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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مجموعات القراصنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعات القراصنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackersk%C3%A1_skupina" title="Hackerská skupina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hackerská skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_hacker" title="Grupo hacker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo hacker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گروه هکری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه هکری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerscollectief" title="Hackerscollectief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hackerscollectief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ハッカーグループ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハッカーグループ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Хакерская группа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хакерская группа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گرووپی ھاککەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرووپی ھاککەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2801262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Computer hacking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_security_hacking_incidents" title="List of security hacking incidents">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phreaking" title="Phreaking">Phreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">Cryptovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hackers" title="List of hackers">List of hackers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">Hacker culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">ethic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">Hackathon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hacker_Manifesto" title="Hacker Manifesto">Hacker Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">Hackerspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">Maker culture</a></li> <li>Types of <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hat_(computer_security)" title="Black hat (computer security)">Black hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_hat" title="Grey hat">Grey hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)" title="White hat (computer security)">White hat</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security_conference" title="Computer security conference">Conferences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat Briefings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackers_on_Planet_Earth" title="Hackers on Planet Earth">Hackers on Planet Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_BSides" title="Security BSides">Security BSides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShmooCon" title="ShmooCon">ShmooCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summercon" title="Summercon">Summercon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">Computer crime</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer criminals">List of computer criminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_kiddie" title="Script kiddie">Script kiddie</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hacking_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacking tool">Hacking tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_forensics_tools#Forensics-focused_operating_systems" title="List of digital forensics tools">forensics-focused operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">Practice sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HackThisSite" title="HackThisSite">HackThisSite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone-H" title="Zone-H">Zone-H</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">HIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">RCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Cloud computing security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club" title="Chaos Computer Club">Chaos Computer Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_(hacking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Doom (hacking)">Legion of Doom</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LulzSec" title="LulzSec">LulzSec</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Deception" title="Masters of Deception">Masters of Deception</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blue_team_(computer_security)" title="Blue team (computer security)">Blue team</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2600:_The_Hacker_Quarterly" title="2600: The Hacker Quarterly">2600: The Hacker Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuts_and_Volts" title="Nuts and Volts">Nuts and Volts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrack" title="Phrack">Phrack</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_hacking" title="Template:Computer hacking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_hacking" title="Template talk:Computer hacking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_hacking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer hacking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hacker groups</b> are informal communities that began to flourish in the early 1980s, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacker_group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to that time, the term <i>hacker</i> was simply a referral to any <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(hobbyist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (hobbyist)">computer hobbyist</a>. The hacker groups were out to make names for themselves, and were often spurred on by their own press. This was a heyday of hacking, at a time before there was much law against <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">computer crime</a>. Hacker groups provided <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">access to information</a> and resources, and a place to learn from other members.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hackers could also gain credibility by being affiliated with an elite group.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of hacker groups often parody large corporations, governments, police and criminals;<sup id="cite_ref-crackdown_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crackdown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often used specialized <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crackdown_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crackdown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacker_group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hacker_groups" title="List of hacker groups">List of hacker groups</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacker_group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Douglas (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Hacker_Culture" title="Hacker Culture">Hacker Culture</a></i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3346-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-3346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hacker+Culture&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3346-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHacker+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crackdown-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crackdown_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crackdown_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Sterling, Bruce</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050407005839/http://www.chriswaltrip.com/sterling/crack2d.html">"Part 2(d)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hacker_Crackdown" title="The Hacker Crackdown">The Hacker Crackdown</a></i>. McLean, Virginia: IndyPublish.com. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4043-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4043-0641-2"><bdi>1-4043-0641-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chriswaltrip.com/sterling/crack2d.html">the original</a> on 2005-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2%28d%29&rft.btitle=The+Hacker+Crackdown&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=IndyPublish.com&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-4043-0641-2&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chriswaltrip.com%2Fsterling%2Fcrack2d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHacker+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hacker_group&oldid=1255182321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hacker_group&oldid=1255182321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_computer_groups" title="Category:Underground computer groups">Underground computer groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hacker_groups" title="Category:Hacker groups">Hacker groups</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 16:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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