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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Social identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<span>Instrumental music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baroque_and_Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_and_Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Baroque and Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_and_Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_to_Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_to_Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Romantic to Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_to_Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Experimental music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Classical music in society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_popular_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_popular_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early popular song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_popular_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imported_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Imported styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venues,_festivals_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues,_festivals_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Venues, festivals and holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues,_festivals_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موسيقى إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Італьянская музыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італьянская музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Música d'Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A1_hudba" title="Italská hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italská hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_muusika" title="Itaalia muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_Italia" title="Música de Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_muziko" title="Itala muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_italienne" title="Musique italienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique italienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_italiana" title="Musica italiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica italiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Италиян музыкасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италиян музыкасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="イタリアの音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリアの音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="Música da Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música da Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Музыка Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_i_Italien" title="Musik i Italien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musik i Italien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Музика Італії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика Італії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="義大利音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3679098#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Music_of_Italy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg/40px-Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg/60px-Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg/80px-Nuvola_Italy_flag_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_music" title="Timeline of Italian music">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_opera_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian opera houses">Opera houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_music_conservatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music conservatories">Music conservatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_music_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Classical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Opera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_popular_music" title="Italian popular music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_hardcore" title="Italian hardcore">Hardcore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Italian_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian wave">New Wave</a> · <a href="/wiki/Italian_progressive_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian progressive rock">Progressive rock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_dance" title="Italo dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Jazz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a> <small>(festival and awards)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_di_Napoli" title="Festival di Napoli">Festival di Napoli</a> <small>(festival and awards)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Tenco" title="Luigi Tenco">Tenco Plates and Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_popular_music" title="Italian popular music">Lunezia Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Music_Awards" title="Italian Music Awards">Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Italy" title="List of music festivals in Italy">Coca Cola Summer Festival</a> <small>(festival and awards)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Italian_Music_Awards" title="MTV Italian Music Awards">MTV Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivalbar" title="Festivalbar">Festivalbar</a> <small>(festival and awards)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegatti">Telegatti</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music charts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Federation of the Italian Music Industry</a> (sales chart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">EarOne</a> (airplay chart)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbria_Jazz_Festival" title="Umbria Jazz Festival">Umbria Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravello_Festival" title="Ravello Festival">Ravello Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_dei_Due_Mondi" title="Festival dei Due Mondi">Festival dei Due Mondi</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Music_media_in_Italy" title="Music media in Italy">Music media in Italy</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> "<a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>"</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> "<a href="/wiki/La_Leggenda_del_Piave" title="La Leggenda del Piave">La Leggenda del Piave</a>"</td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dfdfef;"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Local forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abruzzo" title="Music of Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Aosta_Valley" title="Music of the Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Apulia" title="Music of Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Basilicata" title="Music of Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Calabria" title="Music of Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Campania" title="Music of Campania">Campania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Naples" title="Music of Naples">Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Emilia-Romagna" title="Music of Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Music of Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lazio" title="Music of Lazio">Lazio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Rome" title="Music in Rome">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liguria" title="Music of Liguria">Liguria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Genoa" title="Music of Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lombardy" title="Music of Lombardy">Lombardy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Milan" title="Music of Milan">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Marche" title="Music of Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Molise" title="Music of Molise">Molise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Piedmont" title="Music of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Music of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuscany" title="Music of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florence" title="Music of Florence">Florence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Umbria" title="Music of Umbria">Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Veneto" title="Music of Veneto">Veneto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venice" title="Music of Venice">Venice</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Italy" title="Template:Music of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Music of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture of Italy</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Italy">Italian Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Folk music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a> (7 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Day_of_the_Exiles_and_Foibe" title="National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe">National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe</a> (10 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a> (17 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> (25 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Republic Day</a> (2 June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a> (4 November)</li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Italy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Italy" title="Protestantism in Italy">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Italy" title="Baháʼí Faith in Italy">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy" title="Hinduism in Italy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy" title="Irreligion in Italy">Irreligiosity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy" title="List of magazines in Italy">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Italy" title="List of newspapers in Italy">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy" title="List of radio stations in Italy">Radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy" title="Athletics in Italy">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Italy" title="Baseball in Italy">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy" title="Rugby union in Italy">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_in_Italy" title="Tennis in Italy">Tennis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Italy">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_Italy" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in Italy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Italy">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Italy">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Italy">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">National day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">National monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">National personification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura" title="Istituto Italiano di Cultura">Italian Cultural Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Dante Alighieri Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" 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style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a> and other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_poetry" title="Italian poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_conjugation" title="Italian conjugation">Verb conjugation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography#Alphabet" title="Italian orthography">Alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Phonology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">Syntactic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_gorgia" title="Tuscan gorgia">Tuscan gorgia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_language" title="Template:Italian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_language" title="Template talk:Italian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> has traditionally been one of the cultural markers of Italian national cultures and ethnic identity and holds an important position in society and in <a href="/wiki/Italian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian politics">politics</a>. Italian music innovation – in <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">musical scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">theatre</a> – enabled the development of opera and much of modern <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a> – such as the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> and concerto – ranges across a broad spectrum of opera and instrumental classical music and popular music drawn from both native and imported sources. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Gesualdo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Scarlatti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>; the classical <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>; and the Romantic <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>. Classical music has a strong hold in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its opera houses such as La Scala, and performers such as the pianist <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> and tenor <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>. Italy is known as the birthplace of opera.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> is believed to have been founded in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a> is an important part of the country's musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of <a href="/wiki/Italian_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian identity">Italian identity</a>, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Opera is integral to Italian musical culture, and has become a major segment of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canzone_Napoletana" class="mw-redirect" title="Canzone Napoletana">Canzone Napoletana</a>—the Neapolitan Song, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantautori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantautori">cantautori</a></i> singer-songwriter traditions are also popular domestic styles that form an important part of the Italian music industry. </p><p>Introduced in the early 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> gained a strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite xenophobic policies of the Fascists. Italy was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and pop movements of the 1970s, with bands such as <a href="/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi" title="Premiata Forneria Marconi">PFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_del_Mutuo_Soccorso" title="Banco del Mutuo Soccorso">Banco del Mutuo Soccorso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Orme" title="Le Orme">Le Orme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goblin_(band)" title="Goblin (band)">Goblin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pooh_(band)" title="Pooh (band)">Pooh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same period saw diversification in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">cinema of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> films included complex scores by composers including <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>. In the 1980s, the first star to emerge from <a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian hip hop</a> was singer <a href="/wiki/Jovanotti" title="Jovanotti">Jovanotti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian metal bands include <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire" title="Rhapsody of Fire">Rhapsody of Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_Coil" title="Lacuna Coil">Lacuna Coil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvenking_(band)" title="Elvenking (band)">Elvenking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Tomb" title="Forgotten Tomb">Forgotten Tomb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fleshgod_Apocalypse" title="Fleshgod Apocalypse">Fleshgod Apocalypse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, with Italo disco, known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, one of the earliest electronic dance genres.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Producers such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, were influential in the development of electronic dance music.<sup id="cite_ref-Moroder_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moroder-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian pop is represented annually with the <a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a>, which served as inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti" title="Gigliola Cinquetti">Gigliola Cinquetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_Cutugno" title="Toto Cutugno">Toto Cutugno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin" title="Måneskin">Måneskin</a> won Eurovision, in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1964">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1990">1990</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2021">2021</a> respectively. Singers such as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)" title="Mina (Italian singer)">Mina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raffaella_Carr%C3%A0" title="Raffaella Carrà">Raffaella Carrà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il_Volo" title="Il Volo">Il Volo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Bano" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bano">Al Bano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_Cutugno" title="Toto Cutugno">Toto Cutugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nek" title="Nek">Nek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi" title="Umberto Tozzi">Umberto Tozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_(singer)" title="Giorgia (singer)">Giorgia</a>, Grammy winner <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro" title="Tiziano Ferro">Tiziano Ferro</a>, Måneskin, <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_(singer)" title="Mahmood (singer)">Mahmood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghali_(rapper)" title="Ghali (rapper)">Ghali</a> have received international acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italian culture</a>, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations' music. The country's historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_identity">Social identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy has a strong sense of national identity through distinctive culture – a sense of an appreciation of beauty and emotionality, which is strongly evidenced in the music. Cultural, political and social issues are often also expressed through music in Italy. Allegiance to music is integrally woven into the social identity of Italians but no single style has been considered a characteristic "national style". Most folk music is localized, and unique to a small region or city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy's classical legacy, however, is an important point of the country's identity, particularly opera; traditional operatic pieces remain a popular part of music and an integral component of national identity. The musical output of Italy remains characterized by "great diversity and creative independence (with) a rich variety of types of expression".<sup id="cite_ref-Garland2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the growing industrialization that accelerated during the 20th and 21st century, Italian society gradually moved from an agricultural base to an urban and industrial center. This change weakened traditional culture in many parts of society; a similar process occurred in other European countries, but unlike them, Italy had no major initiative to preserve traditional musics. Immigration from North Africa, Asia, and other European countries led to further diversification of Italian music. Traditional music came to exist only in small pockets, especially as part of dedicated campaigns to retain local musical identities.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg/220px-Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg/330px-Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg/440px-Teatro_San_Carlo_large_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">Teatro di San Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. It is the oldest continuously active venue for opera in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-SanCarlo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanCarlo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg/220px-Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg/330px-Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, is the world's most famous opera house.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Music and politics have been intertwined for centuries in Italy. Just as many works of art in the Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> were commissioned by royalty and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, much music was likewise composed on the basis of such commissions—incidental court music, music for coronations, for the birth of a royal heir, royal marches, and other occasions. Composers who strayed ran certain risks. Among the best known of such cases was the Neapolitan composer <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a>, who composed the Republican hymn for the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenopaean Republic">Neapolitan Republic of 1799</a>. When the republic fell, he was tried for treason along with other revolutionaries. Cimarosa was not executed by the restored monarchy, but he was exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music also played a role in the unification of the peninsula. During this period, some leaders attempted to use music to forge a unifying cultural identity. One example is the chorus "<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>. The opera is about ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> kingdom, but the <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">chorus</a> contains the phrase "<i>O mia Patria</i>", ostensibly about the struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> confederation, but also a thinly veiled reference to the destiny of a not-yet-united Italy; the entire chorus became the unofficial anthem of the <i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a></i>, the drive to unify Italy in the 19th century. Even Verdi's name was a synonym for Italian unity because "<i>Verdi</i>" could be read as an acronym for <i>Vittorio Emanuele Re d'Italia</i>, <i>Victor Emanuel King of Italy</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> monarch who eventually became <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emanuel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emanuel II">Victor Emanuel II</a>, the first king of united Italy. Thus, "<i>Viva Verdi</i>" was a rallying cry for patriots and often appeared in graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and other cities in what was then part of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> territory. Verdi had problems with censorship before the unification of Italy. His opera <i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> was originally entitled <i>Gustavo III</i> and was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">San Carlo</a> opera in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, in the late 1850s. The Neapolitan censors objected to the realistic plot about the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>, in the 1790s. Even after the plot was changed, the Neapolitan censors still rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondo2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondo2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in the Fascist era of the 1920s and 30s, government censorship and interference with music occurred, though not on a systematic basis. Prominent examples include the notorious anti-modernist manifesto of 1932<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s banning of G.F. Malipiero's opera <i>La favola del figlio cambiato</i> after one performance in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music media often criticized music that was perceived as either politically radical or insufficiently Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General print media, such as the <i>Enciclopedia Moderna Italiana</i>, tended to treat traditionally favored composers such as <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a> with the same brevity as composers and musicians that were not as favored—modernists such as <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Casella" title="Alfredo Casella">Alfredo Casella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>; that is, encyclopedia entries of the era were mere lists of career milestones such as compositions and teaching positions held. Even the conductor <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, an avowed opponent of Fascism,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gets the same neutral and distant treatment with no mention at all of his "anti-regime" stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldi1935_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldi1935-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the best-known episode of music colliding with politics involves Toscanini. He had been forced out of the musical directorship at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Milan in 1929 because he refused to begin every performance with the fascist song, "<a href="/wiki/Giovinezza" title="Giovinezza">Giovinezza</a>". For this insult to the regime, he was attacked and beaten on the street outside the Bologne opera after a performance in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Fascist era, political pressure stymied the development of classical music, although censorship was not as systematic as in Nazi Germany. A series of "racial laws" was passed in 1938, thus denying to Jewish composers and musicians membership in professional and artistic associations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was not a massive flight of Italian Jews from Italy during this period (compared to the situation in Germany)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Castelnuovo-Tedesco" title="Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco">Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco</a>, an Italian Jew, was one of those who emigrated. Some non-Jewish foes of the regime also emigrated—Toscanini, for one.<sup id="cite_ref-Niccolodi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niccolodi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sachs242_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachs242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in the later part of the 20th century, especially in the 1970s and beyond, music became further enmeshed in Italian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Sachs242_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachs242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> stimulated interest in folk traditions, led by writers, collectors and traditional performers.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political right in Italy viewed this roots revival with disdain, as a product of the "unprivileged classes".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revivalist scene thus became associated with the opposition, and became a vehicle for "protest against free-market capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Garland2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the avant-garde classical music scene has, since the 1970s, been associated with and promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, a change that can be traced back to the 1968 student revolts and protests.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italian classical music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:311px;max-width:311px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_violin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/106px-Old_violin.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/159px-Old_violin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/212px-Old_violin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/197px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/296px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/394px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Instruments associated with classical music, including the violin and piano, were invented in Italy.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Giacomo_Puccini_-_Preludio_Sinfonico.ogg" title="File:Giacomo Puccini - Preludio Sinfonico.ogg">"Preludio Sinfonico"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="530" data-mwtitle="Giacomo_Puccini_-_Preludio_Sinfonico.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Giacomo_Puccini_-_Preludio_Sinfonico.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Giacomo_Puccini_-_Preludio_Sinfonico.ogg/Giacomo_Puccini_-_Preludio_Sinfonico.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Operatic music by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, performed by the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_Symphonic_Orchestra" title="Fulda Symphonic Orchestra">Fulda Symphonic Orchestra</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Giuseppe_Cambini_-_Quintet_No._1_in_Bb_major,_movement_2.ogg" title="File:Giovanni Giuseppe Cambini - Quintet No. 1 in Bb major, movement 2.ogg">Trois quintetti concertans (Three Wind Quintets) No. 1, Movement II: Larghetto cantabile</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="248" data-mwtitle="Giovanni_Giuseppe_Cambini_-_Quintet_No._1_in_Bb_major,_movement_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Giovanni_Giuseppe_Cambini_-_Quintet_No._1_in_Bb_major%2C_movement_2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Giovanni_Giuseppe_Cambini_-_Quintet_No._1_in_Bb_major%2C_movement_2.ogg/Giovanni_Giuseppe_Cambini_-_Quintet_No._1_in_Bb_major%2C_movement_2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Composed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cambini" title="Giuseppe Cambini">Giuseppe Cambini</a> and performed by the <a href="/wiki/Soni_Ventorum_Wind_Quintet" title="Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet">Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Caruso,_Titta_Ruffo,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_S%C3%AC,_pel_ciel_marmoreo_giuro!_(Otello).ogg" title="File:Enrico Caruso, Titta Ruffo, Giuseppe Verdi, Sì, pel ciel marmoreo giuro! (Otello).ogg">"Sì, pel ciel marmoreo giuro!"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="285" data-mwtitle="Enrico_Caruso,_Titta_Ruffo,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_Sì,_pel_ciel_marmoreo_giuro!_(Otello).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Enrico_Caruso%2C_Titta_Ruffo%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_S%C3%AC%2C_pel_ciel_marmoreo_giuro%21_%28Otello%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Enrico_Caruso%2C_Titta_Ruffo%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_S%C3%AC%2C_pel_ciel_marmoreo_giuro%21_%28Otello%29.ogg/Enrico_Caruso%2C_Titta_Ruffo%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_S%C3%AC%2C_pel_ciel_marmoreo_giuro%21_%28Otello%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A 1914 recording by popular Italian opera singers <a href="/wiki/Titta_Ruffo" title="Titta Ruffo">Titta Ruffo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:La_boh%C3%A8me,_O_Mim%C3%AC,_tu_pi%C3%B9_non_torni_(Caruso,_Scotti).ogg" title="File:La bohème, O Mimì, tu più non torni (Caruso, Scotti).ogg">O Mimì, tu più non-torni</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="185" data-mwtitle="La_bohème,_O_Mimì,_tu_più_non_torni_(Caruso,_Scotti).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/La_boh%C3%A8me%2C_O_Mim%C3%AC%2C_tu_pi%C3%B9_non_torni_%28Caruso%2C_Scotti%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/La_boh%C3%A8me%2C_O_Mim%C3%AC%2C_tu_pi%C3%B9_non_torni_%28Caruso%2C_Scotti%29.ogg/La_boh%C3%A8me%2C_O_Mim%C3%AC%2C_tu_pi%C3%B9_non_torni_%28Caruso%2C_Scotti%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A 1907 recording with <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> as Rodolfo and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scotti" title="Antonio Scotti">Antonio Scotti</a> as Marcello of "O Mimì, tu più non-torni" from Act IV of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i>.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Corelli-Trio_Sonata_11-3.ogg" title="File:Corelli-Trio Sonata 11-3.ogg">"Trio Sonata 11", movement No. 3</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Corelli-Trio_Sonata_11-3.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Corelli-Trio_Sonata_11-3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Corelli-Trio_Sonata_11-3.ogg/Corelli-Trio_Sonata_11-3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> composer and violinist</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Italy has long been a center for European classical music, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Italian classical music had forged a distinct national sound that was decidedly Romantic and melodic. As typified by the operas of Verdi, it was music in which "... The vocal lines always dominate the tonal complex and are never overshadowed by the instrumental accompaniments ..."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian classical music had resisted the "German harmonic juggernaut"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—that is, the dense harmonies of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>. Italian music also had little in common with the French reaction to that German music—the impressionism of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, for example, in which melodic development is largely abandoned for the creation of mood and atmosphere through the sounds of individual chords.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European classical music changed greatly in the 20th century. New music abandoned much of the historical, nationally developed schools of harmony and melody in favor of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, all of which employ features that have become common to European music in general and not Italy specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes have also made classical music less accessible to many people. Important composers of the period include <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Casella" title="Alfredo Casella">Alfredo Casella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Alfano" title="Franco Alfano">Franco Alfano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Nono (composer)">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvano_Bussotti" title="Sylvano Bussotti">Sylvano Bussotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Sciarrino" title="Salvatore Sciarrino">Salvatore Sciarrino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola" title="Luigi Dallapiccola">Luigi Dallapiccola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Jachino" title="Carlo Jachino">Carlo Jachino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Napoli" title="Jacopo Napoli">Jacopo Napoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Petrassi" title="Goffredo Petrassi">Goffredo Petrassi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/175px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/263px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/350px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, one of the most popular and acclaimed opera composers</figcaption></figure> <p>Opera originated in Italy in the late 16th century during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a>. Through the centuries that followed, opera traditions developed in Naples and Venice; the operas of <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Pergolesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Pergolesi">Giambattista Pergolesi</a>, and, later, of <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gioacchino Rossini">Gioacchino Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> flourished. Opera has remained the musical form most closely linked with Italian music and Italian identity. This was most obvious in the 19th century through the works of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, an icon of Italian culture and pan-Italian unity. Italy retained a Romantic operatic musical tradition in the early 20th century, exemplified by composers of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Giovane_Scuola" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovane Scuola">Giovane Scuola</a>, whose music was anchored in the previous century, including <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Boito" title="Arrigo Boito">Arrigo Boito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruggiero_Leoncavallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruggiero Leoncavallo">Ruggiero Leoncavallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cilea" title="Francesco Cilea">Francesco Cilea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verismo (music)">realist</a> composer, has been described by <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i> as the man who "virtually brought the history of Italian opera to an end".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War I, however, opera declined in comparison to the popular heights of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Causes included the general cultural shift away from <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and the rise of the cinema, which became a major source of entertainment. A third cause is the fact that "internationalism" had brought contemporary Italian opera to a state where it was no longer "Italian".<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the opinion of at least one prominent Italian musicologist and critic, <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Terrefranca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fausto Terrefranca">Fausto Terrefranca</a>, who, in a 1912 pamphlet entitled <i>Giaccomo Puccini and International Opera</i>, accused Puccini of "commercialism" and of having deserted Italian traditions. Traditional Romantic opera remained popular; indeed, the dominant opera publisher in the early 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Casa_Ricordi" title="Casa Ricordi">Casa Ricordi</a>, which focused almost exclusively on popular operas until the 1930s, when the company allowed more unusual composers with less mainstream appeal. The rise of relatively new publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Carisch" title="Carisch">Carisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suvini_Zerboni" title="Suvini Zerboni">Suvini Zerboni</a> also helped to fuel the diversification of Italian opera.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opera remains a major part of Italian culture; renewed interest in opera across the sectors of Italian society began in the 1980s. Respected composers from this era include the well-known <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a>, and younger peers such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Tutino" title="Marco Tutino">Marco Tutino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_music">Sacred music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sacred music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy, being one of Catholicism's seminal nations, has a long history of music for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Until approximately 1800, it was possible to hear <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Chant">Gregorian Chant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, such as the music of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassus">Lassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felice_Anerio" title="Felice Anerio">Anerio</a>, and others. Approximately 1800 to approximately 1900 was a century during which a more popular, operatic, and entertaining type of church music was heard, to the exclusion of the aforementioned chant and polyphony. In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Cecilian_Movement" title="Cecilian Movement">Cecilian Movement</a> was started by musicians who fought to restore this music. This movement gained impetus not in Italy but in Germany, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>. The movement reached its apex around 1900 with the ascent of Don <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Perosi" title="Lorenzo Perosi">Lorenzo Perosi</a> and his supporter (and future saint), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>, however, nearly obliterated all Latin-language music from the Church, once again substituting it with a more popular style.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumental_music">Instrumental music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instrumental music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroque_and_Classical">Baroque and Classical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baroque and Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/170px-Vivaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/255px-Vivaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/340px-Vivaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The dominance of opera in Italian music tends to overshadow the important area of instrumental music.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, such music includes the vast array of sacred instrumental music, instrumental concertos, and orchestral music in the works of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(composer)" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi (composer)">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Luigi Boccherini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Muzio Clementi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Gariboldi" title="Giuseppe Gariboldi">Giuseppe Gariboldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Viotti" title="Giovanni Battista Viotti">Giovanni Battista Viotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>. (Even opera composers occasionally worked in other forms—<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet in E minor</a>, for example. Even <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, whose name is identified with the beginnings of Italian lyric opera, wrote 18 <a href="/wiki/String_quartets" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets">string quartets</a>.) In the early 20th century, instrumental music began growing in importance, a process that started around 1904 with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Martucci" title="Giuseppe Martucci">Giuseppe Martucci</a>'s Second Symphony, a work that <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a> called "the starting point of the renaissance of non-operatic Italian music."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several early composers from this era, such as <a href="/wiki/Leone_Sinigaglia" title="Leone Sinigaglia">Leone Sinigaglia</a>, used native folk traditions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg/170px-Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg/255px-Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg/340px-Retrato_de_Domenico_Scarlatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic_to_Modern">Romantic to Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romantic to Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 20th century is also marked by the presence of a group of composers called the <i>generazione dell'ottanta</i> (generation of 1880), including <a href="/wiki/Franco_Alfano" title="Franco Alfano">Franco Alfano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Casella" title="Alfredo Casella">Alfredo Casella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ildebrando_Pizzetti" title="Ildebrando Pizzetti">Ildebrando Pizzetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>. These composers usually concentrated on writing instrumental works, rather than opera. Members of this generation were the dominant figures in Italian music after Puccini's death in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New organizations arose to promote Italian music, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Festival_of_Contemporary_Music" title="Venice Festival of Contemporary Music">Venice Festival of Contemporary Music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino" title="Maggio Musicale Fiorentino">Maggio Musicale Fiorentino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guido_M._Gatti" title="Guido M. Gatti">Guido M. Gatti</a>'s founding of the periodical <i>Il Pianoforte</i> and then <i>La rassegna musicale</i> also helped to promote a broader view of music than the political and social climate allowed. Most Italians, however, preferred more traditional pieces and established standards, and only a small audience sought new styles of experimental classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccolo_Paganini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/170px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/255px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/340px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italy is also the homeland of important interpreters, such as <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartetto_Italiano" title="Quartetto Italiano">Quartetto Italiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_Musici" title="I Musici">I Musici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Accardo" title="Salvatore Accardo">Salvatore Accardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uto_Ughi" title="Uto Ughi">Uto Ughi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Ciccolini" title="Aldo Ciccolini">Aldo Ciccolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severino_Gazzelloni" title="Severino Gazzelloni">Severino Gazzelloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Brunello" title="Mario Brunello">Mario Brunello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Chiesa" title="Ruggero Chiesa">Ruggero Chiesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Canino" title="Bruno Canino">Bruno Canino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Ghiglia" title="Oscar Ghiglia">Oscar Ghiglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet">Ballet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_ballet" title="Italian ballet">Italian ballet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg/170px-Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg/255px-Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg/340px-Enrico_Cecchetti_-circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cecchetti" title="Enrico Cecchetti">Enrico Cecchetti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian contributions to ballet are less known and appreciated than in other areas of classical music. Italy, particularly <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, was a center of <a href="/wiki/Ballet_de_cour" title="Ballet de cour">court ballet</a> as early as the 15th century, which was influenced by the entertainments common in royal celebrations and aristocratic weddings. Early choreographers and composers of ballet include <a href="/wiki/Fabritio_Caroso" title="Fabritio Caroso">Fabritio Caroso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Negri" title="Cesare Negri">Cesare Negri</a>. The style of ballet known as the "spectacles <i>all’italiana</i>" imported to France from Italy caught on, and the first ballet performed in France (1581), <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine" title="Ballet Comique de la Reine">Ballet Comique de la Reine</a></i>, was choreographed by an Italian, Baltazarini di Belgioioso,<sup id="cite_ref-Mondo4._pp._139-42_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondo4._pp._139-42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> better known by the French version of his name, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_de_Beaujoyeulx" title="Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx">Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx</a>. Early ballet was accompanied by considerable instrumentation, with the playing of horns, trombones, kettle drums, dulcimers, bagpipes, etc. Although the music has not survived, there is speculation that dancers, themselves, may have played instruments on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Italy again became a center of ballet, largely through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Vigan%C3%B2" title="Salvatore Viganò">Salvatore Viganò</a>, a choreographer who worked with some of the most prominent composers of the day. He became balletmaster at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondo4._pp._139-42_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondo4._pp._139-42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known example of Italian ballet from the 19th century is probably <i>Excelsior</i>, with music by <a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Marenco" title="Romualdo Marenco">Romualdo Marenco</a> and choreography by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Manzotti" title="Luigi Manzotti">Luigi Manzotti</a>. It was composed in 1881 and is a lavish tribute to the scientific and industrial progress of the 19th century. It is still performed and was staged as recently as 2002. </p><p>Currently, major Italian opera theaters maintain ballet companies. They exist to provide incidental and ceremonial dancing in many operas, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/La_Traviata" class="mw-redirect" title="La Traviata">La Traviata</a></i>. These dance companies usually maintain a separate ballet season and perform the standard repertoire of classical ballet, little of which is Italian. The Italian equivalent of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Ballet" title="Bolshoi Ballet">Bolshoi Ballet</a> and similar companies that exist only to perform ballet, independent of a parent opera theater is <a href="/wiki/La_Scala_Theatre_Ballet" title="La Scala Theatre Ballet">La Scala Theatre Ballet</a>. In 1979, a modern dance company, <a href="/wiki/Aterballetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Aterballetto">Aterballetto</a>, was founded in Reggio Emilia by Vittorio Biagi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_music">Experimental music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Experimental music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferruccio_Busoni_(circa_1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg/170px-Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg/255px-Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg/340px-Ferruccio_Busoni_%28circa_1911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a> is a broad, loosely defined field encompassing musics created by abandoning traditional classical concepts of melody and harmony, and by using the new technology of electronics to create hitherto impossible sounds. In Italy, one of the first to devote his attention to experimental music was <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, whose 1907 publication, <i>Sketch for a New Aesthetic of Music</i>, discussed the use of electrical and other new sounds in future music. He spoke of his dissatisfaction with the constraints of traditional music: </p> <dl><dd>"We have divided the octave into twelve equidistant degrees…and have constructed our instruments in such as way that we can never get in above or below or between them…our ears are no longer capable of hearing anything else…yet Nature created an <i>infinite gradation—infinite!</i> Who still knows it nowadays?"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurist</a> painter and composer, wrote of the possibilities of new music in his 1913 manifestoes <i>The Art of Noises</i> and <i>Musica Futurista</i>. He also invented and built instruments such as the <i>intonarumori</i>, mostly percussion, which were used in a precursor to the style known as <i><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a></i>. One of the most influential events in early 20th century music was the return of <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Casella" title="Alfredo Casella">Alfredo Casella</a> from France in 1915; Casella founded the <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Italiana_di_Musica_Moderna" title="Società Italiana di Musica Moderna">Società Italiana di Musica Moderna</a>, which promoted several composers in disparate styles, ranging from experimental to traditional. After a dispute over the value of experimental music in 1923, Casella formed the <a href="/wiki/Corporazione_delle_Nuove_Musiche" title="Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche">Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche</a> to promote modern experimental music.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> experimented with instruments accompanied by electronic sounds on tape. In modern Italy, one important organization that fosters research in avantgarde and electronic music is <a href="/wiki/CEMAT" title="CEMAT">CEMAT</a>, the Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers. It was founded in 1996 in Rome and is a member of the CIME, the <i>Confédération Internationale de Musique Electroacoustique</i>. CEMAT promotes the activities of the "Sonora" project, launched jointly by the Department for Performing Arts, Ministry for Cultural Affairs and the Directorate for Cultural Relations, Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the object of promoting and diffusing Italian contemporary music abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music_in_society">Classical music in society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical music in society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian classical music grew gradually more experimental and progressive into the mid-20th century, while popular tastes have tended to stick with well established composers and compositions of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2004–2005 program at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro San Carlo">Teatro San Carlo</a> in Naples is typical of modern Italy: of the eight operas represented, the most recent was Puccini. In symphonic music, of the 26 composers whose music was played, 21 of them were from the 19th century or earlier, composers who use the melodies and harmonies typical of the Romantic era. This focus is common to other European traditions, and is known as <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">postmodernism</a>, a school of thought that draws on earlier harmonic and melodic concepts that pre-date the conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This focus on popular historical composers has helped to maintain a continued presence of classical music across a broad spectrum of Italian society. When music is part of a public display or gathering, it is often chosen from a very eclectic repertoire that is as likely to include well-known classical music as popular music. </p><p>A few recent works have become a part of the modern repertoire, including scores and theatrical works by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Nono (composer)">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Donatoni" title="Franco Donatoni">Franco Donatoni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvano_Bussotti" title="Sylvano Bussotti">Sylvano Bussotti</a>. These composers are not part of a distinct school or tradition, though they do share certain techniques and influences. By the 1970s, avant-garde classical music had become linked to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, while a revival of popular interest continued into the next decade, with foundations, festivals and organization created to promote modern music. Near the end of the 20th century, government sponsorship of musical institutions began to decline, and several <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> choirs and city orchestras were closed. Despite this, a number of composers gained international reputations in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg" title="File:SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg">"Son Soldato Fanteria" ("The Ghost Soldier")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg/SonSoldatoFanteria.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A Bersaglieri marching song, recorded in Northern California</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoliebelloestinco.ogg" title="File:Napoliebelloestinco.ogg">"Napoli e Bello e Stinco" ("Naples Is Lovely")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Napoliebelloestinco.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Napoliebelloestinco.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Napoliebelloestinco.ogg/Napoliebelloestinco.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A tarantella, sung in Neapolitan dialect, recorded in Northern California</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LaTabaccheraMia.ogg" title="File:LaTabaccheraMia.ogg">"La Tabacchera Mia" ("My Snuffbox")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="LaTabaccheraMia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/LaTabaccheraMia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/LaTabaccheraMia.ogg/LaTabaccheraMia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An unaccompanied Italian-American folk song</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Italy">Italian folk music</a> has a deep and complex history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiurati1995_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiurati1995-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">national unification</a> came late to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, the traditional music of its many hundreds of cultures exhibit no homogeneous national character. Rather, each region and community possesses a unique musical tradition that reflects the history, language, and ethnic composition of that particular locale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassu1978_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassu1978-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions reflect Italy's geographic position in southern Europe and in the centre of the Mediterranean; <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Music">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek music">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a> influences, as well as rough geography and the historic dominance of small <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city states</a>, have all combined to allow diverse musical styles to coexist in close proximity. </p><p>Italian folk styles are very diverse, and include <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Responsorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsorial">responsorial</a> song, choral, instrumental and vocal music, and other styles. Choral singing and polyphonic song forms are primarily found in northern Italy, while south of Naples, solo singing is more common, and groups usually use unison singing in two or three parts carried by a single performer. Northern ballad-singing is syllabic, with a strict tempo and intelligible lyrics, while southern styles use a <i><a href="/wiki/Rubato" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubato">rubato</a></i> tempo, and a strained, tense vocal style.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk musicians use the dialect of their own regional tradition; this rejection of the standard Italian language in folk song is nearly universal. There is little perception of a common Italian folk tradition, and the country's folk music never became a national symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italgeoname.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Italy showing the names of a dozen common places." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Italgeoname.jpg/180px-Italgeoname.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Italgeoname.jpg/270px-Italgeoname.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Italgeoname.jpg/360px-Italgeoname.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Some common geographical names used as points of reference in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Folk music is sometimes divided into several spheres of geographic influence, a classification system of three regions, southern, central and northern, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> in 1956<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often repeated. Additionally, Curt Sachs proposed the existence of two quite distinct kinds of folk music in Europe: continental and Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have placed the transition zone from the former to the latter roughly in north-central Italy, approximately between <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central, northern and southern parts of the peninsula each share certain musical characteristics, and are each distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">music of Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Piedmontese valleys and some Ligurian communities of northwestern Italy, the music preserves the strong influence of ancient <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>. The lyrics of the Occitanic <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> are some of the oldest preserved samples of vernacular song, and modern bands like <a href="/wiki/Gai_Saber" title="Gai Saber">Gai Saber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Dalfin" title="Lou Dalfin">Lou Dalfin</a> preserve and contemporize Occitan music. The Occitanian culture retains characteristics of the ancient Celtic influence, through the use of six- or seven-hole flutes (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifre (page does not exist)">fifre</a></i>) or the bagpipes (<i><a href="/wiki/Piva_(bagpipe)" title="Piva (bagpipe)">piva</a></i>). Much of northern Italy shares with areas of Europe further to the north an interest in ballad singing (called <i>canto epico lirico</i> in Italian) and choral singing. Even ballads—usually thought of as a vehicle for a solo voice—may be sung in choirs. In the province of Trento "folk choirs" are the most common form of music making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorce_Keller1984_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorce_Keller1984-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/220px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/330px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/440px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Italian folk musicians performing in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Noticeable musical differences in the southern type include increased use of interval part singing and a greater variety of folk instruments. The Celtic and Slavic influences on the group and open-voice choral works of the north yield to a stronger Arabic, Greek, and North African-influenced strident <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> of the south.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of Apulia (<a href="/wiki/Grec%C3%ACa_Salentina" title="Grecìa Salentina">Grecìa Salentina</a>, for example) the <a href="/wiki/Griko" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko">Griko</a> dialect is commonly used in song. The Apulian city of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> is a home of the <a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a>, a rhythmic dance widely performed in southern Italy. Apulian music in general, and Salentine music in particular, has been well researched and documented by ethnomusicologists and by <a href="/wiki/Aramir%C3%A8" title="Aramirè">Aramirè</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">music of the island of Sardinia</a> is best known for the polyphonic chanting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tenores" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenores">tenores</a></i>. The sound of the <i>tenores</i> recalls the roots of Gregorian chant, and is similar to but distinctive from the Ligurian <a href="/wiki/Trallalero" title="Trallalero">trallalero</a>. Typical instruments include the <i><a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">launeddas</a></i>, a Sardinian triplepipe used in a sophisticated and complex manner. <a href="/wiki/Efisio_Melis" title="Efisio Melis">Efisio Melis</a> was a well-known master <i>launeddas</i> player of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeydi1990179_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeydi1990179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian folk songs include <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrical</a> songs, <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullabies</a> and children's songs, seasonal songs based around holidays such as Christmas, life-cycle songs that celebrate weddings, baptisms and other important events, dance songs, cattle calls and occupational songs, tied to professions such as fishermen, shepherds and soldiers. Ballads (<i>canti epico-lirici</i>) and lyric songs (<i>canti lirico-monostrofici</i>) are two important categories. Ballads are most common in northern Italy, while lyric songs prevail further south. Ballads are closely tied to the English form, with some British ballads existing in exact correspondence with an Italian song. Other Italian ballads are more closely based on French models. Lyric songs are a diverse category that consist of lullabies, serenades and work songs, and are frequently improvised though based on a traditional repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Italian folk song traditions are less common than ballads and lyric songs. Strophic, religious <i><a href="/wiki/Laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Laude">laude</a></i>, sometimes in Latin, are still occasionally performed, and <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> songs are also known, especially those of the <i><a href="/wiki/Maggio_drammatico" title="Maggio drammatico">maggio</a></i> celebration. Professional female singers perform <a href="/wiki/Dirge" title="Dirge">dirges</a> similar in style to those elsewhere in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Yodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodel">Yodeling</a> exists in northern Italy, though it is most commonly associated with the folk musics of other Alpine nations. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> is associated with several song types, especially the Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Bagolino" title="Bagolino">Bagolino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>. Choirs and brass bands are a part of the mid-Lenten holiday, while the <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a> song tradition extends through many holidays throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zampogna1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A simple bagpipe made of cloth with two wooden mouthpieces." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zampogna1.jpg/220px-Zampogna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zampogna1.jpg/330px-Zampogna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zampogna1.jpg/440px-Zampogna1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">zampogna</i></span>, a folk bagpipe</figcaption></figure> <p>Instrumentation is an integral part of all facets of Italian folk music. There are several instruments that retain older forms even while newer models have become widespread elsewhere in Europe. Many Italian instruments are tied to certain rituals or occasions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Zampogna" title="Zampogna">zampogna</a></i> bagpipe, typically heard only at Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian folk instruments can be divided into <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string</a>, wind and percussion categories.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common instruments include the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Organetto" title="Organetto">organetto</a></i></span>, an accordion most closely associated with the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Saltarello" title="Saltarello">saltarello</a></i></span>; the diatonic button <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">organetto</i></span> is most common in central Italy, while chromatic accordions prevail in the north. Many municipalities are home to <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>, which perform with roots revival groups; these ensembles are based around the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, accordion, violin and small drums, adorned with bells.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy's wind instruments include most prominently a variety of folk flutes. These include duct, globular and transverse flutes, as well as various variations of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flute</a>. Double flutes are most common in Campania, Calabria and Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ceramic pitcher called the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">quartara</i></span> is also used as a wind instrument, by blowing across an opening in the narrow bottle neck; it is found in eastern Sicily and Campania. Single- (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ciaramella</i></span>) and double-reed (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">piffero</i></span>) pipes are commonly played in groups of two or three.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several folk bagpipes are well-known, including central Italy's <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Zampogna" title="Zampogna">zampogna</a></i></span>; dialect names for the bagpipe vary throughout Italy-- <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">eghet</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">piva</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">müsa</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, and so forth. </p><p>Numerous percussion instruments are a part of Italian folk music, including wood blocks, <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanet">castanets</a>, drums. Several regions have their own distinct form of <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattle</a>, including the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Raganella" class="mw-redirect" title="Raganella">raganella</a></i></span> cog rattle and the Calabrian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Conocchie" title="Conocchie">conocchie</a></i></span>, a spinning or shepherd's staff with permanently attached seed rattles with ritual fertility significance. The Neapolitan rattle is the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Triccaballacca" title="Triccaballacca">triccaballacca</a></i></span>, made out of several <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallets</a> in a wooden frame. <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourines</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tamburini</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tamburello</i></span>), as are various kinds of drums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">friction drum</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Putip%C3%B9" title="Putipù">putipù</a></i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Tamburello" title="Tamburello">tamburello</a>, while appearing very similar to the contemporary western tambourine, is actually played with a much more articulate and sophisticated technique (influenced by Middle Eastern playing), giving it a wide range of sounds. The <a href="/wiki/Jews_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews Harp">mouth-harp</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Jews_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews Harp">scacciapensieri</a></i></span> or <i>care-chaser</i>, is a distinctive instrument, found only in northern Italy and Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>String instruments vary widely depending on locality, with no nationally prominent representative. <a href="/wiki/Viggiano" title="Viggiano">Viggiano</a> is home to a <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> tradition, which has a historical base in <a href="/wiki/Abruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzi">Abruzzi</a>, Lazio and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. Calabria, alone, has 30 traditional musical instruments, some of which have strongly archaic characteristics and are largely extinct elsewhere in Italy. It is home to the four- or five-stringed guitar called the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Chitarra_battente" title="Chitarra battente">chitarra battente</a></i></span>, and a three-stringed, bowed fiddle called the <i><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">lira</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicciTucci1988_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicciTucci1988-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also found in similar forms in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">music of Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>. A one-stringed, bowed fiddle called the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">torototela</i></span>, is common in the northeast of the country. The largely German-speaking area of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> is known for the <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghironda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghironda">ghironda</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>) is found in <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region_of_Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia (region of Italy)">Emilia</a>, Piedmont and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing, rooted and widespread traditions confirm the production of ephemeral and toy instruments made of bark, reed (arundo donax), leaves, fibers and stems, as it emerges, for example, from <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Lombardi" title="Fabio Lombardi">Fabio Lombardi</a>'s research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg/220px-Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg/330px-Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg/440px-Tarantella_at_Palazzo_Donn%27anna_by_Pietro_Fabris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Dance is an integral part of folk traditions in Italy. Some of the dances are ancient and, to a certain extent, persist today. There are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magico-ritual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magico-ritual (page does not exist)">magico-ritual</a> dances of propitiation as well as harvest dances, including the "sea-harvest" dances of fishing communities in Calabria and the wine harvest dances in Tuscany. Famous dances include the southern <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a></i></span>; perhaps the most iconic of Italian dances, the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tarantella</i></span> is in 6/8 time, and is part of a folk ritual intended to cure the poison caused by <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantula</a> bites. Popular Tuscan dances ritually act out the hunting of the hare, or display blades in <a href="/wiki/Weapon_dance" title="Weapon dance">weapon dances</a> that simulate or recall the moves of combat, or use the weapons as stylized instruments of the dance itself. For example, in a few villages in northern Italy, swords are replaced by wooden half-hoops embroidered with green, similar to the so-called "garland dances" in northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also dances of love and courting, such as the <i>duru-duru</i> dance in Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these dances are group activities, the group setting up in rows or circles; some—the love and courting dances—involve couples, either a single couple or more. The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tammuriata</i></span> (performed to the sound of the tambourine) is a couple dance performed in southern Italy and accompanied by a lyric song called a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Strambotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Strambotto">strambotto</a></i></span>. Other couples dances are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Saltarello" title="Saltarello">saltarello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, also solo dances; most typical of these are the "flag dances" of various regions of Italy, in which the dancer passes a town flag or pennant around the neck, through the legs, behind the back, often tossing it high in the air and catching it. These dances can also be done in groups of solo dancers acting in unison or by coordinating flag passing between dancers. Northern Italy is also home to the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Monferrina" title="Monferrina">monferrina</a></i></span>, an accompanied dance that was incorporated in Western art music by the composer <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Muzio Clementi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic interest in the study of dance from the perspectives of sociology and anthropology has traditionally been neglected in Italy but is currently showing renewed life at the university and post-graduate level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpartiVeroli1995_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpartiVeroli1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_popular_music" title="Italian popular music">Italian popular music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg" title="File:FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg">La canzone di Marinella</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/83/FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/8/83/FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg/FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"La canzone di Marinella" by <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_de_Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrizio de André">Fabrizio de André</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg" title="File:ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg">Niente da perdere</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/7/7d/ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg/ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"Niente da perdere" by <a href="/wiki/Zucchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zucchero">Zucchero</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The earliest Italian popular music was the opera of the 19th century. Opera has had a lasting effect on Italy's classical and popular music. Opera tunes spread through <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and itinerant ensembles. <i><a href="/wiki/Canzone_Napoletana" class="mw-redirect" title="Canzone Napoletana">Canzone Napoletana</a></i>, or <i>Neapolitan song</i>, is a distinct tradition that became a part of popular music in the 19th century, and was an iconic image of Italian music abroad by the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imported styles have also become an important part of Italian popular music, beginning with the French <i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></i> in the 1890s and then the arrival of American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> in the 1910s. Until Italian Fascism became officially "allergic" to foreign influences in the late 1930s, American dance music and musicians were quite popular; jazz great <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> toured Italy as late as 1935 to great acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzoletti_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzoletti-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, American styles became more prominent, especially rock. The singer-songwriter <i><a href="/wiki/Cantautori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantautori">cantautori</a></i> tradition was a major development of the later 1960s, while the Italian rock scene soon diversified into <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and folk-based styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_popular_song">Early popular song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early popular song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarusoPostcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/115px-CarusoPostcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/173px-CarusoPostcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/230px-CarusoPostcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg/119px-Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg/179px-Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg/238px-Luciano_Pavarotti_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tenors <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> became immensely popular in the 19th century and was known across even the most rural sections of the country. Most villages had occasional opera productions, and the techniques used in opera influenced rural folk musics. Opera spread through itinerant ensembles and <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>, focused in a local village. These civic bands (<i>banda communale</i>) used instruments to perform operatic arias, with <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluegelhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluegelhorn">fluegelhorns</a> for male vocal parts and <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a> for female parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional music in the 19th century also became popular throughout Italy. Notable among these local traditions was the <i>Canzone Napoletana</i>—the Neapolitan Song. Although there are anonymous, documented songs from Naples from many centuries ago,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajro196217_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajro196217-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term, <i>canzone Napoletana</i> now generally refers to a large body of relatively recent, composed popular music—such songs as "<a href="/wiki/%27O_Sole_Mio" class="mw-redirect" title="'O Sole Mio">'O Sole Mio</a>", "Torna a Surriento", and "<a href="/wiki/Funiculi_Funicula" class="mw-redirect" title="Funiculi Funicula">Funiculi Funicula</a>". In the 18th century, many composers, including <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Leonardo Vinci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a>, contributed to the Neapolitan tradition by using the local language for the texts of some of their <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a>. Later, others—most famously <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>—composed Neapolitan songs that garnered great renown in Italy and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neapolitan song tradition became formalized in the 1830s through an annual songwriting competition for the yearly <a href="/wiki/Piedigrotta" title="Piedigrotta">Piedigrotta</a> festival,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurolo1963notes_to_vol._1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurolo1963notes_to_vol._1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Piedigrotta" title="Piedigrotta">Madonna of Piedigrotta</a>, a well-known church in the <a href="/wiki/Mergellina" title="Mergellina">Mergellina</a> area of Naples. The music is identified with Naples, but is famous abroad, having been exported on the great waves of emigration from Naples and southern Italy roughly between 1880 and 1920. Language is an extremely important element of Neapolitan song, which is always written and performed in <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regional minority language of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Neapolitan songs typically use simple harmonies, and are structured in two sections, a refrain and narrative verses, often in contrasting relative or parallel major and minor keys.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In non-musical terms, this means that many Neapolitan songs can sound joyful one minute and melancholy the next. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg/220px-Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg/330px-Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Modugno_durante_l%27esibizione_al_Festival_di_sanremo_del_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a> performing "<a href="/wiki/Nel_blu,_dipinto_di_blu_(song)" title="Nel blu, dipinto di blu (song)">Nel blu, dipinto di blu</a>" (better known as "Volare") at the <a href="/wiki/1958_Sanremo_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Sanremo Music Festival">1958 Sanremo Music Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The music of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Tosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Tosti">Francesco Tosti</a> was popular at the turn of the 20th century, and is remembered for his light, expressive songs. His style became very popular during the <i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i> and is often known as salon music. His most famous works are <i>Serenata</i>, <i>Addio</i> and the popular Neapolitan song, <i>Marechiaro</i>, the lyrics of which are by the prominent Neapolitan dialect poet, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_di_Giacomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore di Giacomo">Salvatore di Giacomo</a>. </p><p>Recorded popular music began in the late 19th century, with international styles influencing Italian music by the late 1910s; however, the rise of <i><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarchia</a></i>, the Fascist policy of cultural isolationism in 1922 led to a retreat from international popular music. During this period, popular Italian musicians traveled abroad and learned elements of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American music</a> and other styles. These musics influenced the Italian tradition, which spread around the world and further diversified following liberalization after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the isolationist policies of the fascist regime, which rose to power in 1922, Italy developed an insular musical culture. Foreign musics were suppressed while Mussolini's government encouraged nationalism and linguistic and ethnic purity. Popular performers, however, travelled abroad, and brought back new styles and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American jazz was an important influence on singers such as <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Rabagliati" title="Alberto Rabagliati">Alberto Rabagliati</a>, who became known for a <a href="/wiki/Swing_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (music)">swinging</a> style. Elements of harmony and melody from both jazz and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> were used in many popular songs, while rhythms often came from Latin dances like the <a href="/wiki/Tango_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango (dance)">tango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhumba" title="Rhumba">rumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beguine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beguine">beguine</a>. Italian composers incorporated elements from these styles, while Italian music, especially Neapolitan song, became a part of popular music across Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_pop">Modern pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg/140px-Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg/210px-Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg/280px-Ennio_Morricone_Cannes_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> has composed over 500 scores for cinema and television since 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the best-known Italian pop musicians of the last few decades are <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)" title="Mina (Italian singer)">Mina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mia_Martini" title="Mia Martini">Mia Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Celentano" title="Adriano Celentano">Adriano Celentano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Baglioni" title="Claudio Baglioni">Claudio Baglioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornella_Vanoni" title="Ornella Vanoni">Ornella Vanoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Pravo" title="Patty Pravo">Patty Pravo</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Zucchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zucchero">Zucchero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango_(singer)" title="Mango (singer)">Mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Rossi" title="Vasco Rossi">Vasco Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianna_Nannini" title="Gianna Nannini">Gianna Nannini</a> and international superstar <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>. Musicians who compose and sing their own songs are called <i><a href="/wiki/Cantautori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantautori">cantautori</a></i> (singer-songwriters). Their compositions typically focus on topics of social relevance and are often <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest songs</a>: this wave began in the 1960s with musicians like <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_De_Andr%C3%A9" title="Fabrizio De André">Fabrizio De André</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Conte" title="Paolo Conte">Paolo Conte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gaber" title="Giorgio Gaber">Giorgio Gaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Bindi" title="Umberto Bindi">Umberto Bindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gino_Paoli" title="Gino Paoli">Gino Paoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Tenco" title="Luigi Tenco">Luigi Tenco</a>. </p><p>Social, political, psychological and intellectual themes, mainly in the wake of Gaber and De André's work, became even more predominant in the 1970s through authors such as <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Dalla" title="Lucio Dalla">Lucio Dalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pino_Daniele" title="Pino Daniele">Pino Daniele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Gregori" title="Francesco De Gregori">Francesco De Gregori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivano_Fossati" title="Ivano Fossati">Ivano Fossati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guccini" title="Francesco Guccini">Francesco Guccini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Bennato" title="Edoardo Bennato">Edoardo Bennato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rino_Gaetano" title="Rino Gaetano">Rino Gaetano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Vecchioni" title="Roberto Vecchioni">Roberto Vecchioni</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Battisti" title="Lucio Battisti">Lucio Battisti</a>, from the late 1960s until the mid-1990s, merged the Italian music with the British rock and pop and, lately in his career, with genres like the <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a>, rap, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">eurodance</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Branduardi" title="Angelo Branduardi">Angelo Branduardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Battiato" title="Franco Battiato">Franco Battiato</a> pursued careers more oriented to the tradition of Italian pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some genre cross-over between the <i>cantautori</i> and those who are viewed as singers of "protest music".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film scores, although they are secondary to the film, are often critically acclaimed and very popular in their own right. Among early music for Italian films from the 1930s was the work of <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Zandonai" title="Riccardo Zandonai">Riccardo Zandonai</a> with scores for the films <i>La Principessa Tarakanova</i> (1937) and <i>Caravaggio</i> (1941). Post-war examples include <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Petrassi" title="Goffredo Petrassi">Goffredo Petrassi</a> with <i>Non c'e pace tra gli ulivi</i> (1950) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Vlad" title="Roman Vlad">Roman Vlad</a> with <i>Giulietta e Romeo</i> (1954). Another well-known film composer was <a href="/wiki/Nino_Rota" title="Nino Rota">Nino Rota</a> whose post-war career included the scores for films by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> and, later, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i> series. Other prominent film score composers include <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riz_Ortolani" title="Riz Ortolani">Riz Ortolani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piero_Umiliani" title="Piero Umiliani">Piero Umiliani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFazzini20067–19_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFazzini20067–19-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piginicelentano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adriano Celentano"><img alt="Adriano Celentano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Piginicelentano.jpg/132px-Piginicelentano.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Piginicelentano.jpg/198px-Piginicelentano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Piginicelentano.jpg/264px-Piginicelentano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Celentano" title="Adriano Celentano">Adriano Celentano</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Maria_Mazzini_(1972).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mina, the estimated best-selling Italian singer"><img alt="Mina, the estimated best-selling Italian singer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg/115px-Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg/173px-Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg/231px-Anna_Maria_Mazzini_%281972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)" title="Mina (Italian singer)">Mina</a>, the estimated best-selling Italian singer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mia Martini, critically acclaimed singer"><img alt="Mia Martini, critically acclaimed singer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg/105px-Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg/158px-Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg/211px-Mia_Martini_1973b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mia_Martini" title="Mia Martini">Mia Martini</a>, critically acclaimed singer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucio Dalla"><img alt="Lucio Dalla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png/129px-Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png/194px-Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Lucio_Dalla_Festival_di_Sanremo_1971.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Dalla" title="Lucio Dalla">Lucio Dalla</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucio Battisti"><img alt="Lucio Battisti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg/134px-Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg/202px-Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg/269px-Sanremo_1969_Lucio_Battisti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Battisti" title="Lucio Battisti">Lucio Battisti</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrea Bocelli"><img alt="Andrea Bocelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg/106px-AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg/159px-AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg/212px-AndreaBocelliMar10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_(7076250493).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laura Pausini"><img alt="Laura Pausini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg/127px-Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg/191px-Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg/255px-Laura_Pausini_03_-_Bercy_-_Avril_2012_%287076250493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francesco De Gregori"><img alt="Francesco De Gregori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg/121px-Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg/181px-Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg/242px-Francesco_De_Gregori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Gregori" title="Francesco De Gregori">Francesco De Gregori</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Giorgia"><img alt="Giorgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Giorgia.png/128px-Giorgia.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Giorgia.png/193px-Giorgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Giorgia.png/257px-Giorgia.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_(singer)" title="Giorgia (singer)">Giorgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_singer_Elisa_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elisa"><img alt="Elisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg/131px-Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg/196px-Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Italian_singer_Elisa_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elisa_(Italian_singer)" title="Elisa (Italian singer)">Elisa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiziano_Ferro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiziano Ferro"><img alt="Tiziano Ferro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tiziano_Ferro.jpg/134px-Tiziano_Ferro.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tiziano_Ferro.jpg/202px-Tiziano_Ferro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tiziano_Ferro.jpg/269px-Tiziano_Ferro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro" title="Tiziano Ferro">Tiziano Ferro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marco Mengoni"><img alt="Marco Mengoni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg/113px-ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg/170px-ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg/227px-ESC2013_-_Italy_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Mengoni" title="Marco Mengoni">Marco Mengoni</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_dance">Modern dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo house</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italo_dance" title="Italo dance">Italo dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_Moroder_Melt!_2015_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Giorgio_Moroder_Melt%21_2015_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3703" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">EDM</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_65_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Eiffel_65_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_65" title="Eiffel 65">Eiffel 65</a>, one of Italy's most popular electronic groups</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy has been an important country with regards to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, especially ever since the creation of <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a> in the late 1970s to early 1980s. The genre, originating from <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, blended "melancholy melodies" with pop and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making usage of synthesizers and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>, which often gave it a futuristic sound. According to an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, producers would work with singers, using mass-made synthesizers and drum machines, and incorporating them into a mix of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> with a "classic-pop sensibility"<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be aimed for <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs produced would often be sold later by labels and companies such as the Milan-based Discomagic.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gigi1.jpg/150px-Gigi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gigi1.jpg/225px-Gigi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gigi1.jpg/300px-Gigi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gigi_D%27Agostino" title="Gigi D'Agostino">Gigi D'Agostino</a>, developer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lento_Violento" class="mw-redirect" title="Lento Violento">Lento Violento</a></i> subgenre</figcaption></figure> <p>Italo disco influenced several electronic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasure_(duo)" title="Erasure (duo)">Erasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as genres such as <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">freestyle</a>. By circa 1988, however, the genre had merged into other forms of European dance and electronic music, one of which was <a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo house</a>. Italo house blended elements of Italo disco with traditional <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>; its sound was generally uplifting, and made strong usage of piano melodies. Bands of this genre include: <a href="/wiki/Black_Box_(band)" title="Black Box (band)">Black Box</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Beat" title="East Side Beat">East Side Beat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/49ers_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="49ers (band)">49ers</a>. </p><p>By the latter half of the 1990s, a subgenre of Eurodance known as <a href="/wiki/Italo_dance" title="Italo dance">Italo dance</a> emerged. Taking influences from Italo disco and Italo house, Italo dance generally included synthesizer riffs, a melodic sound, and the usage of <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoders</a>. The genre became mainstream after the release of the single "<a href="/wiki/Blue_(Da_Ba_Dee)" title="Blue (Da Ba Dee)">Blue (Da Ba Dee)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_65" title="Eiffel 65">Eiffel 65</a>, which became one of Italy's most popular electronic groups; their album <i><a href="/wiki/Europop_(album)" title="Europop (album)">Europop</a></i> was crowned as the greatest album of the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a subgenre of Italo dance known as <i><a href="/wiki/Lento_Violento" class="mw-redirect" title="Lento Violento">Lento Violento</a></i> ("slow and violent") was developed by <a href="/wiki/Gigi_D%27Agostino" title="Gigi D'Agostino">Gigi D'Agostino</a> as a much slower and harder type of music. The BPM is often reduced to the half of typical Italo dance tracks. The bass is often noticeably loud, and dominates the song.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, there have been several important Italian dance music composers and producers, such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, who won three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globes</a> for his music. His work with synthesizers heavily influenced several music genres such as new wave, techno and house music;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is credited by <a href="/wiki/Allmusic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a> as "One of the principal architects of the disco sound",<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also dubbed the "Father of Disco".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imported_styles">Imported styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Imported styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Beat" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Beat">Italian Beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian rock">Italian rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_progressive_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian progressive rock">Italian progressive rock</a></div> <p>During the <i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i>, the French fashion of performing popular music at the <i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">café-chantant</a></i> spread throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegel1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegel1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition had much in common with <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, and there is overlap between <i>café-chantant</i>, <i>café-concert</i>, <i>cabaret</i>, <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and other similar styles, but at least in its Italian manifestation, the tradition remained largely apolitical, focusing on lighter music, often risqué, but not bawdy. The first <i>café-chantant</i> in Italy was the <i>Salone Margherita</i>, which opened in 1890 on the premises of the new Galleria Umberto in Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaliotti2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaliotti2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Italy, the Gran Salone Eden in Milan and the Music Hall Olympia in Rome opened shortly thereafter. <i>Café-chantant</i> was alternately known as the Italianized <i>caffè-concerto</i>. The main performer, usually a woman, was called a <i>chanteuse</i> in French; the Italian term, <i>sciantosa</i>, is a direct coinage from the French. The songs, themselves, were not French, but were lighthearted or slightly sentimental songs composed in Italian. That music went out of fashion with the advent of World War I. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_Ramazzotti_(21562287050)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Eros_Ramazzotti_%2821562287050%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of US pop forms has been strong since the end of World War II. Lavish <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatres" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway theatres">Broadway</a>-show numbers, <a href="/wiki/Big_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Band">Big Bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> continue to be popular. Latin music, especially Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a>, is also popular, and the Puerto Rican genre of <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a> is rapidly becoming a mainstream form of dance music. It is now not uncommon for modern Italian pop artists such as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zucchero">Zucchero</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a> to release some new songs in English or Spanish in addition to the original Italian versions. The group <a href="/wiki/Il_Volo" title="Il Volo">Il Volo</a> sings in Italian, English, Spanish and German. Thus, musical revues, which are standard fare on current Italian television, can easily go, in a single evening, from a big-band number with dancers to an Elvis impersonator to a current pop singer doing a rendition of a Puccini aria. </p><p>Jazz found its way into Europe during World War I through the presence of American musicians in military bands playing <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, even before that, Italy received an inkling of new music from across the Atlantic in the form of <i>Creole</i> singers and dancers who performed at the Eden Theater in Milan in 1904; they billed themselves as the "creators of the <a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">cakewalk</a>." The first real jazz orchestras in Italy, however, were formed during the 1920s by bandleaders such as Arturo Agazzi and enjoyed immediate success.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzoletti_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzoletti-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the anti-American cultural policies of the Fascist regime during the 1930s, American jazz remained popular. </p><p>In the immediate post-war years, jazz took off in Italy. All American post-war jazz styles, from <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> to <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">fusion</a> have their equivalents in Italy. The universality of Italian culture ensured that jazz clubs would spring up throughout the peninsula, that all radio and then television studios would have jazz-based house bands, that Italian musicians would then start nurturing a home grown kind of jazz, based on European song forms, classical composition techniques and folk music. Currently, all Italian music conservatories have jazz departments, and there are jazz festivals each year in Italy, the best known of which is the <a href="/wiki/Umbria_Jazz_Festival" title="Umbria Jazz Festival">Umbria Jazz Festival</a>, and there are <a href="/wiki/Music_media_in_Italy" title="Music media in Italy">prominent publications</a> such as the journal, <i>Musica Jazz</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zucchero_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zucchero_01.JPG/220px-Zucchero_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zucchero_01.JPG/330px-Zucchero_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zucchero_01.JPG/440px-Zucchero_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zucchero_Fornaciari" title="Zucchero Fornaciari">Zucchero</a>, credited as the "father of Italian blues"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg/220px-Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg/330px-Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg/440px-Lacuna_Coil_Ozzfest_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_Coil" title="Lacuna Coil">Lacuna Coil</a>, gothic metal band</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maneskin_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maneskin_2018.jpg/220px-Maneskin_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maneskin_2018.jpg/330px-Maneskin_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maneskin_2018.jpg/440px-Maneskin_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7802" data-file-height="5204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin" title="Måneskin">Måneskin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian pop rock has produced major stars like <a href="/wiki/Zucchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zucchero">Zucchero</a>, and has resulted in many top hits. The industry media, especially television, are important vehicles for such music; the television show <i>Sabato Sera</i> is characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy was at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> movement of the 1970s, a style that primarily developed in Europe but also gained audiences elsewhere in the world. It is sometimes considered a separate genre, <a href="/wiki/Italian_progressive_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian progressive rock">Italian progressive rock</a>. Italian bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Trip_(British-Italian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trip (British-Italian band)">The Trip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_(band)" title="Area (band)">Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi" title="Premiata Forneria Marconi">Premiata Forneria Marconi</a> (PFM), <a href="/wiki/Banco_del_Mutuo_Soccorso" title="Banco del Mutuo Soccorso">Banco del Mutuo Soccorso</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Trolls" title="New Trolls">New Trolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goblin_(band)" title="Goblin (band)">Goblin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osanna" title="Osanna">Osanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Just_(band)" title="Saint Just (band)">Saint Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Orme" title="Le Orme">Le Orme</a> incorporated a mix of symphonic rock and Italian folk music and were popular throughout Europe and the United States as well. Other progressive bands such as <a href="/wiki/Perigeo" title="Perigeo">Perigeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balletto_di_Bronzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Balletto di Bronzo">Balletto di Bronzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Rosenbach" title="Museo Rosenbach">Museo Rosenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovescio_della_Medaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovescio della Medaglia">Rovescio della Medaglia</a>, Biglietto per l'Inferno or <a href="/wiki/Alphataurus" title="Alphataurus">Alphataurus</a> remained little known, but their albums are today considered classics by collectors. A few avant-garde rock bands or artists (<a href="/wiki/Area_(band)" title="Area (band)">Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picchio_dal_Pozzo" title="Picchio dal Pozzo">Picchio dal Pozzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_Avantra" title="Opus Avantra">Opus Avantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormy_Six" title="Stormy Six">Stormy Six</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Just_(band)" title="Saint Just (band)">Saint Just</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lindo_Ferretti" title="Giovanni Lindo Ferretti">Giovanni Lindo Ferretti</a>) gained notoriety for their innovative sound. Progressive rock concerts in Italy tended to have a strong political undertone and an energetic atmosphere. Popular Italian metal bands include <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire" title="Rhapsody of Fire">Rhapsody of Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_Coil" title="Lacuna Coil">Lacuna Coil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvenking_(band)" title="Elvenking (band)">Elvenking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Tomb" title="Forgotten Tomb">Forgotten Tomb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fleshgod_Apocalypse" title="Fleshgod Apocalypse">Fleshgod Apocalypse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian hip hop</a> scene began in the early 1990s with <a href="/wiki/Articolo_31" title="Articolo 31">Articolo 31</a> from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, whose style was mainly influenced by <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast rap">East Coast rap</a>. Other early hip hop crews were typically politically oriented, like <a href="/wiki/99_Posse" title="99 Posse">99 Posse</a>, who later became more influenced by British <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>. More recent crews include <a href="/wiki/Gangster_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangster rap">gangster rappers</a> like Sardinia's <a href="/wiki/La_Fossa" title="La Fossa">La Fossa</a>. Other recently imported styles include <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> performed by artists including <a href="/wiki/Gabry_Ponte" title="Gabry Ponte">Gabry Ponte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_65" title="Eiffel 65">Eiffel 65</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gigi_D%60Agostino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigi D`Agostino">Gigi D`Agostino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hip hop is especially liked in southern Italy, joined with the southern concept of <i>rispetto</i> (<i>respect</i>, <i>honor</i>), a form of verbal jousting; both facts have helped identify southern Italian music with the African American hip hop style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes2003216_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes2003216-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are many bands in Italy that play a style called <i>patchanka</i>, which is characterized by a mixture of traditional music, punk, reggae, rock and political lyrics. <a href="/wiki/Modena_City_Ramblers" title="Modena City Ramblers">Modena City Ramblers</a> are one of the more popular bands known for their mix of Irish, Italian, punk, reggae and many other forms of music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy has also become a home for a number of Mediterranean fusion projects. These include <a href="/wiki/Al_Darawish" title="Al Darawish">Al Darawish</a>, a multicultural band based in Sicily and led by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> Nabil Ben Salaméh. The Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra is another example, as is the TaraGnawa project by Phaleg and <a href="/wiki/Nour_Eddine_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nour Eddine (singer)">Nour Eddine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mango_(singer)" title="Mango (singer)">Mango</a> is one of the best-known artists who fused pop with <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world</a> and mediterranean sounds, albums such as <i><a href="/wiki/Adesso" title="Adesso">Adesso</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sirtaki_(album)" title="Sirtaki (album)">Sirtaki</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Come_l%27acqua" title="Come l'acqua">Come l'acqua</a></i> are examples of his style. The Neapolitan popular singer, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Ranieri" title="Massimo Ranieri">Massimo Ranieri</a> has also released a CD, <i>Oggi o dimane</i>, of traditional <i>canzone Napoletana</i> with North African rhythms and instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_media_in_Italy" title="Music media in Italy">Music media in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superstore01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aisle in a store showing rows of CDs for sale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Superstore01.jpg/220px-Superstore01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Superstore01.jpg/330px-Superstore01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Superstore01.jpg/440px-Superstore01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Feltrinelli superstore showing rows of CDs</figcaption></figure> <p>The music industry in Italy made €2.3 billion in 2004. That sum refers to the sale of CDs, music electronics, musical instruments, and ticket sales for live performances. By way of comparison, the Italian recording industry ranks eighth in the world; Italians own 0.7 music albums per capita as opposed to the US, in first-place with 2.7.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationwide, there are three state-run and three private TV networks. All provide live music at least some of the time. Many large cities in Italy have local TV stations, as well, which may provide live folk or dialect music often of interest only to the immediate area. The largest of these book and CD chain is <a href="/wiki/Feltrinelli_(publisher)" title="Feltrinelli (publisher)">Feltrinelli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venues,_festivals_and_holidays"><span id="Venues.2C_festivals_and_holidays"></span>Venues, festivals and holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Venues, festivals and holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravellofest01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orchestra before a performance on an outdoor stage on a balcony with water in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ravellofest01.jpg/220px-Ravellofest01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ravellofest01.jpg/330px-Ravellofest01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ravellofest01.jpg/440px-Ravellofest01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Ravello_Festival" title="Ravello Festival">Festival of Ravello</a> is a popular music venue in Italy. Here, an orchestra starts to set up on a stage overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalfi coast">Amalfi coast</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Venues for music in Italy include concerts at the many <a href="/wiki/Italian_music_conservatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music conservatories">music conservatories</a>, symphony halls and <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian opera houses">opera houses</a>. Italy also has many well-known international <a href="/wiki/Italian_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music festivals">music festivals</a> each year, including the Festival of <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Puccini" title="Festival Puccini">Festival Puccini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ravello_Festival" title="Ravello Festival">Wagner Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravello" title="Ravello">Ravello</a>. Some festivals offer venues to younger composers in classical music by producing and staging winning entries in competitions. The winner, for example, of the "Orpheus" International Competition for New Opera and Chamber music—besides winning considerable prize money—gets to see his or her musical work performed at The Spoleto Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also dozens of privately sponsored master classes in music each year that put on concerts for the public. Italy is also a common destination for well-known orchestras from abroad; at almost any given time during the busiest season, at least one major orchestra from elsewhere in Europe or North America is playing a concert in Italy. Additionally, public music may be heard at dozens of pop and rock concerts throughout the year. Open-air opera may even be heard, for example, at the ancient Roman amphitheater, the <a href="/wiki/Verona_Arena" title="Verona Arena">Verona Arena</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_military_music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uniformed band members standing in formation, the band leader in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Italia_military_music.jpg/220px-Italia_military_music.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Italia_military_music.jpg/330px-Italia_military_music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Italia_military_music.jpg/440px-Italia_military_music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Italy">Italian army</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military band</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Military bands, too, are popular in Italy. At a national level, one of the best-known of these is the concert band of the <i><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a></i> (Italian Customs/Border Police); it performs many times a year. </p><p>Many theaters also routinely stage not just Italian translations of American musicals, but true Italian musical comedy, which are called by the English term <i>musical</i>. In Italian, that term describes a kind of musical drama not native to Italy, a form that employs the American idiom of jazz-pop-and rock-based music and rhythms to move a story along in a combination of songs and dialogue. </p><p>Music in religious rituals, especially Catholic, manifests itself in a number of ways. Parish bands, for example, are quite common throughout Italy. They may be as small as four or five members to as many as 20 or 30. They commonly perform at religious festivals specific to a particular town, usually in honor of the town's patron saint. The historic orchestral/choral masterpieces performed in church by professionals are well-known; these include such works as the <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a> and Verdi's <i>Requiem</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> from 1962 to 1965 revolutionized music in the Catholic Church, leading to an increase in the number of amateur choirs that perform regularly for services; the Council also encouraged the congregational singing of hymns, and a vast repertoire of new hymns has been composed in the last 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoccardi2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoccardi2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG/220px-Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG/330px-Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG/440px-Festival_di_Sanremo_16_febbraio_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Ariston" title="Teatro Ariston">Teatro Ariston</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a> 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>There is not a great deal of native Italian Christmas music. The most popular Italian <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> is "<a href="/wiki/Tu_scendi_dalle_stelle" title="Tu scendi dalle stelle">Tu scendi dalle stelle</a>", the modern Italian words to which were written by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1870. The melody is a major-key version of an older, minor-key Neapolitan carol "Quanno Nascette Ninno" of <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a>. Other than that, Italians largely sing translations of carols that come from the German and English tradition ("<a href="/wiki/Silent_Night_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent Night (song)">Silent Night</a>", for example). There is no native Italian secular Christmas music, which accounts for the popularity of Italian-language versions of "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)" title="White Christmas (song)">White Christmas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a> is an important venue for popular music in Italy. It has been held annually since 1951 and is currently staged at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Ariston" title="Teatro Ariston">Teatro Ariston</a> in Sanremo. It runs for one week in February, and gives veteran and new performers a chance to present new songs. Winning the contest has often been a springboard to industry success. The festival is televised nationally for three hours a night, is hosted by the best-known Italian TV personalities, and has been a vehicle for such performers as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a>, perhaps the best-known Italian pop singer of the last 50 years. </p><p>Television variety shows are the widest venue for popular music. They change often, but <i>Buona Domenica</i>, <i>Domenica In</i>, and <i>I raccomandati</i> are popular. The longest running musical broadcast in Italy is <i>La Corrida</i>, a three-hour weekly program of amateurs and would-be musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started on the radio in 1968 and moved to TV in 1988. The studio audience bring cow-bells and sirens and are encouraged to show good-natured disapproval. The city with the highest number of rock concerts (of national and international artists) is Milan, with a number close to the other European music capitals, as Paris, London and Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Beethoven_(courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella,_Naples).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of a man sitting on a rock, with an intent look." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Beethoven_%28courtyard_of_San_Pietro_a_Maiella%2C_Naples%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Within the courtyard of the Naples Music Conservatory</figcaption></figure> <p>Many institutes of higher education teach music in Italy. About 75 <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_conservatories_in_Italy" title="List of music conservatories in Italy">music conservatories</a> provide advanced training for future professional musicians. There are also many private music schools and workshops for instrument building and repair. Private teaching is also quite common in Italy. Elementary and high school students can expect to have one or two weekly hours of music teaching, generally in choral singing and basic music theory, though extracurricular opportunities are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most Italian universities have classes in related subjects such as music history, performance is not a common feature of university education. </p><p>Italy has a specialized system of high schools; students attend, as they choose, a high school for humanities, science, foreign languages, or art—and music (in the "liceo musicale", where instruments, musical theory, composing and musical history are taught as the main subject). Italy does have ambitious, recent programs to expose children to more music. Furthermore, with the recent education reform a specific <i>Liceo musicale e coreutico</i> (2nd level secondary school, ages 14–15 to 18–19) is explicitly indicated by the law decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet this kind of school has not been set up and is not effectively operational. The state-run television network has started a program to use modern satellite technology to broadcast choral music into public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarship in the field of collecting, preserving and cataloguing all varieties of music is vast. In Italy, as elsewhere, these tasks are spread over a number of agencies and organizations. Most large music conservatories maintain departments that oversee the research connected with their own collections. Such research is coordinated on a national and international scale via the internet. One prominent institution in Italy is IBIMUS, the <i>Istituto di Bibliografia Musicale</i>, in Rome. It works with other agencies on an international scale through RISM, the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pertoire_International_des_Sources_Musicales" title="Répertoire International des Sources Musicales">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales</a></i>, an inventory and index of source material. Also, the <i>Discoteca di Stato</i> (National Archives of Recordings) in Rome, founded in 1928, holds the largest public collection of recorded music in Italy with some 230,000 examples of classical music, folk music, jazz, and rock, recorded on everything from antique wax cylinders to modern electronic media. </p><p>The scholarly study of traditional Italian music began in about 1850, with a group of early philological <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographers</a> who studied the impact of music on a pan-Italian national identity. A unified Italian identity only just started to develop after the political integration of the peninsula in 1860. The focus at that time was on the lyrical and literary value of music, rather than the instrumentation; this focus remained until the early 1960s. Two folkloric journals helped to encourage the burgeoning field of study, the <i>Rivista Italiana delle Tradizioni Popolari</i> and <i>Lares</i>, founded in 1894 and 1912, respectively. The earliest major musical studies were on the Sardinian <i><a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">launeddas</a></i> in 1913–1914 by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Giulio_Fara" title="Mario Giulio Fara">Mario Giulio Fara</a>; on Sicilian music, published in 1907 and 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Favara" title="Alberto Favara">Alberto Favara</a>; and studies of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Emilia_Romagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Emilia Romagna">music of Emilia Romagna</a> in 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Balilla_Pratella" title="Francesco Balilla Pratella">Francesco Balilla Pratella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest recordings of Italian traditional music came in the 1920s, but they were rare until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Nazionale_Studi_di_Musica_Popolare" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare">Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">National Academy of Santa Cecilia</a> in Rome. The Center sponsored numerous song collection trips across the peninsula, especially to southern and central Italy. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Nataletti" title="Giorgio Nataletti">Giorgio Nataletti</a> was an instrumental figure in the Center, and also made numerous recordings himself. The American scholar <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> and the Italian, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Carpitella" title="Diego Carpitella">Diego Carpitella</a>, made an exhaustive survey of the peninsula in 1954. By the early 1960s, a <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> encouraged more study, especially of northern musical cultures, which many scholars had previously assumed maintained little folk culture. The most prominent scholars of this era included <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Leydi" title="Roberto Leydi">Roberto Leydi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Tiby" title="Ottavio Tiby">Ottavio Tiby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Levi" title="Leo Levi">Leo Levi</a>. During the 1970s, Leydi and Carpitella were appointed to the first two chairs of ethnomusicology at universities, with Carpitella at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome</a> and Leydi at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>. In the 1980s, Italian scholars began focusing less on making recordings, and more on studying and synthesizing the information already collected. Others studied Italian music in the United States and Australia, and the folk musics of recent immigrants to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_42-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Italian_music" title="Glossary of Italian music">Glossary of Italian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music history of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Music of the Trecento</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Racial laws" started to be issued in Italy in March 1938; specifically, the one denying Jews membership in professional organizations was the Royal Decree of 5 September 1938, XVI, n. 1390, Art. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1939">Adams 1939</a> claims that—on the eve of World War II—most Italians who had fled Italy for political reasons—i.e. "...membership in anti-Fascist organizations..."—were in France and puts the number at about 9,000. The author does not distinguish refugees on the basis of race or creed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thus, it is common to speak of the "music of Cilento," even though these names do not necessarily refer to formal administrative regions or provinces of Italy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The program is called <i>Verdincanto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErlich1990" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Cyril (1990). <i>The Piano: A History</i>. Oxford University Press, US; Revised edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6171-4"><bdi>978-0-1981-6171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US%3B+Revised+edition&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-6171-4&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1914" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Edward Heron (1914). <i>Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument</i>. E. Howe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violin-making%2C+as+it+was+and+is%3A+Being+a+Historical%2C+Theoretical%2C+and+Practical+Treatise+on+the+Science+and+Art+of+Violin-making%2C+for+the+Use+of+Violin+Makers+and+Players%2C+Amateur+and+Professional.+Preceded+by+An+Essay+on+the+Violin+and+Its+Position+as+a+Musical+Instrument&rft.pub=E.+Howe&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 5 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbell,_David_R.B.1994" class="citation book cs1">Kimbell, David R.B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC"><i>Italian Opera</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-6643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-6643-1"><bdi>978-0-5214-6643-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Opera&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-6643-1&rft.au=Kimbell%2C+David+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC37Gq2GagZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller,_Catalano_and_Colicci2017" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Catalano and Colicci (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&q=keller%20catalano%20and%20colicci&pg=PT1022"><i>Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 604–625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3515-4426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3515-4426-9"><bdi>978-1-3515-4426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=604-625&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-3515-4426-9&rft.au=Keller%2C+Catalano+and+Colicci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGh03DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkeller%2520catalano%2520and%2520colicci%26pg%3DPT1022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2012" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (3 October 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html">"A Roman Rapper Comes to New York, Where He Can Get Real"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Roman+Rapper+Comes+to+New+York%2C+Where+He+Can+Get+Real&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F04%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fjovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe-Young2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MusicMight" title="MusicMight">Sharpe-Young, Garry</a> (2003). <i>A–Z of Power Metal</i>. Rockdetector Series. Cherry Red Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2"><bdi>978-1-901447-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%E2%80%93Z+of+Power+Metal&rft.series=Rockdetector+Series&rft.pub=Cherry+Red+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-901447-13-2&rft.aulast=Sharpe-Young&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2008" class="citation news cs1">McDonnell, John (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco">"Scene and heard: Italo-disco"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scene+and+heard%3A+Italo-disco&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2008%2Fsep%2F01%2Fsceneandhearditalodisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroder-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moroder_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Cater" class="citation web cs1">Evan Cater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r59464">"Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Oakey+%26+Giorgio+Moroder%3A+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.au=Evan+Cater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr59464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiorgos_Kasapoglou2007" class="citation web cs1">Yiorgos Kasapoglou (27 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817">"Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight"</a>. esctoday.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanremo+Music+Festival+kicks+off+tonight&rft.pub=esctoday.com&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.au=Yiorgos+Kasapoglou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esctoday.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2F7817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirone2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cirone, Federica (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialboost.it/cantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero/">"Cantanti italiani, quali sono quelli che hanno avuto più successo all'estero"</a> (in Italian). socialboost.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cantanti+italiani%2C+quali+sono+quelli+che+hanno+avuto+pi%C3%B9+successo+all%27estero&rft.pub=socialboost.it&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Cirone&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialboost.it%2Fcantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Grove Encyclopedia of Music</i>, "Italy", pg. 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, pp. 613–614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGrove-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Grove Encyclopedia of Music</i>, "Italy", pp. 637–680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanCarlo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SanCarlo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teatrosancarlo.it/teatro/il?_locale">"The Theatre and its history"</a>. Teatro di San Carlo's official website. 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+and+its+history&rft.pub=Teatro+di+San+Carlo%27s+official+website&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatrosancarlo.it%2Fteatro%2Fil%3F_locale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2007" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Clive (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172"><i>Opera</i></a> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124182-6"><bdi>978-0-06-124182-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-124182-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopera0000grif%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mondo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Mondo della musica</i>, p. 583</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondo2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mondo2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Mondo della musica</i>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs1987">Sachs 1987</a>, pp. 23–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The episode is cited in "Underscoring Fascism", a book review of Sachs (1987) by John C. G. Waterhouse in <i>The Musical Times</i>, Vol. 129, No. 1744. (Jun. 1988), pp. 298–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Maestro v. Fascism". <i>Time</i>. Vol. XXX1, no. 9. 1938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Maestro+v.+Fascism&rft.volume=XXX1&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> The article recounts Toscanini's refusal to conduct at the Salzburg Festival in protest of the Nazi annexation of Austria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldi1935-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldi1935_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldi1935">Baldi 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs2002">Sachs 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, The episode is infamous and appears in virtually all biographical accounts of Toscanini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niccolodi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niccolodi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiccolodi1984">Niccolodi 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sachs242-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sachs242_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sachs242_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs1987">Sachs 1987</a>, p. 242: "The politicization of the performing arts, so crudely initiated by the fascists, has been brought to a high level of refinement by their successors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Garland</i> (<a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)? refers to the "unprivileged classes" as <i>classi subalterne</i>, a term created by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, social philosopher and founder of the Italian Communist Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich and Pisk, p. 531.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, p. 487.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich and Pisk, pp. 581–582.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, p. 517.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482661/Giacomo-Puccini">"Giacomo Puccini – Italian composer"</a>. 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giacomo+Puccini+%E2%80%93+Italian+composer&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F482661%2FGiacomo-Puccini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubiaga,_Michael_Jr." class="citation web cs1">Dubiaga, Michael Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a051130.html">"Musician to Five Popes: Don Lorenzo Perosi"</a>. <i>Seattle Catholic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Catholic&rft.atitle=Musician+to+Five+Popes%3A+Don+Lorenzo+Perosi&rft.au=Dubiaga%2C+Michael+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlecatholic.com%2Fa051130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler,_Jeff1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ziegler, Jeff (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111111758/http://www.theuniversityconcourse.com/V,4,12-3-1999/Ziegler.htm">"Latin, Gregorian Chant, and the Spirit of Vatican II"</a>. <i>University Concourse</i>. <b>V</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theuniversityconcourse.com/V,4,12-3-1999/Ziegler.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Concourse&rft.atitle=Latin%2C+Gregorian+Chant%2C+and+the+Spirit+of+Vatican+II&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theuniversityconcourse.com%2FV%2C4%2C12-3-1999%2FZiegler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedland1970">Friedland 1970</a> provides a complete treatment of what she calls "an almost unexplored segment" of music; that is, "…the orchestral and chamber music produced by Italian composers in the 1800s."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in the <i>New Grove Encyclopedia of Music</i>, "Italy", pg. 659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondo4._pp._139-42-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mondo4._pp._139-42_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mondo4._pp._139-42_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Mondo della musica</i>, pp. 139–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouget1986">Bouget 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusoni1962">Busoni 1962</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1999">Kramer 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiurati1995-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiurati1995_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiurati1995">Giurati 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassu1978-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassu1978_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassu1978">Sassu 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_42-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, pp. 604–625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, pp. 604–625 note that "during the second half of the nineteenth and part of the twentieth century, opera and so-called Neapolitan popular song served such purposes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomax1956">Lomax 1956</a>, pp. 48–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magrini (1990), p. 20.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorce_Keller1984-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorce_Keller1984_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorce_Keller1984">Sorce Keller 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifegate.it/il_calore_della_musica_tradizionale_italiana">"Musica popolare italiana: tradizione e storia"</a> (in Italian). 7 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musica+popolare+italiana%3A+tradizione+e+storia&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifegate.it%2Fil_calore_della_musica_tradizionale_italiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeydi1990179-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeydi1990179_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeydi1990">Leydi 1990</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guizzi, pp. 43–44.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1967">Olson 1967</a>, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpitella1975">Carpitella 1975</a>, pp. 422–428, cited in the <a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicciTucci1988-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicciTucci1988_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicciTucci1988">Ricci & Tucci 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1962">Wolfram 1962</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Mondo della musica</i>, pp. 682–687</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpartiVeroli1995-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpartiVeroli1995_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpartiVeroli1995">Sparti & Veroli 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzoletti-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzoletti_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzoletti_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzoletti1983">Mazzoletti 1983</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajro196217-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajro196217_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajro1962">Vajro 1962</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurolo1963notes_to_vol._1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurolo1963notes_to_vol._1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurolo1963">Murolo 1963</a>, notes to vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maiden (2)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dizionario.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordoniTestani2006">Bordoni & Testani 2006</a>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFazzini20067–19-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFazzini20067–19_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFazzini2006">Fazzini 2006</a>, pp. 7–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonnell-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonnell_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonnell_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonnell_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonnell_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonnell_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2008" class="citation news cs1">McDonnell, John (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco">"Scene and heard: Italo-disco"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scene+and+heard%3A+Italo-disco&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2008%2Fsep%2F01%2Fsceneandhearditalodisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235112/http://www.eiffel65.com/discography">Eiffel 65 planet – Discography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italodanceportal.com/news/gigi-dagostino-gigis-time-ep">"Gigi D'Agostino -Gigis Time EP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gigi+D%27Agostino+-Gigis+Time+EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitalodanceportal.com%2Fnews%2Fgigi-dagostino-gigis-time-ep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/">"Giorgio Moroder: Godfather of Modern Dance Music"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giorgio+Moroder%3A+Godfather+of+Modern+Dance+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3701060%2Fgiorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p23915/biography">"Giorgio Moroder – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Giorgio+Moroder+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Albums%2C+Streaming+Links&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp23915%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Cater" class="citation web cs1">Evan Cater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r59464">"Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Oakey+%26+Giorgio+Moroder%3A+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.au=Evan+Cater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr59464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/">"The Legacy of Giorgio Moroder, the "Father of Disco"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Blisspop. 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Giorgio+Moroder%2C+the+%22Father+of+Disco%22&rft.pub=Blisspop&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blisspop.com%2Flegacy-giorgio-moroder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegel1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegel1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegel1987">Segel 1987</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaliotti2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaliotti2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaliotti2001">Paliotti 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is claimed by some (Badger 1995) that the introduction to Europe of the syncopated sounds of early American jazz came in the form of music performed by the band of the <a href="/wiki/369th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="369th Infantry Regiment">369th Infantry Regiment</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Harlem_Hellfighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem Hellfighters">Harlem Hellfighters</a>"), led by <a href="/wiki/James_Reese_Europe" title="James Reese Europe">James Reese Europe</a>, the leading figure on the African American music scene in New York City in the 1910s before being commissioned as a lieutenant to serve in World War I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Laing with Olivier Julien and Catherine Budent, "Television Shows", pg. 475, in the <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe-Young2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MusicMight" title="MusicMight">Sharpe-Young, Garry</a> (2003). <i>A–Z of Power Metal</i>. 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Cherry Red Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2"><bdi>978-1-901447-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%E2%80%93Z+of+Power+Metal&rft.series=Rockdetector+Series&rft.pub=Cherry+Red+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-901447-13-2&rft.aulast=Sharpe-Young&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurian2000169–201_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSurian2000">Surian 2000</a>, pp. 169–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes2003216-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes2003216_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes2003">Stokes 2003</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Rapporto 2005</i> (in Italian). Economia della musica italiana del Centro Ask: dell’Università Bocconi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapporto+2005&rft.pub=Economia+della+musica+italiana+del+Centro+Ask%3A+dell%E2%80%99Universit%C3%A0+Bocconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808101747/http://www.culturekiosque.com/klassik/news/ra1compt.htm">"Chamber Opera Competition"</a>. Culturekiosque Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturekiosque.com/klassik/news/ra1compt.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chamber+Opera+Competition&rft.pub=Culturekiosque+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturekiosque.com%2Fklassik%2Fnews%2Fra1compt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoccardi2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoccardi2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoccardi2001">Boccardi 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Matthews" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jeff Matthews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225015233/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog08.html">"Christmas (3)--Tu scendi dalle stelle, music (2)"</a>. <i>Around Naples Encyclopedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog08.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas+%283%29--Tu+scendi+dalle+stelle%2C+music+%282%29&rft.btitle=Around+Naples+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Jeff+Matthews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ed.umuc.edu%2F~jmatthew%2Fnaples%2Fblog08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaroni2005">Baroni 2005</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroeducation.net/prof/italco.htm">"Structure of Education System in Italy"</a>. <i>EuroEducation.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EuroEducation.net&rft.atitle=Structure+of+Education+System+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroeducation.net%2Fprof%2Fitalco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060608103535/http://www.istruzione.it/normativa/2005/allegati/dlgs_secondo_ciclo_all_c5.pdf">"Ministero dell'istruzione, dell'università e della ricerca, Indicazioni nazionali per i piani di studio personalizzati dei percorsi liceali – Piano degli studi e Obiettivi specifici di apprendimento – Allegato C/5 (Art. 2 comma 3) – Liceo musicale e coreutico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istruzione.it/normativa/2005/allegati/dlgs_secondo_ciclo_all_c5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministero+dell%27istruzione%2C+dell%27universit%C3%A0+e+della+ricerca%2C+Indicazioni+nazionali+per+i+piani+di+studio+personalizzati+dei+percorsi+liceali+%E2%80%93+Piano+degli+studi+e+Obiettivi+specifici+di+apprendimento+%E2%80%93+Allegato+C%2F5+%28Art.+2+comma+3%29+%E2%80%93+Liceo+musicale+e+coreutico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istruzione.it%2Fnormativa%2F2005%2Fallegati%2Fdlgs_secondo_ciclo_all_c5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> annex to Circolare n.11 del 1 febbraio 2006 – Trasmissione decreti di attuazione del progetto di innovazione, in ambito nazionale, ex art. 11 del D.P.R. n. 275/1999 – Istituti di istruzione secondaria superiore – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716115824/http://www.istruzione.it/riforma/secondociclo.shtml">"Sistema educativo e nuovi ordinamenti"</a>. <i>MIUR</i> (in Italian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIUR&rft.atitle=Sistema+educativo+e+nuovi+ordinamenti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istruzione.it%2Friforma%2Fsecondociclo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924000435/http://www.educational.rai.it/verdincanto/home.htm">"Telegramma del Presidente della Repubblica ai partecipanti e agli organizzatori di <i>Verdincanto</i>"</a> [Telegram from the President of the Republic to the participants and organizers of <i>Verdincanto</i>] (in Italian). Rai Educational. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educational.rai.it/verdincanto/home.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegramma+del+Presidente+della+Repubblica+ai+partecipanti+e+agli+organizzatori+di+Verdincanto&rft.pub=Rai+Educational&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educational.rai.it%2Fverdincanto%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1939" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Walter (May 1939). "The Present Problem; Refugees in Europe". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>203</b>: 37–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271623920300105">10.1177/000271623920300105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144435665">144435665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Present+Problem%3B+Refugees+in+Europe&rft.volume=203&rft.pages=37-44&rft.date=1939-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271623920300105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144435665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1989" class="citation journal cs1">Badger, F. Reed (Spring 1989). "James Reese Europe and the Prehistory of Jazz". <i>American Music</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 48–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3052049">10.2307/3052049</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052049">3052049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=James+Reese+Europe+and+the+Prehistory+of+Jazz&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-67&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3052049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3052049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=F.+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldi1935" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baldi, Edgardo (1935). "Mascagni, Puccini, Casella, Busoni, Toscanini". <i>Enciclopedia Moderna Italiana</i> (in Italian). Milan: Sonzogno.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mascagni%2C+Puccini%2C+Casella%2C+Busoni%2C+Toscanini&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Moderna+Italiana&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Sonzogno&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Baldi&rft.aufirst=Edgardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baroni, Joseph (2005). <i>Dizionario della Televisione</i> (in Italian). Milan: Raffaello Cortina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7078-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-7078-972-1"><bdi>88-7078-972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+della+Televisione&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Raffaello+Cortina&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=88-7078-972-1&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccardi2001" class="citation book cs1">Boccardi, Donald (2001). <i>The History of American Catholic Hymnals Since Vatican II</i>. Chicago: GIA Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57999-121-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57999-121-1"><bdi>1-57999-121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Catholic+Hymnals+Since+Vatican+II&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=GIA+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57999-121-1&rft.aulast=Boccardi&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordoniTestani2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bordoni, Carlo; Testani, Gianluca (2006). <i>Oggi ho salvato il mondo; Canzoni di protesta 1990-2005</i> (in Italian). Rome: Fazi ed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7966-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-7966-409-3"><bdi>88-7966-409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oggi+ho+salvato+il+mondo%3B+Canzoni+di+protesta+1990-2005&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Fazi+ed&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-7966-409-3&rft.aulast=Bordoni&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft.au=Testani%2C+Gianluca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouget1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bouget, Marie-Thérèse (1986). "Musical Enigmas in Ballet of the Court of Savoy". <i>Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Translated by McGowen, M. Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research, Vol. 4, No. 1: 29–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1290672">10.2307/1290672</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1290672">1290672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Dance+Research&rft.atitle=Musical+Enigmas+in+Ballet+of+the+Court+of+Savoy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-44&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1290672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1290672%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bouget&rft.aufirst=Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusoni1962" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Busoni, Ferruccio (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threeclassicsina0000unse">"Sketch for a New Esthetic of Music"</a>. <i>Three Classics in the Aesthetics of Music</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20320-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20320-4"><bdi>0-486-20320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sketch+for+a+New+Esthetic+of+Music&rft.btitle=Three+Classics+in+the+Aesthetics+of+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-486-20320-4&rft.aulast=Busoni&rft.aufirst=Ferruccio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreeclassicsina0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpitella1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carpitella, Diego (1975). "Der Diaulos des Celestino". <i>Musikforschung</i> (in German) (18): 422–428. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4801">0027-4801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musikforschung&rft.atitle=Der+Diaulos+des+Celestino&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=422-428&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0027-4801&rft.aulast=Carpitella&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> cited in the <a href="#CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996">Sorce Keller, Catalano & Colicci 1996</a>, pp. 616.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1946" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1946). "On the Question of Hellenization of Sicily and Southern Italy During the Middle Ages". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>52</b> (1). The American Historical Review: 74–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1845070">10.2307/1845070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845070">1845070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Question+of+Hellenization+of+Sicily+and+Southern+Italy+During+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-86&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1845070&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdi_Giacomo1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_di_Giacomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore di Giacomo">di Giacomo, Salvatore</a> (1924). <i>I quattro antichi conservatori di musica a Napoli (</i>The Four Ancient Music Conservatories of Naples<i>)</i> (in Italian). Milan: Sandron.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+quattro+antichi+conservatori+di+musica+a+Napoli+%28The+Four+Ancient+Music+Conservatories+of+Naples%29&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Sandron&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=di+Giacomo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiDi_Pietro2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Monti, Giangilberto; Di Pietro, Veronica (2003). <i>Dizionario dei Cantautori</i> (in Italian). Milan: Garzanti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-11-74035-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-11-74035-5"><bdi>88-11-74035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+dei+Cantautori&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Garzanti&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-11-74035-5&rft.aulast=Monti&rft.aufirst=Giangilberto&rft.au=Di+Pietro%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1957" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Henry George (1957). "The Music of Islam". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newoxfordhistory01egon"><i>Ancient and Oriental Music</i></a></span>. New Oxford History of Music. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-316301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-316301-2"><bdi>0-19-316301-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Music+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Oriental+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=New+Oxford+History+of+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-19-316301-2&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewoxfordhistory01egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazzini2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fazzini, Paolo (2006). <i>Visioni sonore, Viaggi tra i compositori italiani per il cinema</i> (in Italian). Roma: Un mondo a parte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-89481-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-89481-06-4"><bdi>88-89481-06-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visioni+sonore%2C+Viaggi+tra+i+compositori+italiani+per+il+cinema&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Un+mondo+a+parte&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-89481-06-4&rft.aulast=Fazzini&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoil1995" class="citation book cs1">Foil, David (1995). <i>Gregorian Chant and Polyphony</i>. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884822-41-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-884822-41-X"><bdi>1-884822-41-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregorian+Chant+and+Polyphony&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-884822-41-X&rft.aulast=Foil&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedland1970" class="citation journal cs1">Friedland, Bea (January 1970). "Italy's Ottocento: Notes from the Musical Underground". <i>The Musical Quarterly</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 27–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLVI.1.27">10.1093/mq/LVI.1.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631">0027-4631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Ottocento%3A+Notes+from+the+Musical+Underground&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-53&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FLVI.1.27&rft.issn=0027-4631&rft.aulast=Friedland&rft.aufirst=Bea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiurati1995" class="citation journal cs1">Giurati, Giovanni (1995). "Italian Ethnomusicology". <i><a href="/wiki/Yearbook_for_Traditional_Music" title="Yearbook for Traditional Music">Yearbook for Traditional Music</a></i>. <b>27</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yearbook+for+Traditional+Music&rft.atitle=Italian+Ethnomusicology&rft.volume=27&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Giurati&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> This essay provides a thorough review of the history and current state of Italian ethnomusicology.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuizzi1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guizzi, Febo (1990). "Gli strumenti della musica poplare in Italia". <i>Le tradizioni popolari: Canti e musiche popolari</i> (in Italian). Milan: Electa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gli+strumenti+della+musica+poplare+in+Italia&rft.btitle=Le+tradizioni+popolari%3A+Canti+e+musiche+popolari&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Guizzi&rft.aufirst=Febo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuizzi2002" class="citation book cs1">Guizzi, Febo (2002). <i>Gli strumenti della musica popolare in Italia</i>. Alia Musica. Vol. 8. Lucca: Libreria musicale italiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7096-325-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-7096-325-X"><bdi>88-7096-325-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+strumenti+della+musica+popolare+in+Italia&rft.place=Lucca&rft.series=Alia+Musica&rft.pub=Libreria+musicale+italiana&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=88-7096-325-X&rft.aulast=Guizzi&rft.aufirst=Febo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> Invaluable survey of popular instruments in use in Italy, ranging from percussion, wind and plucked instruments to various noise makers. Numerous drawings and plates. Wrappers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Lombardi" title="Fabio Lombardi">Fabio Lombardi</a>, 1989, <i>Mostra di strumenti musicali popolari romagnoli : Meldola Teatro Comunale G. A. Dragoni, 26–29 agosto 1989; raccolti da Fabio Lombardi nella vallata del bidente, Comuni di: Bagno di Romagna, S. Sofia, Meldola, Galeata, Forli, Civitella diR. e Forlimpopoli; presentazione <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Leydi" title="Roberto Leydi">Roberto Leydi</a></i>. – Forli : Provincia di Forli, 1989. – 56 p. : ill.; 21 cm. In testa al front.: Provincia di Forli, Comune di Meldola.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Lombardi" title="Fabio Lombardi">Fabio Lombardi</a>, 2000, <i>Canti e strumenti popolari della Romagna Bidentina</i>, Società Editrice "Il Ponte Vecchio", Cesena</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorce_KellerCatalanoColicci1996" class="citation book cs1">Sorce Keller, Marcello; Catalano, Roberto; Colicci, Giuseppina (1996). "Italy". In Timothy Rice; James Porter; Chris Goertzen (eds.). <i>Europe</i>. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 8. Garland. pp. 604–625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6034-2"><bdi>0-8240-6034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy&rft.btitle=Europe&rft.series=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=604-625&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8240-6034-2&rft.aulast=Sorce+Keller&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Catalano%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Colicci%2C+Giuseppina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorce_Keller1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sorce Keller, Marcello (January 1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular languages". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 75–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F851432">10.2307/851432</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/851432">851432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Folk+Music+in+Trentino%3A+Oral+Transmission+and+the+Use+of+Vernacular+languages&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-89&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F851432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F851432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sorce+Keller&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorce_Keller2014" class="citation book cs1">Sorce Keller, Marcello (2014). "Italy in Music: A Sweeping (and Somewhat Audacious) Reconstruction of a Problematic Identity". In Franco Fabbri; Goffredo Plastino (eds.). <i>Made in Italy. Studies in Popular Music</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 17–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy+in+Music%3A+A+Sweeping+%28and+Somewhat+Audacious%29+Reconstruction+of+a+Problematic+Identity&rft.btitle=Made+in+Italy.+Studies+in+Popular+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sorce+Keller&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Jonathan (1999). "The Nature and Origins of Musical Postmodernism". <i>Current Musicology</i>. <b>66</b>: 7–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3735">0011-3735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Musicology&rft.atitle=The+Nature+and+Origins+of+Musical+Postmodernism&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=7-20&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0011-3735&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochheadAunder2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochhead, Judy; Aunder, Joseph, eds. (2002). <i>Postmodern Music/Postmodern Thought</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3820-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3820-1"><bdi>0-8153-3820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Music%2FPostmodern+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8153-3820-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanza2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lanza, Andrea (2008). "An Outline of Italian Instrumental Music in the 20th Century". <i>Sonus. 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Milan: Edizioni Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-435-3246-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-435-3246-4"><bdi>88-435-3246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Efisio+Melis&rft.btitle=Le+tradizioni+popolari%3A+Canti+e+musiche+popolari+in+Italia&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Edizioni+Electa&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=88-435-3246-4&rft.aulast=Leydi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Lomax, Alan</a> (1956). "Folk Song Style: Notes on a Systematic Approach to the Study of Folk Song". <i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council</i>. <b>8</b> (VIII). Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 8: 48–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834750">10.2307/834750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-7922">0950-7922</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834750">834750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Folk+Music+Council&rft.atitle=Folk+Song+Style%3A+Notes+on+a+Systematic+Approach+to+the+Study+of+Folk+Song&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=VIII&rft.pages=48-50&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0950-7922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F834750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F834750&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Lomax, Alan</a> (1959). 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London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05928-3"><bdi>0-582-05928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+History+of+Italian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-582-05928-3&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiden1997" class="citation book cs1">Maiden, Martin (1997). <i>The Dialects of Italy</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11104-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11104-8"><bdi>0-415-11104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-11104-8&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1994" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Jeff and David Taylor (1994). <i>A Brief History of Naples and Other Tales</i>. 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Rome: EDT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7063-704-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-7063-704-2"><bdi>88-7063-704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+in+Italia.+Dalle+Origini+al+dopoguerra&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=EDT&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=88-7063-704-2&rft.aulast=Mazzoletti&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Cimarosa and Ballo in maschera". <i>Il Mondo della musica</i> (in Italian). 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New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09718-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09718-8"><bdi>0-393-09718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Major&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Music+in+the+Ancient+World+East+and+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=0-393-09718-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofmusicinanc00sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2002" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Harvey (2002). <i>Toscanini</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80137-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80137-X"><bdi>0-306-80137-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toscanini&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-80137-X&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1987" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Harvey (1987). <i>Music in Fascist Italy</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79004-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79004-8"><bdi>0-297-79004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Fascist+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-297-79004-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassu1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassu, Pietro (1978). <i>La musica sarda</i> (3 LPs and booklet) (in Italian). Milano: Albatros VPA 8150-52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+musica+sarda&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Albatros+VPA+8150-52&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sassu&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegel1987" class="citation book cs1">Segel, Harold B. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turnofthecentury00sege"><i>Turn-of-the-Century Cabaret: Paris, Barcelona, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Cracow, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Zurich</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231051286" title="Special:BookSources/9780231051286"><bdi>9780231051286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turn-of-the-Century+Cabaret%3A+Paris%2C+Barcelona%2C+Berlin%2C+Munich%2C+Vienna%2C+Cracow%2C+Moscow%2C+St.+Petersburg%2C+Zurich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780231051286&rft.aulast=Segel&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturnofthecentury00sege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpartiVeroli1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sparti, Barbara; Veroli, Patrizia (Autumn 1995). "Dance Research in Italy". <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_Research_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance Research Journal">Dance Research Journal</a></i>. <b>27</b> (2). Dance Research Journal: 73–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1478040">10.2307/1478040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7677">0149-7677</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1478040">1478040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192926470">192926470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Dance+Research+in+Italy&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-77&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0149-7677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192926470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1478040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1478040&rft.aulast=Sparti&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Veroli%2C+Patrizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2003" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Martin (2003). "Ethnicity and Race". In Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave; Oliver, Paul; Wicke, Peter (eds.). <i>Media, Industry and Society</i>. Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. Vol. 1. London: Continuum. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5"><bdi>0-8264-6321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Race&rft.btitle=Media%2C+Industry+and+Society&rft.place=London&rft.series=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6321-5&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajro1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vajro, Max (1962). Alberto Marotta (ed.). <i>Il Fascino delle Canzoni Napoletane</i> (in Italian). Naples.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Fascino+delle+Canzoni+Napoletane&rft.place=Naples&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Vajro&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1962" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfram, Richard (September 1962). "Weapon Dances of Europe". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 186–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F924462">10.2307/924462</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/924462">924462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Weapon+Dances+of+Europe&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-87&rft.date=1962-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F924462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F924462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirdt1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirdt, Willi (1979). <i>Italienischer Bankelsang</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italienischer+Bankelsang&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Vittorio+Klostermann&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hirdt&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronzini1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bronzini, G.B. (1956). <i>La canzone epico-lirica nell'Italia centro-meridionale</i> (in Italian). Rome: Signorelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+canzone+epico-lirica+nell%27Italia+centro-meridionale&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Signorelli&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Bronzini&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgna1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borgna, Gianni (1985). <i>Storia Della Canzone Italiana</i> (in Italian). Rome: Laterza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+Della+Canzone+Italiana&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Borgna&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldazzi1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baldazzi, Gianfranco (1989). <i>La Canzone Italiana del Novocento: da Piedigrotta al Festival di Sanremo, dell Caffé-Concerto all'Opera Rock, una Storia della Societa Italiana Attraverso le sue Canzoni Piu Belle e i Loro Grandi Interpreti, da Enrico Caruso a Eros Ramazotti</i> (in Italian). Rome: Newton Compton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Canzone+Italiana+del+Novocento%3A+da+Piedigrotta+al+Festival+di+Sanremo%2C+dell+Caff%C3%A9-Concerto+all%27Opera+Rock%2C+una+Storia+della+Societa+Italiana+Attraverso+le+sue+Canzoni+Piu+Belle+e+i+Loro+Grandi+Interpreti%2C+da+Enrico+Caruso+a+Eros+Ramazotti&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+Compton&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Baldazzi&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalilla_Pratella1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balilla Pratella, Francesco (1941). <i>Le arti e le tradizioni popolari in Italia. Primo documentario per la storia dell'etnofonia in Italia</i> (in Italian). Udine: Edizioni Idea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+arti+e+le+tradizioni+popolari+in+Italia.+Primo+documentario+per+la+storia+dell%27etnofonia+in+Italia&rft.place=Udine&rft.pub=Edizioni+Idea&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Balilla+Pratella&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1978" class="citation book cs1">Brody, Elaine (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicguidetoital0000brod"><i>The Music Guide to Italy</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-07436-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-07436-7"><bdi>0-396-07436-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Guide+to+Italy&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-396-07436-7&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicguidetoital0000brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Bonnie (2005). <i>Monteverdi's Unruly Women: The Power of Song in Early Modern Italy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84529-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84529-7"><bdi>0-521-84529-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monteverdi%27s+Unruly+Women%3A+The+Power+of+Song+in+Early+Modern+Italy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84529-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevarie1963" class="citation book cs1">Levarie, Siegmund (1963). <i>Musical Italy Revisited</i>. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/63016111">63016111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Italy+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F63016111&rft.aulast=Levarie&rft.aufirst=Siegmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydi1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leydi, Roberto (1967). <i>Il folk music revival</i> (in Italian). Palermo: Flaccovio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+folk+music+revival&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=Flaccovio&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Leydi&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalisca1994" class="citation book cs1">Palisca, Claude V. (1994). <i>Studies in the History of Italian Music and Music Theory</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816167-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816167-0"><bdi>0-19-816167-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Italian+Music+and+Music+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-816167-0&rft.aulast=Palisca&rft.aufirst=Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2008" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Michael D (2008). <i>Italian 20th Century Music</i>. Kahn & Averill, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871-08289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871-08289-0"><bdi>978-1-871-08289-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+20th+Century+Music&rft.pub=Kahn+%26+Averill%2C+London&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-871-08289-0&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation book cs1">White, Robert C. <i>Italian Art Song</i>. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Art+Song&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Audio recordings</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydi1969" class="citation book cs1">Leydi, Roberto (1969). <i>Italia vol. 1: i balli, gli strumenti, i canti religiosi</i>. LP disk. Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italia+vol.+1%3A+i+balli%2C+gli+strumenti%2C+i+canti+religiosi&rft.pub=Vedette-Albatros+VPA+8082&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Leydi&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydi1969" class="citation book cs1">Leydi, Roberto (1969). <i>Italia vol. 2: la canzone narrativa lo spettacolo popolare</i>. LP disk. Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italia+vol.+2%3A+la+canzone+narrativa+lo+spettacolo+popolare&rft.pub=Vedette-Albatros+VPA+8082&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Leydi&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpitellaLomax1957" class="citation book cs1">Carpitella, Diego; Lomax, Alan (1957). "The Folk Music of Northern Italy. The Folk Music of Central Italy". <i>The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 15</i>. LP disk. Columbia KL 5173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Folk+Music+of+Northern+Italy.+The+Folk+Music+of+Central+Italy&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+World+Library+of+Folk+and+Primitive+Music%2C+15&rft.pub=Columbia+KL+5173&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Carpitella&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Lomax%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpitellaLomax1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carpitella, Diego; Lomax, Alan (1957). "The Folk Music of Southern Italy and the Islands". <i>The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 16</i> (in Italian). LP disk. Columbia KL 5174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Folk+Music+of+Southern+Italy+and+the+Islands&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+World+Library+of+Folk+and+Primitive+Music%2C+16&rft.pub=Columbia+KL+5174&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Carpitella&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Lomax%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpitellaLomax1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carpitella, Diego; Lomax, Alan (1958). <i>Music and Song of Italy</i> (in Italian). LP disk. Tradition Records TLP 1030.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Song+of+Italy&rft.pub=Tradition+Records+TLP+1030&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Carpitella&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Lomax%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murolo, Roberto (1963). <i>Napoletana, antologia cronologica della canzone partenopea</i>. 12 LPs (re-released in 9 CDs) (in Italian). Milan: Durium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoletana%2C+antologia+cronologica+della+canzone+partenopea&rft.place=Milan&rft.series=12+LPs+%28re-released+in+9+CDs%29&rft.pub=Durium&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Murolo&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Italy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Italie&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Italy.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanticatours.com/museum_opera_tickets">RomanticaTours</a>: Italian opera, tickets, concerts</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockit.it/">Rockit.it</a> – Online database of Italian indiependent music</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427113426/http://www.netmusicitalia.it/discografiche.html">Net Music Italia</a>: List of major recording companies</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estatica.it/">Estatica</a>: Italian encyclopedia of music (English menu navigation)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilea.it/">CILEA</a>: Lombard inter-university consortium for automatic computation</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124034323/http://www.cematitalia.it/cemat/index.htm#english">CEMAT</a>: Organization to promote computer music research.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415202316/http://www.sibmas.org/idpac/europe/it.html">SIBMAS</a>: International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concertoggi.it/">Concertoggi</a>: Frequently updated schedule of concerts</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amic.it/newsletter/newsletter_4.htm">Newsletter of Contemporary Italian Music</a>: Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template talk:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">Music of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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