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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early mythic significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mythic_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoffrey_of_Monmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geoffrey of Monmouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadwaladr_and_the_Wars_of_the_Roses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadwaladr_and_the_Wars_of_the_Roses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cadwaladr and the Wars of the Roses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadwaladr_and_the_Wars_of_the_Roses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadwaladr_and_Cædwalla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadwaladr_and_Cædwalla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cadwaladr and Cædwalla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadwaladr_and_Cædwalla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кадваладр ап Кадвалан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кадваладр ап Кадвалан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_Fendigaid" title="Cadwaladr Fendigaid – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cadwaladr Fendigaid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%99%88%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%95_%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%99%88%EB%A1%A0" title="카드왈라드 압 카드왈론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카드왈라드 압 카드왈론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_Fendigaid_ap_Cadwallon" title="Cadwaladr Fendigaid ap Cadwallon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cadwaladr Fendigaid ap Cadwallon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="كادوالادر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كادوالادر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Cadwallon" title="Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_av_Gwynedd" title="Cadwaladr av Gwynedd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cadwaladr av Gwynedd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кадваладр ап Кадваллон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадваладр ап Кадваллон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cadwaladr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom of Gwynedd from c. 655 to 682</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr_(name)" title="Cadwaladr (name)">Cadwaladr (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Llandaf,_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG/250px-Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG/330px-Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG/500px-Llandaf%2C_yr_eglwys_gadeiriol_Llandaf_Cathedral_De_Cymru_South_Wales_165.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Stained glass window depicting Cadwaladr in <a href="/wiki/Llandaff_Cathedral" title="Llandaff Cathedral">Llandaff Cathedral</a> (Charles Powell, 1919)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">King of Gwynedd</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 655 – 682</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cadafael_Cadomedd_ap_Cynfeddw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw">Cadafael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idwal_Iwrch" title="Idwal Iwrch">Idwal Iwrch</a> (uncertain)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">682</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idwal_Iwrch" title="Idwal Iwrch">Idwal Iwrch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">House of Gwynedd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon</b> (also spelled <b>Cadwalader</b> or <b>Cadwallader</b> in English) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">king of Gwynedd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> from around 655 to 664 or 682. He died in one of two devastating plagues that happened in 664 and in 682. Little else is known of his reign. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">y Ddraig Goch</i>), long known as a Welsh symbol, appearing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>, and the stories of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, has, since the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English throne</a>, often been referred to as "The Red Dragon of Cadwaladr". The association with Cadwaladr is a traditional one without any historical basis. </p><p>Though little is known about the historical Cadwaladr, he became a mythical redeemer figure in Welsh culture. He is a prominent character in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romantic</a> stories of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, where he is portrayed as the last in an ancient line to hold the title <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a>. In Geoffrey's account, he does not die of plague. He renounces his throne in 688 to become a pilgrim, in response to a prophecy that his sacrifice of personal power will bring about a future victory of the Britons over the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>. Geoffrey's story of Cadwaladr's prophecy and trip to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> is believed to be an embellishment of the events in the life of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla" title="Cædwalla">Cædwalla of Wessex</a>, whom Geoffrey mistakenly conflated with <b>Cadwaladr</b>. </p><p>For later Welsh commentators, the myth "provided a messianic hope for the future deliverance of Britain from the dominion of the Saxons".<sup id="cite_ref-nice_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used by both the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> to claim that their candidate would fulfil the prophecy by restoring the authentic lineage stemming from Cadwaladr. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_record">Historical record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwynedd_General_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwynedd_General_Map.png/260px-Gwynedd_General_Map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwynedd_General_Map.png/390px-Gwynedd_General_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwynedd_General_Map.png/520px-Gwynedd_General_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A general map of Gwynedd showing the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">cantrefi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Cadwaladr was the son of <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a>, and the successor to King <a href="/wiki/Cadafael,_King_of_Gwynedd" title="Cadafael, King of Gwynedd">Cadafael</a>. His name appears in the <a href="/wiki/Genealogies_from_Jesus_College_MS_20" title="Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20">pedigrees of the Jesus College MS. 20</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as "Kadwaladyr vendigeit" or "Cadwaladr the Blessed"). </p><p>Cadwaladr appears to have suffered a major military defeat at the hands of the West Saxons at Pinhoe near Exeter in 658. He is said to have been of a "peaceful and pious" temperament and to have patronised many churches. The <a href="/wiki/St_Cadwaladr%27s_Church,_Llangadwaladr" title="St Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr">St Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> identifies him as its founder.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of Cadwaladr's death is uncertain but is thought to be either 664 or 682.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadwaladr's name appears as 'Catgualart' in a section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>, where it says he died of a dreadful mortality while he was king.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great plague of 664 is not noted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambriae" title="Annales Cambriae">Annales Cambriae</a></i>, but <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s description,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes clear its impact in both Britain and Ireland, where its occurrence is also noted in the <i>Irish Annals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague of 682 is not noted by Bede, but the <i>Annales Cambriae</i> note its occurrence in Britain and that Cadwaladr was one of its victims.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The source linked here does not appear to be the source that contains this quotation. (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Both the <i>Annales Cambriae</i> and the <i>Irish Annals</i> note the plague's impact in Ireland in 683,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Genealogies_from_Jesus_College_MS_20" title="Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20">genealogies in Jesus College MS. 20</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Harleian_genealogies" title="Harleian genealogies">Harleian genealogies</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> give Cadwaladr as the son of Cadwallon and the father of <a href="/wiki/Idwal_Iwrch" title="Idwal Iwrch">Idwal Iwrch</a>. Idwal, who fathered the later king <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Molwynog_ap_Idwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal">Rhodri Molwynog</a>, may have been his successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_mythic_significance">Early mythic significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early mythic significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cadwaladr's name is invoked in a number of literary works such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Armes_Prydein" title="Armes Prydein">Armes Prydein</a></i>, an early 10th-century prophetic poem from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a>. While the poem's "Cadwaladr" is an emblematic figure, scholars have taken the view that the Cadwaladr of <i>Armes Prydein</i> refers to the historical son of Cadwallon and that already at this stage he "played a messianic role" of some sort, but "its precise nature remains uncertain".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is typically paired with <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a>, the founder of British settlements in Brittany. Conan and Cadwaladr are identified as warriors who will return to restore British power. <i>Armes Prydein</i> says, "Splendour of Cadwaladr, shining and bright, defence of armies in desolate places. Truly he [Conan] will come across the waves, the promise of prophecy in the beginning."<sup id="cite_ref-elis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Elissa R. Henken, Cadwaladr was well established as a "prophesied deliverer" of the Britons before Geoffrey's version of his life altered its ending. This may be because he was seen as the man who would carry forward the achievement of his father Cadwallon, the last great war leader of the Britons: "it is quite likely that the father and son became confused in folk memory, a fusion enhanced by Cadwaladr, whose name is a compound meaning 'battle-leader', also having assumed his father's epithet Bendigaid (Blessed)."<sup id="cite_ref-elis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geoffrey of Monmouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_Kings_(f.104.v)_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg/260px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg/390px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg/520px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.104.v%29_Cadwaladr_Fendigaid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Cadwaladr depicted in a manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Peniarth_Manuscripts" title="Peniarth Manuscripts">Peniarth MS 23</a>) of <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> translation of Geoffrey's <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>, dating from before the end of the 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cadwaladr figures prominently in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romantic</a> account of the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">History of the Kings of Britain</span>). As such, the Cadwaladr of Geoffrey is a literary invention that used the name of a historical person to advance the plot of the story. In Book XII, Chapter XIV of the <i>Historia</i>, Cadwaladr is given as the last in a line of kings that began with <a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a>. Chapters XV – XVIII have him leaving a depopulated Britain for <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, where the British people have resettled. Britain itself has been almost emptied by plague; for eleven years the country was "completely abandoned by all the Britons" except for parts of Wales. Cadwaladr is received as a guest by <a href="/wiki/Alain_II_Hir" title="Alain II Hir">Alan Hir</a>, King of Brittany. Taking advantage of the depopulation, the Saxons invite more of their countrymen to join them as soon as the plague abates. From this point, they become completely dominant in Britain, and the British come to be called the "Welsh". </p><p>At the same time, in Brittany, Cadwaladr intends to return to take back the island and asks Alan to provide him with an army. The Breton king agrees, but Cadwaladr hears a prophetic voice which tells him that he must sacrifice personal power for the sake of his people. If he renounces the throne, his sacrifice will eventually lead to the restoration of British control of the island in the future, as predicted by <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a>: "the Voice added that, as a reward for its faithfulness, the British people would occupy the island again at some time in the future, once the appointed moment should come".<sup id="cite_ref-nice_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadwaladr is told that if he lives a penitent life he will become a saint. His bones will be hidden to protect them. When his sacred bones are found and returned to Britain, the Britons (Welsh and Bretons) will be restored to full possession of their homeland. Cadwaladr and Alan then consult the prophecies of Merlin and rejoice that this prediction will be fulfilled in future. He then travels to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as a pilgrim, where he dies in 689 after meeting the pope. </p><p>Thus Cadwaladr becomes a messianic figure who sacrifices himself to redeem his people and restore them to their promised homeland. Cadwaladr's penitence assures his sainthood. His son Ivor and his nephew Ynyr return to Britain with an army, but, as predicted, are not successful in restoring British control of the island. </p><p>In another passage in the book a list of Merlin's prophesies contains the prediction: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cadwallader shall summon Conan and make an alliance with Alban. Then there will be a great slaughter of the foreign-born and the rivers will flow with blood. Then the hills of Armorica [Brittany] will crumble and he will be crowned with the diadem of Brutus. Wales will be filled with joy and the oaks of Cornwall will flourish. The isle will be called by the name of Brutus and the occupation of foreigners will pass away.<sup id="cite_ref-mike_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mike-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This seems to correspond to the pairing of Cadwaladr and Conan as restorers of Britain in <i>Armes Prydein</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mike_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mike-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merging of the Welsh and Breton peoples is linked to an alliance with "Alban" (which probably means Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a>). The occupation of the English will be at an end and Britain will be restored to its true identity as the territory of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cadwaladr_and_the_Wars_of_the_Roses">Cadwaladr and the Wars of the Roses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cadwaladr and the Wars of the Roses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_(1485-1509).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/500px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/960px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Henry VII's coat of arms, incorporating the "Red Dragon of Cadwallader"</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> the prophecies connected to Cadwaladr were used by various contenders as part of their claim to the throne. This was linked to the story of the struggle between the Red Dragon and the <a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White Dragon</a>, part of the myth of <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>, interpreted as warring Celtic and Saxon peoples. <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> claimed to be restoring the authentic ancient lineage of Cadwaladr, thus fulfilling Merlin's prophecy of the victory of the Red Dragon. His chancellor gave a sermon asserting that "the British line, which perished with Cadwallader's exile in 689 was restored by the arrival of Edward the king prophesied by Merlin and others."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudors</a> also claimed descent from Cadwaladr to legitimize their authority over Britain as a whole. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a> claimed descent from Cadwaladr and used a red dragon badge. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> landed in Wales in 1485, he adopted the Red Dragon flag and claimed to be returning in fulfilment of the prophesies of Merlin as recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth. After his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> Henry was greeted at the gates of Worcester with a poem asserting: </p> <div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Cadwallader's blood lineally descending,</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Long hath be told of such a prince coming.</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Wherefore friends, if that I shall not lie,</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">This same is the fulfiller of the prophesy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a> (Red Dragon) came to be known as the "Red Dragon of Cadwallader" and used as Henry's personal emblem. Tudor historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_(monk)" title="Thomas Gardiner (monk)">Thomas Gardiner</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_roll" title="Genealogical roll">genealogical roll</a> that gave Henry's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, a pedigree showing his descent from Cadwaladr, referred to as "the laste kynge of that blode from whome by trew and lynyall descensse" the Tudors descended.<sup id="cite_ref-woo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cadwaladr_and_Cædwalla"><span id="Cadwaladr_and_C.C3.A6dwalla"></span>Cadwaladr and Cædwalla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cadwaladr and Cædwalla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geoffrey's account of the pilgrimage of Cadwaladr is believed to derive from a confusion between Cadwaladr and his near-contemporary <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla of Wessex</a> (reigned 685 – 688). He also conflates Cadwaladr's son Ivor with Cædwalla's successor <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> Cædwalla, king of Wessex, renounced his throne and went to Rome in 688 to be baptised by the pope, dying soon afterwards. Ine took the throne in 689. </p><p>The argument that Geoffrey confused Cadwaladr with Cædwalla acquired significance in the late 1570s. At that time, when <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was being rebuilt, the tombstone of Caedwalla was found, confirming Bede's story that he had died in Rome. Welshmen in Rome, seeking to validate Geoffrey, claimed that the tomb was that of Cadwaladr. This raised the prospect that his sacred bones could be returned to Britain in fulfilment of the prophecy. </p><p>The English critics stated that Geoffrey had simply mixed up the two kings and that Cadwaladr's pilgrimage was thus pure fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-nice_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jason Nice, the Welsh "attempt to "prove" the legend of Cadwaladr in Rome belonged to a longstanding tradition that held that Wales' special relationship with Rome could reinforce Welsh identity and protect Welshmen from English aggression", a belief that was grounded in the supposed prophecy given to Cadwaladr.<sup id="cite_ref-nice_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a> summed up the English view in his 1577 <i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But herein appeareth the error of the British writers in taking one for another, by reason of resemblance of names, for where Ceadwalla king of the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Westsaxons</a> about that time moved of a religious devotion, after he was converted to the faith, went unto Rome, and was there baptised, or else confirmed of the foresaid <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a>, and shortly after departed this life in that city in the foresaid year of 689 or thereabouts. The Welshmen count him to be their Cadwallader: which to be true is very unlike by that which may be gathered out the learned writings of divers good and approved authors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also traced to Geoffrey's fertile imagination are stories of Ivor ap Alan and <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ynyr</a> travelling from Brittany to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of names for Ivor and Ynyr in the stories may be a consequence of spurious additions to the <a href="/wiki/Leges_Edwardi_Confessoris" title="Leges Edwardi Confessoris">Laws of Edward the Confessor</a>, which inaccurately speak of good relations between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Wessex</a> and the Welsh in the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a> (reigned 688 – 726). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Welsh_monarchs" title="Family tree of Welsh monarchs">Family tree of Welsh monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainedglass.llgc.org.uk/object/1869">"King Arthur, King Tewdrig and King Cadwaladr"</a>. <i>Stained Glass in Wales</i>. National Library of Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stained+Glass+in+Wales&rft.atitle=King+Arthur%2C+King+Tewdrig+and+King+Cadwaladr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stainedglass.llgc.org.uk%2Fobject%2F1869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nice-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nice_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nice_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nice_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nice_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nice, Jason A.; "Being "British" in Rome: The Welsh at the English College, 1578–1584", <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>, Volume: 92, Issue: 1, January 2006, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillimore1887">Phillimore 1887</a>:87 — he is in his descendant's pedigree, given as: <i>... Cynan tintaeth6y. M. Rodri mol6yna6c. M. Idwal I6rch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwalla6n. M. Kad6ga6n. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelg6n g6yned ...</i>, and from there back to <a href="/wiki/Cunedda" title="Cunedda">Cunedda</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015">Cannon & Crowcroft 2015</a>:150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1911">Lloyd 1911</a>:230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1841">Giles 1841</a> in Chapter 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede731">Bede 731</a>:381 Book III, Chapter XXVII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1857">Reeves 1857</a>:376 — year 664, "Mortalitas magna in Hiberniam pervenit"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillimore1888">Phillimore 1888</a>:159, <i>Annales Cambriae</i>, year 682, "Mortalitas magna fuit in brittannia. n qua catgualart filius catguolaum obiit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillimore1888">Phillimore 1888</a>:159, <i>Annales Cambriae</i>, year 683, "Mortalitas in hibernia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1857">Reeves 1857</a>:376 — year 683, "Initium tertiae mortalitatis"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer1896">Plummer 1896</a>:196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillimore1887">Phillimore 1887</a>:87 — his pedigree is given as: <i>... Cynan tintaeth6y. M. Rodri mol6yna6c. M. Idwal I6rch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwalla6n. M. Kad6ga6n. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelg6n g6yned ...</i>, and from there back to Cunedda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/jesus_college_20/index.html">Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20, Gwynedd 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen1841">Owen 1841</a>:xiv, <i>Pedigree of Ywain Son of Hywel</i>, in the <i>Preface</i> of <i>Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales</i> — his pedigree is given as: <i> ... Rotri Map Mermin Map Ethil Merch Cinnan Map Rotri M. Tutgual M. Catgualart M. Catman M. Jacob ...</i>, and from there back through <a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cunedda" title="Cunedda">Cunedda</a> and his ancestors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/harleian_genealogies/1.html">Harleian genealogy 1: Gwynedd 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elis_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elis_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenken1996">Henken 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=4887"><i>History of the Kings</i></a>, National Library of Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kings&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llgc.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D4887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilesThompson1842">Giles & Thompson 1842</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mike-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mike_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mike_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faletra, Michael (ed); Geoffrey of Monmouth, <i>History of the Kings of Britain</i>, Broadview Press, 2007 p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Jonathan; "Politics and the occult at the Court of Edward IV", <i>Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650</i>, Brill, 2005, p. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobin, Howard, <i>Merlin's Disciples: Prophecy, Poetry, and Power in Renaissance England</i>, Stanford University Press, 1990, p.51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woo_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.R. Woolf; "The power of the past: history, ritual and political authority in Tudor England", in Paul A. Fideler, <i>Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth: Deep Structure, Discourse and Disguise</i>, New York, 1992, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaddanStubbs1869">Haddan & Stubbs 1869</a>:202, in the footnote explanations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_0187">Holinshed, R.; <i>The Historie of Englande</i>, 1577, Volume 1, p. 183.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220000701/http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_0187">Archived</a> 2015-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1857">Stephens 1857</a>:81–82</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadwaladr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBede731" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (731), Giles, John Allen (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azApAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical History, Books I, II and III</i></a>, vol. II, London: Whittaker and Co. (published 1843), p. 381</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miscellaneous+Works+of+Venerable+Bede%3A+Ecclesiastical+History%2C+Books+I%2C+II+and+III&rft.place=London&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Whittaker+and+Co.&rft.date=731&rft.au=Bede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DazApAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). <i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i> (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199677832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199677832"><bdi>978-0199677832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199677832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1990), <i>A History of Wales</i> (First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9098-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9098-8"><bdi>0-7139-9098-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7139-9098-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiles1841" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Giles" title="John Allen Giles">Giles, J. A.</a>, ed. (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=RA1-PA35">"III. The History"</a>, <i>Nennius's History of the Britons</i>, London: James Bohn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+The+History&rft.btitle=Nennius%27s+History+of+the+Britons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Bohn&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3R1mCE7p44MC%26pg%3DRA1-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilesThompson1842" class="citation cs2">Giles, J. A.; Thompson, A., eds. (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUoMAAAAIAAJ"><i>The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth: In Twelve Books</i></a> (New ed.), London: James Bohn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+History+of+Geoffrey+of+Monmouth%3A+In+Twelve+Books&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=James+Bohn&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUoMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaddanStubbs1869" class="citation cs2">Haddan, Arthur West; <a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">Stubbs, William</a>, eds. (1868), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KngQAAAAYAAJ}"><i>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>, vol. I, Oxford (published 1869), p. 202, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790548586" title="Special:BookSources/9780790548586"><bdi>9780790548586</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Councils+and+Ecclesiastical+Documents+Relating+to+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=9780790548586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKngQAAAAYAAJ%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenken1996" class="citation book cs1">Henken, Elissa R. (1996). <i>National Redeemer: Owain Glyndŵr in Welsh Tradition</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Redeemer%3A+Owain+Glynd%C5%B5r+in+Welsh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Henken&rft.aufirst=Elissa+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1911" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd, John Edward</a> (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest</i></a>, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Edwardian+Conquest&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYwNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen1841" class="citation cs2">Owen, Aneurin, ed. (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzZnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales</i></a>, vol. I</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Laws+and+Institutes+of+Wales&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1887" class="citation cs2">Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887), "Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ycymmrodor08cymmuoft"><i>Y Cymmrodor</i></a>, vol. VIII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedigrees+from+Jesus+College+MS.+20&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fycymmrodor08cymmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1896" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Plummer_(historian)" title="Charles Plummer (historian)">Plummer, Charles</a> (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AaCEFEu-V8C&pg=PA196">"Notes to the Ecclesiastical History (The plague in Ireland)"</a>, <i>Venerabilis Baedae</i>, Oxford: Oxford University, p. 196</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Ecclesiastical+History+%28The+plague+in+Ireland%29&rft.btitle=Venerabilis+Baedae&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AaCEFEu-V8C%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1888" class="citation cs2">Phillimore, Egerton (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141">"The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859"</a>, in Phillimore, Egerton (ed.), <i>Y Cymmrodor</i>, vol. IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>183</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annales+Cambriae+and+Old+Welsh+Genealogies%2C+from+Harleian+MS.+3859&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Phillimore&rft.aufirst=Egerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFMrAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeves1857" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Reeves_(bishop)" title="William Reeves (bishop)">Reeves, William</a>, ed. (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mQJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA369">"Additional Notes (Chronicon Hyense)"</a>, <i>The Life of St. Columba, to which are added Copious Notes and Dissertations</i>, Dublin: Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Additional+Notes+%28Chronicon+Hyense%29&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+St.+Columba%2C+to+which+are+added+Copious+Notes+and+Dissertations&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Irish+Archaeological+and+Celtic+Society&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mQJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens1857" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(historian)" title="Thomas Stephens (historian)">Stephens, Thomas</a> (12 November 1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77">"The Book of Aberpergwm, Improperly Called the Chronicle of Caradoc"</a>, <i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i>, Third, vol. IV, London: Cambrian Archaeological Association (published 1858), pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>82</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Aberpergwm%2C+Improperly+Called+the+Chronicle+of+Caradoc&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Cambrensis&rft.place=London&rft.series=Third&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Cambrian+Archaeological+Association&rft.date=1857-11-12&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZkVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1992" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Neil (1992). "Geoffrey of Monmouth and Bede". <i>Arthurian Literature VI</i>. Boydell & Brewet Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+and+Bede&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+VI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewet+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadwaladr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cadafael,_King_of_Gwynedd" title="Cadafael, King of Gwynedd">Cadafael</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">King of Gwynedd</a> </b><br />c. 655 – 682 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Idwal_Iwrch" title="Idwal Iwrch">Idwal Iwrch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Last king of Britain </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles356" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales 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