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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The battle for the "Bloody Fifth"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_battle_for_the_"Bloody_Fifth"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives,_1883–1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives,_1883–1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives, 1883–1889</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives,_1883–1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Minnesota,_1893–1895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Minnesota,_1893–1895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Governor of Minnesota, 1893–1895</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Minnesota,_1893–1895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senator,_1895–1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senator,_1895–1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>United States Senator, 1895–1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senator,_1895–1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nelson_vs._Washburn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nelson_vs._Washburn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Nelson vs. Washburn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nelson_vs._Washburn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Senate_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Senate_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>First Senate term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Senate_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Return to Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1902_reelection_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1902_reelection_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>1900–1902 reelection campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1902_reelection_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_and_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_and_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.5</span> <span>Territories and statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories_and_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="نات نلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نات نلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="كنوتى نيلسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنوتى نيلسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Knute Nelson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q888190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Knute Nelson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg/220px-Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg/330px-Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg/440px-Knute_Nelson_cph.3a45938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> <br /> from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1895 – April 28, 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">William D. Washburn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 4, 1893 – January 31, 1895</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data">David Marston Clough</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Rush_Merriam" title="William Rush Merriam">William Rush Merriam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Marston_Clough" title="David Marston Clough">David Marston Clough</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Minnesota's <span data-sort-value="Minnesota05 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">5th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1889</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Comstock" title="Solomon Comstock">Solomon Comstock</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">Minnesota Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1874–1878</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1868–1869</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Knud Evanger</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1843-02-02</span>)</span>February 2, 1843<br /><a href="/wiki/Voss,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Voss, Norway">Voss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 28, 1923<span style="display:none">(1923-04-28)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Timonium,_Maryland" title="Timonium, Maryland">Timonium, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolinæ Jacobson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Albion Academy, <a href="/wiki/Albion,_Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Albion, Dane County, Wisconsin">Albion, Wisconsin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861-1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corporal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal (United States)">Corporal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Black Hawk Rifles of Racine<br /><a href="/wiki/4th_Wisconsin_Infantry_Regiment" title="4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment">4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Knute Nelson</b> (born <b>Knud Evanger</b>; February 2, 1843 – April 28, 1923) was a <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> attorney and politician active in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, he served in state and national positions: he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature" title="Wisconsin Legislature">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota legislatures</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from Minnesota, and served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of governors of Minnesota">12th governor of Minnesota</a> from 1893 to 1895. Having served in the Senate for 28 years, 55 days, he is the longest-serving Senator in Minnesota's history. </p><p>Nelson is known for promoting the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Act_of_1889" title="Nelson Act of 1889">Nelson Act of 1889</a> to consolidate Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> on a reservation in western Minnesota and break up their communal land by allotting it to individual households, with sales of the remainder to anyone, including non-natives. This was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act_of_1887" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes Act of 1887">Dawes Act of 1887</a>, which applied to Native American lands in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knute Nelson was born out of wedlock in <a href="/wiki/Evanger" title="Evanger">Evanger</a>, near Voss, Norway, to Ingebjørg Haldorsdatter Kvilekval, who named him <b>Knud Evanger</b>. He was baptized by his uncle on their farm of Kvilekval, who recorded his father as Helge Knudsen Styve. This is unconfirmed. Various theories persist about Knud's paternity, including one involving <a href="/wiki/Gjest_Baardsen" title="Gjest Baardsen">Gjest Baardsen</a>, a famous outlaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Yankee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwegian_Yankee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Ingebjørg's brother Jon Haldorsson sold the farm where she and Knud lived, as he could not make a living, and emigrated to Chicago. Ingebjørg took Knud with her to <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, where she worked as a domestic servant. Having borrowed money for the passage, she and six-year-old Knud emigrated to the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arriving in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Garden">Castle Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on July 4, 1849. The holiday fireworks made a lasting impression on Knud, who was listed in immigration records as "Knud Helgeson Kvilekval". Ingebjørg Haldorsdatter claimed to be a widow (a story she stuck to until 1923). She and Knud traveled by the Hudson River to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, and then via the Erie Canal to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>. </p><p>They continued across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There her brother Jon, now working as a carpenter, took them in.<sup id="cite_ref-MHS_1908_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHS_1908-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While with him, Ingebjørg worked as a domestic servant and paid off her debt for passage in less than a year. Knud also worked, first as a house servant, then as a paperboy for the <i>Chicago Free Press,</i><sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave him an early education, both because he read the paper and because he learned street profanity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg/220px-KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg/330px-KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg/440px-KnuteNelson12mom1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Knute Nelson, age 12, and his mother Ingebjørg Haldorsdatter Grotland, c. 1855.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fall of 1850, Ingebjørg married Nils Olson Grotland, also from Voss. The family of three moved to Skoponong, a Norwegian settlement in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra,_Wisconsin" title="Palmyra, Wisconsin">Palmyra, Wisconsin</a>. Knud was given the surname Nelson after his stepfather, which eliminated the stigma of being fatherless. </p><p>By then 17 years old, Nelson was street-smart and rebellious, with a proclivity for profanity. He was accepted to the school held by Mary Blackwell Dillon, an Irish immigrant with linguistic talents. Nelson proved himself an apt though undisciplined student; he later recalled being whipped up to three times a day. </p><p>Still in his teens, Nelson joined the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> out of admiration for <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> of Illinois. The family moved to the <a href="/wiki/Koshkonong_Settlement" title="Koshkonong Settlement">Koshkonong Settlement</a>, which by 1850 had more than half of Wisconsin's Norwegian population of 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nils Olson had bad luck with land purchases and became sickly. Nelson picked up most of the work of the farm, but maintained his commitment to education. Olson was not supportive and Nelson often had to scrounge to find money for schoolbooks. </p><p>Nelson's academic interests led him to enroll in Albion Academy in <a href="/wiki/Albion,_Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Albion, Dane County, Wisconsin">Albion, Dane County, Wisconsin</a>, in the fall of 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> to provide education to children who could not afford private school; Nelson was deemed "very deserving." To earn his keep he did various jobs around the school. </p><p>After two years, Nelson took a job as a country teacher in <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Springs,_Wisconsin" title="Pleasant Springs, Wisconsin">Pleasant Springs</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stoughton,_Wisconsin" title="Stoughton, Wisconsin">Stoughton</a>. Teaching mostly other Norwegian immigrants, he was an agent of Americanization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_photograph_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Knute_Nelson_photograph_Civil_War.jpg/220px-Knute_Nelson_photograph_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Knute_Nelson_photograph_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Civil war photograph of Nelson</figcaption></figure> <p>Nelson returned to Albion in the spring of 1861, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> had started. By then, he had developed his position as a "low-tariff, anti-slavery, pro-Union Democrat," but was in the minority in a pro-<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> region. In May 1861, he and 18 other Albion students enlisted in a state militia company known as the Black Hawk Rifles of <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine</a>, to fight with the Union Army in the war. Appalled by its debauchery, the young men refused to be sworn into the army under this militia, and eventually succeeded in being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/4th_Wisconsin_Infantry_Regiment" title="4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment">4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment</a>. This was an "all-American" regiment, made up generally of native-born men. </p><p>Nelson's parents opposed his volunteering, but he saw it as his duty. He sent half his soldier's pay to his parents to help retire the debt on the farm. He seems to have enjoyed army life, noting that the food was better than at home. He shared his fellow soldiers' frustration at not being put into battle soon enough. His unit moved from Racine to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Dix" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Dix">Camp Dix</a> near <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland. From there they moved to combat operations in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. </p><p>On May 27, 1863, after the 4th Wisconsin became a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> unit, Nelson was wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Port Hudson">Battle of Port Hudson</a>, captured and made a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was released when the siege ended. He served as an adjutant, was promoted to corporal, and briefly considered applying for a lieutenant's commission. </p><p>Military service sharpened Nelson's identity as an American and his patriotism. He was deeply concerned about what he considered the ambivalent attitude among Norwegian-American <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> clergy toward <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and thought that too few of his fellow Norwegian Americans from Koshkonong had volunteered. He read the Norwegian translation of <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0%C3%BEj%C3%B3fs_saga_ins_fr%C5%93kna" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna">Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna</a></i> and found it enthralling. Its unsentimental depiction of character and virtue he found to be a synthesis of his Norwegian heritage and American home. </p><p>Within two years after he mustered out, Nelson acquired his <a href="/wiki/United_States_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="United States citizen">United States citizenship</a>. His disdain for the <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperheads</a> contributed to his becoming a Republican after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_politics_in_Wisconsin">Local politics in Wisconsin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local politics in Wisconsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nelson returned to Albion and completed his studies as one of the oldest students, graduating at the top of his class. He gave his first campaign speech of record on behalf of Lincoln, and drew praise from the faculty. </p><p>Deciding to become a lawyer, Nelson moved to <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">studied law</a> in the office of <a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a>, one of the few academically trained attorneys in the area. In the spring of 1867, Judge Philip L. Spooner admitted him to the Wisconsin bar.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nelson opened his law practice in Madison, where he appealed to the Norwegian immigrant community, advertising in the Norwegian language newspaper <i>Emigranten</i>. He also became Madison's unofficial representative of the Norwegian community. With Eli A. Spencer's help, he successfully ran for <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County</a>'s seat in the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a>, starting its session on January 8, 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was reelected to a second term in the Assembly, as he had quickly learned how to get things done in politics. He got involved in a divisive debate about public and parochial schools in Norwegian communities, taking the "liberal" side that promoted public, non-sectarian schools rather than those run by Lutheran clergy. After his second term in the Assembly, Nelson decided not to run for a third. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being elected the first time, Nelson married Nicholina Jacobsen, originally from <a href="/wiki/Toten" title="Toten">Toten</a>, Norway, in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was five months pregnant by the time of their marriage and, because of Nelson's poor relations with local Lutheran clergy, they were married by Justice of the Peace Lars Erdall in a private home. </p><p>A national recession limited the couple's financial success. While Nelson slept in his office in Madison during his legislative and professional career, Nicholina and the newborn Ida stayed with her family in Koshkonong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minnesota_frontier">Minnesota frontier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minnesota frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg/220px-Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg/330px-Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Knute_Nelson_print_abt_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>1882 print of Nelson</figcaption></figure> <p>Nelson was already interested in moving further west when in 1870 he was invited by <a href="/wiki/Lars_K._Aaker" title="Lars K. Aaker">Lars K. Aaker</a> to set up a practice in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota" title="Alexandria, Minnesota">Alexandria, Minnesota</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Minnesota" title="Douglas County, Minnesota">Douglas County</a>, part of the state's "Upper Country." Nelson was attracted by the possibilities afforded by the opening frontier, especially the prospect of the <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a>. After also visiting <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Fergus Falls, Minnesota">Fergus Falls</a>, he moved his wife and newborn son Henry to Alexandria in August 1871. </p><p>He was admitted to the Minnesota bar in October and set up a legal practice primarily around land cases referred to him by Aaker, the land agent. He also bought a 120-acre (0.49 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">homestead</a> in Alexandria, a claim that was contested but which he won. He also became an accomplished trial lawyer, was elected the Douglas County attorney, and acted as the county attorney for <a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Minnesota" title="Pope County, Minnesota">Pope County</a>. As was typically the case at that time, Nelson's legal work on land issues got him involved in political issues. He became a champion for the economic development of the Upper Country through the introduction of the railroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnesota_state_senator">Minnesota state senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minnesota state senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The so-called "Aaker faction" within the Upper County Republican party found in Nelson a capable politician, with connections to the immigrant community, experience in land-office issues, and political background in Wisconsin. He was put forward as a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">Minnesota Senate</a> in 1874, running against banker Francis Bennett Van Hoesen, who was aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Grange_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grange movement">Grange movement</a> and state <a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly Party</a>. Though Nelson did not get unanimous support from his Norwegian-American constituency, he carried 59% of the vote and four out of five counties in his constituency. </p><p>Nelson's first challenge in the state senate, whether to reelect <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> to a third term in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, was contentious, as it was against Governor <a href="/wiki/Cushman_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushman Davis">Cushman Davis</a>'s wishes. Nelson was caught between his allegiance to the Douglas County Republicans, who were staunch Davis supporters, and his land office constituency, who favored Ramsey. Nelson voted for Ramsey, the dark-horse candidate <a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">William D. Washburn</a>, and finally for the victor, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._R._McMillan" title="Samuel J. R. McMillan">Samuel J. R. McMillan</a>. </p><p>Nelson spent more time on the issue of extending the railroad infrastructure into the Upper Country. His constituents elected him in large part to resolve the gridlock that prevented the completion of the railroad extension from <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud</a> west to Alexandria and beyond. The railroad company, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">St. Paul and Pacific Railroad</a> (SP&P), had run out of funds to complete the St. Vincent extension, and the bondholders were unwilling to invest further. The Minnesota legislature agreed on the need for the railroad but were not in a position to pay for its completion. </p><p>In 1875, Nelson introduced the Upper Country bill, which gave SP&P added incentives in the form of land to complete the line, but also imposed a deadline after which the rights to build the railroad were forfeited, presumably in favor of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific Railroad">Northern Pacific</a>, whose plans would bypass Alexandria. The bill met with controversy from both sides of the issue and was ultimately amended to the point that Nelson first sought to table it and then abstained from voting on it. The bill was enacted and was considered a success in its time, with most of the credit going to Nelson. </p><p>It took several years for the various financial and political matters to be sorted out for the railroad, and Nelson played an active role throughout, both as an elected official, attorney, and businessman. He secured rights-of-way for virtually the entire line from Alexandria to Fergus Falls, negotiating with many stakeholders for every tract of land. This proved to be an all-consuming effort for several years, though he ran unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor of Minnesota in 1879. </p><p>In May 1877, three of Nelson's five children died during a <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> epidemic. The two oldest, Ida and Henry, survived. </p><p>In November 1878, the railroad finally reached Alexandria, thanks in large part to Nelson's close working relationship with <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a>. Several Minnesota towns were founded as a result of these efforts, including <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Minnesota" title="Nelson, Minnesota">Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashby,_Minnesota" title="Ashby, Minnesota">Ashby</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics">National politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nelson was invited to deliver the "oration of the day" at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Centennial" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Centennial">United States Centennial</a> on July 4, 1876, in Alexandria, exactly 27 years after he had immigrated to the United States. The "unimpassioned" speech sought to reinforce an American identity and made no mention of his Norwegian roots. It coincided with his campaign for U.S. representative from Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 3rd congressional district">third district</a>. </p><p>By then, Nelson had developed the strategy of orchestrating a "bottoms-up" campaign in which he would quietly enlist supporters to publicly encourage him to run, while appearing reluctant. His constituency in the Upper Country frontier put him at a disadvantage with respect to the rivaling Twin Cities. After having flexed his political muscle by "bolting" from the campaign for a few weeks, he supported the Republican nomination of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Stewart" title="Jacob H. Stewart">Jacob Stewart</a>, a medical doctor from St. Paul, who won the election against Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_W._McNair" title="William W. McNair">William McNair</a>. This endorsement was not backed by the Norwegian-American community, who were concerned about Stewart's association with the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothing Party</a> and the apparent rise of a ruling class in society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_battle_for_the_"Bloody_Fifth""><span id="The_battle_for_the_.22Bloody_Fifth.22"></span>The battle for the "Bloody Fifth"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The battle for the "Bloody Fifth""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the 1880 census, the United States Congress decided to allocate a new congressional seat to the Upper Country, creating the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Fifth Minnesota District</a>. Nelson quietly entered the race for this seat. First he secured a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents">Board of Regents</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, where he managed to establish a Department of Scandinavian Studies. </p><p>The campaign opened in 1882 and quickly devolved into one of the most contentious elections in history at that point. The contest between Nelson and Charles F. Kindred for the "Bloody Fifth", as it became known, involved widespread graft, intimidation, and election fraud. The Republican convention on July 12 in <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lakes,_Minnesota" title="Detroit Lakes, Minnesota">Detroit Lakes</a> was compared to the historic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. 150 delegates fought over 80 seats, and after a scuffle in the main conference center, the Kindred and Nelson campaigns nominated their candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rivalry between Kindred and Nelson centered to a large extent on the two competing railroads in the Upper Country, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific Railroad">Northern Pacific</a> in Kindred's corner and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern</a> in Nelson's. Kindred spent between $150,000 and $200,000, but Nelson won handily, overcoming massive election fraud in Northern Pacific counties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives,_1883–1889"><span id="U.S._House_of_Representatives.2C_1883.E2.80.931889"></span>U.S. House of Representatives, 1883–1889</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives, 1883–1889"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg/220px-Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg/330px-Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg/440px-Knute_Nelson_statue_capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Nelson stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Capitol" title="Minnesota State Capitol">Minnesota State Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nelson served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1889, in the <a href="/wiki/48th_United_States_Congress" title="48th United States Congress">48th</a>, <a href="/wiki/49th_United_States_Congress" title="49th United States Congress">49th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/50th_United_States_Congress" title="50th United States Congress">50th congresses</a>. In keeping with practices of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, his first agenda item in Congress was to ensure patronage for his supporters in Minnesota by doling out the limited number of federal appointments available. Most were made through Paul C. Sletten, the Receiver of the U.S. Land Office in <a href="/wiki/Crookston,_Minnesota" title="Crookston, Minnesota">Crookston</a>. In addition to rewarding political support, he replaced pro-Kindred appointees in the forested counties around the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific Railroad">Northern Pacific Railroad</a>, the so-called "Pineries." Particularly publicized was the firing of Søren Listoe as Register of the U.S. Land Office in <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergus Falls">Fergus Falls</a>. </p><p>Nelson did not always follow the orthodox Republican line in the House. In 1886, he abandoned the Republican caucus to vote for the Morrison Tariff Bill of 1886, which sought to reduce the tariffs on some imported items.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, he and three other Republicans voted for the more aggressive tariff reductions in the Mills Tariff Bill of 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although passed by the House on July 21, 1888, the Mills Bill was so heavily amended by the high-tariff Republicans in the Senate that the House found the result unacceptable, and no changes to the tariff were made in 1888. </p><p>Nelson was frustrated by what he perceived as the House's lack of effectiveness. He got involved in long debates about pension issues for Civil War veterans. His most notable legacy as a representative was passing the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Act_of_1889" title="Nelson Act of 1889">Nelson Act of 1889</a>. It created the <a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Indian_Reservation" title="White Earth Indian Reservation">White Earth Indian Reservation</a> in western Minnesota as a place to consolidate Native Americans from other reservations in the state, allocated communal land to heads of households, and opened up sale of the remaining thousands of acres of land to immigrants, at Native Americans' expense. </p><p>Considering his time in the House a "personal failure", Nelson decided not to seek reelection in 1888. Some suspect that a narrow escape from a drowning accident on October 11, 1886, also played a role in increasing his ambition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Minnesota,_1893–1895"><span id="Governor_of_Minnesota.2C_1893.E2.80.931895"></span>Governor of Minnesota, 1893–1895</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Governor of Minnesota, 1893–1895"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Nelson claimed to retire from politics, he remained an active insider in Minnesota Republican politics. In 1890 he started showing interest in running for governor. Meanwhile, he resumed an active law practice from Alexandria, continued running his farm, and opened a hardware store. </p><p>Increasing pressure on the Minnesotan agricultural economy gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a>, which became a formidable political force in both parties, but especially the Republican Party. In 1890, the alliance voted to run its own candidates, and suggested nominating Nelson. In the Minnesota alliance convention in July 1890, Nelson did not acknowledge interest from the delegates, who ended up nominating Sidney M. Owen. But after the Alliance made a strong showing in the 1890 legislative election, Republicans saw Nelson as a strong alternative to the Alliance in the Upper Country. </p><p>Nelson worked to strengthen his candidacy for governor, though historians suggest that his ultimate goal was the U.S. Senate. He arranged to be drafted as a candidate rather than actively pursuing office. Appointed officeholders, fearing the loss of patronage to Alliance political victories, were glad to support him. Appealing to the Republican need for unity at the convention, Nelson maneuvered to gain the support of rivals such as Davis and Washburn, or at least avoid their opposition. He was unanimously nominated by 709 delegates as the Republican candidate for governor on July 28, 1892, at the St. Paul People's Church. His acceptance speech was a libertarian broadside against both Democrats and Populists; it emboldened the delegates for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ensuing campaign against Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lawler" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Lawler">Daniel Lawler</a> and Populist <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Donnelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Donnelly">Ignatius Donnelly</a> centered on allegations of undue influence by railroad interests, tariffs, and ethnicity and patriotism. When Nelson took the campaign to northwestern Minnesota, he had a minor physical altercation with Tobias Sawby, a local populist. After a grueling campaign, he carried 51 of 80 counties with 42.6% of the vote to Lawler's 37% and Donnelly's 15.6%. He gave a short victory speech in Alexandria, saying, "I go in without having made any promises to any combine, corporation, or person, and shall endeavor to do right, because it is right, and I endeavor to give an administration for the people, for the people, and by the people." </p><p>There were significant limitations on Governor Nelson's ability to pursue his agenda. The balance of power in Minnesota was shared among five independently elected officials, the state legislature, and the governor. In his inaugural speech on January 4, 1893, he presented himself as a fiscal conservative with an affinity for education and dwelled on statistics related to various state services and for solutions. </p><p>Nelson used his governorship as a bully pulpit for modest Republican reforms intended to provide moderate alternatives to the radical Populist actions. He promoted the "Governor's Grain Bill" as a way to regulate trade in grain, specifically by giving the Railroad and Warehouse Commission the authority to license, inspect, and regulate country grain elevators. Republican members of the legislature supported it as well, going so far as making it a party measure. Opposition to the bill from Democrats and Populists was based on suspicion of the railroad commission. The bill went through two rounds of voting with considerable horse-trading but in the end won narrowly, giving Nelson credibility as a political force. </p><p>Nelson also ended up cooperating with his former adversary Donnelly on the "timber ring" investigation; it sought to end land claim fraud in lumber areas. Nelson convened an interstate antitrust Conference in Chicago on June 5, 1893, where he spoke against the lumber trust and in favor of strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> created a crisis for the railroad companies. After a series of wage cuts by the Great Northern, the <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a> went on strike on April 13. Nelson suggested the parties engage in arbitration while demanding law and order from the strikers. He left enforcement to federal marshals and arbitration to private business leaders. The strike was resolved largely in favor of the workers, and Nelson survived untarnished. </p><p>Nelson was handily renominated in 1894, and ran against Populist Sidney Owen and Democrat George Becker. He projected the image of a systematic and scientific reformer compared to such populist speakers as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ellen Lease">Mary Ellen Lease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Simpson" title="Jerry Simpson">Jerry Simpson</a>. He demonstrated hands-on leadership in the dry summer of 1894, when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hinckley_Fire" title="Great Hinckley Fire">Great Hinckley Fire</a> spread across east-central Minnesota on September 1. Although the state did not have the financial means to provide direct support, Nelson used his office to encourage private relief efforts. He won the election with 60,000 more votes than Owen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Senator,_1895–1923"><span id="United_States_Senator.2C_1895.E2.80.931923"></span>United States Senator, 1895–1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States Senator, 1895–1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nelson_vs._Washburn">Nelson vs. Washburn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nelson vs. Washburn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_drawing_as_Senator_elect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Knute_Nelson_drawing_as_Senator_elect.jpg/200px-Knute_Nelson_drawing_as_Senator_elect.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Knute_Nelson_drawing_as_Senator_elect.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Sketch portrait of Nelson as Senator-elect</figcaption></figure> <p>Nelson's campaign for election to the United States Senate was reported to have begun early in 1894. It was conducted quietly and behind the scenes, to avoid the appearance that his bid for governorship was less than genuine, and to avoid an internal Republican feud with incumbent U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">William D. Washburn</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a> went into effect in 1914, state legislatures elected their U.S. senators. Nelson's campaign for Senate was a "still hunt," consisting of building support among incoming legislators while letting Washburn think he was running unopposed for the Republican nomination. </p><p>Sensing Nelson's rising star in the Republican establishment, Washburn tried to obtain Nelson's unequivocal assurance that he was not running for Senate, while solidifying his own standing as the Minneapolis candidate. On September 21, 1894, the two candidates met at the Freeborn county fair in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lea,_Minnesota" title="Albert Lea, Minnesota">Albert Lea</a>, where Nelson was asked directly whether he supported Washburn's candidacy or had his own designs on the seat. He reportedly advised the state legislature to "elect your Republican legislative ticket, so as to send my friend Washburn back the United States senate, or if you do not like him, send some other good Republican."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nelson's strategy was to prevent Washburn from gaining a straightforward majority in either the nomination or the election in the Republican caucus, and to appear as a unifying choice for the Republicans. He had to strike a fine balance between appealing to Scandinavian ethnic pride on the one hand and affirming himself a true American on the other, and between the appearance of treachery against Washburn and maintaining an honest impression. </p><p>The campaign came to a head in the so-called "Three Week War" or "Hotel Campaign", which was in full force by January 5, 1895. The confrontations, lobbying, cajoling, and alleged bribery centered on St. Paul's Windsor and Merchants hotels. Legislators were unnerved by the campaign, and the outcome remained uncertain. Return visits to their constituencies in mid-January did little to clarify public opinion. Public meetings with "wirepullers" had similarly little effect. </p><p>Nelson's strength became apparent but was not yet decisive on January 18 when the Republicans caucused. Washburn fell well short of reaching the necessary 72 votes, and a number of erstwhile supporters fell to Nelson on the second ballot. By the time the election went to the full legislature, it was clear that Washburn had lost. On January 23 Nelson was elected to the United States Senate, the first Scandinavian-born American to reach this post. Exhausted from the campaign, Washburn called for direct, popular elections of senators. It is remembered as one of the bitterest elections in Minnesota political history. </p><p>Washburn was perceived as a wealthy, urban, aristocratic native <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> from Maine, and Nelson as a hard-working immigrant from the Upper Country. Nelson's victory reinforced the growing influence of areas of Minnesota outside the Twin Cities, and strengthened political awareness among ethnic Scandinavians in the region. Nelson decided early to make this image his platform, asking his constituency to call him "Uncle Knute." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Senate_term">First Senate term</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Senate term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress" title="54th United States Congress">54th United States Congress</a> did not convene until December 1895, and though Nelson was eager to get to work, he spent the recess traveling and working on his farm. He also translated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> to English and studied the <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a> issue. This was the subject of his first Senate speech, on December 31, 1895, when he advocated a <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper currency</a>. </p><p>Nelson maintained—as he did throughout his career—a strong anti-<a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist</a>, though pragmatic, profile. His most important first-term accomplishment was probably the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1898" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1898">Nelson Bankruptcy Law</a>, intended to give farmers the means to enter into voluntary, as opposed to forced, bankruptcy by creditors. He positioned this as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a> that was much harsher to debtors. Although he championed the bill on its own merits, it also gave him an opportunity both to disassociate himself from his background as an attorney and to build favor with his agricultural constituency. After 18 months of painstaking negotiations, Nelson managed to get the bill passed by Congress on June 24, 1898. Filing bankruptcy would be known for some time afterwards as "taking the Nelson cure." </p><p>If Nelson showed independence in the bankruptcy law, he toed the party line on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, enthusiastically supporting the war effort. He got embroiled in a bitter debate on the Senate floor on the issue of annexing the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and Hawaii. He and one of the authors of the treaty, senior Minnesota senator <a href="/wiki/Cushman_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushman Davis">Cushman Davis</a>, voted with the majority in ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. He is often quoted as saying: </p> <blockquote><p>Providence has given the United States the duty of extending Christian civilization. We come as ministering angels, not despots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_Norway">Return to Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return to Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KnuteVoss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KnuteVoss.jpg/220px-KnuteVoss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KnuteVoss.jpg/330px-KnuteVoss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KnuteVoss.jpg/440px-KnuteVoss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Nelson in Voss, Norway.</figcaption></figure><p>Nelson always took care in public to define himself first and foremost as an American, with no conflicted loyalty to his birth country. But in the background he supported Norway in various ways, notably by inviting Norwegian officers to observe and learn from American tactics in Cuba. He had been planning a trip to Norway for some time, but made sure he would also visit <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, emphasizing his Scandinavian-American background. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg/220px-Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg/330px-Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg/440px-Knute_Nelson_memorial_sign_in_Evanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Knute Nelson memorial sign in Evanger</figcaption></figure> <p>He traveled alone and made his home town of <a href="/wiki/Evanger" title="Evanger">Evanger</a> one of the first stops. He arrived at the village in a horse-drawn buggy with only his luggage and was received as an honored guest. He spoke in his native <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">dialect</a> of Vossemål, slipping into <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a> only when he felt it necessary to make an important political point. His hosts quickly started addressing him in the familiar "du Knut," which he appeared to enjoy. </p><p>From Evanger, Nelson traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kristiania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiania">Kristiania</a>, where he refused official honors, and to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, where he made even less fuss. He spent a week in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, visiting with his own patronage appointees <a href="/wiki/Laurits_S._Swenson" title="Laurits S. Swenson">Laurits S. Swenson</a>, U.S. ambassador to Denmark, and Søren Listoe, consul to Rotterdam. He had an audience with King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a> and a formal dinner hosted by Swenson. He traveled through the contentious area of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. </p><p>Nelson traveled home via England and happened to be in the visitors' gallery in the British parliament on October 17 when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> convened an extraordinary session to debate the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900–1902_reelection_campaign"><span id="1900.E2.80.931902_reelection_campaign"></span>1900–1902 reelection campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1900–1902 reelection campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing, once again, to his being elected by the state legislature, Nelson's campaign for reelection in 1902 started with the Minnesota state legislature elections of 1900. His strategy was to align himself with celebrated national leaders, especially <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette Sr.">Robert M. La Follette Sr.</a>, as they swung through the state campaigning for <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>. Nelson was known more for thoroughness than charisma in his campaigns, but contributed significantly to the Republican success that year. Nelson's son Henry Knute Nelson was elected to the Minnesota state legislature that year. </p><p>Nelson's reelection to a second Senate term was assured for all practical purposes. The campaign continued into 1902, when Nelson made a name for himself by commandeering a <a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">handcar</a> when his train broke down east of <a href="/wiki/Hibbing,_Minnesota" title="Hibbing, Minnesota">Hibbing, Minnesota</a>. He made his own way to Wolf Junction, Minnesota at a brisk pace. </p><p>Until that point, Nelson's political career was largely based on the issues of an unfolding economic frontier, with land development, immigration, and Gilded Age dynamics. With the birth of the Progressive Era, the winds of reform started blowing more from the east than the west, and urban issues came more to the forefront. As a result, Nelson had to reinvent his political strategy. </p><p>In the crosswinds of the political movements of the time, Nelson chose a largely "moderate progressive" profile, accepting government intervention on some issues (such as antitrust matters) but opposing anything that smacked of socialism. He eased up on patronage as a political tool and focused instead on helping his constituents in matters small and large, often invoking the image of himself as a "drayhorse"—a hard-working, persistent advocate for the things and people he believed in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territories_and_statehood">Territories and statehood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Territories and statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Senate, Nelson was involved in creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Department of Commerce and Labor</a> and the 1898 passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1898" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1898">Nelson Bankruptcy Act</a>, and served on the <a href="/wiki/Overman_Committee" title="Overman Committee">Overman Committee</a> from 1918 to 1919. Serving from 1895 to 1923, he was a senator from the <a href="/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress" title="54th United States Congress">54th</a> through the <a href="/wiki/67th_United_States_Congress" title="67th United States Congress">67th congresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an active senator until his death in 1923 en route by train from Washington, D.C., to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota" title="Alexandria, Minnesota">Alexandria</a>, where he was buried. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson_Memorial_Park" title="Knute Nelson Memorial Park">Knute Nelson Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">List of United States senators born outside the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_governors_born_outside_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States">List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Norwegian_Yankee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norwegian_Yankee_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millard L Gieske and Steven J Keillor: <i>Norwegian Yankee: Knute Nelson and the Failure of American Politics 1860–1923</i>. 1995: Norwegian-American Historical Association, Northfield, Minnesota. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87732-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87732-083-7">0-87732-083-7</a>, pps. 3–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31678620/knute_nelson_18431923/">"Service to America Marked Long Career of Knute Nelson"</a>. <i>Star Tribune</i>. April 29, 1923. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Service+to+America+Marked+Long+Career+of+Knute+Nelson&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1923-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F31678620%2Fknute_nelson_18431923%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHS_1908-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MHS_1908_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota Historical Society: <i>Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society</i>, 1908, pp. 328–355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnwebsteps.com/grover/koshkonong.htm">"Koshkonong"</a>, Tarje Grover Family Website, 1998-2012, accessed 10 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cd_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-04562_00_00-001-0001-0000">"S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903"</a>. <i>GovInfo.gov</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. November 9, 1903. p. 55<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovInfo.gov&rft.atitle=S.+Doc.+58-1+-+Fifty-eighth+Congress.+%28Extraordinary+session+--+beginning+November+9%2C+1903.%29+Official+Congressional+Directory+for+the+use+of+the+United+States+Congress.+Compiled+under+the+direction+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+Printing+by+A.J.+Halford.+Special+edition.+Corrections+made+to+November+5%2C+1903&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1903-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FSERIALSET-04562_00_00-001-0001-0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/pubs/ib/99ib1.pdf">"Members of the Wisconsin Legislature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209014416/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/pubs/ib/99ib1.pdf">Archived</a> December 9, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, State of Wisconsin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Lawrence (July 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406045836/http://www.angelfire.com/mn/thursdaynighthikes/cap2cathhill.html">"Thursday Night Hikes: Capitol Hill/Cathedral Hill Hike Architecture Notes, Part 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/mn/thursdaynighthikes/cap2cathhill.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thursday+Night+Hikes%3A+Capitol+Hill%2FCathedral+Hill+Hike+Architecture+Notes%2C+Part+2&rft.date=2003-07-15&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fmn%2Fthursdaynighthikes%2Fcap2cathhill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins, Allan, <i>Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage</i>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins, Allan, <i>Grover Cleveland: a Study in Courage</i>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Knute Nelson for Governor," <i>New York Times,</i> July 29, 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nelson Governor of Minnesota," <i>New York Times</i>, November 7, 1894</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=14133">Minnesota Legislators Past and Present</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513011230/http://www.mnhs.org/people/governors/gov/gov_14.htm">Biographical information</a> and his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/gov026.xml">gubernatorial records</a> are available for research use at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org">Minnesota Historical Society.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGieskeKeillor1995" class="citation cs2">Gieske, Millard L; Keillor, Steven J. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/norwegianyankeek0000gies"><i>Norwegian Yankee: Knute Nelson and the Failure of American Politics 1860–1923</i></a>, Northfield, Minnesota: The Norwegian-American Historical Association, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87732-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87732-083-7"><bdi>0-87732-083-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Yankee%3A+Knute+Nelson+and+the+Failure+of+American+Politics+1860%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Northfield%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=The+Norwegian-American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87732-083-7&rft.aulast=Gieske&rft.aufirst=Millard+L&rft.au=Keillor%2C+Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorwegianyankeek0000gies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidel2002" class="citation cs2">Zeidel, Robert F. (2002), "Knute Nelson and the Immigration Question", in Aby, Anne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719121407/http://shop.mnhs.org/moreinfomhspress.cfm?Product_ID=138"><i>The North Star State: a Minnesota history reader</i></a>, St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, p. 376, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.mnhs.org/moreinfomhspress.cfm?Product_ID=138">the original</a> on July 19, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knute+Nelson+and+the+Immigration+Question&rft.btitle=The+North+Star+State%3A+a+Minnesota+history+reader&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zeidel&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.mnhs.org%2Fmoreinfomhspress.cfm%3FProduct_ID%3D138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knute_Nelson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knute_Nelson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Knute Nelson">Knute Nelson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnopedia.org/person/nelson-knute-1843-1923">Knute Nelson in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail?ID=14133">Knute Nelson</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/">Minnesota Legislators Past & Present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressN000040" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000040">"Knute Nelson (id: N000040)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Knute+Nelson+%28id%3A+N000040%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DN000040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnute+Nelson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Rush_Merriam" title="William Rush Merriam">William Rush Merriam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1892_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1892 Minnesota gubernatorial election">1892</a>, <a href="/wiki/1894_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1894 Minnesota gubernatorial election">1894</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Marston_Clough" title="David Marston Clough">David Marston Clough</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1918 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1918</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._A._O._Preus" title="J. A. O. Preus">J. A. O. Preus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New district</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Minnesota05 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1883–1889 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Comstock" title="Solomon Comstock">Solomon Comstock</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Rush_Merriam" title="William Rush Merriam">William Rush Merriam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a> </b><br />1893–1895 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Marston_Clough" title="David Marston Clough">David Marston Clough</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Culberson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Allen Culberson">Charles A. Culberson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </b><br />1919–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Frank B. Brandegee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">William D. Washburn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota"> U.S. senator (Class 2) from Minnesota</a> </b><br />1895–1923 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Cushman_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushman Davis">Cushman Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Towne" title="Charles A. Towne">Charles A. Towne</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Moses E. Clapp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Minnesota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Minnesota" title="Template:Governors of Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Minnesota" title="Template talk:Governors of Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Minnesota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of governors of Minnesota">Governors of Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Territorial <span class="nobold">(1849–1858)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_A._Gorman" title="Willis A. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Medary" title="Samuel Medary">Medary</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/75px-Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/113px-Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/150px-Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1201" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">State <span class="nobold">(since 1858)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adoniram_Swift" title="Henry Adoniram Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(Minnesota_governor)" title="Stephen Miller (Minnesota governor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Marshall" title="William Rainey Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Austin" title="Horace Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Pillsbury" title="John S. Pillsbury">Pillsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Frederick_Hubbard" title="Lucius Frederick Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ryan_McGill" title="Andrew Ryan McGill">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rush_Merriam" title="William Rush Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marston_Clough" title="David Marston Clough">Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lind_(politician)" title="John Lind (politician)">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rinnah_Van_Sant" title="Samuel Rinnah Van Sant">Van Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Johnson" title="John Albert Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Olson_Eberhart" title="Adolph Olson Eberhart">Eberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hammond" title="Winfield Scott Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._A._Burnquist" title="Joseph A. A. Burnquist">Burnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._O._Preus" title="J. A. O. Preus">Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Christianson" title="Theodore Christianson">Christianson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_B._Olson" title="Floyd B. Olson">Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Petersen" title="Hjalmar Petersen">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_A._Benson" title="Elmer A. Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Thye" title="Edward J. Thye">Thye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Youngdahl" title="Luther Youngdahl">Youngdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Elmer_Anderson" title="C. Elmer Anderson">E. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_L._Andersen" title="Elmer L. Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rolvaag" title="Karl Rolvaag">Rolvaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_LeVander" title="Harold LeVander">LeVander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_R._Anderson" title="Wendell R. Anderson">W. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Perpich" title="Rudy Perpich">Perpich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Quie" title="Al Quie">Quie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Perpich" title="Rudy Perpich">Perpich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Carlson" title="Arne Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Pawlenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dayton" title="Mark Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="Template:United States senators from Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="Template talk:United States senators from Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">United States senators from Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Rice" title="Henry M. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._R._McMillan" title="Samuel J. R. McMillan">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Towne" title="Charles A. Towne">Towne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Shipstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Thye" title="Edward J. Thye">Thye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">H. Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Humphrey" title="Muriel Humphrey">M. Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Durenberger" title="David Durenberger">Durenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Grams" title="Rod Grams">Grams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dayton" title="Mark Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_S._Wilkinson" title="Morton S. Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sheldon_Norton" title="Daniel Sheldon Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozora_P._Stearns" title="Ozora P. Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_J._Edgerton" title="Alonzo J. Edgerton">Edgerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">Washburn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">K. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Schall" title="Thomas D. Schall">Schall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_A._Benson" title="Elmer A. Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_V._Howard" title="Guy V. Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Lundeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Ball" title="Joseph H. Ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Nelson" title="Arthur E. Nelson">A. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Ball" title="Joseph H. Ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">H. Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_R._Anderson" title="Wendell R. Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Boschwitz" title="Rudy Boschwitz">Boschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Barkley" title="Dean Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Coleman" title="Norm Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Franken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Minnesota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="Template:United States representatives from Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Minnesota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Districts_1–8_(active)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts 1–8 (active)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota01 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Territorial Delegate, 1849–1858</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Sibley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Rice" title="Henry M. Rice">Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_W._Kingsbury" title="William W. Kingsbury">Kingsbury</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1863–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morton_S._Wilkinson" title="Morton S. Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_H._Dunnell" title="Mark H. Dunnell">Dunnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milo_White" title="Milo White">While</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Thomas Wilson (Minnesota politician)">T. Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_H._Dunnell" title="Mark H. Dunnell">Dunnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_H._Harries" title="William H. Harries">Harries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Albertus_Tawney" class="mw-redirect" title="James Albertus Tawney">Tawney</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anderson" title="Sydney Anderson">Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Furlow" title="Allen J. Furlow">Furlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_Christgau" title="Victor Christgau">Christgau</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_H._Andresen" title="August H. Andresen">Andresen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al_Quie" title="Al Quie">Quie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Erdahl" title="Arlen Erdahl">Erdahl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Penny" title="Tim Penny">Penny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gutknecht" title="Gil Gutknecht">Gutknecht</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hagedorn" title="Jim Hagedorn">J. Hagedorn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brad_Finstad" title="Brad Finstad">Finstad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota02 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1863–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McLanahan_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene McLanahan Wilson">E.M. Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_T._Averill" title="John T. Averill">Averill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_B._Strait" title="Horace B. Strait">Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Poehler" title="Henry Poehler">Poehler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_B._Strait" title="Horace B. Strait">Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Wakefield" title="James Wakefield">Wakefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Lind_(politician)" title="John Lind (politician)">Lind</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_McCleary_(politician)" title="James McCleary (politician)">McCleary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hammond" title="Winfield Scott Hammond">Hammond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Ellsworth" title="Franklin Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Clague" title="Frank Clague">Clague</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ryan" title="Elmer Ryan">Ryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._O%27Hara" title="Joseph P. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancher_Nelsen" title="Ancher Nelsen">Nelsen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hagedorn" title="Tom Hagedorn">T. Hagedorn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin_Weber" title="Vin Weber">Weber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Minge" title="David Minge">Minge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kline_(politician)" title="John Kline (politician)">Kline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jason_Lewis_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)">Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angie_Craig" title="Angie Craig">Craig</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota03 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1873–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_T._Averill" title="John T. Averill">Averill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_S._King" title="William S. King">King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Stewart" title="Jacob H. Stewart">Stewart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">Washburn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_B._Strait" title="Horace B. Strait">Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_L._MacDonald" title="John L. MacDonald">MacDonald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Hall" title="Darwin Hall">D. Hall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Osee_M._Hall" title="Osee M. Hall">O. Hall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joel_Heatwole" title="Joel Heatwole">Heatwole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Russell_Davis" title="Charles Russell Davis">Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_H._Andresen" title="August H. Andresen">Andresen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Lundeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Teigan" title="Henry Teigan">Teigan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Alexander" title="John G. Alexander">Alexander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gale" title="Richard P. Gale">Gale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Gallagher_(politician)" title="William Gallagher (politician)">Gallagher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_MacKinnon" title="George MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wier" title="Roy Wier">Wier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clark_MacGregor" title="Clark MacGregor">MacGregor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frenzel" title="Bill Frenzel">Frenzel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ramstad" title="Jim Ramstad">Ramstad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erik_Paulsen" title="Erik Paulsen">Paulsen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dean_Phillips" title="Dean Phillips">Phillips</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota04 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1883–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washburn" title="William D. Washburn">Washburn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Gilfillan" title="John Gilfillan">Gilfillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rice_(politician)" title="Edmund Rice (politician)">Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Snider" title="Samuel Snider">Snider</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Castle_(politician)" title="James Castle (politician)">Castle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kiefer" title="Andrew Kiefer">Kiefer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stevens_(American_politician)" title="Frederick Stevens (American politician)">Stevens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Dyke" title="Carl Van Dyke">Van Dyke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Keller" title="Oscar Keller">Keller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Maas" title="Melvin Maas">Maas</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Maas" title="Melvin Maas">Maas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Starkey" title="Frank Starkey">Starkey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Devitt" title="Edward Devitt">Devitt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karth" title="Joseph Karth">Karth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Vento" title="Bruce Vento">Vento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Betty_McCollum" title="Betty McCollum">McCollum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota05 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1883–1933</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Comstock" title="Solomon Comstock">Comstock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kittel_Halvorson" title="Kittel Halvorson">Halvorson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Loren_Fletcher" title="Loren Fletcher">Fletcher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Lind_(politician)" title="John Lind (politician)">Lind</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Loren_Fletcher" title="Loren Fletcher">Fletcher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nye" title="Frank Nye">Nye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Smith" title="George Ross Smith">Smith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Lundeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Newton" title="Walter Newton">Newton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_I._Nolan" title="William I. Nolan">W. Nolan</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Christianson" title="Theodore Christianson">Christianson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Johnson_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Dewey Johnson (Minnesota politician)">D. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Youngdahl" title="Oscar Youngdahl">Youngdahl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)">Judd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Fraser" title="Donald M. Fraser">Fraser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Olav_Sabo" title="Martin Olav Sabo">Sabo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Ellison</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota06 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1893–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Baldwin" title="Melvin Baldwin">Baldwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Towne" title="Charles A. Towne">Towne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Page_Morris" title="Page Morris">Morris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Buckman" title="Clarence Buckman">Buckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Lindbergh" title="Charles August Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">H. Knutson</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">H. Knutson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Marshall_(American_politician)" title="Fred Marshall (American politician)">Marshall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alec_G._Olson" title="Alec G. Olson">Olson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_M._Zwach" title="John M. Zwach">Zwach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Nolan" title="Rick Nolan">R. Nolan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin_Weber" title="Vin Weber">Weber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Sikorski" title="Gerry Sikorski">Sikorski</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rod_Grams" title="Rod Grams">Grams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Luther" title="Bill Luther">Luther</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mark Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Bachmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Emmer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota07 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1893–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haldor_Boen" title="Haldor Boen">Boen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eddy" title="Frank Eddy">Eddy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Volstead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ole_J._Kvale" title="Ole J. Kvale">O. Kvale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Kvale">P. Kvale</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Kvale">P. Kvale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Carl_Andersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Carl Andersen">Andersen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Odin_Langen" title="Odin Langen">Langen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Bergland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arlan_Stangeland" title="Arlan Stangeland">Stangeland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collin_Peterson" title="Collin Peterson">Peterson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Fischbach" title="Michelle Fischbach">Fischbach</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota08 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1903–1933</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bede">Bede</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Miller" title="Clarence B. Miller">Miller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Leighton_Carss" title="William Leighton Carss">Carss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Larson" title="Oscar Larson">Larson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Leighton_Carss" title="William Leighton Carss">Carss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alvin_Pittenger" title="William Alvin Pittenger">Pittenger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–present</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alvin_Pittenger" title="William Alvin Pittenger">Pittenger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">Bernard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alvin_Pittenger" title="William Alvin Pittenger">Pittenger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Blatnik" title="John Blatnik">Blatnik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Oberstar" title="Jim Oberstar">Oberstar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chip_Cravaack" title="Chip Cravaack">Cravaack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Nolan" title="Rick Nolan">R. Nolan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Stauber" title="Pete Stauber">Stauber</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Districts_9–10_and_statewide_general_ticket_(obsolete)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts 9–10 and statewide general ticket (obsolete)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota09 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1903–33</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halvor_Steenerson" title="Halvor Steenerson">Steenerson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Knud_Wefald" title="Knud Wefald">Wefald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Selvig" title="Conrad Selvig">Selvig</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1935–63</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rich_T._Buckler" title="Rich T. Buckler">Buckler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hagen" title="Harold Hagen">Hagen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coya_Knutson" title="Coya Knutson">C. Knutson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Odin_Langen" title="Odin Langen">Langen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota10 !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1915–33</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Schall" title="Thomas D. Schall">Schall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_G._Goodwin" title="Godfrey G. Goodwin">Goodwin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="MinnesotaAL !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's at-large congressional district">General ticket</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1858–63</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cavanaugh" title="James M. Cavanaugh">Cavanaugh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Phelps" title="William Wallace Phelps">Phelps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Aldrich" title="Cyrus Aldrich">Aldrich</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1913–15</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Manahan" title="James Manahan">Manahan</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1933–35</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Arens" title="Henry M. Arens">Arens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_P._Chase" title="Ray P. Chase">Chase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Christianson" title="Theodore Christianson">Christianson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Einar_Hoidale" title="Einar Hoidale">Hoidale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">H. Knutson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Kvale">P. Kvale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Lundeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Shoemaker" title="Francis Shoemaker">Shoemaker</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce and Manufactures<br />(1816–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(senator)" title="William Hunter (senator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Dickerson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />(1825–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_S._Johnston" title="Josiah S. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Huntington" title="Jabez W. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Haywood_Jr." title="William Henry Haywood Jr.">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Claiborne_Clay" title="Clement Claiborne Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._R._McMillan" title="Samuel J. R. McMillan">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_U._Fletcher" title="Duncan U. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_L._Jones" title="Wesley L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens" title="Hubert D. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bailey" title="Josiah Bailey">Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate Commerce<br />(1887–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. Newlands">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dill" title="Clarence Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate and Foreign Commerce/Commerce<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Johnson" title="Edwin C. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Tobey" title="Charles W. Tobey">Tobey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce, Science, and Transportation<br />(1977–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Pressler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Chase" title="Dudley Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Jr." title="James Burrill Jr.">Burrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rowan_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Rowan (Kentucky politician)">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_D._Wall" title="Garret D. Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Ashley" title="Chester Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Wright" title="George G. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Pugh" title="James L. Pugh">Pugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_H._Platt" title="Orville H. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Clark" title="Clarence D. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst" title="Henry F. Ashurst">Ashurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Lands<br />(1816–1921)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Morrow" title="Jeremiah Morrow">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Williams" title="Thomas Hill Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(politician)" title="David Barton (politician)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Kane" title="Elias Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Smith" title="Oliver H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">Breese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Felch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Borland" title="Solon Borland">Borland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_IV" title="William Sprague IV">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Oglesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb" title="Preston B. Plumb">Plumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Dolph" title="Joseph N. Dolph">Dolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Berry" title="James H. Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dubois" title="Fred Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Hansbrough" title="Henry C. Hansbrough">Hansbrough</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Chamberlain" title="George E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Myers" title="Henry L. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Lands and Surveys<br />(1921–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine_Lenroot" title="Irvine Lenroot">Lenroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Ladd" title="Edwin F. Ladd">Ladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Stanfield" title="Robert N. Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Nye" title="Gerald Nye">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Kendrick" title="John B. Kendrick">Kendrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_B._Adams" title="Alva B. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hatch" title="Carl Hatch">Hatch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior and Insular Affairs<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Butler" title="Hugh A. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">O'Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Butler" title="Hugh A. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Cordon" title="Guy Cordon">Cordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Murray" title="James E. Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy and Natural Resources<br />(1977–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bennett_Johnston" title="J. Bennett Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murkowski" title="Frank Murkowski">F. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murkowski" title="Frank Murkowski">F. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Landrieu" title="Mary Landrieu">Landrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">L. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q888190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q888190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q888190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121602699">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80139259">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133225320">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133225320">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102943">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000040">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035581506">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568550">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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