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discovery</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: rule discovery"> <meta name="keywords" content="rule discovery"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="rule discovery"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1396</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: rule discovery</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1396</span> Review and Comparison of Associative Classification Data Mining Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzan%20Wedyan">Suzan Wedyan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data mining is one of the main phases in the Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) which is responsible of finding hidden and useful knowledge from databases. There are many different tasks for data mining including regression, pattern recognition, clustering, classification, and association rule. In recent years a promising data mining approach called associative classification (AC) has been proposed, AC integrates classification and association rule discovery to build classification models (classifiers). This paper surveys and critically compares several AC algorithms with reference of the different procedures are used in each algorithm, such as rule learning, rule sorting, rule pruning, classifier building, and class allocation for test cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=associative%20classification" title="associative classification">associative classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20ranking" title=" rule ranking"> rule ranking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20pruning" title=" rule pruning"> rule pruning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4191/review-and-comparison-of-associative-classification-data-mining-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">537</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1395</span> On an Approach for Rule Generation in Association Rule Mining</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chandra">B. Chandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Association Rule Mining, much attention has been paid for developing algorithms for large (frequent/closed/maximal) itemsets but very little attention has been paid to improve the performance of rule generation algorithms. Rule generation is an important part of Association Rule Mining. In this paper, a novel approach named NARG (Association Rule using Antecedent Support) has been proposed for rule generation that uses memory resident data structure named FCET (Frequent Closed Enumeration Tree) to find frequent/closed itemsets. In addition, the computational speed of NARG is enhanced by giving importance to the rules that have lower antecedent support. Comparative performance evaluation of NARG with fast association rule mining algorithm for rule generation has been done on synthetic datasets and real life datasets (taken from UCI Machine Learning Repository). Performance analysis shows that NARG is computationally faster in comparison to the existing algorithms for rule generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery" title="knowledge discovery">knowledge discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rule%20mining" title=" association rule mining"> association rule mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antecedent%20support" title=" antecedent support"> antecedent support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20generation" title=" rule generation"> rule generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44331/on-an-approach-for-rule-generation-in-association-rule-mining" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1394</span> Classification Rule Discovery by Using Parallel Ant Colony Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waseem%20Shahzad">Waseem Shahzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Tahir%20Khan"> Ayesha Tahir Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Hussain%20Awan"> Hamid Hussain Awan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ant-Miner algorithm that lies under ACO algorithms is used to extract knowledge from data in the form of rules. A variant of Ant-Miner algorithm named as cAnt-MinerPB is used to generate list of rules using pittsburgh approach in order to maintain the rule interaction among the rules that are generated. In this paper, we propose a parallel Ant MinerPB in which Ant colony optimization algorithm runs parallel. In this technique, a data set is divided vertically (i-e attributes) into different subsets. These subsets are created based on the correlation among attributes using Mutual Information (MI). It generates rules in a parallel manner and then merged to form a final list of rules. The results have shown that the proposed technique achieved higher accuracy when compared with original cAnt-MinerPB and also the execution time has also reduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ant%20colony%20optimization" title="ant colony optimization">ant colony optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20Ant-MinerPB" title=" parallel Ant-MinerPB"> parallel Ant-MinerPB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20partitioning" title=" vertical partitioning"> vertical partitioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20rule%20discovery" title=" classification rule discovery"> classification rule discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43773/classification-rule-discovery-by-using-parallel-ant-colony-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1393</span> Corruption and the Entrenchment of the Rule of Law in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Titilayo">Grace Titilayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kolawole-Amao"> Kolawole-Amao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Influence and authority of law within society should be respected by all and sundry regardless of individual status. Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law. In a society governed by the rule of law, government and its officials and agents are also held subject to and accountable under the law. Law should not be employed to suit individual tenets. Where the rule of law operates, the government is the government of law and not of men. Corruption is a factor that kills the growth of the rule of law. Where corruption flourishes, the rule of law fails, simply put, corruption is a threat to the rule of law. It bastardized and undermines the rule of law and good governance principles - where men rule at their discretion rather than the use of the rule of law which makes governance processes ineffective. Corruption is prevalent all over the world, and has extremely far reaching effects. Many of the world’s greatest challenges have been amplified by corruption, for example poverty, unequal distribution of wealth and resources, and world hunger and it weakens the application and the entrenchment of the rule of law. It saps citizens' trust in their governments and undercuts government credibility. This paper will discuss the rule of law in the present democratic system in Nigeria, the impact of corruption on the rule of law in Nigeria and how corruption undermines and subverts the entrenchment of the rule of law in the present day Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title="rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence" title=" influence"> influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authority" title=" authority "> authority </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33036/corruption-and-the-entrenchment-of-the-rule-of-law-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1392</span> Pruning Algorithm for the Minimum Rule Reduct Generation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahin%20Emrah%20Amrahov">Sahin Emrah Amrahov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatih%20Aybar"> Fatih Aybar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serhat%20Dogan"> Serhat Dogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we consider the rule reduct generation problem. Rule Reduct Generation (RG) and Modified Rule Generation (MRG) algorithms, that are used to solve this problem, are well-known. Alternative to these algorithms, we develop Pruning Rule Generation (PRG) algorithm. We compare the PRG algorithm with RG and MRG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20sets" title="rough sets">rough sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20rules" title=" decision rules"> decision rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20induction" title=" rule induction"> rule induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17254/pruning-algorithm-for-the-minimum-rule-reduct-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">528</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1391</span> The Lexicographic Serial Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Thao%20Nguyen">Thi Thao Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20McLennan"> Andrew McLennan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shino%20Takayama"> Shino Takayama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study the probabilistic allocation of finitely many indivisible objects to finitely many agents. Well known allocation rules for this problem include random priority, the market mechanism proposed by Hylland and Zeckhauser [1979], and the probabilistic serial rule of Bogomolnaia and Moulin [2001]. We propose a new allocation rule, which we call the lexico-graphic (serial) rule, that is tailored for situations in which each agent's primary concern is to maximize the probability of receiving her favourite object. Three axioms, lex efficiency, lex envy freeness and fairness, are proposed and fully characterize the lexicographic serial rule. We also discuss how our axioms and the lexicographic rule are related to other allocation rules, particularly the probabilistic serial rule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efficiency" title="Efficiency">Efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Envy%20free" title=" Envy free"> Envy free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lexicographic" title=" Lexicographic"> Lexicographic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Probabilistic%20Serial%20Rule" title=" Probabilistic Serial Rule"> Probabilistic Serial Rule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124573/the-lexicographic-serial-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1390</span> The Judge Citizens Have in Mind, Comparative Lessons about the Rule of Law Matrix</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniela%20Piana">Daniela Piana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work casts light on what lies underneath the rule of law. In order to do so it unfolds the arguments in three main steps. The first one is a pars destruens: the mainstreaming scholarship on judicial independence and judicial accountability is questioned under the large amount of data we have at our disposal (this step is accomplished in the first two paragraphs). The second step is the reframe of the concept of the rule of law and the consequent rise of a hidden dimension, which has been so far largely underexplored: responsiveness. The third step consists into offering the readers empirical support and drawing thereby consequences in terms of policy design and citizens engagement into the rule of law implementation (these two steps are accomplished in the third paragraph). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title="rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title=" accountability"> accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizens" title=" citizens"> citizens</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47609/the-judge-citizens-have-in-mind-comparative-lessons-about-the-rule-of-law-matrix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1389</span> Negation of Insinuation Rule on the Ideas of Imam Khomeini (RA)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Jafar%20Hosseini">Seyed Jafar Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahim%20Vakilzadeh"> Rahim Vakilzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Movassagi"> Hassan Movassagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ‘Negation of insinuation’ or ‘negation of dominance’ Rule is considered as one of the most important principles governing the policies and external relations of Islamic and religious countries. The stable and influential role which this rule puts on the behavior and policies of the Islamic religion and foreign policies of Islamic countries shows the importance of the presented topic. Among Islamic scholars, Imam Khomeini (RA) has been paid most attention to this rule on governing issues. In the present study, we are going to investigate the nature and dimensions of Negation of insinuation rule in Imam Khomeini's ideas with an analytical and descriptive method. The obtained results show that Negation of insinuation rule is an effective and main guidance in Imam's thoughts and behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negation%20of%20insinuation%20Rule" title="negation of insinuation Rule">negation of insinuation Rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Khomeini%20%28RA%29" title=" Imam Khomeini (RA)"> Imam Khomeini (RA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20domination" title=" cultural domination"> cultural domination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20domination" title=" political domination"> political domination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20domination" title=" economic domination"> economic domination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64580/negation-of-insinuation-rule-on-the-ideas-of-imam-khomeini-ra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1388</span> Complex Event Processing System Based on the Extended ECA Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwan%20Hee%20Han">Kwan Hee Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Woo%20Lee"> Jun Woo Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Moon%20Bae"> Sung Moon Bae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Twae%20Kyung%20Park"> Twae Kyung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ECA (Event-Condition-Action) languages are largely adopted for event processing since they are an intuitive and powerful paradigm for programming reactive systems. However, there are some limitations about ECA rules for processing of complex events such as coupling of event producer and consumer. The objective of this paper is to propose an ECA rule pattern to improve the current limitations of ECA rule, and to develop a prototype system. In this paper, conventional ECA rule is separated into 3 parts and each part is extended to meet the requirements of CEP. Finally, event processing logic is established by combining the relevant elements of 3 parts. The usability of proposed extended ECA rule is validated by a test scenario in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20event%20processing" title="complex event processing">complex event processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECA%20rule" title=" ECA rule"> ECA rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Event%20processing%20system" title=" Event processing system"> Event processing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-driven%20architecture" title=" event-driven architecture"> event-driven architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20of%20things" title=" internet of things "> internet of things </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595/complex-event-processing-system-based-on-the-extended-eca-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1387</span> Optimum Dispatching Rule in Solar Ingot-Wafer Manufacturing System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wheyming%20Song">Wheyming Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Hsiang%20Lin"> Hung-Hsiang Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20Lian"> Scott Lian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, we investigate the optimal dispatching rule for machines and manpower allocation in the solar ingot-wafer systems. The performance of the method is measured by the sales profit for each dollar paid to the operators in a one week at steady-state. The decision variables are identification-number of machines and operators when each job is required to be served in each process. We propose a rule which is a function of operator’s ability, corresponding salary, and standing location while in the factory. The rule is named ‘Multi-nominal distribution dispatch rule’. The proposed rule performs better than many traditional rules including generic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. Simulation results show that the proposed Multi-nominal distribution dispatch rule improvement on the sales profit dramatically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispatching" title="dispatching">dispatching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20ingot" title=" solar ingot"> solar ingot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexsim" title=" flexsim"> flexsim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70569/optimum-dispatching-rule-in-solar-ingot-wafer-manufacturing-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1386</span> Analysis of Users’ Behavior on Book Loan Log Based on Association Rule Mining </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanyarat%20Bussaban">Kanyarat Bussaban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunyanuth%20Kularbphettong"> Kunyanuth Kularbphettong </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to create a model for analysis of student behavior using Library resources based on data mining technique in case of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University. The model was created under association rules, apriori algorithm. The results were found 14 rules and the rules were tested with testing data set and it showed that the ability of classify data was 79.24 percent and the MSE was 22.91. The results showed that the user’s behavior model by using association rule technique can use to manage the library resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior" title="behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining%20technique" title=" data mining technique"> data mining technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20priori%20algorithm" title=" a priori algorithm"> a priori algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery" title=" knowledge discovery"> knowledge discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2673/analysis-of-users-behavior-on-book-loan-log-based-on-association-rule-mining" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1385</span> Proteomic Evaluation of Sex Differences in the Plasma of Non-human Primates Exposed to Ionizing Radiation for Biomarker Discovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christina%20Williams">Christina Williams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehari%20Weldemariam"> Mehari Weldemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ann%20M.%20Farese"> Ann M. Farese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20J.%20MacVittie"> Thomas J. MacVittie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maureen%20A.%20Kane"> Maureen A. Kane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation exposure results in dose-dependent and time-dependent multi-organ damage. Drug development of medical countermeasures (MCM) for radiation-induced injury occurs under the FDA Animal Rule because human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. The FDA Animal Rule requires the representation of both sexes and describes several uses for biomarkers in MCM drug development studies. Currently, MCMs are limited and there is no FDA-approved biomarker for any radiation injury. Sex as a variable is essential to identifying biomarkers and developing effective MCMs for acute radiation exposure (ARS) and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE). These studies aim to address the death of information on sex differences that have not been determined by studies that included only male, single-sex cohorts. Studies have reported differences in radiosensitivity according to sex. As such, biomarker discovery for radiation-induced damage must consider sex as a variable. This study evaluated the plasma proteomic profile of Rhesus macaque non-human primates after different exposures and doses, as well as time points after radiation. Exposures and doses included total body irradiation between 5-7.5 Gy and partial body irradiation with 5% bone marrow sparing at 9, 9.5 and 10 Gy. Timepoints after irradiation included days 1, 3, 60, and 180, which encompassed both acute radiation syndromes and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. Bottom-up proteomic analyses of plasma included equal numbers of males and females. In the control animals, few proteomic differences are observed between the sexes. In the irradiated animals, there are a few sex differences, with changes mostly consisting of proteins upregulated in the female animals. Multiple canonical pathways were upregulated in irradiated animals relative to the control animals when subjected to pathway analysis, but differential responses between the sexes are limited. These data provide critical baseline differences according to sex and establish sex differences in non-human primate models relevant to drug development of MCM under the FDA Animal Rule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionizing%20radiation" title="ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex%20differences" title=" sex differences"> sex differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20proteomics" title=" plasma proteomics"> plasma proteomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarker%20discovery" title=" biomarker discovery"> biomarker discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171393/proteomic-evaluation-of-sex-differences-in-the-plasma-of-non-human-primates-exposed-to-ionizing-radiation-for-biomarker-discovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1384</span> Legal Analysis of the Meaning of the Rule In dubio pro libertate for the Interpretation of Criminal Law Norms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Kotl%C3%A1n">Pavel Kotlán</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper defines the role of the rule in dubio pro libertate in the interpretation of criminal law norms, which is one of the controversial and debated problems of law application. On the basis of the analysis of the law, including comparison with the legal systems of various European countries, and the accepted principles of interpretation of law, it can be concluded that the rule in dubio pro libertate can be used in cases where the linguistic, teleological and systematic methods fail, and at the same time, that interpretation based on this rule should be preferred to subjective historical interpretation. It can be considered that the correct inclusion of the in dubio pro libertate rule in the choice of the interpretative variant can serve in the application of criminal law by the judiciary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application%20of%20law" title="application of law">application of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20law%20norms" title=" criminal law norms"> criminal law norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20dubio%20pro%20libertate" title=" in dubio pro libertate"> in dubio pro libertate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpretation" title=" interpretation"> interpretation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194433/legal-analysis-of-the-meaning-of-the-rule-in-dubio-pro-libertate-for-the-interpretation-of-criminal-law-norms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1383</span> Judicial Independence and Preservation of the Rule of Law in Africa: The Case of South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbuzeni%20Mathenjwa">Mbuzeni Mathenjwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Upon their independence, most African countries adopted constitutions that proclaim respect for the rule of law. The decision to constitutionalise the rule of law is basically informed by the countries’ experience during the colonial era which was characterised by discrimination on various grounds including race, gender and religion. Despite the promise to be bound by and adhere to the rule of law, disrespect for the rule of law has become a norm in the African continent. This is evident from the reported incidence of abuse of power, failure to perform obligations imposed by law and flagrant disregard of the law by the Executive including the heads of states in the continent. In some African countries including South Africa, the courts of law have been approached to rule on the legality of the decisions of the executives, taken contrary to the prescripts of the law. South African Courts have laid down a number of decisions wherein they found that the conduct of the executive contravenes the rule of law. Consequently decisions of the executive have been declared invalid by courts. In this regard courts have become a safety net in preserving the rule of law in. Accordingly, this paper discusses the role of the courts in preserving the rule of law in Africa. This it does by explaining the notion of judicial independence and the doctrine of the rule of law. The explanation on the notion of judicial independence is relevant because only an independent judiciary can effectively review and set aside the decision of the executive including the president of a country. Furthermore, a comparative overview of the enforcement of the rule of law in African countries is done. The methods used for this research is literature review, and study of legislation and case law in selected African countries relating to the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the role of the independent judiciary to preserve the rule of law in Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutions" title=" constitutions"> constitutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independence" title=" independence"> independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judiciary" title=" judiciary"> judiciary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70216/judicial-independence-and-preservation-of-the-rule-of-law-in-africa-the-case-of-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1382</span> Knowledge Discovery from Production Databases for Hierarchical Process Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavol%20Tanuska">Pavol Tanuska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Vazan"> Pavel Vazan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Kebisek"> Michal Kebisek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominika%20Jurovata"> Dominika Jurovata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper gives the results of the project that was oriented on the usage of knowledge discoveries from production systems for needs of the hierarchical process control. One of the main project goals was the proposal of knowledge discovery model for process control. Specifics data mining methods and techniques was used for defined problems of the process control. The gained knowledge was used on the real production system, thus, the proposed solution has been verified. The paper documents how it is possible to apply new discovery knowledge to be used in the real hierarchical process control. There are specified the opportunities for application of the proposed knowledge discovery model for hierarchical process control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20process%20control" title="hierarchical process control">hierarchical process control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery%20from%20databases" title=" knowledge discovery from databases"> knowledge discovery from databases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20control" title=" process control"> process control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2816/knowledge-discovery-from-production-databases-for-hierarchical-process-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1381</span> Improved FP-Growth Algorithm with Multiple Minimum Supports Using Maximum Constraints</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsayeda%20M.%20Elgaml">Elsayeda M. Elgaml</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20M.%20Ibrahim"> Dina M. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsayed%20A.%20Sallam"> Elsayed A. Sallam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Association rule mining is one of the most important fields of data mining and knowledge discovery. In this paper, we propose an efficient multiple support frequent pattern growth algorithm which we called “MSFP-growth” that enhancing the FP-growth algorithm by making infrequent child node pruning step with multiple minimum support using maximum constrains. The algorithm is implemented, and it is compared with other common algorithms: Apriori-multiple minimum supports using maximum constraints and FP-growth. The experimental results show that the rule mining from the proposed algorithm are interesting and our algorithm achieved better performance than other algorithms without scarifying the accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rules" title="association rules">association rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FP-growth" title=" FP-growth"> FP-growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20minimum%20supports" title=" multiple minimum supports"> multiple minimum supports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weka%20tool" title=" Weka tool"> Weka tool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28521/improved-fp-growth-algorithm-with-multiple-minimum-supports-using-maximum-constraints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1380</span> Complex Decision Rules in the Form of Decision Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avinash%20S.%20Jagtap">Avinash S. Jagtap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharad%20D.%20Gore"> Sharad D. Gore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20G.%20Gurao"> Rajendra G. Gurao </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Decision rules become more and more complex as the number of conditions increase. As a consequence, the complexity of the decision rule also influences the time complexity of computer implementation of such a rule. Consider, for example, a decision that depends on four conditions A, B, C and D. For simplicity, suppose each of these four conditions is binary. Even then the decision rule will consist of 16 lines, where each line will be of the form: If A and B and C and D, then action 1. If A and B and C but not D, then action 2 and so on. While executing this decision rule, each of the four conditions will be checked every time until all the four conditions in a line are satisfied. The minimum number of logical comparisons is 4 whereas the maximum number is 64. This paper proposes to present a complex decision rule in the form of a decision tree. A decision tree divides the cases into branches every time a condition is checked. In the form of a decision tree, every branching eliminates half of the cases that do not satisfy the related conditions. As a result, every branch of the decision tree involves only four logical comparisons and hence is significantly simpler than the corresponding complex decision rule. The conclusion of this paper is that every complex decision rule can be represented as a decision tree and the decision tree is mathematically equivalent but computationally much simpler than the original complex decision rule <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic" title="strategic">strategic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactical" title=" tactical"> tactical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operational" title=" operational"> operational</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive" title=" adaptive"> adaptive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative" title=" innovative"> innovative</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77189/complex-decision-rules-in-the-form-of-decision-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1379</span> Reinforcement Learning the Born Rule from Photon Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20S.%20Piera">Rodrigo S. Piera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jailson%20Sales%20Ara%C2%B4ujo"> Jailson Sales Ara´ujo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriela%20B.%20Lemos"> Gabriela B. Lemos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20B.%20Weiss"> Matthew B. Weiss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20B.%20DeBrota"> John B. DeBrota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20H.%20Aguilar"> Gabriel H. Aguilar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacques%20L.%20Pienaar"> Jacques L. Pienaar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Born rule was historically viewed as an independent axiom of quantum mechanics until Gleason derived it in 1957 by assuming the Hilbert space structure of quantum measurements [1]. In subsequent decades there have been diverse proposals to derive the Born rule starting from even more basic assumptions [2]. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple reinforcement-learning algorithm, having no pre-programmed assumptions about quantum theory, will nevertheless converge to a behaviour pattern that accords with the Born rule, when tasked with predicting the output of a quantum optical implementation of a symmetric informationally-complete measurement (SIC). Our findings support a hypothesis due to QBism (the subjective Bayesian approach to quantum theory), which states that the Born rule can be thought of as a normative rule for making decisions in a quantum world [3]. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20Bayesianism" title="quantum Bayesianism">quantum Bayesianism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20theory" title=" quantum theory"> quantum theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20information" title=" quantum information"> quantum information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20measurement" title=" quantum measurement"> quantum measurement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175290/reinforcement-learning-the-born-rule-from-photon-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1378</span> Data Stream Association Rule Mining with Cloud Computing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Suraj%20Aravind">B. Suraj Aravind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20M.%20Krishna%20Prasad"> M. H. M. Krishna Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There exist emerging applications of data streams that require association rule mining, such as network traffic monitoring, web click streams analysis, sensor data, data from satellites etc. Data streams typically arrive continuously in high speed with huge amount and changing data distribution. This raises new issues that need to be considered when developing association rule mining techniques for stream data. This paper proposes to introduce an improved data stream association rule mining algorithm by eliminating the limitation of resources. For this, the concept of cloud computing is used. Inclusion of this may lead to additional unknown problems which needs further research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20stream" title="data stream">data stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rule%20mining" title=" association rule mining"> association rule mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequent%20itemsets" title=" frequent itemsets"> frequent itemsets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10064/data-stream-association-rule-mining-with-cloud-computing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10064.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1377</span> Spatial Relationship of Drug Smuggling Based on Geographic Information System Knowledge Discovery Using Decision Tree Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Niamkaeo">S. Niamkaeo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Robert"> O. Robert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Chaowalit"> O. Chaowalit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this investigation, we focus on discovering spatial relationship of drug smuggling along the northern border of Thailand. Thailand is no longer a drug production site, but Thailand is still one of the major drug trafficking hubs due to its topographic characteristics facilitating drug smuggling from neighboring countries. Our study areas cover three districts (Mae-jan, Mae-fahluang, and Mae-sai) in Chiangrai city and four districts (Chiangdao, Mae-eye, Chaiprakarn, and Wienghang) in Chiangmai city where drug smuggling of methamphetamine crystal and amphetamine occurs mostly. The data on drug smuggling incidents from 2011 to 2017 was collected from several national and local published news. Geo-spatial drug smuggling database was prepared. Decision tree algorithm was applied in order to discover the spatial relationship of factors related to drug smuggling, which was converted into rules using rule-based system. The factors including land use type, smuggling route, season and distance within 500 meters from check points were found that they were related to drug smuggling in terms of rules-based relationship. It was illustrated that drug smuggling was occurred mostly in forest area in winter. Drug smuggling exhibited was discovered mainly along topographic road where check points were not reachable. This spatial relationship of drug smuggling could support the Thai Office of Narcotics Control Board in surveillance drug smuggling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree" title="decision tree">decision tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20smuggling" title=" drug smuggling"> drug smuggling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geographic%20Information%20System" title=" Geographic Information System"> Geographic Information System</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS%20knowledge%20discovery" title=" GIS knowledge discovery"> GIS knowledge discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule-based%20system" title=" rule-based system"> rule-based system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99772/spatial-relationship-of-drug-smuggling-based-on-geographic-information-system-knowledge-discovery-using-decision-tree-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1376</span> Adaptations to Hamilton's Rule in Human Populations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monty%20Vacura">Monty Vacura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hamilton’s Rule is a universal law of biology expressed in protists, plants and animals. When applied to human populations, this model explains: 1) Origin of religion in society as a biopsychological need selected to increase population size; 2) Instincts of racism expressed through intergroup competition; 3) Simultaneous selection for human cooperation and conflict, love and hate; 4) Connection between sporting events and instinctive social messaging for stimulating offensive and defensive responses; 5) Pathway to reduce human sacrifice. This chapter discusses the deep psychological influences of Hamilton’s Rule. Suggestions are provided to reduce human deaths via our instinctive sacrificial behavior, by consciously monitoring Hamilton’s Rule variables highlighted throughout our media outlets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychology" title="psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamilton%E2%80%99s%20rule" title=" Hamilton’s rule"> Hamilton’s rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolution" title=" evolution"> evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20instincts" title=" human instincts"> human instincts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179985/adaptations-to-hamiltons-rule-in-human-populations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1375</span> Unveiling Special Policy Regime, Judgment, and Taylor Rules in Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yosra%20Baaziz">Yosra Baaziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moez%20Labidi"> Moez Labidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given limited research on monetary policy rules in revolutionary countries, this paper challenges the suitability of the Taylor rule in characterizing the monetary policy behavior of the Tunisian Central Bank (BCT), especially in turbulent times. More specifically, we investigate the possibility that the Taylor rule should be formulated as a threshold process and examine the validity of such nonlinear Taylor rule as a robust rule for conducting monetary policy in Tunisia. Using quarterly data from 1998:Q4 to 2013:Q4 to analyze the movement of nominal short-term interest rate of the BCT, we find that the nonlinear Taylor rule improves its performance with the advent of special events providing thus a better description of the Tunisian interest rate setting. In particular, our results show that the adoption of an appropriate nonlinear approach leads to a reduction in the errors of 150 basis points in 1999 and 2009, and 60 basis points in 2011, relative to the linear approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20rule" title="policy rule">policy rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20bank" title=" central bank"> central bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title=" exchange rate"> exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taylor%20rule" title=" taylor rule"> taylor rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinearity" title=" nonlinearity"> nonlinearity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41715/unveiling-special-policy-regime-judgment-and-taylor-rules-in-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1374</span> The Effectiveness of National Fiscal Rules in the Asia-Pacific Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiung-Ju%20Huang">Chiung-Ju Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan-Hong%20Ho"> Yuan-Hong Ho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study utilizes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Fiscal Rules Dataset focusing on four specific fiscal rules such as expenditure rule, revenue rule, budget balance rule, and debt rule and five main characteristics of each fiscal rule those are monitoring, enforcement, coverage, legal basis, and escape clause to construct the Fiscal Rule Index for nine countries in the Asia-Pacific region from 1996 to 2015. After constructing the fiscal rule index for each country, we utilize the Panel Generalized Method of Moments (Panel GMM) by using the constructed fiscal rule index to examine the effectiveness of fiscal rules in reducing procyclicality. Empirical results show that national fiscal rules have a significantly negative impact on procyclicality of government expenditure. Additionally, stricter fiscal rules combined with high government effectiveness are effective in reducing procyclicality of government expenditure. Results of this study indicate that for nine Asia-Pacific countries, policymakers’ use of fiscal rules and government effectiveness to reducing procyclicality of fiscal policy are effective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counter-cyclical%20policy" title="counter-cyclical policy">counter-cyclical policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20rules" title=" fiscal rules"> fiscal rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20efficiency" title=" government efficiency"> government efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procyclical%20policy" title=" procyclical policy"> procyclical policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95982/the-effectiveness-of-national-fiscal-rules-in-the-asia-pacific-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1373</span> Network Word Discovery Framework Based on Sentence Semantic Vector Similarity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganfeng%20Yu">Ganfeng Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuefeng%20Ma"> Yuefeng Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanliang%20Yang"> Shanliang Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The word discovery is a key problem in text information retrieval technology. Methods in new word discovery tend to be closely related to words because they generally obtain new word results by analyzing words. With the popularity of social networks, individual netizens and online self-media have generated various network texts for the convenience of online life, including network words that are far from standard Chinese expression. How detect network words is one of the important goals in the field of text information retrieval today. In this paper, we integrate the word embedding model and clustering methods to propose a network word discovery framework based on sentence semantic similarity (S³-NWD) to detect network words effectively from the corpus. This framework constructs sentence semantic vectors through a distributed representation model, uses the similarity of sentence semantic vectors to determine the semantic relationship between sentences, and finally realizes network word discovery by the meaning of semantic replacement between sentences. The experiment verifies that the framework not only completes the rapid discovery of network words but also realizes the standard word meaning of the discovery of network words, which reflects the effectiveness of our work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20information%20retrieval" title="text information retrieval">text information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery" title=" new word discovery"> new word discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20extraction" title=" information extraction"> information extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917/network-word-discovery-framework-based-on-sentence-semantic-vector-similarity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1372</span> Learning Algorithms for Fuzzy Inference Systems Composed of Double- and Single-Input Rule Modules</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hirofumi%20Miyajima">Hirofumi Miyajima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuya%20Kishida"> Kazuya Kishida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noritaka%20Shigei"> Noritaka Shigei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromi%20Miyajima"> Hiromi Miyajima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of self-tuning fuzzy systems, which are automatically constructed from learning data, are based on the steepest descent method (SDM). However, this approach often requires a large convergence time and gets stuck into a shallow local minimum. One of its solutions is to use fuzzy rule modules with a small number of inputs such as DIRMs (Double-Input Rule Modules) and SIRMs (Single-Input Rule Modules). In this paper, we consider a (generalized) DIRMs model composed of double and single-input rule modules. Further, in order to reduce the redundant modules for the (generalized) DIRMs model, pruning and generative learning algorithms for the model are suggested. In order to show the effectiveness of them, numerical simulations for function approximation, Box-Jenkins and obstacle avoidance problems are performed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Box-Jenkins%27s%20problem" title="Box-Jenkins's problem">Box-Jenkins's problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double-input%20rule%20module" title=" double-input rule module"> double-input rule module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20inference%20model" title=" fuzzy inference model"> fuzzy inference model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title=" obstacle avoidance"> obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-input%20rule%20module" title=" single-input rule module"> single-input rule module</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46971/learning-algorithms-for-fuzzy-inference-systems-composed-of-double-and-single-input-rule-modules" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1371</span> CERD: Cost Effective Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuradha%20Banerjee">Anuradha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructure less network, where nodes are free to move independently in any direction. The nodes have limited battery power; hence, we require energy efficient route discovery technique to enhance their lifetime and network performance. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient route discovery technique CERD that greatly reduces the number of route requests flooded into the network and also gives priority to the route request packets sent from the routers that has communicated with the destination very recently, in single or multi-hop paths. This does not only enhance the lifetime of nodes but also decreases the delay in tracking the destination. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20network" title="ad hoc network">ad hoc network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding" title=" flooding"> flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node%20lifetime" title=" node lifetime"> node lifetime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=route%20discovery" title=" route discovery"> route discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336/cerd-cost-effective-route-discovery-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1370</span> Validity of Simlified Javal’s Rule in 147 Pre-Operation Cataract Eyes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ghandehari%20Motlagh">Mohammad Ghandehari Motlagh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To evaluate validity of simplified Javal’s rule (Total Ast=Corneal Ast-0.50@9) in 147 pre-op cataract eyes. Methods: Due to change in lens tissue and structure in a cataract crystalline lens, we conceive the simplified javal’s rule may not be valid in cataract cases.In this cross-sectional study,147 pre-op cataract eyes without oblique astigmatism were enrolled in this study. Ocular biometry (with IOL master 500)and keratometry and refraction findings were recorded. Results: Mean age of our patients was 64.95 yrs/old (SD+_9.86) that confirms on senile cataract. Mean Axial length and average keratometry were respectively 23.86 and 44.62.Prevalence of systemic diseases diabet and high blood pressure were respectively 43 (29.25%) and 44 (29.93%)and shows importance of these diseases. The Corneal astigmatism axis is correlated with refractive astigmatism in cataract eyes (R=0.493). Simplified Javal’s rule is valid in cataract eyes (P<0.001). Conclusion: Simplified Javal’s rule is a valid formula in pre-op cataract eyes and can be used for keratometry results confirmation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=javals%20rule" title="javals rule">javals rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cataract" title=" cataract"> cataract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keratometry" title=" keratometry"> keratometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ocular%20axial%20length" title=" ocular axial length"> ocular axial length</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23866/validity-of-simlified-javals-rule-in-147-pre-operation-cataract-eyes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1369</span> Comparative Regionalism: The Case of Financial Integration in Association of Southeast Asian Nations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharon%20Kun-Amornpong">Sharon Kun-Amornpong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, ASEAN financial integration will be discussed from the perspective of the rule of law. The methodology of the paper is comparative regionalism. It will compare the role of the rule of law in ASEAN financial integration with that of the European Union with particular focuses on, for example, institutions and values. The paper argues that in the realm of financial integration, the rule of law is one of the most important factors that could help strengthen and promote financial integration in ASEAN. This is despite the fact that the ‘ASEAN Way’ emphasises non-interference and utilises a consensus-based cooperation rather than formal institutions. Nevertheless, the rule of law for ASEAN financial integration should be situated in its own historical, cultural, and political contexts. In addition, in the case of ASEAN, the rule of law cannot take root if it does not come from the demand of the people in this region. For instance, a reform or creation of legal institutions should not be imposed by international financial institutions. The paper will conclude that law has a normative force. It could shape expectation of market participants and promote deeper financial integration if norms that the law generates have become a significant norm in the society or industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Association%20of%20Southeast%20Asian%20Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEAN" title=" ASEAN"> ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20regionalism" title=" comparative regionalism"> comparative regionalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20integration" title=" financial integration"> financial integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20rule%20of%20law" title=" the rule of law"> the rule of law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115999/comparative-regionalism-the-case-of-financial-integration-in-association-of-southeast-asian-nations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1368</span> The Causal Relationships between Educational Environments and Rule-Breaking Behavior Issues in Early Adolescence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhidong%20Zhang">Zhidong Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhi-Chao%20Zhang"> Zhi-Chao Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focused on early adolescent rule-breaking behavioral problems using the instrument of Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). The purpose was to analyze the relationships between the rule-breaking behavioral problems and relevant background variables such as sports activities, hobbies, chores and the number of close friends. The stratified sampling method was used to collect data from 2532 participants. The results indicated that several background variables as predictors could significantly predict rule breaking behavior and aggressive behavior. Further, a path analysis method was used to explore the correlational and causal relationships among background variables and breaking behavior variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEBA" title="ASEBA">ASEBA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule-breaking" title=" rule-breaking"> rule-breaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20analysis" title=" path analysis"> path analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20adolescent" title=" early adolescent"> early adolescent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64648/the-causal-relationships-between-educational-environments-and-rule-breaking-behavior-issues-in-early-adolescence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1367</span> Factors Related to Employee Adherence to Rules in Kuwait Business Organizations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Muhammad">Ali Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical framework which demonstrates the effect of four personal factors on employees rule following behavior in Kuwaiti business organizations. The model suggested in this study includes organizational citizenship behavior, affective organizational commitment, organizational trust, and procedural justice as possible predictors of rule following behavior. The study also attempts to compare the effects of the suggested factors on employees rule following behavior. The new model will, hopefully, extend previous research by adding new variables to the models used to explain employees rule following behavior. A discussion of issues related to rule-following behavior is presented, as well as recommendations for future research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employee%20adherence%20to%20rules" title="employee adherence to rules">employee adherence to rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20justice" title=" organizational justice"> organizational justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20commitment" title=" organizational commitment"> organizational commitment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20citizenship%20behavior" title=" organizational citizenship behavior"> organizational citizenship behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29073/factors-related-to-employee-adherence-to-rules-in-kuwait-business-organizations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20discovery&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20discovery&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20discovery&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20discovery&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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