CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136aac4a8f13f93',cH: '5u3Il2ib0TD0yUR6KEmNzTbRezAkEKI_BXbNSMp6oZk-1739804636-1.2.1.1-f1gOHBAz5vmA1yanyTM.1jz.p2.GcIAlwwiwBjLe2C7QUq2.mhdOuVwliGutI.bZ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Customer%20retention&__cf_chl_tk=wZC9HNjOHNlKi7P8wJO4Vis._zIIdGwTqlElvg_qmYc-1739804636-1.0.1.1-TcT0zGUrFP2ire1Ur7ILDF0TsQeHMQHO7puGYB60rpM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739804636',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Customer%20retention&__cf_chl_f_tk=wZC9HNjOHNlKi7P8wJO4Vis._zIIdGwTqlElvg_qmYc-1739804636-1.0.1.1-TcT0zGUrFP2ire1Ur7ILDF0TsQeHMQHO7puGYB60rpM",md: "CIG5tkaQAP1KW7UmBShvi469Hymceop4xhUvFB9X4x4-1739804636-1.2.1.1-.ksGjkKQawyFRpF_iOHMmrcQk6I.McXgr5OjG73A76w4mogmlcNEncYgZJLpSMnH8zR0Tc07aBmFdZWsyUQTzbLptjJnAG5dCD5kbMTNrlA4bZRN8PTDQTDqI4pGH00pGJl8AGywUDJIT.VeX24xOF7Cb48E4BYSz0.pj.VUzhjRyBBoj_gxMkpChLNyNL1nEUXz8aP8nUHoNL0lRx3tDBcpgJw758.jNyoDYlyxjcaau2h1UO_7eix1LJe0.k2F8muj6_oNTu7JjSgsoRLgGD2UquUgAoCFQNDCHLrEoW0iHK9Luaqp5gImyjj_nqMC8Vb5ull_Vgi_CEy.dOUd0OgRYoxaYUwvbwy2dDgzlNJ.lkSba.08e0iv.xAODwonQJkkgTJrjjgcONg76uJBIVeR4XExRfasQ6meYgkl136lFnYZpY7vpkT7vUUC_AFm1BVkOWau9ZBp5kjVqMggdMgfZXa_mvhhvTVyRZWQwOo6dV7P0nQ9TIJAdXvM9Pri7CLz7IXLFX5UtJ1VPuYadam5na7wp7mCzaWUBk6FmGEr8.G7HS.nn_7C7zDth9wJQ8zU7n8iqpJygw9dl0axOPWOZGGBTkBDygPB_h9qweKCFA3j3mKGrfpzwN8LR7FxboKiZR_NENb4jbpdzbbBwY2QAVxDMoOEky9nC0VNsdwTNg3nb8Y_5.l7oC8Jy1_3Y3KacaoO8b9orKoPSjy8BP4ACFdE9CbLIL_mWXdN.vhaaSIcbCpxrw_.9DgFXg3UJvOrh5NdRRMH7qF24RcM06FpshjqEY3ubraBksf6eHD5tguISE.oLixZGZUzKGn85bnyH7joQHyXwga1ukXORbGUzc15othlU4_CMY9.Rccr_TSQDS.1y3_Q3umtOYp1DPrYxRzq7arGwDhKOD1SYWInodinznTiBKZ9OE___v..PQN9HL859EpwaY_hNwRBwOmNuCYAmHh1EtDYSrJ7RK6GfGiBrKT0vvrkPtm47Dhm7jOF3ad.EL60e6X3xQekQAsR2pREN_wWtdpkq9DNWZ5rfXEwP4mX23dCSxUvOupXnUgzC2q7xNLCob1UYAanles4C7jncxW0WoNvS0aoxyPhjxcaK6szH1hN1BntO47UKzccBfs1xaXCXf8sai0.Wto9FmN6W1OtzrPippolfkfh_a0JWPnWJP1nrp.kcdIUyN_bEklpPGJemRwLyX9UOQnzk4g8RW0i0AEc0nR3fDhDnfWo45F_JbTDfDr6bFM1V30MLGV1MPWiPapMtxIKjFe6KX6kO1zMRA_Rse63aIB3hdR2nCBYyBkgponId9nglz2VTH4bPQgJ1VljbE9561528tdfbAPsKiDgXVsPSxvDhRYZd.PkQXgFC.gqXetzt5abnxlmEiF5wpMOfMKHrvn0e__q5UjKttR7nVFV7hwPZtbMBbfnLsHNaNE1QGImDKEld2LlGk1OhLEbijT5cZX1MLFFA4C4BTFrV.h1W_njjdPdvxYV_qdF3bnMbW9iJ9MOxhqQ2Ii28v0Nyl1wOnk3_.o9syzSQvpiOLefYQVxV.EEQLYYmZMCqJsRyD2X5rR92.VvbO9d_JBWOh9Y983Fx8W9p0Icak3cxb4A9Cd2MH21vBQb9MBcQYh.tOPceduBxsdRWUldyyamkpOhzNnE8Wk9ghFkbL538TgQnwy59ItzJQDnMEmzECLWUhYqYOZUAlJ5KqrHM8eh4YBAjdP0GGBIxGz7jurUXpSqOYbW6NeIulwl2GB0wdDXSSwozpzrqoqCpM_fC3i9lFflHGyRucw9LbQgc8O7sRidF6KZEn80Lf3vwTKgbuxlKmWJ.Zb0ceDNf6Pch1xoqgInk90M9of1UyxMGC4QPq4U_l6KGTIpN66x3uPDZLG31VpQnCfKjBIymH3C9QVU2Q0O03pWCxUMeKMt1RPRTXCZTaUISWtTjIHVhrmVBG6nLp8",mdrd: "4YdHAen4ezHUeSB_G0pvwH8a2D3Hky91uF3oCNYxzdU-1739804636-1.2.1.1-Jvq_xmx1m03F9JCnVoNj_R0v.OuORX4cxymLl.3zdEo_JcpTYboOvp7HG0X3.Os78k5ZbnOjllpcJgjmcjXd9Vr9FUlIVbFSWfco.gbYFPJgvHqaGkVTdCUUuEXP9Wmo8eAvXYfJ4NitG_ZyR7Tag0mrTKUYgGNXJq0kjWViqW1Jysp9TFGF5sEYS5Fqbbx4iDO7pCXB72g5qSXEH6Q33wOYJlGlEavyMZ1Y5bTMLJ_0XZEGWzGKJkGDlbLLS4cbs033SmYXfMfbgoaZRVL5RFdnLAn38DOzso3t.hlb8mOlDrVr00QsKMvse2crraszD6dnUKx_KWqTSdv4OLmdn.a.IQA_dWYOFmkummFP9ZCISRmKHFOyJgSu59A9ACsipvWRbUPFUEIhkjg1VLo4RybBYBganeiHn7b6fv9jtBs3X53unRKt34L.BCoQ0MzRGlt74CeyS0yo5IyWuDRyOnGk7Fv4xfLF5wd50y91oIDcH.dkqA10ypYZlNmjHpNK6qQYoNpAWXyw2vtCY7rKUtYMp0he0Z1Kc5M9fT0g1Ek4i5MCD.fmR5wAcIRiISSvSLqJb9lbxM_kiQyt8j0uBo60OkFZ6M_C5a0vKrwvSVej641eoks.edNlxbk0DS5IGaTCh4z.gPfeg7Ls2Fs_zVzInyukLKtep0KJs.cPx7BBhD3WrtximQtGQrP3gWxukVIOTz1PtJDI1ExWKXJZKOh9DxVxtpe5K_F7cUeSN2wnjz4NrY08sh8UAEnfvdHVqGpSQAbg20jxeVZpj4.MebL5Vp5IDSw9zkMJdXFCUDNBAfEdExcZK3MwvMIQBLC_MkR81Mv88kQPItmUH9e92ye0rHlsLbD5xo.KJ9xg_I2I7cNL6X3i.8OTaFwgvxjszdr6Hwt.rzgsgytrSgnjkEKFpg07v8eMkTbOS7fLLQBxkoYNbf.6sUtX6T3wkuM3fFG1o0JLmr67X8U_Kdg1YgkuvgD9v1md99fhUWgw..keGyNPBKFVic9ZHUMje4ceIJPvCPZVP0WzIFCgQklx3w5qmDUSV0k4025aNHorp.uVoMq1Jhy8ZVDoyAsP37f8Ko6jOZ_7tFgLKTri7DdPjgcW9L82alGhO4Tach7.0hzweGjVqd1nGCr1lQVI67b.XNnWyYmEufwM6X_RHIv4SoHoHHNVab6GfFHyV3M3GqDDjlPQceF7JT1UX2M..Qu97uPqgsAjTrfAG35PlDldr4qOFIsnQ_NamRb80t9wSqKb.2SE4IJ.u9akFV6PtRvIosvJrWcavSNspJpLY1xUdYOMGRVCkg0o3whicduGPabPEylLeDRa5OJgCp4hW6jDDrmYS1c6Q6rCQRWqT7mQvqUvFQ0onkmnmTmyu9j03i44gdkto9fDhXfONb5lYxgFF7Tc.JOSUNnkL8EAReANTaiM9yB6ySn5qHMEd6K2MOGwwt8HiPLePXPmesMbpYwl03UGJ6jueZdHfcsd8ZRoifqs980yiBTilnNN3MhzoKU8UAvEKCm07w7wEc6JpoAN9S50VHrg.sm.UmhUvbSy_f3cAUfpk.8vSVsztWiNkLmXk0UtUMm0lkSDltkTSFvlZEBdpYB5c8HKeoaWX6Lix2z8nuqiOX7wdtvMwyX_1YBjHUEMowk9mJj1NtyDmnjSdlcU___d8R3U.iFJQ1uCsG9Adwk2dUFR2zSHo.8Do98sJfmLjwmwC3y7dxPMe3gIORBHLlLykuYDQmQvpVcprejiOp7ZJwS4Lxawm89G69Pcr_ZKLGsn31LZOHEAwx19Vhd6qi3xc_sfqVrJWRnzuOkYPFN.TSNFnbCZcg7VnXl1o.5JUzquVBtGNIy5Oiyn_9twjX6hncmH5sLcM.csWQ6w2LrUl2FWCK5RVB6qV896gt9x55NfecS2B6QspoDh00l1lkpUZzfiyMdZ8Qdy2JNa1LxkebWp.f86A9T19yaYKBJx2PXlCPZVtYJid4Zlg2FKf7LSxCr7SuVCLrchmA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136aac4a8f13f93';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Customer%20retention&__cf_chl_rt_tk=wZC9HNjOHNlKi7P8wJO4Vis._zIIdGwTqlElvg_qmYc-1739804636-1.0.1.1-TcT0zGUrFP2ire1Ur7ILDF0TsQeHMQHO7puGYB60rpM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>