. <span style="font-style: italic">Student Summer Scholars</span>: 25. Accessed February 02, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/sss/25">http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/sss/25</a></tt>. </p> <p id="0F8BCA2E-B8CB-4DE3-9FCF-E8699C8047FE">Trepanier, T., D. Dunham. 1999. Burrowing and Chimney Building by Juvenile Burrowing Crayfish Fallicambarus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) (Decapoda, Cambaridae). <span style="font-style: italic">Crustaceana</span>, 72(4): 435-442. 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ADW: Cambarus diogenes: INFORMATION