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peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Latar belakang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operasi-operasi_Tempur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasi-operasi_Tempur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operasi-operasi Tempur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operasi-operasi_Tempur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Operasi-operasi Tempur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operasi-operasi_Tempur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Strategi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serangan_Belanda_pertama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serangan_Belanda_pertama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Serangan Belanda pertama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serangan_Belanda_pertama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serangan_Belanda_kedua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serangan_Belanda_kedua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Serangan Belanda kedua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serangan_Belanda_kedua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1873_–_1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1873_–_1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>1873 – 1880</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1873_–_1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jihad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1883_–_1900-an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1883_–_1900-an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>1883 – 1900-an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1883_–_1900-an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siasatan_Snouck_Hurgronje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siasatan_Snouck_Hurgronje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Siasatan Snouck Hurgronje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siasatan_Snouck_Hurgronje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendamaian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendamaian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pendamaian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendamaian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kesan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kesan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kesan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kesan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua_dan_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Dunia_Kedua_dan_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Perang Dunia Kedua dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua_dan_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanah_perkuburan_Kerkhoff_Poucut_Belanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanah_perkuburan_Kerkhoff_Poucut_Belanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tanah perkuburan Kerkhoff Poucut Belanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanah_perkuburan_Kerkhoff_Poucut_Belanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surat_perjanjian_tanda_menyerah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat_perjanjian_tanda_menyerah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surat perjanjian tanda menyerah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surat_perjanjian_tanda_menyerah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perang Aceh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 20 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prang_Blanda" title="Prang Blanda – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Prang Blanda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب آتشيه – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب آتشيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Aceh" title="Perang Aceh – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Aceh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh-Krieg" title="Aceh-Krieg – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aceh-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aceh War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Aceh" title="Guerra de Aceh – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Aceh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Aceh" title="Guerre d'Aceh – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'Aceh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B2%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="아체 전쟁 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아체 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_Aceh" title="Guerra di Aceh – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di Aceh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აჩეჰის ომი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჩეჰის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atjehoorlog" title="Atjehoorlog – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atjehoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="アチェ戦争 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アチェ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Aceh" title="Guèrra d'Aceh – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra d'Aceh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_acehijska" title="Wojna acehijska – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna acehijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Ach%C3%A9m" title="Guerra de Achém – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Achém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ачехская война – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ачехская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehejska_vojna" title="Acehejska vojna – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Acehejska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehin_sota" title="Acehin sota – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Acehin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="สงครามอาเจะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอาเจะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ачехська війна – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ачехська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q277450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Aceh" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Perang_Aceh" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Aceh"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Aceh"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Perang_Aceh" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Perang_Aceh" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&oldid=6398990" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Perang_Aceh&id=6398990&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerang_Aceh"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerang_Aceh"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Perang+Aceh"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perang_Aceh&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aceh_War" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q277450" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4986046">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Perang Aceh<br />ڤرڠ اچيه</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/300px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/450px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/600px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4306" data-file-height="3630" /></a></span><br />Jeneral J.H.R. Köhler terbunuh di Mesigit</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Tarikh</th><td>1873—1904</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Lokasi</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Keputusan</th><td class="status"> <p>Kemenangan Belanda<br /> </p> <ul><li>Permulaan penjajahan Belanda ke atas <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Perubahan<br />wilayah</th><td> Aceh diserahkan kepada <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Hindia Timur Belanda">Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pihak yang terlibat</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KNIL" class="mw-redirect" title="KNIL">Tentera Hindia Timur Belanda Diraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Diraja_Belanda" title="Tentera Laut Diraja Belanda">Tentera Laut Diraja Belanda</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> </p> <ul><li>Alim <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> Aceh<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Komandan dan pemimpin</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Mejar Jeneral Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler†<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Jeneral Jan van Swieten<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Mejar Jeneral Karel van der Heijden<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Jeneral <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.B._van_Heutsz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.B. van Heutsz (laman tidak wujud)">J.B. van Heutsz</a> (1898-1904)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Leftenan Jeneral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Cornelis_van_der_Wijck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Cornelis van der Wijck (laman tidak wujud)">J.C. van der Wijck</a> (1904-05)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> G.C.E van Daalen (1905-08)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> H.N.A. Swart (1908-13)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> Sultan Mahmud Syah<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>†<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> Sultan Ibrahim Mansur Syah (1874-1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> Tuanku Raja Keumala<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> Tuanku Mahmud<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> Teuku Panglima Polem Muda Perkasa<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Teuku Umar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reid336_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid336-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Aceh_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Dhien" title="Cut Nyak Dhien">Cut Nyak Dhien</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reid352_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid352-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kekuatan</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000 tentera (Ekspedisi Aceh Pertama)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />13,000 (Ekspedisi Aceh Kedua)<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12,000 tentera KNIL Eropah (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />23,000 tentera KNIL Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000-100,000 tentera<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kerugian dan korban</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 37,000 terbunuh<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 60-70,000 terbunuh<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />10,000 menjadi pelarian<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Leftenan Jeneral <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Benedictus_van_Heutsz" title="Johannes Benedictus van Heutsz">Van Heutsz</a> sedang memerhatikan pasukannya sewaktu Perang Aceh</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Perang Aceh</b> ialah perang antara <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> antara tahun <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a> hingga tahun <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a>. Kesultanan Aceh menyerah kalah kepada Belanda pada tahun 1904 akan tetapi tentangan rakyat Aceh terhadap Belanda berlanjutan dengan perang gerila. Perang Aceh juga dikenali sebagai <b>Perang Belanda</b> ataupun <b>Perang Aceh-Belanda</b>. Perang Aceh merupakan sebahagian daripada siri pertempuran pada kurun ke-19 yang memantapkan pemerintahan Belanda ke atas <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> moden. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Latar belakang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Latar belakang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada sebahagian besar abad ke-19, kemerdekaan Aceh dijamin oleh <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Belanda_1814" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1814">Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1814</a> dan juga taraf Aceh sebagai negeri naungan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Uthmaniyyah">Empayar Uthmaniyyah</a> semenjak abad ke-16. Pada tahun 1820-an Aceh menjadi kuasa politik dan perdagangan serantau, dan membekalkan separuh daripada bekalan <a href="/wiki/Lada_hitam" title="Lada hitam">lada hitam</a> dunia yang meningkatkan pendapatan dan pengaruh raja-raja feudal tempatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permintaan bagi lada hitam yang meningkat di Eropah dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> membawa kepada pergeseran bersenjata antara pihak British, <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> dan Amerika. Di bawah pemerintahan Sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuanku_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuanku Ibrahim (laman tidak wujud)">Tuanku Ibrahim</a> (1838–1870), <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> berjaya mengawal raja-raja tempatan dan memanjangkan kuasa kesultanan ke pantai timur.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, pengembangan kuasa Aceh di utara membawa pertembungan dengan pihak Belanda yang sedang meluaskan pemerintahan kolonialisme di <a href="/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berikutan pembukaan <a href="/wiki/Terusan_Suez" title="Terusan Suez">Terusan Suez</a> pada tahun 1869 serta perubahan dalam laluan perkapalan, pihak British dan Belanda memeterai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treati_Sumatera_Inggeris-Belanda_1871&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treati Sumatera Inggeris-Belanda 1871 (laman tidak wujud)">Treati Sumatera Inggeris-Belanda 1871</a> yang menamatkan tuntutan British terhadap Sumatera dan membenarkan Belanda memperluaskan pengaruh mereka terhadap <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> maritim sambil menggalas tanggung jawab menangani aktiviti-aktiviti lanun.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai balasan, pihak British memperoleh kawalan ke atas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Gold_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Gold Coast (laman tidak wujud)">Dutch Gold Coast</a></i> di Afrika dan hak perdagangan yang sama dengan Belanda di <a href="/wiki/Siak" class="mw-disambig" title="Siak">Siak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keinginan Belanda memperluas wilayah didorong oleh kehadiran sumber asli, terutamanya lada hitam dan <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">minyak</a>, dan juga untuk menghapuskan kuasa negara tempatan. Belanda juga ingin mengelak kuasa kolonial lain, khususnya Britain dan Perancis, daripada berkembang di Asia Tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operasi-operasi_Tempur">Operasi-operasi Tempur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Operasi-operasi Tempur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Operasi-operasi Tempur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekspedisi Aceh Pertama ataupun perang pertama (1873-1874) melibatkan tentera Kesultanan Aceh yang dipimpin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panglima_Polim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panglima Polim (laman tidak wujud)">Panglima Polim</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Syah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mahmud Syah">Sultan Mahmud Syah</a> yang menentang tentera Belanda di bawah pimpinan Jeneral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohler (laman tidak wujud)">Kohler</a>. Tentera Aceh berjaya menewaskan Kohler dengan 3,000 orang tenteranya dan Kohler sendiri terbunuh pada April <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategi">Strategi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Strategi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Strategi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pihak Belanda mencuba strategi demi strategi dalam waktu beberapa dasawarsa. Pada tahun 1873 mereka mencuba dengan satu serangan pantas, namun gagal. kemudian mereka mencuba kepungan laut, perdamaian, berkumpul dalam barisan kota-kota, dan kemudian pembendungan secara pasif. Mereka tidak berjaya. Dengan perbelanjaan yang menghampiri 15 ke 20 juta guilder setahun, keadaan ini nyaris-nyaris menjadikan kerajaan kolonial muflis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serangan_Belanda_pertama">Serangan Belanda pertama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Serangan Belanda pertama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Serangan Belanda pertama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lihat juga:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Aceh_Pertama" title="Ekspedisi Aceh Pertama">Ekspedisi Aceh Pertama</a> </p><p>Pada tahun 1873, rundingan dijalankan antara wakil-wakil Kesultanan Aceh dengan konsul tempatan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">AS</a> berkaitan kemungkinan pengwujudan sebuah treati dwipihak.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak Belanda melihat ini sebagai pelanggaran perjanjian yang lebih awal dengan pihak British yang dimeterai pada tahun 1871, dan menggunakan kesempatan ini bagi merampas Aceh secara ketenteraan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah ekspidisi di bawah perintah <a href="/wiki/Mejar_Jeneral" title="Mejar Jeneral">Mejar Jeneral</a> Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler dihantar pada 26 Mac 1873, dan peperangan bermula apabila Belanda membedil ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, dengan tembakan <a href="/wiki/Meriam" title="Meriam">meriam</a> dari kapal perang <i>Cidatel van Antwerpen</i>. Pada 8 April 1873, angkatan Belanda mendarat di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantai_Ceureumen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantai Ceureumen (laman tidak wujud)">Pantai Ceureumen</a>, dan berjaya menawan daerah-daerah pesisiran pantai.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sememangnya niat Belanda untuk menyerang dan merampas istana Sultan yang sekaligus akan membawa kepada penaklukan Aceh. Sultan meminta, dan berkemungkinan besar menerima, bantuan daripada <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a> dan United Kingdom di Singapura. Walau apapun, tentera Aceh diperbesar dan dipermoden, dan kekuatannya dianggarkan antara 10,000 dan 100,000 anggota.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak Belanda melakukan beberapa kesilapan taktik akibat memandang rendah kebolehan ketenteraan Aceh, dan mengalami kerugian termasuklah kematian Kohler dan 60 anggota.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kekalahan ini menjejaskan semangat dan martabat Belanda.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pihak Belanda terpaksa berundur dan kemudian meletakkan kepungan laut terhadap Aceh. Dalam percubaannya bagi mengekalkan kemerdekaan Aceh, Sultan Mahmud meminta pertolongan kuasa-kuasa Barat yang lain, dan juga <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Uthmaniyyah">Empayar Uthmaniyyah</a>, namun tidak diindahkan. Sementara Konsul Amerika bersimpati, kerajaan Amerika tetap berkecuali. Pihak Uthmaniyah pula tidak mampu membantu kerana kedudukannya yang lemah di persada politik antarabangsa. Dalam masa yang sama pihak British enggan membantu ekoran perjanjian mereka dengan Belanda sementara Perancis juga tidak mahu membantu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serangan_Belanda_kedua">Serangan Belanda kedua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Serangan Belanda kedua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Serangan Belanda kedua"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1873_–_1880"><span id="1873_.E2.80.93_1880"></span>1873 – 1880</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: 1873 – 1880" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: 1873 – 1880"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lihat juga:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Aceh_Kedua" title="Ekspedisi Aceh Kedua">Ekspedisi Aceh Kedua</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg/220px-The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg/330px-The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg/440px-The_Dutch_War_In_Sumatra-_Malay_Soldiers_Under_The_Dutch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Askar Melayu di bawah perintah Belanda di Sumatera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada November 1873, ekspedisi kedua terdiri daripada 13,000 tentera yang diketuai <a href="/wiki/Jeneral" title="Jeneral">Jeneral</a> Jan van Swieten dihantar ke Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serangan berbetulan dengan peletusan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Taun" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyakit Taun">penyakit taun</a> yang mengorbankan beribu orang di kedua-dua belah pihak.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang bulan Januari 1874, keadaan yang bertambah buruk memaksa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Mahmud_Syah_dari_Aceh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan Mahmud Syah dari Aceh (laman tidak wujud)">Sultan Mahmud Syah</a> dan para pengikutnya meninggalkan Banda Aceh dan berundur ke darat. Dalam masa yang sama, tentera Belanda menakluk ibu kota Aceh dan juga istana Sultan. Ini mendorong tanggapan pihak Belanda bahawa mereka telah menang. Pihak penakluk Belanda kemudianya memansuhkan Kesultanan Aceh dan mengisytiharkan bahawa Aceh diilhakkan kepada <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Hindia Timur Belanda">Hindia Timur Belanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berikutan kemangkatan Sultan Mahmud akibat penyakit taun, orang Aceh menobatkan cucu kecil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuanku_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuanku Ibrahim (laman tidak wujud)">Tuanku Ibrahim</a>, bernama Tuanku Muhammad Daud Syah, sebagai Sultan dengan gelaran <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Muhammad_Daud_Syah" title="Sultan Muhammad Daud Syah">Sultan Ibrahim Mansur Syah</a> (memerintah 1874–1903). Mereka meneruskan perjuangan di kawasan bukit bukau dan hutan rimba selama sepuluh tahun, dengan kerugian besar pada kedua-dua pihak.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada lingkungan tahun 1880 pihak Belanda menukar strategi dan daripada meneruskan peperangan, mereka menumpukan perhatian kepada strategi mempertahankan kawasan-kawasan yang telah mereka takluk, yakni kawasan-kawasan yang terbatas kepada ibu kota (<a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pekan pelabuhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulee_Lheue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulee Lheue (laman tidak wujud)">Ulee Lheue</a>. Kepungan laut Belanda berjaya memaksa <i>uleebelang</i> (hulubalang) menandatangani treati-treati yang memanjangkan kawalan Belanda terhadap kawasan-kawasan pesisiran. Walau bagaimanapun, hulubalang-hulubalang kemudiannya menggunakan pendapatan yang dipulangkan kepada mereka bagi membiayai angkatan pembangkang Aceh. </p><p>Campur tangan Belanda mengakibatkan kehilangan nyawa beribu-ribu anggota tentera Belanda dan membebankan perbelanjaan kerajaan kolonial. Pada 13 Oktober 1880 kerajaan kolonial mengisytiharkan bahawa perang telah berakhir dan meletakkan kerajaan awam, namun masih berbelanja besar demi mengekalkan kawalan di kawasan-kawasan yang ditaklukinya. Dalam percubaan untuk meraih sokongan orang Aceh, pihak Belanda membina <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Raya_Baiturrahman" title="Masjid Raya Baiturrahman">Masjid Raya Baiturrahman</a> sebagai tanda perdamaian.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jihad">Jihad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Jihad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jihad"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1883_–_1900-an"><span id="1883_.E2.80.93_1900-an"></span>1883 – 1900-an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: 1883 – 1900-an" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: 1883 – 1900-an"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perang bermula sekali lagi pada tahun 1883, apabila kapal British <i>Nisero</i> terkandas di kawasan yang tidak dikawal Belanda di Aceh. Seorang pembesar tempatan meminta wang tebusan daripada kedua-dua British dan Belanda dan, dengan tekanan kuat British, pihak Belanda terpaksa mencuba membebaskan anak-anak kapal. Berikutan kegagalan percubaan menyelamat oleh pihak Belanda (seorang pembesar tempatan, <a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Teuku Umar</a>, enggan membantu selepas diminta Belanda) pihak Belanda bersama-sama British menyerang daerah itu. Sultan kemudiannya menyerahkan sandera dan memerima sejumlah bayaran besar sebagai balasan.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid186-88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid186-88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menteri Perang Belanda, August Weitzel, sekali lagi mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Aceh, dan, seperti sebelumnya, peperangan berlanjutan tanpa banyak kemajuan. Berdepan dengan musuh yang lebih maju dari segi teknologi, pihak Aceh memilih jalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_gerila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang gerila (laman tidak wujud)">perang gerila</a>, khususnya dengan menggunakan perangkap dan serang hendap. Tentera Belanda membalas dengan menghapuskan kampung-kampung dan membunuh kedua-dua para tawanan dan orang kampung sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1884, pihak Belanda bertindak dengan mengundurkan kesemua anggota tentera mereka ke dalam barisan kubu di persekitaran Banda Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak Belanda juga mencuba mendapatkan khidmat pembesar tempatan: Teuku Umar diupah dengan wang tunai, <a href="/wiki/Candu" title="Candu">candu</a>, dan persenjataan. Umar diberi gelaran "Panglima Prang Besar". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Atjeh-slagveld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Atjeh-slagveld.jpg/220px-Atjeh-slagveld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Atjeh-slagveld.jpg/330px-Atjeh-slagveld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Atjeh-slagveld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Penaklukan Kuto Reh pada 14 Jun 1904, mengakibatkan beratus orang Aceh terkorban</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Umar</a> sebaliknya menggelar dirinya "Teuku Djohan Pahlawan" dan pada 1 Januari 1894 Umar mendapat bantuan Belanda bagi membina bala tenteranya. Namun dua tahun kemudian, daripada membantu pihak Belanda menundukkan kawasan dalaman Aceh, Umar menyerang Belanda dengan tentera baharunya. Peristiwa ini dicatatkan dalam rekod sejarah Belanda sebagai <i>Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar</i> (pembelotan Teuku Umar). Bermula dari pertengahan 1880-an, pucuk pimpinan tentera Aceh dikuasai <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengku_Chik_di_Tiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengku Chik di Tiro (laman tidak wujud)">Tengku Chik di Tiro</a> (Muhammad Saman), yang mengetengahkan konsep <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> melalui khutbah dan teks yang dikenali sebagai "hikayat" ataupun cerita puisi. Pejuang Aceh melihat diri mereka sebagai mujahid yang memerangi "penceroboh kafir".<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada waktu ini Perang Aceh menjadi tanda tentangan Muslim terhadap imperialisme Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1892 dan 1893, Aceh kekal merdeka, walaupun Belanda cuba menakluknya. Mejar Jeneral <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Benedictus_van_Heutsz" title="Johannes Benedictus van Heutsz">JB van Heutsz</a>, seorang ketua tentera kolonial, menulis siri rencana berkenaan Aceh. Beliau disokong Dr <a href="/wiki/Snouck_Hurgronje" class="mw-redirect" title="Snouck Hurgronje">Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje</a> daripada <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Leiden" title="Universiti Leiden">Universiti Leiden</a>, pada masa itu seorang pakar Islam Belanda. Hurgronje berjaya mendapat kepercayaan ramai ketua Aceh dan mengumpul perisikan tentang kegiatan jemaah <a href="/wiki/Haji" title="Haji">Haji</a> Aceh bagi pihak kerajaan Belanda.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerjanya menjadi rahsia rasmi buat beberapa tahun. Dalam analisis Hurgronje tentang masyarakat Aceh (lihat di bawah), beliau memperkecilkan peranan Sultan dan berhujah bahawa perhatian harus diberikan kepada ketua-ketua turun-temurun, yakni <i>Ulee Balang</i>, yang difikirnya dapat dipercayai sebagai pentadbir tempatan. Tentang ulama pula, beliau berhujah bahawa golongan ini tidak boleh dipercayai atau dipujuk agar bekerjasama, dan harus dihapuskan. Sebagai sebahagian dasar <a href="/wiki/Pecah_dan_perintah" title="Pecah dan perintah">pecah dan perintah</a>, Hurgronje menggesa kerajaan Belanda memperbesarkan ruang antara ulama dan bangsawan Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1894 <a href="/wiki/Penghulu" title="Penghulu">penghulu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Mustafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Mustafa (laman tidak wujud)">Hasan Mustafa</a> juga membantu menghentikan pertempuran dengan mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> yang menyuruh orang Islam tunduk kepada kerajaan kolonial Belanda.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siasatan_Snouck_Hurgronje">Siasatan Snouck Hurgronje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Siasatan Snouck Hurgronje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Siasatan Snouck Hurgronje"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk mengalahkan pertahanan Aceh, pihak Belanda mengguna tenaga seorang pengkaji, Dr Snouck Hurgronje, yang menyamar selama dua tahun di pedalaman Aceh bagi meneliti kemasyarakatan dan ketatanegaraan Aceh. Hasil kerjanya itu dibukukan dengan judul <i>Rakyat Aceh</i> (<i>De Acehers</i>). Dalam buku itu Hurgronje menyebut strategi bagaimana mahu menakluk Aceh. </p><p>Usulan strategi Hurgronje kepada Gabenor Tentera Belanda <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Benedictus_van_Heutsz" title="Johannes Benedictus van Heutsz">van Heutz</a> adalah agar golongan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keumala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keumala (laman tidak wujud)">Keumala</a> (iaitu Sultan yang tinggal di Keumala) dan para pengikutnya disisihkan dahulu. Belanda harus tetap menyerang para <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>. Belanda juga tidak harus berunding dengan para pemimpin gerila; dan mendirikan pangkalan tetap di Aceh Raya. Belanda juga harus menunjukkan niat baik kepada rakyat Aceh dengan cara mendirikan <a href="/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid">masjid</a>, memperbaiki alur-alur pengairan dan membantu kebajikan rakyat Aceh. </p><p>Laporan Hurgronje diterima van Heutz yang menjadi Gabenor tentera dan awam di Aceh (1898-1904). Hurgronje kemudiannya diangkat sebagai penasihatnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendamaian">Pendamaian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendamaian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pendamaian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1898 van Heutsz diberi jawatan gabenor Aceh dan, dengan pembantunya, Hendrikus Colijn, yang kemudiannya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri" title="Perdana Menteri">perdana menteri</a> Belanda, berjaya menakluk sebahagian besar negeri Aceh. Mereka mengikuti cadangan Hurgronje dengan mencari hulubalang yang mahu bekerjasama dengan Belanda di kawasan pedalaman dan dengan cara itu menyisihkan para penentang dari pangkalan mereka di kawasan kampung.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak Belanda menyusun strategi melawan pemberontakan dengan menggunakan unit-unit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendamerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gendamerie (laman tidak wujud)">Gendamerie</a> (pasukan separa tentera) yang bersenjata ringan dan dengan menjalankan dasar <a href="/wiki/Bumi_hangus" title="Bumi hangus">bumi hangus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Heutsz memberi tanggung jawab mematahkan penentangan Aceh kepada Kolonel Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van Daalen. van Daalen kemudiannya memusnahkan beberapa kampung dan membunuh sekurang-kurangnya 2,900 orang Aceh termasuk 1,150 wanita dan kanak-kanak. Korban Belanda sebanyak 26 orang, dan van Daalen dinaikkan pangkat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luitenant-generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_met_zijn_staf_tijdens_de_aanval_op_Bate%C3%AB-ili%C3%ABk_TMnr_10018875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Jeneral van Heutz dan staf.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1903, ketua-ketua sekular utama pergerakan penentang Aceh termasuk Sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Daud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Daud (laman tidak wujud)">Muhammad Daud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuanku_Raja_Keumala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuanku Raja Keumala (laman tidak wujud)">Tuanku Raja Keumala</a> dan Muda Perkasa menyerah kalah.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang tahun 1904 sebahagian besar Aceh terletak di bawah kawalan Belanda, dan mempunyai kerajaan orang tempatan yang bekerjasama dengan negara kolonial. Pihak Belanda mengukuhkan kawalan mereka terhadap Aceh dengan mengamalkan dasar toleransi agama sebagai satu cara untuk meyakinkan orang Aceh agar tidak menjalankan pemberontakan bersenjata.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun demikian, kejadian kezaliman tentera Belanda masih berlaku pada waktu itu. Gambar-gambar penyembelihan orang kampung Koeto Reh di wilayah Gayo dan Alas Aceh pada tahun 1904 menunjukkan pembunuhan orang awam beramai-ramai berlaku.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilangan korban pihak Aceh dianggarkan seramai 50,000 ke 60,000 orang, dan lebih sejuta orang tercedera.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemusnahan kampung juga menyebabkan 10,000 orang Aceh melarikan diri ke <a href="/wiki/Malaya_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaya British">Malaya British</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers13_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di Belanda pula, van Heutz dianggap wira, dan digelar "Pendamai Aceh". Beliau dinaikkan pangkat dan menjadi gabenor jeneral seluruh <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Hindia Timur Belanda">Hindia Timur Belanda</a> pada tahun 1904. Sebuah tugu yang masih kekal didirikan di <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, mahupun nama dan gambarnya kemudiannya dibuang sebagai bantahan terhadap legasi ganasnya. </p><p>Pentadbiran Belanda mempertahankan tindak tanduknya di Aceh dengan menyatakan dorongan moral untuk melepaskan rakyat Aceh daripada penindasan dan amalan mundur raja-raja merdeka tempatan yang tidak menuruti resam-resam antarabangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers14_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perang Aceh juga menggalakkan Belanda mengilhak negeri-negeri merdeka di Bali, <a href="/wiki/Maluku" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluku">Maluku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> antara tahun 1901 dan 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers14_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengaruh kolonial di tanah tinggi Aceh tidak seberapa dan, mahupun terhad, tentangan gerila pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> masih berjalan sehingga tahun 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kegagalan menyingkirkan Belanda menyebabkan banyak ulama menghentikan tentangan sedikit demi sedikit. Wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gayo_Lues_(kabupaten)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gayo Lues (kabupaten) (laman tidak wujud)">Gayo</a> kekal sebagai pusat tentangan sehingga selewat tahun 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid339_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seorang intelek, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayyid Ahmad Khan (laman tidak wujud)">Sayyid Ahmad Khan</a> menganjurkan agar <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> menentang Belanda dihentikan oleh sebab perkataan itu ditakrifkan sebagai perjuang ketenteraan melawan penindasan agama.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kesan">Kesan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg/220px-Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg/330px-Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Ottoman_and_Acehnese_guns_after_the_Dutch_conquest_of_Aceh_in_1874_Illustrated_London_News.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Meriam Uthmaniyyah dan Aceh, dibuka berikutan kemenangan Belanda di Aceh pada tahun 1874. <i>Illustrated London News</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Berikutan Perang Aceh, para bangsawan tempatan (Ulee Belang) membantu pihak Belanda mengawal Aceh melalui pemerintahan tak langsung.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada awal abad ke-20, kedua-dua <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> membangunkan kilang penapisan minyak bagi mengeluarkan simpanan minyak wilayah tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun persengketaan terbuka sudah berakhir, tentangan orang Aceh melawan pemerintahan Belanda masih berjalan sehingga serangan Jepun terhadap Hindia Timur Belanda pada tahun 1942 semasa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>. </p><p>Sepanjang awal abad ke-20, rakyat dan anggota Belanda tetap menjadi sasaran serangan bunuh diri oleh patriot Aceh yang terpengaruh dengan <i>Hikayat Perang Sabil</i> dan teks-teks yang diharamkan pemerintah.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid340_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid340-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenomenon ini dikenali sebagai <i>Atjeh-moord</i> atau "Pembunuhan Aceh" dan memaksa kerajaan Belanda menempatkan angkatan bersenjata yang ramai di Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid339_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rasa tidak puas hati orang Aceh ditambah dengan sistem buruh paksaan yang menetapkan bahawa rakyat Aceh perlu bekerja dalam projek-projek pembinaan jalan 24 hari setahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid339_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang pertengahan tahun 1920-an, Aceh kembali kepada peperangan gerila semula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Dunia_Kedua_dan_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia">Perang Dunia Kedua dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Perang Dunia Kedua dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perang Dunia Kedua dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketibaan Jepun sewaktu Perang Dunia Kedua mula-mulanya disambut baik oleh oleh para pejuang kebangsaan Aceh; namun perselisihan faham membawa kepada penentangan oleh pemberontak yang memuncak dalam satu pemberontakan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayu_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayu (Indonesia) (laman tidak wujud)">Bayu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid341_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid341-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sewaktu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Kebangsaan_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Kebangsaan Indonesia (laman tidak wujud)">Revolusi Kebangsaan Indonesia</a> yang berlaku berikutan kekalahan Jepun pada Ogos 1945, pihak bangwasawan dijadikan sasaran balas dendam kerana bekerjasama dengan Belanda, dan daerah Aceh menjadi kubu kuat para pejuang revolusi <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> yang mahu menjadikan Indonesia sebuah republik.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers102_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memandangkan perasaan anti-kolonial yang kuat di Aceh, Belanda memintas wilayah itu dalam tindakan polisnya dari tahun 1947 hingga ke 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid341_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid341-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berikutan pemindahan kedaulatan Belanda ke Indonesia pada bulan Ogos 1949, ramai orang Aceh tidak berpuas hati pula dengan dasar-dasar kerajaan pusat Indonesia di <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> yang dikuasai orang <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>, dan mula meminta kuasa autonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers140_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers140-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sungutan termasuk penggabungan Aceh ke dalam wilayah <a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Utara" title="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara</a> yang dikuasi kaum <a href="/wiki/Batak" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak">Batak</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a>, ganjaran politik dan kewangan yang sedikit dalam kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan kegagalan pelaksanaan hukum <a href="/wiki/Syariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Syariah">syariah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid341_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid341-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faktor-faktor ini membawa kepada pemberontakan pendek pergerakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia) (laman tidak wujud)">Darul Islam</a> pimpinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daud_Bereueh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daud Bereueh (laman tidak wujud)">Daud Bereueh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reid341_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid341-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang ditangani <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Nasional_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentera Nasional Indonesia">tentera Indonesia</a> kendatipun tentangan berlanjutan di daerah pedalaman sehingga tahun 1959 apabila pihak pemberontak berjaya mendapatkan status autonomi buat Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid19_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vickers120_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers120-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun demikian, ramai orang Aceh dan Sumatera berasa geram akan kedudukan orang Jawa yang menguasai jawatan-jawatan kerajaan dan tentera.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid19_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemberontakan ekoran perasaan ini, yang diketuai <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Aceh_Merdeka" title="Gerakan Aceh Merdeka">Gerakan Aceh Merdeka</a>, berlanjutan di wilayah itu sehinggalah sebuah perjanjian damai dimeterai antara pergerakan Aceh dan kerajaan Indonesia berikutan <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Lautan_Hindi_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Lautan Hindi 2004">tsunami Lautan Hindi</a> pada tahun 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanah_perkuburan_Kerkhoff_Poucut_Belanda">Tanah perkuburan Kerkhoff Poucut Belanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Tanah perkuburan Kerkhoff Poucut Belanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tanah perkuburan Kerkhoff Poucut Belanda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramai orang Belanda yang terkorban disemadikan di tanah perkuburan tentera Belanda Kerkhoff Poucut, yang terletak bersebelahan Muzium Tsunami di tengah-tengah Banda Aceh. Kerkhoff Poucut merupakan tanah perkuburan tentera Belanda yang terbesar di luar negara Belanda itu sendiri. Terdapat lebih kurang 2,200 kubur tentera orang Eropah Belanda dan rekrut dari Ambon, Manado dan pulau Jawa, dan juga beberapa jeneral Belanda.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surat_perjanjian_tanda_menyerah">Surat perjanjian tanda menyerah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Surat perjanjian tanda menyerah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Surat perjanjian tanda menyerah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewaktu perang Aceh, Van Heutz menciptakan surat pendek (<i>"Korte Verklaring</i>, Traktat Pendek) tentang penyerahan yang harus ditandatangani oleh para pemimpin Aceh yang telah ditangkap dan menyerah diri. Intipati surat pendek ini ialah: Raja (Sultan) mengakui daerahnya sebagai sebahagian daripada daerah Hindia Belanda; Raja berjanji tidak akan mengadakan hubungan dengan kuasa di luar negeri dan berjanji akan mematuhi seluruh perintah yang ditetapkan Belanda. Perjanjian pendek ini menggantikan perjanjian-perjanjian terdahulu yang rumit dan panjang dengan para pemimpin setempat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Aceh&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim133-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim133_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim (2001), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers13_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim132-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim132_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim (2001), p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs145-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs145_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1993), p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid336-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid336_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Reid (2005), p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid352-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid352_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Reid (2005), p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs144_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (2001), p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs143-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs143_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1993), p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.H. Kossmann, <i>The Low Countries 1780-1940</i> (1978) pp 400-401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1993), p. 185-188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid186-88-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid186-88_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Reid (2005), p. 186–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), pp. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mufti Ali, "A Study of Hasan Mustafa's 'Fatwa: 'It Is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslims to be Loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government,'" <i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society,</i> April 2004, Vol. 52 Issue 2, pp 91–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linawati Sidarto, 'Images of a grisly past', <i>The Jakarta Post: Weekender</i>, July 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers14-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers14_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers14_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), pp. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid339-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid339_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid339_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid339_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid (2005), p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers102-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers102_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers102_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers18_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid340-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid340_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid (2005), p. 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid341-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid341_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid341_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid341_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid341_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid (2005), p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers140-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers140_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid19_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid19_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid19_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid (2005), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers120-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers120_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers ( 2005), p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hotli Semanjuntak, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/20/kerkhoff-poucut-cemetery-testifying-aceh-war.html">Kerkhoff Poucut Cemetery, testifying to the Aceh War'</a>, 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