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<span>Stone sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_carving_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_carving_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stone carving considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_carving_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_shaping_and_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_shaping_and_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stone shaping and tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_shaping_and_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_tallada" title="Pedra tallada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pedra tallada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenhugning" title="Stenhugning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stenhugning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviraiumine" title="Kiviraiumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiviraiumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%90%CE%B1" title="Λιθοξοΐα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιθοξοΐα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedra_esculpida" title="Piedra esculpida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piedra esculpida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cton%C4%89izado" title="Ŝtonĉizado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtonĉizado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سنگ‌تراشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ‌تراشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_sur_pierre" title="Sculpture sur pierre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sculpture sur pierre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B0%81" title="석각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The act of shaping stone materials</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg/220px-Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg/330px-Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg/440px-Stone_sculptor_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="3519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Stone carver</a> carving stone, at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Divine,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York">Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York</a>, 1909.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg/220px-Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg/330px-Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg/440px-Scotlandkilmartinstones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kilmartin_Stones" title="Kilmartin Stones">Kilmartin Stones</a> in Scotland - a collection of ancient stone carved graveslabs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khazneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazneh">Khazneh</a> structure carved into a cliff in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> southern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stone carving</b> is an activity where pieces of rough natural <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> or past time. </p><p>Work carried out by <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> societies to create <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> is more often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a>. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">lettering</a>. The process of removing stone from the earth is called <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>. </p><p>Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> when creating a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. The term also refers to the activity of <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">masons</a> in dressing stone blocks for use in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>. It is also a phrase used by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> to describe the activity involved in making some types of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often marks carved into rock or <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a> will survive where painted work will not. Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Berekhat_Ram" title="Venus of Berekhat Ram">Venus of Berekhat Ram</a> may be as old as 250,000 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and are carved in stones such as <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p><p>These earliest examples of the stone carving are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one, although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an abrasive that was rubbed on the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using an <a href="/wiki/Wear#Abrasive_wear" title="Wear">abrasion</a> technique, following rough hewing of the stone block using hammers. The reason for this is that <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, the hardest available metal until steel, is not <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hard</a> enough to work any but the softest stone. The Ancient Greeks used the <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductility</a> of bronze to trap small granules of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">carborundum</a>, that are naturally occurring on the island of <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, thus making a very efficient <a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">file</a> for abrading the stone. </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels, drills and saws made from <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, that were capable of being <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardened</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">tempered</a> to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming, while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little since then. </p><p>Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with processes such as <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond saw">diamond saw</a> cutting. </p><p>One modern stone carving technique uses a new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface. The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature causes it to break away. On a small scale, <a href="/wiki/Oxyacetylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyacetylene">Oxy-acetylene</a> torches are used. On an industrial scale, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as the <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a> carved from the Harney Peak granite of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Park_(Albany,_Georgia)" title="Confederate Memorial Park (Albany, Georgia)">Confederate Memorial Park</a> in Albany, Georgia are produced using <a href="/wiki/Jet_(fluid)" title="Jet (fluid)">jet</a> heat torches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_sculpture">Stone sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stone sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Stone sculpture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/220px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/330px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/440px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Construction began in 713, and was completed in 803. It is the largest stone-carved <a href="/wiki/Buddharupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddharupa">Buddha</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief,_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg/170px-Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg/255px-Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg/340px-Relief%2C_late_19th_century_Limestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas-Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Relief">Bas-Relief</a>, late 19th century CE. <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Carving stone into <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> is an activity older than civilization itself. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a> sculptures were usually human forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a> and the faceless statues of the <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic cultures</a>. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in stone. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basic tools for carving stone. </p><p>The process begins with the selection of a stone for carving. Some artists use the stone itself as inspiration; the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> claimed that his job was to free the human form trapped inside the block. Other artists begin with a form already in mind and find a stone to complement their vision. The sculptor may begin by forming a model in clay or wax, sketching the form of the statue on paper or drawing a general outline of the statue on the stone itself. </p><p>When ready to carve, the artist usually begins by knocking off large portions of unwanted stone. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process. For this task they may select a point <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>, which is a long, hefty piece of steel with a point at one end and a broad striking surface at the other. A pitching tool may also be used at this early stage; which is a wedge-shaped chisel with a broad, flat edge. The pitching tool is useful for splitting the stone and removing large, unwanted chunks. Those two chisels are used in combination with a <a href="/wiki/Lump_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lump hammer">masons driving hammer</a>. </p><p>Once the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses other tools to refine the figure. A toothed chisel or claw chisel has multiple gouging surfaces which create parallel lines in the stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the figure. An artist might mark out specific lines by using calipers to measure an area of stone to be addressed, and marking the removal area with pencil, charcoal or chalk. The stone carver generally uses a shallower stroke at this point in the process, usually in combination with a wooden <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a>. </p><p>Eventually the sculptor has changed the stone from a rough block into the general shape of the finished statue. Tools called <a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">rasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_(tool)#Riffler_files" title="File (tool)">rifflers</a> are then used to enhance the shape into its final form. A rasp is a flat, steel tool with a coarse surface. The sculptor uses broad, sweeping strokes to remove excess stone as small chips or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of the rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of clothing or locks of hair. </p><p>The final stage of the carving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in the polishing process, or sand cloth. Emery, a stone that is harder and rougher than the sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This abrading, or wearing away, brings out the color of the stone, reveals patterns in the surface and adds a sheen. Tin and iron oxides are often used to give the stone a highly reflective exterior. </p><p>Sculptures can be carved via either the direct or the indirect carving method. Indirect carving is a way of carving by using an accurate clay, wax or plaster model, which is then copied with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Compass_(drafting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass (drafting)">compass</a> or <i>proportional dividers</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Pointing_machine" title="Pointing machine">pointing machine</a>. The direct carving method is a way of carving in a more intuitive way, without first making an elaborate model. Sometimes a sketch on paper or a rough clay draft is made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_carving_considerations">Stone carving considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stone carving considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG/220px-Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG/330px-Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG/440px-Arabic_style_ashlar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">'Arabic' style carving on ashlar building blocks, <a href="/wiki/Beith" title="Beith">Beith</a>, Scotland</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons. Most types of stone are easier to find than metal ores, which have to be mined and smelted. Stone can be dug from the surface and carved with hand tools. Stone is more durable than wood, and carvings in stone last much longer than wooden artifacts. Stone comes in many varieties and artists have abundant choices in color, quality and relative hardness. </p><p>Soft stone such as <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a> can be easily carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail. <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marbles</a> can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools. <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> stone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usually <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone. </p><p>Precious and semi-precious <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">lapidary</a>, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to cutting and polishing alone. </p><p>When worked, some stones release dust that can damage lungs (silica crystals are usually to blame), so a respirator is sometimes needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_shaping_and_tools">Stone shaping and tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stone shaping and tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic stone carving tools fall into five categories: </p> <ul><li>Percussion tools for hitting - such as <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">bouchards</a> and toothed hammers.</li> <li>Tools for rough shaping of stone, to form a block the size needed for the carving. These include <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">feathers and wedges</a> and pitching tools.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisels</a> for cutting - such as lettering chisels, points, pitching tools, and claw chisels. Chisels, in turn, may be handheld and hammered or pneumatic powered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_tool" title="Diamond tool">Diamond tools</a> which include burrs, cup wheels, and blades mounted on a host of power tools. These are used sometimes through the entire carving process from rough work to the final finish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a> for material removals - such as <a href="/wiki/Carborundum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carborundum">carborundum</a> blocks, drills, saws, grinding and cutting wheels, water-abrasive machinery and dressing tools such as French and English drags.</li></ul> <p>More advanced processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">laser cutting</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_torch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet torch (page does not exist)">jet torches</a>, use sudden high temperature with a combination of cooling water to spall flakes of stone. Other modern processes may involve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond-wire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond-wire (page does not exist)">diamond-wire</a> machines or other large scale production equipment to remove large sections of undesired stone. </p><p>The use of chisels for <b>stone carving</b> is possible in several ways. Two are: </p> <ul><li>The mason's stroke, in which a flat chisel is used at approximately 90 degrees to the surface in an organized sweep. It shatters the stone beneath it and each successive pass lowers the surface.</li> <li>The lettering stroke, in which the chisel is used along the surface at approximately 30 degrees to cut beneath the existing surface.</li></ul> <p>There are many types and styles of stone carving tools, each carver will decide for themselves which tools to use. Traditionalists might use hand tools only. </p> <ul><li>Lettering chisels for incising small strokes create the details of letters in larger applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishtail_(tool)" title="Fishtail (tool)">Fishtail carving chisels</a> are used to create pockets, valleys and for intricate carving, whilst providing good visibility around the stone.</li> <li>Masonry chisels are used for the general shaping of stones.</li> <li>Stone point tools are used to rough out the surface of the stone.</li> <li>Stone claw tools are used to remove the peaks and troughs left from the previously used tools.</li> <li>Stone pitching tools are used to remove large quantities of stone.</li> <li>Stone nickers are used to split stones by tracing a line along the stone with progressive strikes until the stone breaks along the line.</li></ul> <p>Powered <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> hammers make the hard work easier. Progress on shaping stone is faster with pneumatic carving tools. <a href="/wiki/Air_hammer_(fabrication)" title="Air hammer (fabrication)">Air hammers</a> (such as Cuturi) place many thousands of impacts per minute upon the end of the tool, which would usually be manufactured or modified to suit the purpose. This type of tool creates the ability to 'shave' the stone, providing a smooth and consistent stroke, allowing for larger surfaces to be worked. </p><p>Among modern tool types, there are two main stone carving chisels: </p> <ul><li>Heat treated high <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> tools - Generally forged</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">Tungsten carbide</a> tipped tools - Generally forged, slotted, and carbide inserts brazed in to provide a harder and longer-wearing cutting edge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmor-spalten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using plug and feathers to split a block of marble from the quarry"><img alt="Using plug and feathers to split a block of marble from the quarry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Marmor-spalten.jpg/120px-Marmor-spalten.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Marmor-spalten.jpg/180px-Marmor-spalten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Marmor-spalten.jpg/240px-Marmor-spalten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">plug and feathers</a> to split a block of marble from the <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carrara marble quarry"><img alt="Carrara marble quarry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/90px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/135px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/180px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> marble quarry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_chasse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pitching tool used in preliminary rough shaping blocks of stone"><img alt="Pitching tool used in preliminary rough shaping blocks of stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Une_chasse.JPG/120px-Une_chasse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Une_chasse.JPG/180px-Une_chasse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Une_chasse.JPG/240px-Une_chasse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pitching tool used in preliminary rough shaping blocks of stone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_Floral_Design.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved flower on stone, ancient work, Archaeological museum of Jaffna, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Carved flower on stone, ancient work, Archaeological museum of Jaffna, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carved_Floral_Design.JPG/120px-Carved_Floral_Design.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carved_Floral_Design.JPG/180px-Carved_Floral_Design.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carved_Floral_Design.JPG/240px-Carved_Floral_Design.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved flower on stone, ancient work, Archaeological museum of Jaffna, Sri Lanka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_(1932)_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved sculpture, ancient work, from Chichen Itza, Mexico"><img alt="Carved sculpture, ancient work, from Chichen Itza, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif/lossy-page1-87px-Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif/lossy-page1-131px-Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif/lossy-page1-174px-Utgr%C3%A4vningar_i_Teotihuacan_%281932%29_-_SMVK_-_0307.f.0075.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="3952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved sculpture, ancient work, from <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seljuk Gök Medrese in Tokat, Turkey"><img alt="Seljuk Gök Medrese in Tokat, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg/114px-G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg/171px-G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg/227px-G%C3%B6k_Medrese_at_Tokat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_(Tokat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gök Medrese (Tokat)">Gök Medrese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A famous khachkar at Goshavank Armenia"><img alt="A famous khachkar at Goshavank Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG/90px-Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG/135px-Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG/180px-Raffi_kojian-goshavank-IMG_0454.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A famous khachkar at <a href="/wiki/Goshavank" title="Goshavank">Goshavank</a> Armenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diamond blade and bit method: 3D carved slate and travertine Breadfruit wall mural by Janna Morrison, 2007, Maui, Hawaii"><img alt="Diamond blade and bit method: 3D carved slate and travertine Breadfruit wall mural by Janna Morrison, 2007, Maui, Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg/120px-3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg/180px-3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg/240px-3D_Carved_Stone_Mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diamond blade and bit method: 3D carved slate and travertine Breadfruit wall mural by Janna Morrison, 2007, Maui, Hawaii</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_carving" title="Chalk carving">Chalk carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">List of colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Stone sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stonemason_(book)" title="The Stonemason (book)"><i>The Stonemason</i> (2020 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Tangjing_Building" title="Songjiang Tangjing Building">Songjiang Tangjing Building</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1939" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Malvina (1939). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sculptureinsideo0000hoff"><i>Sculpture Inside and Out</i></a></span>. New York: Bonanza Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sculptureinsideo0000hoff/page/235">235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sculpture+Inside+and+Out&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Malvina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsculptureinsideo0000hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+carving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_carving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_carving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone carving">Stone carving</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040342/http://www.knowmia.com/watch/lesson/7756">Stone Carving: A How-To Demonstration</a>, video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315112304/http://www.knowmia.com/watch/lesson/7759">Stone Carver Interview</a>, Gargoyles and the Gothic Style: An Interview with professional stone carver Walter S. Arnold, video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/162840"><i>The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture</i></a>, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on stone carvings</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a 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