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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supraesophageal ganglion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supraesophageal_ganglion" title="Special:EditPage/Supraesophageal ganglion">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22">"Supraesophageal ganglion"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Supraesophageal+ganglion%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_head_problem" title="Arthropod head problem">Arthropod head problem</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supraesophageal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:supraesophageal"> supraesophageal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>supraesophageal ganglion</b> (also "supraoesophageal ganglion", "arthropod brain" or "microbrain"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">metameres</a>. The supraesophageal <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> lies <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> and consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genus</a>: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocustBrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LocustBrain.png/220px-LocustBrain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LocustBrain.png/330px-LocustBrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LocustBrain.png/440px-LocustBrain.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a> brain</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Protocerebrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocerebrum">protocerebrum</a></i>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">eyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eye#Compound_eyes" title="Eye">compound eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Directly associated with the eyes is the <a href="/wiki/Optic_lobe_(arthropod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic lobe (arthropod)">optic lobe</a>, as the visual center of the brain.</li> <li>The <i>deutocerebrum</i> processes sensory information from the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AR1146_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR1146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of two parts, the <a href="/wiki/Antennal_lobe" title="Antennal lobe">antennal lobe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_lobe" title="Dorsal lobe">dorsal lobe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AR1146_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR1146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dorsal lobe also contains <a href="/wiki/Motor_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor neurons">motor neurons</a> which control the antennal muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>tritocerebrum</i> integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia.<sup id="cite_ref-NC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the <a href="/wiki/Subesophageal_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Subesophageal ganglion">subesophageal ganglion</a>.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/450px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/675px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/900px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Supraesophageal ganglion (5), <a href="/wiki/Subesophageal_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Subesophageal ganglion">Subesophageal ganglion</a> (31)</figcaption></figure> <p>The subesophageal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies <a href="/wiki/Ventral#Dorsal_and_ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Segmental_ganglia" title="Segmental ganglia">segmental ganglia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve cord</a> are found in each <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">body segment</a> as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments with some autonomous control. </p><p>A locust brain dissection to expose the central brain and carry out electro-physiology recordings can be seen here.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraesophageal_ganglion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_horn_of_insect_brain" title="Lateral horn of insect brain">Lateral horn of insect brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_bodies" title="Mushroom bodies">Mushroom bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Fly_Brain" title="Virtual Fly Brain">Virtual Fly Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_connectome" title="Drosophila connectome">Drosophila connectome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraesophageal_ganglion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Brain+Platform&rft.pub=RIKEN+BSI+Neuroinformatics+Japan+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvbrain.neuroinf.jp%2Fmodules%2Fhtmldocs%2Ftest%2FGeneral%2Fdeutocerebrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.neurobio.arizona.edu/Flybrain/html/atlas/structures/deutocer.html">"Deutocerebrum"</a>. Flybrain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutocerebrum&rft.pub=Flybrain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.neurobio.arizona.edu%2FFlybrain%2Fhtml%2Fatlas%2Fstructures%2Fdeutocer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invbrain.neuroinf.jp/modules/htmldocs/test/General/deutocerebrum.html">"Deutocerebrum"</a>. Invertebrate Brain Platform.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutocerebrum&rft.pub=Invertebrate+Brain+Platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvbrain.neuroinf.jp%2Fmodules%2Fhtmldocs%2Ftest%2FGeneral%2Fdeutocerebrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a>, with their missing antennae, have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gav_rJhBfWY">"Dissecting insect brain for in vivo electrophysiology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Dissecting+insect+brain+for+in+vivo+electrophysiology&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGav_rJhBfWY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraesophageal_ganglion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErberMenzel1977" class="citation journal cs1">Erber, J.; Menzel, R. (1977). "Visual interneurons in the median protocerebrum of the bee". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>121</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00614181">10.1007/bf00614181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34198518">34198518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Visual+interneurons+in+the+median+protocerebrum+of+the+bee&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00614181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34198518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Erber&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Menzel%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong,_Allan_M.,_Jing_W._Wang,_and_Richard_Axel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Allan M., Jing W. Wang, and Richard Axel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900707-9">"Spatial Representation of the Glomerular Map in the<i> Drosophila</i> Protocerebrum"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>109</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900707-9">10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00707-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12007409">12007409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Spatial+Representation+of+the+Glomerular+Map+in+the+Drosophila+Protocerebrum&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900707-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12007409&rft.au=Wong%2C+Allan+M.%2C+Jing+W.+Wang%2C+and+Richard+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252802%252900707-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalunWaldowKrausBoeckh1993" class="citation journal cs1">Malun, D.; Waldow, U.; Kraus, D.; Boeckh, J. (1993). "Connections between the deutocerebrum and the protocerebrum, and neuroanatomy of several classes of deutocerebral projection neurons in the brain of male Periplaneta americana". <i>J. Comp. Neurol</i>. <b>329</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.903290202">10.1002/cne.903290202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8454728">8454728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20142144">20142144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Comp.+Neurol.&rft.atitle=Connections+between+the+deutocerebrum+and+the+protocerebrum%2C+and+neuroanatomy+of+several+classes+of+deutocerebral+projection+neurons+in+the+brain+of+male+Periplaneta+americana&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20142144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8454728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcne.903290202&rft.aulast=Malun&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Waldow%2C+U.&rft.au=Kraus%2C+D.&rft.au=Boeckh%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganMercer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Flanagan, Daniel; <a href="/wiki/Alison_Mercer" title="Alison Mercer">Mercer, Alison R.</a> (1989). "Morphology and response characteristics of neurones in the deutocerebrum of the brain in the honeybeeApis mellifera". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A</i>. <b>164</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00610442">10.1007/bf00610442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23327875">23327875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+response+characteristics+of+neurones+in+the+deutocerebrum+of+the+brain+in+the+honeybeeApis+mellifera&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00610442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23327875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Mercer%2C+Alison+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildressB._McIver1984" class="citation journal cs1">Childress, Steven A.; B. McIver, Susan (1984). "Morphology of the deutocerebrum of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>62</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1320–</span>1328. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CaJZ...62.1320C">1984CaJZ...62.1320C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz84-190">10.1139/z84-190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Morphology+of+the+deutocerebrum+of+female+Aedes+aegypti+%28Diptera%3A+Culicidae%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1320-%3C%2Fspan%3E1328&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz84-190&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984CaJZ...62.1320C&rft.aulast=Childress&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft.au=B.+McIver%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnau2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Technau, Gerhard (2008). Technau, Gerhard M (ed.). <i>Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (in Dutch). Vol. 628. New York Austin, Tex: Springer Science+Business Media Landes Bioscience. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-78261-4">10.1007/978-0-387-78261-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-78260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-78260-7"><bdi>978-0-387-78260-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314349837">314349837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brain+Development+in+Drosophila+melanogaster&rft.place=New+York+Austin%2C+Tex&rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media+Landes+Bioscience&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314349837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-78261-4&rft.isbn=978-0-387-78260-7&rft.aulast=Technau&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubele,_Elisabeth,_and_Nikolai_Klemm1977" class="citation journal cs1">Aubele, Elisabeth, and Nikolai Klemm (1977). "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust". <i>Cell and Tissue Research</i>. <b>178</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">199–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00219048">10.1007/bf00219048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/66098">66098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22872816">22872816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+and+Tissue+Research&rft.atitle=Origin%2C+destination+and+mapping+of+tritocerebral+neurons+of+locust&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22872816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F66098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00219048&rft.au=Aubele%2C+Elisabeth%2C+and+Nikolai+Klemm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum." Arthropod brain. Wiley, New York (1987): 3-26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehavioral_Neuroscience,_lecture_on_Honey_Bee_and_its_behavior" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdbiology.com/cliff/Courses/Behavioral%20Neuroscience/Bee/2%20Honey%20Bee%20Conditioned%20Drinking%20Neuroanatomy%20IV.html">"Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Honey Bee and its behavior - Neuroanatomy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Neuroscience%2C+lecture+on+Honey+Bee+and+its+behavior+-+Neuroanatomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdbiology.com%2Fcliff%2FCourses%2FBehavioral%2520Neuroscience%2FBee%2F2%2520Honey%2520Bee%2520Conditioned%2520Drinking%2520Neuroanatomy%2520IV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraesophageal_ganglion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.neurobio.arizona.edu/Flybrain/html/atlas/structures/suoesg.html">"Suboesophageal Ganglion"</a>. flybrain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suboesophageal+Ganglion&rft.pub=flybrain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.neurobio.arizona.edu%2FFlybrain%2Fhtml%2Fatlas%2Fstructures%2Fsuoesg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupraesophageal+ganglion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A5lgeting,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/32px-B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/48px-B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/64px-B%C3%A5lgeting%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This insect anatomy–related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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