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class="tabItem marginal" data-related-content="studyMarginals" aria-label="marginal"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigationContents"> <div id="studyDiscover" class="studyPane active tabContent"> <div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui"><strong>Overview of Romans</strong></span></h3><div class="summaryOverview"><ul class="content"><li class='scalableui'><div class="overview chapterOnly"> <ul class="outline"><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>E.</strong> </span><strong>FINAL EXHORTATION AND GREETINGS (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/15#h=83:0-92:0"><strong>15:30–16:27</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul urges the Christians in Rome to pray for him (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/15#h=83:0-84:0">15:30-33</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul introduces Phoebe, a minister of the Cenchreae congregation (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=84:0-85:0">16:1, 2</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul’s personal greetings to individual Christians in Rome (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=85:0-87:0">16:3-16</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Warning against divisions (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=87:0-87:498">16:17-19</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">God will crush Satan shortly (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=87:498-88:0">16:20</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Greetings from Paul’s coworkers (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=88:0-91:0">16:21-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Glory to God, who alone is wise, through Jesus Christ (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16#h=91:0-92:0">16:25-27</a>)</p></li></ul></li></ul></div> </li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-1" data-section-citation="045016001045016001"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:1</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="s5"><strong>I am introducing:</strong> Or “I recommend.” Paul is apparently introducing Phoebe to the Christians in Rome for the purpose of encouraging them to accept her and to adopt the same attitude toward her that Paul had. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/1/0" data-bid="2-1" class="b">Ro 16:2</a>) The Greek word used here is related to the Greek term Paul used at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/2/0" data-bid="3-1" class="b">2Co 3:1</a> in the expression “letters of <em>recommendation.”</em> In Bible times, such letters of recommendation were a common way of introducing people to strangers. Phoebe, who served as a minister in the Cenchreae congregation, may have carried Paul’s letter to the Christians in Rome.</p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="s5"><strong>a minister:</strong> Or “a servant.” The Greek word <em>di·aʹko·nos</em> is broad in meaning. When Paul called Phoebe “a minister of the congregation,” he apparently made reference to the Christian ministry, the spreading of the good news. Preaching the good news is a responsibility of all Christian ministers. (Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/3/0" data-bid="4-1" class="b">Ac 2:17, 18</a> with <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/0/0">study note on Ro 11:13</a>.) The related term <em>di·a·ko·neʹo</em> is also used of women who ministered, or served, to provide food and other assistance to Jesus and his followers. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/4/0" data-bid="5-1" class="b">Lu 8:3</a>) Since <em>di·aʹko·nos</em> is sometimes used in an official sense, referring to appointed “ministerial servants” in the Christian congregation (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/5/0" data-bid="6-1" class="b">Php 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/5/1" data-bid="6-2" class="b"> 1Ti 3:8,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/5/2" data-bid="6-3" class="b"> 12</a>), some translators render it “deacon” or “deaconess” here at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/6/0" data-bid="7-1" class="b">Ro 16:1</a>. But when the Bible mentions the qualifications for “ministerial servants,” it does not indicate that such appointed servants could be women. Rather, they are described as “husbands of one wife.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/7/0" data-bid="8-1" class="b">1Ti 3:8-13</a>) Accordingly, many translators understand the term as used here in a general sense and render it “servant” or “helper.”</p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="s5"><strong>Cenchreae:</strong> One of Corinth’s seaports about 11 km (7 mi) E of Corinth. After staying in Corinth for more than 18 months, Paul sailed from Cenchreae to Ephesus about 52 C.E. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/1/0">study note on Ac 18:18</a>.) The Scriptures do not indicate when the Christian <strong>congregation</strong> was established at Cenchreae. Some suggest that the congregation was a fruitage of Paul’s long stay in Corinth, but it was definitely established before 56 C.E. when he wrote his letter to the Romans.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/532" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-533"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-533" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-533" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p932" data-pid="932" class="se"></p> <p id="p933" data-pid="933" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1050/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 424-425</a></p> <p id="p934" data-pid="934" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1051/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 635,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1052/0"> 1197</a></p> <div id="p935" data-pid="935"><p data-pid="935" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1053/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="935" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1053/0">7/2010, p. 28</a></p> </div><div id="p936" data-pid="936"><p data-pid="936" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1054/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="936" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1054/0">1/15/2005, pp. 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1055/0"> 23</a></p><p data-pid="936" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1056/0">7/15/1997, p. 31</a></p><p data-pid="936" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1057/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p937" data-pid="937" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1058/0"><em>“All Scripture,”</em> pp. 206-207</a></p> <p id="p938" data-pid="938" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p287" data-pid="287" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/0">it-1 425;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/2"> it-2 635,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/4"> 1197;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/6"> g 7/10 28;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/8"> w05 1/15 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/10"> 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/12"> w97 7/15 31;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/14"> si 206-207;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/285/16"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p288" data-pid="288" class="sx"></p> <p id="p366" data-pid="366" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/0">w81 3/15 18-19;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/2"> w80 9/15 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/4"> g77 8/8 27;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/6"> km 1/76 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/8"> ad 1307,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/9"> 1665;</a><span class="ni"> li 257;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/11"> w64 208;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/364/12"> w63 402</a></p> <p id="p367" data-pid="367" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-2" data-section-citation="045016002045016002"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:2</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="s5"><strong>a defender:</strong> The Greek term <em>pro·staʹtis</em> used here has the basic sense of “one who protects.” That description implies that Phoebe performed kind deeds and came to the aid of those who were in need. It may also convey the idea that she actively gave support to others. Phoebe had the freedom to travel and to render service in the congregation, perhaps indicating that she was a widow and possibly a wealthy woman. If so, she may have been able to use her influence in the community to act in behalf of Christians who were falsely being accused of wrongdoing or to provide some form of refuge from danger for them.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/533" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-534"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 12:13; 1Jo 3:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-534" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-534" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p938" data-pid="938" class="se"></p> <p id="p939" data-pid="939" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1059/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 635,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1060/0"> 1197</a></p> <div id="p940" data-pid="940"><p data-pid="940" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1061/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="940" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1061/0">1/15/2005, pp. 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1062/0"> 23</a></p><p data-pid="940" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1063/0">7/15/1997, p. 31</a></p><p data-pid="940" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1064/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p941" data-pid="941" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p288" data-pid="288" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/0">it-2 635,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/2"> 1197;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/4"> w05 1/15 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/6"> 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/8"> w97 7/15 31;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/286/10"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p289" data-pid="289" class="sx"></p> <p id="p367" data-pid="367" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/365/0">w81 4/1 22;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/365/2"> w80 9/15 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/365/4"> ad 1307,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/365/5"> 1665;</a><span class="ni"> li 258;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/365/7"> w63 402</a></p> <p id="p368" data-pid="368" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-3" data-section-citation="045016003045016003"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:3</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="s5"><strong>Give my greetings:</strong> From <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/10/0" data-bid="11-1" class="b">this verse to verse 15</a>, Paul sends greetings to 26 Christians mentioned by name and to many others mentioned individually or collectively. Paul’s appreciation for his spiritual sisters is shown by his specific mention of these eight Christian women: Prisca, Mary, Tryphaena, Tryphosa, Persis, and Julia as well as Rufus’ mother and Nereus’ sister. By this time, he had been a prominent apostle to the nations for many years. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/11/0" data-bid="12-1" class="b">Ac 9:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/11/1" data-bid="12-2" class="b"> Ro 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/11/2" data-bid="12-3" class="b"> 11:13</a>) Yet, as indicated by these greetings, he never stopped showing personal interest in his fellow worshippers.</p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="s5"><strong>Prisca and Aquila:</strong> This faithful couple had been banished from Rome by Emperor Claudius’ decree against the Jews sometime in the year 49 or early 50 C.E. Claudius died in 54 C.E., and by the time Paul wrote his letter to the Christians in Rome, about 56 C.E., Prisca and Aquila had returned there. (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/2/0">study note on Ac 18:2</a>.) Paul describes them as his <strong>fellow workers.</strong> The Greek word for “fellow worker,” <em>sy·ner·gosʹ,</em> appears 12 times in the Christian Greek Scriptures, most often in the letters of Paul. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/0" data-bid="13-1" class="b">Ro 16:9,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/1" data-bid="13-2" class="b"> 21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/2" data-bid="13-3" class="b"> Php 2:25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/3" data-bid="13-4" class="b"> 4:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/4" data-bid="13-5" class="b"> Col 4:11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/5" data-bid="13-6" class="b"> Phm 1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/12/6" data-bid="13-7" class="b"> 24</a>) Notably, at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/13/0" data-bid="14-1" class="b">1Co 3:9</a>, Paul says: “We are God’s fellow workers.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/534" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-535"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:2, 24, 26; 2Ti 4:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-535" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-535" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p941" data-pid="941" class="se"></p> <div id="p942" data-pid="942"><p data-pid="942" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1065/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="942" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1065/0">12/15/1996, p. 22</a></p><p data-pid="942" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1066/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p943" data-pid="943" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p289" data-pid="289" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/287/0">w96 12/15 22;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/287/2"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p290" data-pid="290" class="sx"></p> <p id="p368" data-pid="368" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/366/0">w64 177;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/366/1"> w62 328</a></p> <p id="p369" data-pid="369" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-4" data-section-citation="045016004045016004"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:4</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="s5"><strong>risked their own necks:</strong> Some suggest that this expression, literally meaning “placed their neck under,” is a figure of speech derived from the practice of beheading, which was used in Roman times. It was a strong expression referring to imminent and violent death. Paul indicates that Aquila and Prisca (Priscilla) had put their lives in jeopardy in order to save him. Some have suggested that this occurred during the uproar of the silversmiths in Ephesus. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/15/0" data-bid="16-1" class="b">Ac 19:28-31</a>) It may have been in such a perilous circumstance that Paul felt so uncertain even of his own life that Aquila and Prisca intervened and risked their lives for him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/16/0" data-bid="17-1" class="b">2Co 1:8</a>) However, the Bible does not specify the occasion that Paul had in mind here.</p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="s5"><strong>me:</strong> Or “my life (soul).” Here the Greek word <em>psy·kheʹ</em> refers to a person or to a person’s life.—See Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/3/0">Soul</a>.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/535" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-536"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 3:16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-536" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-536" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p943" data-pid="943" class="se"></p> <div id="p944" data-pid="944"><p data-pid="944" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1067/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="944" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1067/0">1/15/2013, pp. 10-11</a></p><p data-pid="944" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1068/0">12/15/1996, pp. 22,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1069/0"> 24</a></p><p data-pid="944" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1070/0">11/15/1993, pp. 20-21</a></p><p data-pid="944" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1071/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p945" data-pid="945" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p290" data-pid="290" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/288/0">w13 1/15 10-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/288/2"> w96 12/15 22,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/288/4"> 24;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/288/6"> w93 11/15 20-21;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/288/8"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p291" data-pid="291" class="sx"></p> <p id="p369" data-pid="369" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/367/0">w81 4/1 22;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/367/3"> w77 371;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/367/5"> w72 457;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/367/7"> w67 380;</a><span class="ni"> w47 313</span></p> <p id="p370" data-pid="370" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-5" data-section-citation="045016005045016005"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:5</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/536" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-537"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 16:19; Col 4:15; Phm 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-537" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-537" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p945" data-pid="945" class="se"></p> <p id="p946" data-pid="946" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1072/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 731</a></p> <div id="p947" data-pid="947"><p data-pid="947" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1073/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="947" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1073/0">11/15/2002, p. 7</a></p><p data-pid="947" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1074/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p948" data-pid="948" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p291" data-pid="291" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/289/0">it-1 731;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/289/2"> w02 11/15 7;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/289/4"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p292" data-pid="292" class="sx"></p> <p id="p370" data-pid="370" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/368/0">ad 521;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/368/1"> w63 203,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/368/2"> 538;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/368/3"> w62 627;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/368/4"> w61 139</a></p> <p id="p371" data-pid="371" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-6" data-section-citation="045016006045016006"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:6</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="s5"><strong>Mary:</strong> Six women in the Christian Greek Scriptures are named Mary. This Mary is mentioned only here, where Paul commends her for having <strong>worked hard</strong> in behalf of the Christian congregation in Rome. The Bible provides no additional information about her.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/4/0">study note on Lu 1:27</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p948" data-pid="948" class="se"></p> <div id="p949" data-pid="949"><p data-pid="949" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1075/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="949" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1075/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p950" data-pid="950" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p292" data-pid="292" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/290/0">w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p293" data-pid="293" class="sx"></p> <p id="p371" data-pid="371" class="sx"><span class="ni">w47 313</span></p> <p id="p372" data-pid="372" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-7" data-section-citation="045016007045016007"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:7</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/537" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-538"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 16:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-538" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-538" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p950" data-pid="950" class="se"></p> <p id="p951" data-pid="951" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1076/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 105-106,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1077/0"> 130</a></p> <p id="p952" data-pid="952" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1078/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 139</a></p> <div id="p953" data-pid="953"><p data-pid="953" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1079/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="953" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1079/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p954" data-pid="954" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p293" data-pid="293" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/291/0">it-1 105-106,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/291/2"> 130;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/291/4"> it-2 139;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/291/6"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p294" data-pid="294" class="sx"></p> <p id="p372" data-pid="372" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/370/0">ad 77,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/370/1"> 93,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/370/2"> 983</a></p> <p id="p373" data-pid="373" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-8" data-section-citation="045016008045016008"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:8</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p954" data-pid="954" class="se"></p> <div id="p955" data-pid="955"><p data-pid="955" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1080/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="955" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1080/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p956" data-pid="956" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p294" data-pid="294" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/292/0">w88 10/1 13</a></p> <p id="p295" data-pid="295" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-9" data-section-citation="045016009045016009"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:9</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p956" data-pid="956" class="se"></p> <p id="p957" data-pid="957" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1081/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 1142</a></p> <div id="p958" data-pid="958"><p data-pid="958" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1082/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="958" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1082/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p959" data-pid="959" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p295" data-pid="295" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/293/0">it-2 1142;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/293/2"> w88 10/1 13</a></p> <p id="p296" data-pid="296" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-10" data-section-citation="045016010045016010"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:10</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p959" data-pid="959" class="se"></p> <div id="p960" data-pid="960"><p data-pid="960" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1083/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="960" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1083/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p961" data-pid="961" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p296" data-pid="296" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/294/0">w88 10/1 13</a></p> <p id="p297" data-pid="297" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-11" data-section-citation="045016011045016011"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:11</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p961" data-pid="961" class="se"></p> <p id="p962" data-pid="962" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1084/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1100</a></p> <p id="p963" data-pid="963" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p297" data-pid="297" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/295/0">it-1 1100;</a></p> <p id="p298" data-pid="298" class="sx"></p> <p id="p373" data-pid="373" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/371/0">ad 761</a></p> <p id="p374" data-pid="374" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-12" data-section-citation="045016012045016012"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:12</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p963" data-pid="963" class="se"></p> <p id="p964" data-pid="964" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1085/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 1133</a></p> <div id="p965" data-pid="965"><p data-pid="965" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1086/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="965" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1086/0">1/15/2013, pp. 28-29</a></p><p data-pid="965" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1087/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p966" data-pid="966" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p298" data-pid="298" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/296/0">it-2 1133;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/296/2"> w13 1/15 28-29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/296/5"> w88 10/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p299" data-pid="299" class="sx"></p> <p id="p374" data-pid="374" class="sx"><span class="ni">w47 313</span></p> <p id="p375" data-pid="375" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-13" data-section-citation="045016013045016013"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:13</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p966" data-pid="966" class="se"></p> <div id="p967" data-pid="967"><p data-pid="967" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1088/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="967" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1088/0">10/1/1988, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p968" data-pid="968" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p299" data-pid="299" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/297/0">w88 10/1 13</a></p> <p id="p300" data-pid="300" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-14" data-section-citation="045016014045016014"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:14</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p968" data-pid="968" class="se"></p> <p id="p969" data-pid="969" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1089/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 207-208</a></p> <p id="p970" data-pid="970" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p300" data-pid="300" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/298/0">it-1 207-208</a></p> <p id="p301" data-pid="301" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-15" data-section-citation="045016015045016015"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:15</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p970" data-pid="970" class="se"></p> <p id="p971" data-pid="971" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1090/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 493,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1091/0"> 634</a></p> <p id="p972" data-pid="972" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p301" data-pid="301" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/299/0">it-2 493,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/299/2"> 634</a></p> <p id="p302" data-pid="302" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-16" data-section-citation="045016016045016016"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:16</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="s5"><strong>with a holy kiss:</strong> In four of his letters (here and at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/19/0" data-bid="20-1" class="b">1Co 16:20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/19/1" data-bid="20-2" class="b"> 2Co 13:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/19/2" data-bid="20-3" class="b"> 1Th 5:26</a>), Paul encourages his fellow Christians to greet one another “with a holy kiss.” The apostle Peter used a similar expression: “Greet one another with a kiss of love.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/20/0" data-bid="21-1" class="b">1Pe 5:14</a>) In Bible times, people would give a kiss as a token of affection, respect, or peace. It was also common to kiss when greeting someone or saying goodbye. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/21/0" data-bid="22-1" class="b">Ru 1:14;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/21/1" data-bid="22-2" class="b"> Lu 7:45</a>) This practice was customary between male and female relatives (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/22/0" data-bid="23-1" class="b">Ge 29:11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/22/1" data-bid="23-2" class="b"> 31:28</a>), between male relatives, and between close friends (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/0" data-bid="24-1" class="b">Ge 27:26, 27;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/1" data-bid="24-2" class="b"> 45:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/2" data-bid="24-3" class="b"> Ex 18:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/3" data-bid="24-4" class="b"> 1Sa 20:41, 42;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/4" data-bid="24-5" class="b"> 2Sa 14:33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/23/5" data-bid="24-6" class="b"> 19:39</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/5/0">study note on Ac 20:37</a>). Among Christians, such expressions of affection reflected the brotherhood and spiritual oneness of those united by true worship. They were not given as a mere formalism or ritual nor with any romantic or erotic overtones.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/24/0" data-bid="25-1" class="b">Joh 13:34, 35</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p972" data-pid="972" class="se"></p> <p id="p973" data-pid="973" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1092/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 177</a></p> <div id="p974" data-pid="974"><p data-pid="974" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1093/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="974" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1093/0">10/15/1993, p. 15</a></p><p data-pid="974" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1094/0">8/1/1990, p. 25</a></p> </div><p id="p975" data-pid="975" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p302" data-pid="302" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/300/0">it-2 177;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/300/2"> w93 10/15 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/300/4"> w90 8/1 25;</a></p> <p id="p303" data-pid="303" class="sx"></p> <p id="p375" data-pid="375" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/373/0">w68 384;</a><span class="ni"> g61 6/8 25</span></p> <p id="p376" data-pid="376" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-17" data-section-citation="045016017045016017"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:17</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/538" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-539"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 7:15; Tit 3:10; 2Jo 10; Jude 19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-539" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-539" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p975" data-pid="975" class="se"></p> <div id="p976" data-pid="976"><p data-pid="976" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1095/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="976" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1095/0">7/15/2011, p. 16</a></p><p data-pid="976" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1096/0">10/1/1988, p. 14</a></p> </div><p id="p977" data-pid="977" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1097/0"><em>Proclaimers,</em> p. 629</a></p> <p id="p978" data-pid="978" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p303" data-pid="303" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/301/0">w11 7/15 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/301/2"> jv 629;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/301/4"> w88 10/1 14;</a></p> <p id="p304" data-pid="304" class="sx"></p> <p id="p376" data-pid="376" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/0">w83 3/1 26;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/3"> w70 253-254;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/5"> w64 203;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/6"> w63 412,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/7"> 444;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/8"> w62 119,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/9"> 760;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/10"> w61 142;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/11"> w60 404;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/374/12"> w52 137;</a><span class="ni"> v-3 123;</span><span class="ni"> w31 280;</span><span class="ni"> v-1 126</span></p> <p id="p377" data-pid="377" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-18" data-section-citation="045016018045016018"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:18</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="s5"><strong>appetites:</strong> Or “bellies.” In a literal sense, the Greek word <em>koi·liʹa</em> refers to a person’s “stomach” or inward parts. Here and at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/26/0" data-bid="27-1" class="b">Php 3:19</a>, it is used figuratively to denote fleshly appetite, or desire. Paul explains that if individuals become slaves of their “own appetites,” they cannot be slaves “of our Lord Christ.” <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/27/0" data-bid="28-1" class="b">Php 3:19</a> describes people who have “their belly,” that is, their fleshly desires, as their god.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/539" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-540"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jude 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-540" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-540" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p978" data-pid="978" class="se"></p> <p id="p979" data-pid="979" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1098/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1168</a></p> <p id="p980" data-pid="980" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p304" data-pid="304" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/302/0">it-1 1168;</a></p> <p id="p305" data-pid="305" class="sx"></p> <p id="p377" data-pid="377" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/0">w73 568;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/2"> ad 211,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/3"> 809;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/4"> w64 646;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/5"> w60 404;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/375/6"> w54 564;</a><span class="ni"> v-3 123;</span><span class="ni"> w31 24,</span><span class="ni"> 280</span></p> <p id="p378" data-pid="378" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-19" data-section-citation="045016019045016019"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:19</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/540" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-541"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-541" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-541" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/541" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-542"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 14:20</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-542" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-542" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-20" data-section-citation="045016020045016020"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:20</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="s5"><strong>will crush Satan:</strong> These words echo the first Bible prophecy, recorded at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/29/0" data-bid="30-1" class="b">Ge 3:15</a>, which says that the “offspring” of the figurative woman mentioned there would “crush [the serpent’s] head.” This refers to the destruction of Satan, “the original serpent.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/30/0" data-bid="31-1" class="b">Re 12:9</a>) To describe that event, Paul used a Greek word that lexicons define “to shatter; to break in pieces by crushing; to overcome completely.” The same Greek word is used at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/31/0" data-bid="32-1" class="b">Re 2:27</a> to describe that the nations “will <em>be broken to pieces</em> like clay vessels.” Writing to fellow Christians who were “joint heirs with Christ” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/32/0" data-bid="33-1" class="b">Ro 8:17</a>), Paul used the expression <strong>under your feet</strong> figuratively to denote that they would share in the crushing of Satan.—Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/33/0" data-bid="34-1" class="b">Mal 4:3</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/542" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-543"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 3:15; Heb 2:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-543" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-543" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p980" data-pid="980" class="se"></p> <div id="p981" data-pid="981"><p data-pid="981" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1099/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="981" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1099/0">No. 1 2021 p. 12</a></p> </div><p id="p982" data-pid="982" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1100/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 847</a></p> <p id="p983" data-pid="983" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1101/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 19</a></p> <div id="p984" data-pid="984"><p data-pid="984" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1102/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="984" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1102/0">9/1/2011, p. 9</a></p> </div><p id="p985" data-pid="985" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1103/0"><em>Revelation Climax,</em> p. 287</a></p> <p id="p986" data-pid="986" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1104/0"><em>“All Scripture,”</em> p. 209</a></p> <p id="p987" data-pid="987" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p305" data-pid="305" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/0">g21.1 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/2"> it-1 847;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/4"> it-2 19;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/6"> w11 9/1 9;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/9"> re 287;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/303/11"> si 209;</a></p> <p id="p306" data-pid="306" class="sx"></p> <p id="p378" data-pid="378" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/0">w84 12/15 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/2"> w80 4/1 21;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/4"> w80 12/15 30;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/7"> hs 43;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/9"> w75 618-619,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/11"> 622;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/13"> og 19,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/15"> 27;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/17"> w74 106;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/19"> w72 620,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/21"> 623,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/23"> 631;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/25"> dn 8-9,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/27"> 15,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/29"> 29;</a><span class="ni"> li 383;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/32"> w59 91;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/33"> w58 287;</a><span class="ni"> yw 63;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/35"> w55 573;</a><span class="ni"> dh 63;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/376/37"> w52 671;</a><span class="ni"> w47 83;</span><span class="ni"> na46 17;</span><span class="ni"> pn 28;</span><span class="ni"> ni 27;</span><span class="ni"> tf 98</span></p> <p id="p379" data-pid="379" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-21" data-section-citation="045016021045016021"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:21</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/543" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-544"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 16:1-3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-544" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-544" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/544" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-545"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 16:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-545" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-545" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p987" data-pid="987" class="se"></p> <p id="p988" data-pid="988" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1105/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1257</a></p> <p id="p989" data-pid="989" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p306" data-pid="306" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/304/0">it-1 1257;</a></p> <p id="p307" data-pid="307" class="sx"></p> <p id="p379" data-pid="379" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/377/0">ad 871</a></p> <p id="p380" data-pid="380" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-22" data-section-citation="045016022045016022"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:22</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="s5"><strong>Tertius:</strong> The writer or transcriber of Paul’s letter to the Romans and the only one of Paul’s secretaries identified by name. The wording <strong>in the Lord</strong> indicates that Tertius was a faithful Christian who may have been a member of the congregation in Corinth. Tertius inserts his own greetings to the Romans, perhaps because he knew many Christians in Rome.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072283#chapter=16"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072283/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/935" ><span class="caption"><p>Letter Writing</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p989" data-pid="989" class="se"></p> <p id="p990" data-pid="990" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1106/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 1088</a></p> <div id="p991" data-pid="991"><p data-pid="991" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1107/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="991" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1107/0">7/15/1997, pp. 30-31</a></p> </div><p id="p992" data-pid="992" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p307" data-pid="307" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/305/0">it-2 1088;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/305/2"> w97 7/15 30-31;</a></p> <p id="p308" data-pid="308" class="sx"></p> <p id="p380" data-pid="380" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/378/0">w67 84;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/378/1"> w63 86</a></p> <p id="p381" data-pid="381" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-23" data-section-citation="045016023045016023"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:23</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p26" data-pid="26" class="s5"><strong>host to me:</strong> That is, to Paul. The personal greetings from Tertius are limited to the preceding verse.</p> <p id="p27" data-pid="27" class="s5"><strong>the city treasurer:</strong> Or “the city steward.” The Greek word <em>oi·ko·noʹmos,</em> most often rendered “steward,” has the basic meaning of “a manager (administrator) of a house.” In this context, when used together with the Greek word for “city,” it apparently refers to one who was responsible for the financial affairs of the city of Corinth. Archaeological excavations in Corinth in the 1920’s unearthed a pavement or paving block with an inscription saying that a certain Erastus laid a pavement at his own expense. Whether the Erastus mentioned in this inscription is the same as the one Paul mentions here is uncertain, but the pavement is believed to have existed in the first century C.E.</p> <p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="s5"><strong>his brother:</strong> The Greek text literally reads “the brother” and could be understood in the sense of Quartus being a fleshly brother of Erastus. However, it is also possible to understand the text as referring to a spiritual relationship and thus translate it “our brother.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072176#chapter=16"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072176/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/815" ><span class="caption"><p>Erastus Inscription in Corinth</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/545" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-546"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 1:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-546" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-546" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p992" data-pid="992" class="se"></p> <p id="p993" data-pid="993" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1108/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 509,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1109/0"> 757,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1110/0"> 879</a></p> <p id="p994" data-pid="994" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p308" data-pid="308" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/306/0">it-1 509,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/306/2"> 757,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/306/4"> 879;</a></p> <p id="p309" data-pid="309" class="sx"></p> <p id="p381" data-pid="381" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/379/0">g76 7/22 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/379/2"> ad 379,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/379/3"> 528;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/379/4"> w63 663</a></p> <p id="p382" data-pid="382" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-24" data-section-citation="045016024045016024"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:24</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="s5">Some Greek manuscripts and ancient translations into other languages add: “May the undeserved kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all of you. Amen.” Other manuscripts include these words after verse 27. However, in the earliest and most reliable manuscripts, a similar phrase appears only in <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/37/0" data-bid="38-1" class="b">verse 20</a>. It does not appear as verse 24, nor is it found after verse 27. This manuscript evidence strongly indicates that such additions are not part of the original text.—See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/0">App. A3</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p382" data-pid="382" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/380/0">w78 5/15 13-14</a></p> <p id="p383" data-pid="383" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-25" data-section-citation="045016025045016025"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:25</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p32" data-pid="32" class="s5"><strong>revelation:</strong> Lit., “uncovering; disclosure.” The Greek term <em>a·po·kaʹly·psis</em> is often used, as in this verse, regarding the revealing of God’s will and purposes or of other spiritual matters. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/39/0" data-bid="40-1" class="b">Eph 3:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/39/1" data-bid="40-2" class="b"> Re 1:1</a>) God is the ultimate Source of such revelations.—Compare <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/6/0">study note on Lu 2:32</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-37"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p129" data-pid="129">Or possibly, “that is.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/546" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-547"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Eph 1:9-12; Col 1:26, 27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-547" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-547" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p994" data-pid="994" class="se"></p> <p id="p995" data-pid="995" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1111/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 858</a></p> <p id="p996" data-pid="996" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1112/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 60</a></p> <div id="p997" data-pid="997"><p data-pid="997" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1113/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="997" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1113/0">6/1/1997, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p998" data-pid="998" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p309" data-pid="309" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/307/0">it-1 858;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/307/2"> it-2 60;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/307/4"> w97 6/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p310" data-pid="310" class="sx"></p> <p id="p383" data-pid="383" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/381/0">po 156-157;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/381/2"> w66 124</a></p> <p id="p384" data-pid="384" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-26" data-section-citation="045016026045016026"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:26</span></h3><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-38"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p130" data-pid="130">Or “revealed.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p998" data-pid="998" class="se"></p> <p id="p999" data-pid="999" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1114/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 60,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1115/0"> 521,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1116/0"> 879</a></p> <p id="p1000" data-pid="1000" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p310" data-pid="310" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/308/0">it-2 60,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/308/2"> 521,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/308/4"> 879</a></p> <p id="p311" data-pid="311" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-16-27" data-section-citation="045016027045016027"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 16:27</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p34" data-pid="34" class="s5"><strong>Amen:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070733/7/0">study note on Ro 1:25</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/547" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-548"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 11:33</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-548" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-548" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p1000" data-pid="1000" class="se"></p> <p id="p1001" data-pid="1001" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1117/0"><em>Close to Jehovah,</em> pp. 176-178</a></p> <p id="p1002" data-pid="1002" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1118/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 1190</a></p> <div id="p1003" data-pid="1003"><p data-pid="1003" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1119/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="1003" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1119/0">4/15/2009, p. 15</a></p><p data-pid="1003" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1120/0">5/15/2007, pp. 24-25</a></p> </div></span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p311" data-pid="311" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/309/0">cl 176-178;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/309/2"> it-2 1190;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/309/4"> w09 4/15 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/309/6"> w07 5/15 25;</a></p> <p id="p384" data-pid="384" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/382/0">w73 163</a></p> </span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div id="studyParallel" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section"> <h3 class="title">Parallel Translations</h3> <div class="helpText">Click a verse number to display parallel Bible verses.</div> <div class="parallel"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="extract"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyMarginals" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section marginalsGeneral"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">General</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/532/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-533-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:1</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-533-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-533-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/533/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-534-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:2</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 12:13; 1Jo 3:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-534-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-534-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/534/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-535-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:3</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:2, 24, 26; 2Ti 4:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-535-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-535-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/535/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-536-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 3:16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-536-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-536-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/536/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-537-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:5</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 16:19; Col 4:15; Phm 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-537-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-537-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/537/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-538-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:7</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 16:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-538-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-538-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/538/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-539-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 7:15; Tit 3:10; 2Jo 10; Jude 19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-539-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-539-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/539/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-540-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jude 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-540-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-540-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/540/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-541-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-541-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-541-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/541/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-542-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 14:20</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-542-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-542-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/542/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-543-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:20</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 3:15; Heb 2:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-543-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-543-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/543/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-544-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:21</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 16:1-3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-544-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-544-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/544/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-545-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:21</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 16:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-545-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-545-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/545/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-546-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:23</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 1:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-546-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-546-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/546/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-547-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:25</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Eph 1:9-12; Col 1:26, 27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-547-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-547-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/16/547/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-548-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 16:27</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span 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href="#v=45:16:25">25</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=45:16:26">26</a></li><li class="verse gridItem "><a class="verseItem" href="#v=45:16:27">27</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="documentCitationInformation"> <div>New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)</div> <div>Romans 16:1-27</div> </div> <div id="content" class="content"> <div class="articlePositioner" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="banner" class="documentBanner showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> </div> <article id="article" class="article bible html5 pub-nwtsty jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr includeSecondaryNav" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" role="article"> <div class="scalableui"> <header> <h1>To the Romans</h1> </header> <p id="p84" data-pid="84" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-1-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28429" class="cl vx vp study"><strong>16</strong> </a>I am introducing to you Phoeʹbe, our sister, who is a minister of the congregation that is in Cenʹchre·ae,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/532" data-bid="533-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-16-2-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28430" class="vl vx vp study">2 </a>so that you may welcome her in the Lord in a way worthy of the holy ones and give her whatever help she may need,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/533" data-bid="534-1" class="b">+</a> for she herself also proved to be a defender of many, including me.</span></p> <p id="p85" data-pid="85" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-3-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28431" class="vl vx vp study">3 </a>Give my greetings to Prisʹca and Aqʹui·la,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/534" data-bid="535-1" class="b">+</a> my fellow workers in Christ Jesus, </span><span id="v45-16-4-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28432" class="vl vx vp study">4 </a>who have risked their own necks for me<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/535" data-bid="536-1" class="b">+</a> and to whom not only I but also all the congregations of the nations give thanks. </span><span id="v45-16-5-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28433" class="vl vx vp">5 </a>Also greet the congregation that is in their house.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/536" data-bid="537-1" class="b">+</a> Greet my beloved E·paeʹne·tus, who is a firstfruits of Asia for Christ. </span><span id="v45-16-6-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28434" class="vl vx vp study">6 </a>Greet Mary, who has worked hard for you. </span><span id="v45-16-7-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28435" class="vl vx vp">7 </a>Greet An·dronʹi·cus and Juʹni·as, my relatives<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/537" data-bid="538-1" class="b">+</a> and fellow prisoners, who are men well-known to the apostles and who have been in union with Christ longer than I have.</span></p> <p id="p86" data-pid="86" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-8-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28436" class="vl vx vp">8 </a>Give my greetings to Am·pli·aʹtus, my beloved in the Lord. </span><span id="v45-16-9-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28437" class="vl vx vp">9 </a>Greet Ur·baʹnus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Staʹchys. </span><span id="v45-16-10-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28438" class="vl vx vp">10 </a>Greet A·pelʹles, the approved one in Christ. Greet those from the household of A·ris·tobʹu·lus. </span><span id="v45-16-11-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28439" class="vl vx vp">11 </a>Greet He·roʹdi·on, my relative. Greet those from the household of Nar·cisʹsus who are in the Lord. </span><span id="v45-16-12-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28440" class="vl vx vp">12 </a>Greet Try·phaeʹna and Try·phoʹsa, women who are working hard in the Lord. Greet Perʹsis, our beloved one, for she has worked hard in the Lord. </span><span id="v45-16-13-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28441" class="vl vx vp">13 </a>Greet Ruʹfus, the chosen one in the Lord, and his mother and mine. </span><span id="v45-16-14-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28442" class="vl vx vp">14 </a>Greet A·synʹcri·tus, Phleʹgon, Herʹmes, Patʹro·bas, Herʹmas, and the brothers with them. </span><span id="v45-16-15-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28443" class="vl vx vp">15 </a>Greet Phi·lolʹo·gus and Julia, Neʹreus and his sister, and O·lymʹpas, and all the holy ones with them. </span><span id="v45-16-16-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28444" class="vl vx vp study">16 </a>Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the congregations of the Christ greet you.</span></p> <p id="p87" data-pid="87" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-17-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28445" class="vl vx vp">17 </a>Now I urge you, brothers, to keep your eye on those who create divisions and causes for stumbling contrary to the teaching that you have learned, and avoid them.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/538" data-bid="539-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-16-18-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28446" class="vl vx vp study">18 </a>For men of that sort are slaves, not of our Lord Christ, but of their own appetites, and by smooth talk and flattering speech they seduce the hearts of unsuspecting ones.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/539" data-bid="540-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-16-19-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28447" class="vl vp">19 </a>Your obedience has come to the notice of all, and so I rejoice over you.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/540" data-bid="541-1" class="b">+</a> But I want you to be wise as to what is good, but innocent as to what is evil.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/541" data-bid="542-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-16-20-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28448" class="vl vx vp study">20 </a>For his part, the God who gives peace will crush Satan<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/542" data-bid="543-1" class="b">+</a> under your feet shortly. May the undeserved kindness of our Lord Jesus be with you.</span></p> <p id="p88" data-pid="88" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-21-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28449" class="vl vx vp">21 </a>Timothy,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/543" data-bid="544-1" class="b">+</a> my fellow worker, greets you, and so do Lucius, Jaʹson, and So·sipʹa·ter, my relatives.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/544" data-bid="545-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p89" data-pid="89" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-22-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28450" class="vl vx vp study">22 </a>I, Terʹtius, who have done the writing of this letter, greet you in the Lord.</span></p> <p id="p90" data-pid="90" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-23-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28451" class="vl vx vp study">23 </a>Gaʹius,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/545" data-bid="546-1" class="b">+</a> host to me and to all the congregation, greets you. E·rasʹtus, the city treasurer, greets you, and so does Quarʹtus, his brother. </span><span id="v45-16-24-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28452" class="vl vx vp study">24 </a>——</span></p> <p id="p91" data-pid="91" class="sb"><span id="v45-16-25-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28453" class="vl vx vp study">25 </a>Now to Him who can make you firm according to the good news I declare and<a id="footnotesource37" data-fnid="37" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/36">*</a> the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the sacred secret<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/546" data-bid="547-1" class="b">+</a> that has been kept in silence for long-lasting times </span><span id="v45-16-26-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28454" class="vl vx vp">26 </a>but has now been made manifest<a id="footnotesource38" data-fnid="38" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/37">*</a> and has been made known through the prophetic Scriptures among all the nations according to the command of the everlasting God to promote obedience by faith; </span><span id="v45-16-27-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28455" class="vl vx vp study">27 </a>to God, who alone is wise,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/547" data-bid="548-1" class="b">+</a> be the glory through Jesus Christ forever. 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