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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Position_in_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupal_mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupal_mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pupal mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupal_mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chrysalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chrysalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chrysalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chrysalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cocoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puparium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puparium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Puparium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puparium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pupa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="عذراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عذراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa_(metamorfosis)" title="Pupa (metamorfosis) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pupa (metamorfosis)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9F" title="মূককীট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মূককীট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кукалка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кукалка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Капшучок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Капшучок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Какавида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Какавида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukla" title="Kukla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kukla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwiler" title="Chwiler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwiler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppe" title="Puppe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Puppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppe_(Insekt)" title="Puppe (Insekt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Puppe (Insekt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukk_(bioloogia)" title="Nukk (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukk (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Νύμφη εντόμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νύμφη εντόμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupo_(zoologio)" title="Pupo (zoologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pupo (zoologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="شفیره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شفیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupe" title="Pupe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pupe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis" title="Chrysalis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chrysalis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88%EB%8D%B0%EA%B8%B0" title="번데기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="번데기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հարսնյակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարսնյակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="प्यूपा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्यूपा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuljica" title="Kukuljica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kukuljica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizalido" title="Krizalido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krizalido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepompong" title="Kepompong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepompong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BApa" title="Púpa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púpa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="גולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthung" title="Enthung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Enthung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪ್ಯೂಪಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಯೂಪಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჭუპრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭუპრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%BE" title="زونٛپ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زونٛپ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip" title="Pip – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Куурчакча – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куурчакча" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABni%C5%86a" title="Kūniņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kūniņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97liuk%C4%97" title="Lėliukė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lėliukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Báb (biológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Báb (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="പ്യൂപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്യൂപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpopping" title="Verpopping – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verpopping" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%B9" title="蛹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蛹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppe" title="Puppe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Puppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppe" title="Puppe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Puppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBumbak" title="Gʻumbak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻumbak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppe_(Insekten)" title="Poppe (Insekten) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Poppe (Insekten)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczwarka" title="Poczwarka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poczwarka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pup%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Pupă (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pupă (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marucha" title="Marucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Куколка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куколка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukla_(zool%C3%B3gia)" title="Kukla (zoológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kukla (zoológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buba" title="Buba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Buba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutka_(biologija)" title="Lutka (biologija) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lutka (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh 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interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supot-uod" title="Supot-uod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Supot-uod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="கூட்டுப்புழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுப்புழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawlekt" title="Tawlekt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawlekt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Life stage of some insects undergoing transformation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pupa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pupa (disambiguation)">Pupa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetoine_global.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cetoine_global.jpg/350px-Cetoine_global.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cetoine_global.jpg/525px-Cetoine_global.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cetoine_global.jpg/700px-Cetoine_global.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8538" data-file-height="4095" /></a><figcaption>Pupa of the rose chafer beetle, <i><a href="/wiki/Cetonia_aurata" title="Cetonia aurata">Cetonia aurata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_Pupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mosquito_Pupa.jpg/220px-Mosquito_Pupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mosquito_Pupa.jpg/330px-Mosquito_Pupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mosquito_Pupa.jpg/440px-Mosquito_Pupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Tumbler (pupa) of a mosquito. Unlike most pupae, tumblers can swim around actively.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pupa</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> pupa</i> 'doll'; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>pupae</b>) is the life stage of some <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are <a href="/wiki/Holometabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Holometabolous">holometabolous</a>: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages thereof being egg, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, pupa, and <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>. The processes of entering and completing the pupal stage are controlled by the insect's hormones, especially <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_hormone" title="Juvenile hormone">juvenile hormone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prothoracicotropic_hormone" title="Prothoracicotropic hormone">prothoracicotropic hormone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecdysone" title="Ecdysone">ecdysone</a>. The act of becoming a pupa is called pupation, and the act of emerging from the pupal case is called eclosion or emergence. </p><p>The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as <a href="#Chrysalis"><i>chrysalis</i></a> for the pupae of <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> and <i>tumbler</i> for those of the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> family. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as <a href="#Cocoon">cocoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nests</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_in_life_cycle">Position in life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Position in life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pupal stage follows the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stage, or in some cases a <a href="/wiki/Prepupa" title="Prepupa">prepupal</a> stage, and precedes <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adulthood</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a></i>) in insects with complete metamorphosis. The pupa is a non-feeding, usually <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> stage, or highly active as in mosquitoes. It is during the pupal stage that the adult structures of the insect are formed while the larval structures are broken down. The adult structures grow from <a href="/wiki/Imaginal_disc" title="Imaginal disc">imaginal discs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AldazEscudero2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AldazEscudero2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration">Duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pupal stage may last weeks, months, or even years, depending on temperature and the species of insect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch butterflies">monarch butterflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pupa may enter <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a> until the appropriate season to emerge as an adult insect. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, while in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> pupae usually do so during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg/220px-Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg/330px-Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg/440px-Hercus_fontinalis_eclosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Adult <i><a href="/wiki/Hercus_fontinalis" title="Hercus fontinalis">Hercus fontinalis</a></i> emerging from cocoon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/220px--Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv/Papilio_dardanus_emerging.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Eclosion of <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_dardanus" title="Papilio dardanus">Papilio dardanus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insects emerge (eclose) from pupae by splitting the pupal case. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes, the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas, the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a suitable host.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to emergence, the adult inside the pupal <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> is termed <i>pharate</i>. Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an <i><a href="/wiki/Exuvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exuvia">exuvia</a></i>; in most <a href="/wiki/Hymenopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenopteran">hymenopterans</a> (ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed. Measuring the timing of this emergence is of interest to chronobiologists because the process is regulated by <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian clocks</a> in many species, necessitating different <a href="/wiki/Eclosion_assay" title="Eclosion assay">assays</a> to measure eclosion timing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupal_mating">Pupal mating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pupal mating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mottled_Emigrant_(Catopsilia_pyranthe)_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg/220px-Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg/330px-Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg/440px-Mottled_Emigrant_%28Catopsilia_pyranthe%29_mating_with_emerging_butterfly_from_pupa_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mating in pierid <i><a href="/wiki/Catopsilia_pyranthe" title="Catopsilia pyranthe">Catopsilia pyranthe</a></i> of male with newly emerged female.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i>, pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive strategy in which the adult male mates with a female pupa about to emerge, or with the newly moulted female; this is accompanied by other actions such as capping of the reproductive system of the female with the <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">sphragis</a>, denying access to other males, or by exuding an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston-Mafham_&_Preston-Mafham_(1993)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-Mafham_&_Preston-Mafham_(1993)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boggs,_Watt_&_Ehrlich_(2003)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs,_Watt_&_Ehrlich_(2003)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense">Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pupae are usually immobile and are largely defenseless. To overcome this, pupae often are covered with a cocoon, conceal themselves in the environment, or form underground.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenid butterflies</a> are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Another means of defense by pupae of other species is the capability of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. The pupae of social <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenopterans</a> are protected by adult members of the hive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the presence or absence of articulated <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibles</a> that are employed in emerging from a cocoon or pupal case, the pupae can be classified in to two types:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Decticous pupa</b> – a pupa with articulated mandibles. Examples are pupae of the orders <a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> and few <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> families.</li> <li><b>Adecticous pupa</b> – a pupa without articulated mandibles. Examples include the orders <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonaptera">Siphonaptera</a>.</li></ul> <p>Based on whether the pupal appendages are free or attached to the body, the pupae can be classified as one of three types: </p> <ul><li><b>Exarate pupa</b> – appendages are free and are not usually encapsulated within a cocoon. Decticous pupae are always exarate; some adecticous pupae are as well. (Neuroptera, Trichoptera, <a href="/wiki/Cyclorrhapha" title="Cyclorrhapha">Cyclorrhapha</a> of Dipterans, Siphonaptera, most Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and few Lepidoptera).</li> <li><b>Obtect pupa</b> – appendages are attached closely to the body and are commonly encapsulated within a cocoon. Some adecticous pupa are obtect forms. (Most Lepidoptera, <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a> of Dipterans, <a href="/wiki/Staphylinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysomelidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysomelidae">Chrysomelidae</a> Coleopterans, many <a href="/wiki/Chalcidoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</a> Hymenopterans)</li> <li><b>Coarctate pupa</b> – enclosed in a hardened cuticle of the penultimate larval instar called a puparium. However, the pupa itself is of the exarate adecticous pupal form. (Cyclorrhapha of Dipterans).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chrysalis">Chrysalis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chrysalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chrysalis" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chrysalis (disambiguation)">Chrysalis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_(Cramer,_1780)_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg/220px-A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg/330px-A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg/440px-A_pupa_of_Euploea_core_%28Cramer%2C_1780%29_-_Common_Crow_WLB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Common crow butterfly (<i><a href="/wiki/Euploea_core" title="Euploea core">Euploea core</a></i>) chrysalis illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> origin of the term: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χρυσός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysós</i></span>) for gold</figcaption></figure> <p>A chrysalis (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">chrysallis</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">χρυσαλλίς</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysallís</i></span>, plural: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysalides</i></span>, also known as an <i>aurelia</i>) or nympha is the pupal stage of <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>. The term is derived from the metallic–gold coloration found in the pupae of many butterflies, referred to by the Ancient Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χρυσός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysós</i></span>) for gold. </p><p>When the caterpillar is fully grown, it makes a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to a leaf or a twig. Then the caterpillar's skin comes off for the final time. Under this old skin is a hard skin called a chrysalis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because chrysalises are often showy and are formed in the open, they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalides are attached to a surface by a <a href="/wiki/Hook_and_loop_fastener" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook and loop fastener">touch fastener</a>-like arrangement of a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silken</a> pad spun by the <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a>, usually cemented to the underside of a perch, and the <i>cremastral</i> hook or hooks protruding from the rear of the chrysalis or <i>cremaster</i> at the tip of the pupal <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> by which the caterpillar fixes itself to the pad of silk. (<abbr title="Ancient Greek">Gr.</abbr> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kremastos</i></span> 'suspended')<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other types of pupae, the chrysalis stage in most butterflies is one in which there is little movement. However, some butterfly pupae are capable of moving the abdominal segments to produce sounds or to scare away potential <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. Within the chrysalis, growth and differentiation occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult butterfly emerges (ecloses) from this and expands its wings by pumping <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a> into the wing veins.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this sudden and rapid change from pupa to imago is often called <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>, metamorphosis is really the whole series of changes that an insect undergoes from egg to adult. </p><p>When emerging, the butterfly uses a liquid, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Cocoonase" title="Cocoonase">cocoonase</a>, which softens the shell of the chrysalis. Additionally, it uses two sharp claws located on the thick joints at the base of the forewings to help make its way out.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having emerged from the chrysalis, the butterfly will usually sit on the empty shell in order to expand and harden its wings. However, if the chrysalis was near the ground (such as if it fell off from its silk pad), the butterfly would find another vertical surface to rest upon and harden its wings (such as a wall or fence). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">Moth</a> pupae are usually dark in color and either formed in underground cells, loose in the soil, or their pupa is contained in a protective <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> case called a <i>cocoon</i>. The pupa of some species such as the <a href="/wiki/Hornet_moth" title="Hornet moth">hornet moth</a> develops sharp ridges around the outside called adminicula that allow the pupa to move from its place of concealment inside a tree trunk when it is time for the adult to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pupa, chrysalis, and cocoon are frequently confused, but are quite distinct from each other. The pupa is the stage between the larva and adult stages. The chrysalis generally refers to a butterfly pupa although the term may be misleading as there are some moths whose pupae resembles a chrysalis, e.g.: the plume winged moths of the family <a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoridae</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Geometrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometrid">geometrid</a> moths. A cocoon is a silk case that the larvae of moths, and sometimes other insects, spin around the pupa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cocoon">Cocoon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cocoon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cocoon (disambiguation)">Cocoon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarf_birch_spinner_(Eriogaster_arbusculae)_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg/220px-Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg/330px-Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg/440px-Dwarf_birch_spinner_%28Eriogaster_arbusculae%29_cocoon_Dovrefjell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5814" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Dwarf birch spinner moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Eriogaster_arbusculae" title="Eriogaster arbusculae">Eriogaster arbusculae</a></i>) cocoon</figcaption></figure> <p>A cocoon is a casing spun of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> by many <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Holometabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Holometabolous">holometabolous</a> insect <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> as a protective covering for the pupa. </p><p>Cocoons may be tough or soft, opaque or translucent, solid or meshlike, of various colors, or composed of multiple layers, depending on the type of insect larva producing it. Many moth caterpillars shed the larval hairs (<a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a>) and incorporate them into the cocoon; if these are <a href="/wiki/Urticating_hair" title="Urticating hair">urticating hairs</a> then the cocoon is also irritating to the touch. Some larvae attach small twigs, fecal pellets or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon in an attempt to disguise it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a concealed location—on the underside of a <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">crevice</a>, down near the base of a <a href="/wiki/Tree_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree trunk">tree trunk</a>, suspended from a twig or concealed in the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, larvae do not completely liquify inside the cocoon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg/170px-Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg/255px-Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg/340px-Caterpillars_cocoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>The tough brown cocoon of an <a href="/wiki/Opodiphthera_eucalypti" title="Opodiphthera eucalypti">emperor gum moth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The silk in the cocoon of the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silk moth</a> can be unraveled to harvest silk fibre which makes this moth the most economically important of all lepidopterans. The silk moth is the only completely domesticated lepidopteran; it does not exist in the wild. </p><p>Insects that pupate in a cocoon must escape from it, and they do this either by the pupa cutting its way out, or by secreting <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Cocoonase" title="Cocoonase">cocoonase</a>, that soften the cocoon. Some cocoons are constructed with built-in lines of weakness along which they will tear easily from inside, or with exit holes that only allow a one-way passage out; such features facilitate the escape of the adult insect after it emerges from the pupal skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Puparium">Puparium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Puparium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupeodes_americanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eupeodes_americanus.jpg/220px-Eupeodes_americanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eupeodes_americanus.jpg/330px-Eupeodes_americanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eupeodes_americanus.jpg/440px-Eupeodes_americanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Puparium of <i><a href="/wiki/Eupeodes_americanus" title="Eupeodes americanus">Eupeodes americanus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some pupae remain inside the exoskeleton of the final larval <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a> and this last larval "shell" is called a puparium (plural, puparia). Flies of the group <a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a> have puparia, as do members of the order <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemipteran</a> family <a href="/wiki/Aleyrodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleyrodidae">Aleyrodidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_(pupa)-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhynchophorus ferrugineus pupa"><img alt="Rhynchophorus ferrugineus pupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg/120px-Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg/180px-Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg/240px-Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28pupa%29-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus" title="Rhynchophorus ferrugineus">Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</a></i> pupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) pupa"><img alt="Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) pupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg/120px-Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg/180px-Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg/240px-Fruit_Fly_Pupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruit fly (<i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>) pupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An emperor gum moth caterpillar spinning its cocoon"><img alt="An emperor gum moth caterpillar spinning its cocoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg/120px-Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg/180px-Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg/240px-Caterpillar_making_cocoon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Emperor_gum_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor gum moth">emperor gum moth</a> caterpillar spinning its cocoon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Luna moth cocoon and pupa"><img alt="Luna moth cocoon and pupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG/120px-Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG/180px-Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG/240px-Actias_luna_pupa_2_sjh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Actias_luna" class="mw-redirect" title="Actias luna">Luna moth</a> cocoon and pupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Assortment of luna moth cocoons"><img alt="Assortment of luna moth cocoons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG/120px-Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG/180px-Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG/240px-Actias_luna_cocoons_sjh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assortment of luna moth cocoons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Luna moth emerging from pupa within silk cocoon"><img alt="Luna moth emerging from pupa within silk cocoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif/120px-Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif/180px-Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Actias_luna_emergence_sjh.gif 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luna moth emerging from pupa within <a href="/wiki/Silk_cocoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk cocoon">silk cocoon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon"><img alt="Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG/59px-Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG/89px-Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG/118px-Actias_luna_pupa_sjh_enhanced.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysalis5504.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chrysalis of Gulf fritillary"><img alt="Chrysalis of Gulf fritillary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg/78px-Chrysalis5504.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg/117px-Chrysalis5504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg/156px-Chrysalis5504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chrysalis of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_fritillary" title="Gulf fritillary">Gulf fritillary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pupation of Aglais io"><img alt="Pupation of Aglais io" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg/120px-Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg/180px-Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg/240px-Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pupation of <i><a href="/wiki/Aglais_io" title="Aglais io">Aglais io</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Monarch butterfly chrysalis"><img alt="Monarch butterfly chrysalis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG/118px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG/176px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG/235px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a> chrysalis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia,_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos,_Tenerife,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2012-12-13,_DD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Specimen of an eclosing Dryas iulia butterfly"><img alt="Specimen of an eclosing Dryas iulia butterfly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg/90px-Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg/135px-Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg/180px-Nacimiento_de_una_Dryas_iulia%2C_Mariposario_de_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Specimen of an eclosing <i><a href="/wiki/Dryas_iulia" title="Dryas iulia">Dryas iulia</a></i> butterfly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pupae of Japanagromyza inferna, a gall fly, in gall of Centrosema virginianum"><img alt="Pupae of Japanagromyza inferna, a gall fly, in gall of Centrosema virginianum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg/120px-Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg/180px-Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg/240px-Pupae_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_Spencer_in_gall_of_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pupae of <i><a href="/wiki/Japanagromyza_inferna" title="Japanagromyza inferna">Japanagromyza inferna</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Gall_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall fly">gall fly</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">gall</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Centrosema_virginianum" title="Centrosema virginianum">Centrosema virginianum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pupa of cabbage looper"><img alt="Pupa of cabbage looper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg/120px-Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg/180px-Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg/240px-Cabbage_looper_in_cocoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pupa of <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_looper" title="Cabbage looper">cabbage looper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pupa of baron butterfly Euthalia aconthea"><img alt="Pupa of baron butterfly Euthalia aconthea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg/55px-BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg/83px-BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg/110px-BARON_BUTTERFLY_CHRYSALIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pupa of baron butterfly <i><a href="/wiki/Euthalia_aconthea" title="Euthalia aconthea">Euthalia aconthea</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papilio polytes common Mormon pupa on curry leaves."><img alt="Papilio polytes common Mormon pupa on curry leaves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg/90px-Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg/135px-Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg/180px-Papilio_polytes_common_Mormon_pupa_vijayanrajapuram_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9024" data-file-height="12032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_polytes" title="Papilio polytes">Papilio polytes</a></i> common Mormon pupa on curry leaves.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_brood" title="Bee brood">Bee brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">Larva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorrorDeLongTriplehorn2004" class="citation book cs1">Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). <i>Introduction to the Study of Insects</i> (Sixth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-096835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-096835-6"><bdi>0-03-096835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Insects&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-03-096835-6&rft.aulast=Borror&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=DeLong%2C+Dwight+M.&rft.au=Triplehorn%2C+Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AldazEscudero2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AldazEscudero2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldazEscudero2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aldaz, Silvia; Escudero, Luis M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.03.010">"Imaginal discs"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>20</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">R429 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R431</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CBio...20.R429A">2010CBio...20.R429A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.03.010">10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504747">20504747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Imaginal+discs&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER429+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER431%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20504747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.03.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010CBio...20.R429A&rft.aulast=Aldaz&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Escudero%2C+Luis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2010.03.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nielsen, Erik Tetens, and J. St Haeger. "Pupation and emergence in <i>Aedes taeniorhynchus</i> (Wied.)." <i>Bulletin of Entomological Research</i> 45.4 (1954): 757–768.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, J. M. "Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years." <i>Ecological Entomology</i> 21.3 (1996): 241–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Minnesota_Extension" class="citation web cs1">University of Minnesota Extension, Monarch Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172311/https://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/breeding-life-cycle/life-cycle/#pupa">"Monarch Life Cycle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/breeding-life-cycle/life-cycle/#pupa">the original</a> on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monarch+Life+Cycle&rft.aulast=University+of+Minnesota+Extension&rft.aufirst=Monarch+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonarchlab.org%2Fbiology-and-research%2Fbiology-and-natural-history%2Fbreeding-life-cycle%2Flife-cycle%2F%23pupa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston-Mafham_&_Preston-Mafham_(1993)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preston-Mafham_&_Preston-Mafham_(1993)_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston–MafhamPreston–Mafham1993" class="citation book cs1">Preston–Mafham, Rod; Preston–Mafham, Ken (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofla0000pres"><i>The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofla0000pres/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16137-4"><bdi>978-0-262-16137-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Land+Invertebrate+Behaviour&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16137-4&rft.aulast=Preston%E2%80%93Mafham&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft.au=Preston%E2%80%93Mafham%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofla0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boggs,_Watt_&_Ehrlich_(2003)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boggs,_Watt_&_Ehrlich_(2003)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggsWatt,_Ward_B.Ehrlich,_Paul_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Carol L.; Watt, Ward B.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQkBqF3vQ8sC"><i>Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06318-8"><bdi>978-0-226-06318-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butterflies%3A+Ecology+and+Evolution+Taking+Flight&rft.pages=739&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06318-8&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Carol+L.&rft.au=Watt%2C+Ward+B.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQkBqF3vQ8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_R._F._(Reginald_Frederick)2013" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, R. F. (Reginald Frederick) (2013). <i>The insects : structure and function</i>. 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Agri Info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=6&topicid=1553">the original</a> on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Pupa&rft.pub=Agri+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriinfo.in%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3Dtopic%26superid%3D6%26topicid%3D1553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby1958" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Gene (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisbutterfly00darb"><i>What is a Butterfly</i></a></span>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Benefic_Press" title="Benefic Press">Benefic Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisbutterfly00darb/page/19">19</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Butterfly&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Benefic+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatisbutterfly00darb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_invertebrate_zoology/3481/cremaster">"Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525045759/http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_invertebrate_zoology/3481/cremaster">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+Dictionaries+and+Encyclopedias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.academic.ru%2Fdic.nsf%2Fen_invertebrate_zoology%2F3481%2Fcremaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweGarwoodSimonsenBradley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, Tristan; Garwood, Russell P.; Simonsen, Thomas; Bradley, Robert S.; Withers, Philip J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673169">"Metamorphosis revealed: three dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society Interface</i>. <b>10</b> (84). 20130304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2013.0304">10.1098/rsif.2013.0304</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673169">3673169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23676900">23676900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+Interface&rft.atitle=Metamorphosis+revealed%3A+three+dimensional+imaging+inside+a+living+chrysalis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=84&rft.pages=20130304&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3673169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23676900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsif.2013.0304&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Garwood%2C+Russell+P.&rft.au=Simonsen%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Robert+S.&rft.au=Withers%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3673169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/butterflies/highlights/metamorphosis.php">AMNH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207003856/http://amnh.org/exhibitions/butterflies/highlights/metamorphosis.php">Archived</a> December 7, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/entomologist351902brit/entomologist351902brit_djvu.txt"><i>The Entomologist</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewland" class="citation journal cs1">Newland, D.E. "Eclosion mechanics, mating and ovipositing behaviour of <i>Sesia apiformis</i>". <i>Entomologist's Gazette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomologist%27s+Gazette&rft.atitle=Eclosion+mechanics%2C+mating+and+ovipositing+behaviour+of+Sesia+apiformis&rft.aulast=Newland&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby1958" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Gene (1958). <i>What is a Butterfly</i>. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Butterfly&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Benefic+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoble1992" class="citation book cs1">Scoble, Malcolm J. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraformf0000scob"><i>The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854031-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-854031-0"><bdi>0-19-854031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lepidoptera%3A+Form%2C+Function+and+Diversity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-854031-0&rft.aulast=Scoble&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flepidopteraformf0000scob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarino2017" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, Ben (September 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/09/19/mutant-butterflies-reveal-the-genetic-roots-of-colorful-wings/">"Mutant butterflies reveal the genetic roots of colorful wings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919133746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170919133746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/09/19/mutant-butterflies-reveal-the-genetic-roots-of-colorful-wings/?utm_term=.6a605ce29ece">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mutant+butterflies+reveal+the+genetic+roots+of+colorful+wings&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Guarino&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fmutant-butterflies-reveal-the-genetic-roots-of-colorful-wings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullanCranston2000" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2000). <i>The Insects: An Outline of Entomology</i> (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-05343-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-05343-7"><bdi>0-632-05343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+An+Outline+of+Entomology&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-632-05343-7&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APupa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pupae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pupae">Pupae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insecta.pro/gallery?fem=5">Pupa photos</a> plus species descriptions at <i>Insecta.pro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121108172719/http://picasaweb.google.com/srither240255/CycleOfSilkworm">Silk worm life cycle photos</a> (archived 8 November 2012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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