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.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article uses the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>.</b> Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Help:IPA/Irish</a> for a comparison of the IPA system with those used in learners' materials.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ulster Irish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Donegal Irish • Ulster Gaelic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilg Uladh</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲəc<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌʊlˠuː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ulster Irish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Western (Donegal)</li> <li>Eastern <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (Including <a href="/wiki/Antrim_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antrim dialect">Antrim dialect</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish alphabet">Irish alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ga">ga</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=164">gle</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gle" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gle">gle</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/done1238">done1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/320px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/480px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/640px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltachtaí</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaeilig_in_Uladh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gaeilig_in_Uladh.jpg/320px-Gaeilig_in_Uladh.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gaeilig_in_Uladh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Percentage of population in each administrative area (<a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">District council areas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> who can speak Irish.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Ulster Irish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="ga">Gaeilg Uladh</i>, <a href="/wiki/An_Caighdean_Oifigiuil" class="mw-redirect" title="An Caighdean Oifigiuil">Standard Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Gaeilge Uladh</i>) is the variety of <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. It "occupies a central position in the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> world made up of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulster Irish thus has much in common with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. Within Ulster there have historically been two main sub-dialects: West Ulster and East Ulster. The Western dialect is spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> and once was spoken in parts of neighbouring counties, hence the name 'Donegal Irish'. The Eastern dialect was spoken in most of the rest of Ulster and northern parts of counties <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">Louth</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulster Irish was the main language spoken in most of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> from the earliest recorded times even before Ireland became a jurisdiction in the 1300s. Since the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation</a>, Ulster Irish was steadily replaced by English and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a>, largely as a result of incoming settlers. The Eastern dialect died out in the 20th century, but the Western lives on in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> region of County Donegal. In 1808, <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> natives William Neilson and Patrick Lynch (Pádraig Ó Loingsigh) published a detailed study on Ulster Irish. Both Neilson and his father were Ulster-speaking <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> ministers. When the recommendations of the first Comisiún na Gaeltachta were drawn up in 1926, there were regions qualifying for Gaeltacht recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Sperrins" title="Sperrins">Sperrins</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Glens_of_Antrim" title="Glens of Antrim">Glens of Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a>. The report also makes note of small pockets of Irish speakers in northwest <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a>, southeast <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a>, and the far south of <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>. However, these small pockets vanished early in the 20th century while Ulster Irish in the Sperrins survived until the 1950s and in the Glens of Antrim until the 1970s. The last native speaker of Rathlin Irish died in 1985. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Innti" title="Innti">Innti</a> poet and scholar of <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Paor" title="Louis de Paor">Louis de Paor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast_Irish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belfast Irish (page does not exist)">Belfast Irish</a>, "a new urban dialect", of Ulster Irish, was "forged in the heat of Belfast during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>" and is the main language spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">Gaeltacht Quarter</a> of the city. The same dialect, according to de Paor, has been used in the poetry of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gear%C3%B3id_Mac_Lochlainn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gearóid Mac Lochlainn (page does not exist)">Gearóid Mac Lochlainn</a> and other radically innovative writers like him.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ulster dialect contains many words not used in other dialects—of which the main ones are <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a>—or used otherwise only in northeast Connacht. The standard form of written Irish is now <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span>. In other cases, a semantic shift has resulted in quite different meanings attaching to the same word in Ulster Irish and in other dialects. Some of these words include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ag déanamh</i></span> is used to mean "to think" as well as "to make" or "to do", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">síleann</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceapann</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cuimhníonn</i></span> is used in other dialects, as well as in Ulster Irish.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">amharc</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">amhanc</i></span> (West Ulster), "look" (elsewhere <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">amharc</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">breathnaigh</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">féach</i></span>; this latter means rather "try" or "attempt" in Ulster)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">barúil</i></span> "opinion", southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tuairim</i></span> - in Ulster, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tuairim</i></span> is most typically used in the meaning "approximate value", such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tuairim an ama sin</i></span> "about that time". Note the typically Ulster derivatives <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">barúlach</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">inbharúla</i></span> "of the opinion (that...)".</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bealach</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ród</i></span> "road" (southern and western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bóthar</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ród</i></span> (cf. Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">rathad</i></span>, Manx <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">raad</i></span>), and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bealach</i></span> "way"). Note that <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bealach</i></span> alone is used as a preposition meaning "towards" (literally meaning "in the way of": <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">d'amharc sé bealach na farraige</i></span> = "he looked towards the sea"). In the sense "road", Ulster Irish often uses <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bealach mór</i></span> (lit. "big road") even for roads that aren't particularly big or wide.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bomaite</i></span>, "minute" (elsewhere <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nóiméad</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nóimint</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">neómat</i></span>, etc., and in Mayo Gaeltacht areas a somewhat halfway version between the northern and southern versions, is the word "móiméad", also probably the original, from which the initial M diverged into a similar nasal N to the south, and into a similar bilabial B to the north.)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cá huair</i></span>, "when?" (Connacht <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cén uair</i></span>; Munster <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cathain</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cén uair</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caidé (cad é) atá?</i></span>, "what is?" (Connacht <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">céard tá</i></span>; Munster <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cad a thá</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cad é a thá</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dé a thá</i></span>, Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">dé tha</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cál</i></span>, "cabbage" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gabáiste</i></span>; Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">càl</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caraidh</i></span>, "weir" (Connacht <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cara</i></span>, standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cora</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cluinim</i></span>, "I hear" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cloisim</i></span>, but <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cluinim</i></span> is also attested in South Tipperary and is also used in Achill and Erris in North and West Mayo). In fact, the initial <i>c-</i> tends to be lenited even when it is not preceded by any particle (this is because there <i>was</i> a leniting particle in Classical Irish: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">do-chluin</i></span> yielded <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">chluin</i></span> in Ulster)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">doiligh</i></span>, "hard"-as in difficult (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">deacair</i></span>), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">crua</i></span> "tough"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">druid</i></span>, "close" (southern and western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dún</i></span>; in other dialects <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">druid</i></span> means "to move in relation to or away from something", thus <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">druid ó rud</i></span> = to shirk, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">druid isteach</i></span> = to close in) although druid is also used in Achill and Erris</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">eallach</i></span>, "cattle" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beithíoch</i></span> = "one head of cattle", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beithígh</i></span> = "cattle", "beasts")</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">eiteogaí</i></span>, "wings" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sciatháin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fá</i></span>, "about, under" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faoi</i></span>, Munster <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fé</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fí</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fá</i></span> is only used for "under"; <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mar gheall ar</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">i dtaobh</i></span> = "about"; <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fá dtaobh de</i></span> = "about" or "with regard to")</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">falsa</i></span>, "lazy" (southern and western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leisciúil</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fallsa</i></span> = "false, treacherous") although falsa is also used in Achill and Erris</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faoileog</i></span>, "seagull" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faoileán</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fosta</i></span>, "also" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">freisin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilg</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilig</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhlag</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilic</i></span>, "Irish" (standard and Western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span>, Southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoluinn</i></span>, Manx <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaelg</i></span>, Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span>) although Gaeilg is used in Achill and was used in parts of Erris and East Connacht</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">geafta</i></span>, "gate" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">geata</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gairid</i></span>, "short" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gearr</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gamhain</i></span>, "calf" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">lao</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gamhain</i></span>) although gamhain is also used in Achill and Erris</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gasúr</i></span>, "boy" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">garsún</i></span>; <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">garsún</i></span> means "child" in Connemara)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">girseach</i></span>, "girl" (southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gearrchaile</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">girseach</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gnóitheach</i></span>, "busy" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gnóthach</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">inteacht</i></span>, an adjective meaning "some" or "certain" is used instead of the southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">éigin</i></span>. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Áirithe</i></span> also means "certain" or "particular".</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mothaím</i></span> is used to mean "I hear, perceive" as well as "I feel" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cloisim</i></span>) but <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mothaím</i></span> generally refers to stories or events. The only other place where mothaím is used in this context is in the Irish of Dún Caocháin and Ceathrú Thaidhg in Erris but it was a common usage throughout most of northern and eastern Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim and North Roscommon</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nighean</i></span>, "daughter" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iníon</i></span>; Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nighean</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nuaidheacht</i></span>, "news" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nuacht</i></span>, but note that even Connemara has <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nuaíocht</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sópa</i></span>, "soap" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gallúnach</i></span>, Connemara <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gallaoireach</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">stócach</i></span>, "youth", "young man", "boyfriend" (Southern = "gangly, young lad")</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tábla</i></span>, "table" (western and southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bord</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">clár</i></span>, Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bòrd</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tig liom</i></span> is used to mean "I can" as opposed to the standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">is féidir liom</i></span> or the southern <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tá mé in ann</i></span>. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Tá mé ábalta</i></span> is also a preferred Ulster variant. Tig liom and its derivatives are also commonly used in the Irish of Joyce Country, Achill and Erris</li> <li>the word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iontach</i></span> "wonderful" is used as an intensifier instead of the prefix <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">an-</i></span> used in other dialects.</li></ul> <p>Words generally associated with the now dead East Ulster Irish include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">airigh</i></span> (feel, hear, perceive) - but also known in more southern Irish dialects</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ársuigh</i></span>, more standardized <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ársaigh</i></span> (tell) - but note the expression <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ag ársaí téamaí</i></span> "telling stories, spinning yearns" used by the modern Ulster writer <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Séamus Ó Grianna</a>.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">coinfheascar</i></span> (evening)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">corruighe</i></span>, more standardized spelling <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">corraí</i></span> (anger)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">frithir</i></span> (sore)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">go seadh</i></span> (yet)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">márt</i></span> (cow)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">práinn</i></span> (hurry)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">toigh</i></span> (house)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tonnóg</i></span> (duck)</li></ul> <p>In other cases, a semantic shift has resulted in quite different meanings attaching to the same word in Ulster Irish and in other dialects. Some of these words include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cloigeann</i></span> "head" (southern and western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span>; elsewhere, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cloigeann</i></span> is used to mean "skull")</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">capall</i></span> "mare" (southern and western <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">láir</i></span>; elsewhere, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">capall</i></span> means "horse")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonemic consonant inventory of Ulster Irish (based on the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999111–16_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999111–16-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is as shown in the following chart (see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> ("slender"). The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span> are neither broad nor slender. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant<br />phonemes </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labio-<br />velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pˠ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʲ</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bˠ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ˠ</span><br /> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪ˠ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ṯʲ</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ḏʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span><br /> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fˠ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fʲ</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sˠ</span><br /> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ç</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span><br /> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mˠ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪ˠ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ṉʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾˠ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral<br />approximant</a> </th> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̪ˠ</span><br />  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;"> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ḻʲ</span> </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td> <td style="border-right-width: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left-width: 0;">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Ulster Irish that distinguish it from the other dialects are: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is always the <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. In other dialects, <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vˠ]</span> is found instead of or in addition to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. No dialect makes a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> contrast between the approximant and the fricative, however.</li> <li>There is a three-way distinction among coronal nasals, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̪ˠ,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ṉʲ/</span>, and laterals, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̪ˠ,<span class="wrap"> </span>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>ḻʲ/</span>, as there is in Scottish Gaelic, and there is no lengthening or diphthongization of short vowels before these sounds and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>. Thus, while <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span> "head" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cɑːn/</span> in Connacht and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/caun/</span> in Munster, in Ulster it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/can̪ˠ/</span> (compare Scottish Gaelic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʲaun̪ˠ/</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> is pronounced as if it is spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾˠ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾʲ/</span>) after consonants other than <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>. This happens in Connacht and Scottish Gaelic as well.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> is often realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> and can completely disappear word finally, hence unstressed -<span class="nowrap">⟨ach⟩</span> (a common suffix) is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ax]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ah]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>. For some speakers <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xt/</span> is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾˠt]</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> of Ulster Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg/450px-Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg/600px-Ulster_Irish_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowels transcribed <span class="nowrap">⟨æː, ʌ, ɤ, ɔː⟩</span> correspond to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span> respectively </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> have short <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> syllables and before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. In addition, Ulster has the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia,<span class="wrap"> </span>ua,<span class="wrap"> </span>au/</span>. </p> <ul><li>Before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, where an unstressed schwa is found in other dialects, Ulster has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> with secondary stress (identical to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>), e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">feargach</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfʲaɾˠəɡa(x)/</span> "angry" and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iománaíocht</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɔmˠaːnˠiaxt̪ˠ/</span> "<a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a>".</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> is more <a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">fronted</a> in Ulster than Connacht and Munster (where it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>), as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> or even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː~ɛ̞ː]</span> preceding slender consonants. Unstressed <span class="nowrap">⟨eoi⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ói⟩</span> merge with <span class="nowrap">⟨ái⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ~ɛ̞]</span>).</li> <li>Stressed word final <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)aith⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨oith⟩</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ah,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔh/</span> preceding a syllable containing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> tend to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əih/</span>. For example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mˠəih/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">maith</i></span> "good" and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkəihiːɾʲ/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cathaoir</i></span> "chair", in contrast to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mˠah/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkahiːɾʲ/</span> found in other regions.</li> <li>Stressed <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)adh(a(i))⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)agh(a(i))⟩</span>, as well as <span class="nowrap">⟨ia⟩</span> after an initial <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>, represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤː/</span> which generally merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> in younger speech.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> has three main allophones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> finally and after broad consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span> before broad consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei]</span> before slender consonants.</li> <li>Stressed <span class="nowrap">⟨eidh(e(a))⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨eigh(e(a))⟩</span> represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əi/</span> which is found in the other dialects.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> before broad consonants merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə/</span>, and vice versa. That is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə/</span> merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> before slender consonants.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ao⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯː]</span> for many speakers, but it often merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> especially in younger speech.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨eo(i)⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ó(i)⟩</span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span>, unless beside <span class="nowrap">⟨m, mh, n⟩</span> where they raise to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span>, the main realisation in other dialects, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fˠoːnˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpˠɔːkə/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fón póca</i></span> "mobile phone".</li> <li>Stressed <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)abha(i)⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)obh(a(i))⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)odh(a(i))⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)ogh(a(i))⟩</span> mainly represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əu/</span> as in the other dialects.</li> <li>Word final unstressed <span class="nowrap">⟨(e)adh⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> as in the other dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsˠauɾˠuː/</span> for <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">samhradh</i></span> "summer".</li> <li>Word final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əw/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨bh, (e)abh, mh, (e)amh⟩</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əj/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨(a)idh, (a)igh⟩</span> merge with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>, respectively, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈl̠ʲanˠuː/</span> a "baby", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdʲaːnˠuː/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">déanamh</i></span> "make", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsˠauɾˠiː/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">samhraidh</i></span> "summer (gen.)" and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbˠalʲiː/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bailigh</i></span> "collect". Both merge with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> in Connacht, while in Munster, they are realised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əvˠ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əɟ]</span>, respectively.</li> <li>According to Ó Dochartaigh (1987), the loss of final <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> "is a well-attested feature of Ulster Irish", e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fˠad̪ˠ]</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fˠad̪ˠə/</span> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fada</i></span> "long".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Ulster">East Ulster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East Ulster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences between the Western and Eastern sub-dialects of Ulster included the following: </p> <ul><li>In West Ulster and most of Ireland, the vowel written <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> (e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fear</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fʲaɾˠ]</span>), but in East Ulster it was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> (e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fear</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fʲɛɾˠ/</span> as it is in Scottish Gaelic (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɛɾ/</span>). J. J. Kneen comments that Scottish Gaelic and Manx generally follow the East Ulster pronunciation. The name <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán">Seán</a></i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɑːnˠ]</span> in Munster and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃæːnˠ]</span> in West Ulster, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃeːnˠ]</span> in East Ulster, whence anglicized spellings like <a href="/wiki/Shane_O%27Neill_(Irish_chieftain)" title="Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)">Shane O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenshane_Pass" title="Glenshane Pass">Glenshane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In East Ulster, <span class="nowrap">⟨th, ch⟩</span> in the middle of a word tended to vanish and leave one long syllable. William Neilson wrote that this happens "in most of the counties of Ulster, and the east of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neilson wrote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vˠ]</span>, especially at the beginning or end of a word "is still retained in the North of Ireland, as in Scotland, and the Isle of Man", whereas "throughout Connaught, Leinster and some counties of Ulster, the sound of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> is substituted". However, broad <span class="nowrap">⟨bh, mh⟩</span> may become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> in the middle of a word (for example in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leabhar</i></span> "book").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_mutations">Initial mutations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial mutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulster Irish has the same two <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">initial mutations</a>, lenition and eclipsis, as the other two dialects and the standard language, and mostly uses them the same way. There is, however, one exception: in Ulster, a <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> singular <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> is lenited (e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ar an chrann</i></span> "on the tree") (as is the case in Scottish and Manx), whereas in Connacht and Munster, it is eclipsed (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ar an gcrann</i></span>), except in the case of <i>den</i>, <i>don</i> and <i>insan</i>, where lenition occurs in literary language. Both possibilities are allowed for in the standard language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Irish_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish verbs">Irish verbs</a> are characterized by having a mixture of <i>analytic</i> forms (where information about <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>) and <i>synthetic</i> forms (where information about number is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. In Ulster and North Connacht the analytic forms are used in a variety of forms where the standard language has synthetic forms, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molann muid</i></span> "we praise" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molaimid</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">muid</i></span> being a back formation from the verbal ending <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-mid</i></span> and not found in the Munster dialect, which retains <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sinn</i></span> as the first person plural pronoun as do Scottish Gaelic and Manx) or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mholfadh siad</i></span> "they would praise" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mholfaidís</i></span>). The synthetic forms, including those no longer emphasised in the standard language, may be used in short answers to questions. </p><p>The 2nd conjugation future stem suffix in Ulster is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-óch-</i></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ah]</span>) rather than <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-ó-</i></span>, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beannóchaidh mé</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲan̪ˠahə<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲə]</span> "I will bless" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beannóidh mé</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲanoːj<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲeː]</span>). </p><p>Some irregular verbs have different forms in Ulster from those in the standard language. For example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">(gh)níom</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">independent form</a> only) "I do, make" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">déanaim</i></span>) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">rinn mé</i></span> "I did, made" (standard <i>rinne mé</i>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tchíom</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠ʲʃiːm]</span> (independent form only) "I see" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">feicim</i></span>, Southern <i>chím</i>, <i>cím</i> (independent form only))</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bheiream</i></span> "I give" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tugaim</i></span>, southern <i>bheirim</i> (independent only)), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní thabhram</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní thugaim</i></span> "I do not give" (standard only <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní thugaim</i></span>), and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhéarfaidh mé</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bheirfidh mé</i></span> "I will give" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tabharfaidh mé</i></span>, southern <i>bhéarfad</i>(independent form only))</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gheibhim</i></span> (independent form only) "I get" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faighim</i></span>), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní fhaighim</i></span> "I do not get"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">abraim</i></span> "I say, speak" (standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">deirim</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní abraim</i></span> "I do not say, speak", although <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">deir</i></span> is used to mean "I say" in a more general sense.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ulster the <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle (grammar)">particle</a> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cha</i></span> (before a vowel <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">chan</i></span>, in past tenses <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">char</i></span> - Scottish Gaelic/Manx <i>chan</i>, <i>cha do</i>) is sometimes used where other dialects use <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">níor</i></span>. The form is more common in the north of the Donegal Gaeltacht. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha</i></span> cannot be followed by the future tense: where it has a future meaning, it is followed by the habitual present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dónaill1977221_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dónaill1977221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Baoill200955_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Baoill200955-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It triggers a "mixed mutation": <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> are eclipsed, while other consonants are lenited. In some dialects however (Gweedore), <i>cha</i> eclipses all consonants, except b- in the forms of the verb "to be", and sometimes f-: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ulster</th> <th>Standard</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha dtuigim</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ní thuigim</i></span></td> <td>"I don't understand" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Chan fhuil sé</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha bhfuil sé</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Níl sé</i></span> (contracted from <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní fhuil sé</i></span>)</td> <td>"He isn't" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha bhíonn sé</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ní bheidh sé</i></span></td> <td>"He will not be" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha phógann muid</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha bpógann muid</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ní phógaimid</i></span></td> <td>"We do not kiss" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Chan ólfadh siad é</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ní ólfaidís é</i></span></td> <td>"They wouldn't drink it" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Char thuig mé thú</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Níor thuig mé thú</i></span></td> <td>"I didn't understand you" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Past Tense, some irregular verbs are lenited/eclipsed in the Interrogative/Negative that differ from the standard, due to the various particles that may be preferred: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Interrogative</th> <th>Negative</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An raibh tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha raibh mé</i></span></td> <td>"I was not" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An dtearn tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha dtearn mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not do, make" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An dteachaigh tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha dteachaigh mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not go" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An dtáinig tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha dtáinig mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not come" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An dtug tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cha dtug mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not give" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ar chuala tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Char chuala mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not hear" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ar dhúirt tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Char dhúirt mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not say" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An bhfuair tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Chan fhuair mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not get" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ar rug tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Char rug mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not catch, bear" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ar ith tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Char ith mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not eat" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ar chígh tú</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An bhfaca tú?</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Chan fhaca mé</i></span></td> <td>"I did not see" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ulster dialect uses the present tense of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> in certain cases where other dialects prefer to use the future indicative: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Suigh síos anseo ag mo thaobh, a Shéimí, go dtugaidh (dtabhairidh, dtabhraidh) mé comhairle duit agus go n-insidh mé mo scéal duit.</i></span></dd> <dd>Sit down here by my side, Jamie, till I give you some advice and tell you my story.</dd></dl> <p>The verbal noun can be used in subordinate clauses with a subject different from that of the main clause: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ba mhaith liom thú a ghabháil ann.</i></span></dd> <dd>I would like you to go there.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_speakers">Notable speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Ulster Irish dialect include <a href="/wiki/Maighread_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill">Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_N%C3%AD_Mhaonaigh" title="Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh">Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ise_Mhic_Ghrianna" title="Róise Mhic Ghrianna">Róise Mhic Ghrianna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig%C3%ADn_N%C3%AD_Uallach%C3%A1in" title="Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin">Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin</a>. </p><p>Notable Ulster Irish writers include <a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Micí Mac Gabhann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seosamh_Mac_Grianna" title="Seosamh Mac Grianna">Seosamh Mac Grianna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peadar_Toner_Mac_Fhionnlaoich" title="Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich">Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosslett_%C3%93_Cuinn" title="Cosslett Ó Cuinn">Cosslett Ó Cuinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_D%C3%B3naill" title="Niall Ó Dónaill">Niall Ó Dónaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Séamus Ó Grianna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Nolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian O'Nolan">Brian Ó Nualláin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colette_N%C3%AD_Ghallch%C3%B3ir" title="Colette Ní Ghallchóir">Colette Ní Ghallchóir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Duibhín199715–16_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÓ_Duibhín1997">Ó Duibhín 1997</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Paor" title="Louis de Paor">Louis de Paor</a> (2016), <i>Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books" title="Bloodaxe Books">Bloodaxe Books</a>. Page 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999111–16-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999111–16_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNí_Chasaide1999">Ní Chasaide 1999</a>, pp. 111–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Broin" class="citation web cs1">Ó Broin, Àdhamh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024322/http://www.adhamhobroin.scot/store/papers/140428_Essay_on_Dalriada_Gaelic.pdf">"Essay on Dalriada Gaelic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adhamhobroin.scot/store/papers/140428_Essay_on_Dalriada_Gaelic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essay+on+Dalriada+Gaelic&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Broin&rft.aufirst=%C3%80dhamh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adhamhobroin.scot%2Fstore%2Fpapers%2F140428_Essay_on_Dalriada_Gaelic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.placenamesni.org/resultsdetail.phtml?entry=17668">PlaceNames NI: Townland of Moyad Upper</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dónaill1977221-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Dónaill1977221_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÓ_Dónaill1977">Ó Dónaill 1977</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Baoill200955-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Baoill200955_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÓ_Baoill2009">Ó Baoill 2009</a>, p. 55.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFÓ_Baoill2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1974" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Noel (1974). <i>A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, Co. Donegal</i>. Studies in Irish Language and Literature. Vol. 3. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonetic+Study+of+the+Irish+of+Tory+Island%2C+Co.+Donegal&rft.place=Belfast&rft.series=Studies+in+Irish+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgins2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hodgins, Tom (2013). <i>Dea-Chaint John Ghráinne agus a chairde</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dea-Chaint+John+Ghr%C3%A1inne+agus+a+chairde&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hodgins&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, A. J. (2009). <i>An Ghaeilge ó Lá go Lá - Irish Day by Day</i>. Belfast: Ben Madigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542834-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9542834-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9542834-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge+%C3%B3+L%C3%A1+go+L%C3%A1+-+Irish+Day+by+Day&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Ben+Madigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9542834-6-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> (book & 2 CDs in the Ulster dialect)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation book cs1">—— (2016). <i>Basic Irish Conversation and Grammar - Bunchomhrá Gaeilge agus Gramadach</i>. Belfast: Ben Madigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542834-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9542834-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9542834-9-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Irish+Conversation+and+Grammar+-+Bunchomhr%C3%A1+Gaeilge+agus+Gramadach&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Ben+Madigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9542834-9-0&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> (book & 2 CDs in the Ulster dialect)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hughes, Art (1994). "Gaeilge Uladh". In McCone, Kim (ed.). <i>Stair na Gaeilge</i> (in Irish). Maigh Nuad: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaeilge+Uladh&rft.btitle=Stair+na+Gaeilge&rft.place=Maigh+Nuad&rft.pub=Roinn+na+Sean-Ghaeilge%2C+Col%C3%A1iste+Ph%C3%A1draig&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1979" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). <i>Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, Co. Donegal</i>. Studies in Irish Language and Literature. Vol. 5. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+Ros+Goill+Irish%2C+Co.+Donegal&rft.place=Belfast&rft.series=Studies+in+Irish+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLúcás1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lúcás, Leaslaoi U. (1986). de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (ed.). <i>Cnuasach focal as Ros Goill</i>. Deascán Foclóireachta (in Irish). Vol. 5. Baile Átha Cliath: Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnuasach+focal+as+Ros+Goill&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.series=Deasc%C3%A1n+Focl%C3%B3ireachta&rft.pub=Acadamh+R%C3%ADoga+na+h%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=L%C3%BAc%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Leaslaoi+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Congáil1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Congáil, Nollaig (1983). <i>Scríbhneoirí Thír Chonaill</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Foilseacháin Náisiúnta Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scr%C3%ADbhneoir%C3%AD+Th%C3%ADr+Chonaill&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Foilseach%C3%A1in+N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta+Teoranta&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mac+Cong%C3%A1il&rft.aufirst=Nollaig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Maoláin1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Maoláin, Seán (1933). <i>Cora Cainnte as Tír Ċonaill</i> (in Irish). Baile Áṫa Cliaṫ: Oifig Díolta Foillseaċáin Rialtais.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cora+Cainnte+as+T%C3%ADr+%C4%8Aonaill&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81%E1%B9%ABa+Clia%E1%B9%AB&rft.pub=Oifig+D%C3%ADolta+Foillsea%C4%8B%C3%A1in+Rialtais&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Mac+Maol%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNí_Chasaide1999" class="citation book cs1">Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1"><bdi>0-521-63751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=111-16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rft.aulast=N%C3%AD+Chasaide&rft.aufirst=Ailbhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1978" class="citation book cs1">Ó Baoill, Colm (1978). <i>Contributions to a Comparative Study of Ulster Irish & Scottish Gaelic</i>. Studies in Irish Language and Literature. Vol. 4. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+a+Comparative+Study+of+Ulster+Irish+%26+Scottish+Gaelic&rft.place=Belfast&rft.series=Studies+in+Irish+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=Colm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Baoill, Dónall P. (1996). <i>An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Uladh</i> (in Irish). Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946452-85-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-946452-85-7"><bdi>0-946452-85-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Teanga+Bheo%3A+Gaeilge+Uladh&rft.pub=Institi%C3%BAid+Teangeola%C3%ADochta+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-946452-85-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=D%C3%B3nall+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Corráin1989" class="citation book cs1">Ó Corráin, Ailbhe (1989). <i>A Concordance of Idiomatic Expressions in the Writings of Seamus Ó Grianna</i>. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concordance+of+Idiomatic+Expressions+in+the+Writings+of+Seamus+%C3%93+Grianna&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Corr%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Ailbhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Dónaill1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_D%C3%B3naill" title="Niall Ó Dónaill">Ó Dónaill, Niall</a> (1977). <i>Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla</i>. Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaeilge-B%C3%A9arla&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=%C3%93+D%C3%B3naill&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Dochartaigh1987" class="citation book cs1">Ó Dochartaigh, Cathair (1987). <i>Dialects of Ulster Irish</i>. Studies in Irish Language and Literature. Vol. 7. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialects+of+Ulster+Irish&rft.place=Belfast&rft.series=Studies+in+Irish+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Dochartaigh&rft.aufirst=Cathair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Duibhín1997" class="citation book cs1">Ó Duibhín, Ciarán (1997). "The Irish Language in County Down". In Proudfoot, L J (ed.). <i>Down: History & Society</i>. Geography Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Language+in+County+Down&rft.btitle=Down%3A+History+%26+Society&rft.pub=Geography+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Duibh%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Ciar%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hAirt1993" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó hAirt, Diarmuid, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.eircom.net/~gfg/index.htm">"Cnuasach Conallach: A Computerized Dictionary of Donegal Irish"</a> (in Irish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cnuasach+Conallach%3A+A+Computerized+Dictionary+of+Donegal+Irish&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.eircom.net%2F~gfg%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hEochaidh1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó hEochaidh, Seán (1955). <i>Sean-chainnt Theilinn</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Institiúid Ard-Léighinn Bhaile Átha Cliath.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sean-chainnt+Theilinn&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Institi%C3%BAid+Ard-L%C3%A9ighinn+Bhaile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=%C3%93+hEochaidh&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUí_Bheirn1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uí Bheirn, Úna M. (1989). de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (ed.). <i>Cnuasach Focal as Teileann</i>. Deascán Foclóireachta (in Irish). Vol. 8. Baile Átha Cliath: Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnuasach+Focal+as+Teileann&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.series=Deasc%C3%A1n+Focl%C3%B3ireachta&rft.pub=Acadamh+R%C3%ADoga+na+h%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=U%C3%AD+Bheirn&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Ana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagner, Heinrich (1959). <i>Gaeilge Theilinn: Foghraidheacht, Gramadach, Téacsanna</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Institiúid Árd-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaeilge+Theilinn%3A+Foghraidheacht%2C+Gramadach%2C+T%C3%A9acsanna&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Institi%C3%BAid+%C3%81rd-L%C3%A9inn+Bhaile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">—— (1958). <i>Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects</i>. Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901282-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901282-05-7"><bdi>0-901282-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Atlas+and+Survey+of+Irish+Dialects&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-901282-05-7&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerÓ_Baoill1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">——; Ó Baoill, Colm (1969). <i>Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects</i>. Vol. IV. The Dialects of Ulster and the Isle of Man, Specimens of Scottish Gaelic Dialects, Phonetic Texts of East Ulster Irish. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901282-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901282-05-7"><bdi>0-901282-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Atlas+and+Survey+of+Irish+Dialects&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-901282-05-7&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=%C3%93+Baoill%2C+Colm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgins2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hodgins, Tom (2007). <i><span></span>'Rhetoric of Beauty': An Slabhra gan Bhriseadh - Filíocht, Seanchas agus Cuimhní Cinn as Rann na Feirste</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Rhetoric+of+Beauty%27%3A+An+Slabhra+gan+Bhriseadh+-+Fil%C3%ADocht%2C+Seanchas+agus+Cuimhn%C3%AD+Cinn+as+Rann+na+Feirste&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hodgins&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [Rannafast]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_a'_Bhaird2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac a' Bhaird, Proinsias (2002). <i>Cogar san Fharraige. Scéim na Scol in Árainn Mhóir, 1937-1938</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cogar+san+Fharraige.+Sc%C3%A9im+na+Scol+in+%C3%81rainn+Mh%C3%B3ir%2C+1937-1938&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mac+a%27+Bhaird&rft.aufirst=Proinsias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Arranmore Island]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Cionaoith2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Cionaoith, Maeleachlainn (2005). <i>Seanchas Rann na Feirste: Is fann guth an éin a labhras leis féin</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanchas+Rann+na+Feirste%3A+Is+fann+guth+an+%C3%A9in+a+labhras+leis+f%C3%A9in&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mac+Cionaoith&rft.aufirst=Maeleachlainn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Rannafast]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Cumhaill1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Cumhaill, Fionn (1974). <i>Gura Slán le m'Óige</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gura+Sl%C3%A1n+le+m%27%C3%93ige&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mac+Cumhaill&rft.aufirst=Fionn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Cumhaill1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1997). <i>Na Rosa go Brách</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Rosa+go+Br%C3%A1ch&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mac+Cumhaill&rft.aufirst=Fionn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Cumhaill1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1998). <i>Slán Leat, a Mhaicín. Úrscéal do Dhaoine Óga</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sl%C3%A1n+Leat%2C+a+Mhaic%C3%ADn.+%C3%9Arsc%C3%A9al+do+Dhaoine+%C3%93ga&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mac+Cumhaill&rft.aufirst=Fionn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Fhionnlaoich1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Fhionnlaoich, Seán (1983). <i>Scéal Ghaoth Dobhair</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Foilseacháin Náisiúnta Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A9al+Ghaoth+Dobhair&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Foilseach%C3%A1in+N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta+Teoranta&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mac+Fhionnlaoich&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [local history, Gweedore]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_GabhannÓ_hEochaidh1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Mac Gabhann, Micí</a>; <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_hEochaidh" title="Seán Ó hEochaidh">Ó hEochaidh, Seán</a> (1959). Ó Conluain, Proinsias (ed.). <i>Rotha Mór an tSaoil</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Foilseacháin Náisiúnta Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotha+M%C3%B3r+an+tSaoil&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Foilseach%C3%A1in+N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta+Teoranta&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Mac+Gabhann&rft.aufirst=Mic%C3%AD&rft.au=%C3%93+hEochaidh%2C+Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [autobiography, Ulster]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Giolla_DomhnaighStockman1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Giolla Domhnaigh, Gearóid; Stockman, Gearóid, eds. (1991). <i>Athchló Uladh</i> (in Irish). Comhaltas Uladh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athchl%C3%B3+Uladh&rft.pub=Comhaltas+Uladh&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, East Ulster: Antrim, Rathlin Island]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Giolla_Easbuic2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Giolla Easbuic, Mícheál, ed. (2008). <i>Ón tSeanam Anall: Scéalta Mhicí Bháin Uí Bheirn</i> (in Irish). Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnachta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%93n+tSeanam+Anall%3A+Sc%C3%A9alta+Mhic%C3%AD+Bh%C3%A1in+U%C3%AD+Bheirn&rft.place=Indreabh%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Iar-Chonnachta&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [Kilcar]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Grianna1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Seosamh_Mac_Grianna" title="Seosamh Mac Grianna">Mac Grianna, Seosamh</a> (1936). <i>Pádraic Ó Conaire agus Aistí Eile</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1draic+%C3%93+Conaire+agus+Aist%C3%AD+Eile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+D%C3%ADolta+Foillseach%C3%A1in+Rialtais&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Mac+Grianna&rft.aufirst=Seosamh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [essays, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Grianna1940" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1940). <i>Mo Bhealach Féin agus Dá mBíodh Ruball ar an Éan</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mo+Bhealach+F%C3%A9in+agus+D%C3%A1+mB%C3%ADodh+Ruball+ar+an+%C3%89an&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Mac+Grianna&rft.aufirst=Seosamh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [autobiography, unfinished novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Grianna1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1969). <i>An Druma Mór</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Druma+M%C3%B3r&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mac+Grianna&rft.aufirst=Seosamh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLennan1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">MacLennan, Gordon W. (1997). Harrison, Alan; Crook, Máiri Elena (eds.). <i>Seanchas Annie Bhán: The Lore of Annie Bhán</i> (in Irish and English). Translated by Harrison, Alan; Crook, Máiri Elena. Seanchas Annie Bhán Publication Committee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898473846" title="Special:BookSources/1898473846"><bdi>1898473846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanchas+Annie+Bh%C3%A1n%3A+The+Lore+of+Annie+Bh%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Seanchas+Annie+Bh%C3%A1n+Publication+Committee&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1898473846&rft.aulast=MacLennan&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Rannafast]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Meanman1940" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1940). Ó Cnáimhsí, Séamus (ed.). <i>Mám as mo mhála</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1m+as+mo+mh%C3%A1la&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Mac+Meanman&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+B%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Meanman1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mac Meanman, Seán Bán (1989). —— (ed.). <i>Cnuasach Céad Conlach</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnuasach+C%C3%A9ad+Conlach&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mac+Meanman&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+B%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Meanman1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1990). —— (ed.). <i>An Chéad Mhám</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ch%C3%A9ad+Mh%C3%A1m&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mac+Meanman&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+B%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Meanman1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1992). —— (ed.). <i>An Tríú Mám</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Tr%C3%AD%C3%BA+M%C3%A1m&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Mac+Meanman&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+B%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [essays]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Seáin1973" class="citation book cs1">Mac Seáin, Pádraig (1973). <i>Ceolta Theilinn</i>. Studies in Irish Language and Literature. Vol. 1. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceolta+Theilinn&rft.place=Belfast&rft.series=Studies+in+Irish+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Mac+Se%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlincheyKavanagh2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McGlinchey, Charles; Kavanagh, Patrick (2002). Kavanagh, Desmond; Mac Congáil, Nollaig (eds.). <i>An Fear Deireanach den tSloinneadh</i> (in Irish). Galway: Arlen House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Fear+Deireanach+den+tSloinneadh&rft.place=Galway&rft.pub=Arlen+House&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McGlinchey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [autobiography, Inishowen]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNí_Bhaoill2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ní Bhaoill, Róise, ed. (2010). <i>Ulster Gaelic Voices: Bailiúchán Doegen 1931</i> (in Irish and English). Béal Feirste: Iontaobhas Ultach.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulster+Gaelic+Voices%3A+Baili%C3%BAch%C3%A1n+Doegen+1931&rft.place=B%C3%A9al+Feirste&rft.pub=Iontaobhas+Ultach&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNic_Aodháin1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nic Aodháin, Medhbh Fionnuala, ed. (1993). <i>Báitheadh iadsan agus tháinig mise</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%A1itheadh+iadsan+agus+th%C3%A1inig+mise&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [legends, Tyrconnell]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNic_Giolla_Bhríde1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nic Giolla Bhríde, Cáit (1996). <i>Stairsheanchas Ghaoth Dobhair</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stairsheanchas+Ghaoth+Dobhair&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nic+Giolla+Bhr%C3%ADde&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A1it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [history, folklore, memoirs, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Baoighill, Pádraig (1993). <i>An Coileach Troda agus scéalta eile</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Coileach+Troda+agus+sc%C3%A9alta+eile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1994). <i>Cuimhní ar Dhochartaigh Ghleann Fhinne</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuimhn%C3%AD+ar+Dhochartaigh+Ghleann+Fhinne&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [biography, essays, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1994). <i>Óglach na Rosann : Niall Pluincéad Ó Baoighill</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%93glach+na+Rosann+%3A+Niall+Pluinc%C3%A9ad+%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [life story, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1998). <i>Nally as Maigh Eo</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nally+as+Maigh+Eo&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [biography, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2000). <i>Gaeltacht Thír Chonaill - Ó Ghleann go Fánaid</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaeltacht+Th%C3%ADr+Chonaill+-+%C3%93+Ghleann+go+F%C3%A1naid&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [local tradition, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_BaoighillÓ_Baoill2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——; Ó Baoill, Mánus, eds. (2001). <i>Amhráin Hiúdaí Fheilimí agus Laoithe Fiannaíochta as Rann na Feirste</i> (in Irish). Muineachán: Preas Uladh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amhr%C3%A1in+Hi%C3%BAda%C3%AD+Fheilim%C3%AD+agus+Laoithe+Fianna%C3%ADochta+as+Rann+na+Feirste&rft.place=Muineach%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Preas+Uladh&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2001). <i>Srathóg Feamnaí agus Scéalta Eile</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srath%C3%B3g+Feamna%C3%AD+agus+Sc%C3%A9alta+Eile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2003). <i>Ceann Tìre/Earraghàidheal: Ár gComharsanaigh Ghaelacha</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceann+T%C3%ACre%2FEarragh%C3%A0idheal%3A+%C3%81r+gComharsanaigh+Ghaelacha&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [travel book]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2004). <i>Gasúr Beag Bhaile na gCreach</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas%C3%BAr+Beag+Bhaile+na+gCreach&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoighill&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoighill2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——, ed. (2005). <i>Faoi Scáth na Mucaise: Béaloideas Ghaeltachtaí Imeallacha Thír Chonaill</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faoi+Sc%C3%A1th+na+Mucaise%3A+B%C3%A9aloideas+Ghaeltachta%C3%AD+Imeallacha+Th%C3%ADr+Chonaill&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Baoill, Dónall P., ed. (1992). <i>Amach as Ucht na Sliabh</i> (in Irish). Vol. 1. Cumann Staire agus Seanchais Ghaoth Dobhair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amach+as+Ucht+na+Sliabh&rft.pub=Cumann+Staire+agus+Seanchais+Ghaoth+Dobhair&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——, ed. (1996). <i>Amach as Ucht na Sliabh</i> (in Irish). Vol. 2. Cumann Staire agus Seanchais Ghaoth Dobhair i gcomhar le Comharchumann Forbartha Ghaoth Dobhair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amach+as+Ucht+na+Sliabh&rft.pub=Cumann+Staire+agus+Seanchais+Ghaoth+Dobhair+i+gcomhar+le+Comharchumann+Forbartha+Ghaoth+Dobhair&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Gweedore] [folklore, Gweedore]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Baoill, Micí Sheáin Néill (1956). Mag Uidhir, Seosamh (ed.). <i>Maith Thú, A Mhicí</i> (in Irish). Béal Feirste: Irish News Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maith+Th%C3%BA%2C+A+Mhic%C3%AD&rft.place=B%C3%A9al+Feirste&rft.pub=Irish+News+Teoranta&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=Mic%C3%AD+She%C3%A1in+N%C3%A9ill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Rannafast]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Baoill, Micí Sheáin Néill (1983). Ó Searcaigh, Lorcán (ed.). <i>Lá De na Laethaibh</i> (in Irish). Muineachán: Cló Oirghialla.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A1+De+na+Laethaibh&rft.place=Muineach%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Oirghialla&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=Mic%C3%AD+She%C3%A1in+N%C3%A9ill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Rannafast]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Colm1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Colm, Eoghan (1971). <i>Toraigh na dTonn</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Foilseacháin Náisiúnta Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toraigh+na+dTonn&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Foilseach%C3%A1in+N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta+Teoranta&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Colm&rft.aufirst=Eoghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [memoirs and local history, Tory Island/Magheroarty]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cuinn1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cosslett_%C3%93_Cuinn" title="Cosslett Ó Cuinn">Ó Cuinn, Cosslett</a> (1990). Ó Canainn, Aodh; Watson, Seosamh (eds.). <i>Scian A Caitheadh le Toinn : Scéalta agus amhráin as Inis Eoghain agus cuimhne ar Ghaeltacht Iorrais</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scian+A+Caitheadh+le+Toinn+%3A+Sc%C3%A9alta+agus+amhr%C3%A1in+as+Inis+Eoghain+agus+cuimhne+ar+Ghaeltacht+Iorrais&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cuinn&rft.aufirst=Cosslett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore, Tír Eoghain]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Donaill1940" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Donaill, Eoghan (1940). <i>Scéal Hiúdaí Sheáinín</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A9al+Hi%C3%BAda%C3%AD+She%C3%A1in%C3%ADn&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Donaill&rft.aufirst=Eoghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [biography, folklore, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Donaill1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Donaill, Niall (1942). <i>Seanchas na Féinne</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanchas+na+F%C3%A9inne&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Donaill&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [mythology, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Donaill1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1974). <i>Na Glúnta Rosannacha</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Gl%C3%BAnta+Rosannacha&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Donaill&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [local history, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Duibheannaigh2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Duibheannaigh, John Ghráinne (2008). <i>An áit a n-ólann an t-uan an bainne</i> (in Irish). Béal Feirste: Cló na Seaneagliase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9558388-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9558388-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9558388-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+%C3%A1it+a+n-%C3%B3lann+an+t-uan+an+bainne&rft.place=B%C3%A9al+Feirste&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+na+Seaneagliase&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9558388-0-4&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Duibheannaigh&rft.aufirst=John+Ghr%C3%A1inne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [Rannafast] (book & 1 CD in the Ulster dialect)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Gallachóir2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Gallachóir, Pádraig (2008). <i>Seachrán na Mic Uí gCorra</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seachr%C3%A1n+na+Mic+U%C3%AD+gCorra&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gallach%C3%B3ir&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Gallchóir1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Gallchóir, Tomás (1996). <i>Séimidh agus Scéalta Eile</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9imidh+agus+Sc%C3%A9alta+Eile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gallch%C3%B3ir&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Ó Grianna, Séamus</a> (1924). <i>Caisleáin Óir</i> (in Irish). Sráid Bhaile Dúin Dealgan: Preas Dhún Dealgan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caisle%C3%A1in+%C3%93ir&rft.place=Sr%C3%A1id+Bhaile+D%C3%BAin+Dealgan&rft.pub=Preas+Dh%C3%BAn+Dealgan&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1942). <i>Nuair a Bhí Mé Óg</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Clólucht an Talbóidigh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuair+a+Bh%C3%AD+M%C3%A9+%C3%93g&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3lucht+an+Talb%C3%B3idigh&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [autobiography, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1961). <i>Cúl le Muir agus Scéalta Eile</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%BAl+le+Muir+agus+Sc%C3%A9alta+Eile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1968). <i>An Sean-Teach</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Sean-Teach&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Oifig+an+tSol%C3%A1thair&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1976). <i>Cith is Dealán</i> (in Irish). Corcaigh: Cló Mercier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cith+is+Deal%C3%A1n&rft.place=Corcaigh&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Mercier&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1983). <i>Tairngreacht Mhiseoige</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tairngreacht+Mhiseoige&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1993). <i>Cora Cinniúna</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85791-0737" title="Special:BookSources/1-85791-0737"><bdi>1-85791-0737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cora+Cinni%C3%BAna&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85791-0737&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [short stories, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2002). Mac Congáil, Nollaig (ed.). <i>Castar na Daoine ar a Chéile</i>. Scríbhinní Mháire (in Irish). Vol. 1. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castar+na+Daoine+ar+a+Ch%C3%A9ile&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.series=Scr%C3%ADbhinn%C3%AD+Mh%C3%A1ire&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [novel, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Grianna2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2003). — (ed.). <i>Na Blianta Corracha</i>. Scríbhinní Mháire (in Irish). Vol. 2. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Blianta+Corracha&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.series=Scr%C3%ADbhinn%C3%AD+Mh%C3%A1ire&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Grianna&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Laighin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Laighin, Donnchadh C. (2004). <i>An Bealach go Dún Ulún</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9024208-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9024208-2-0"><bdi>978-1-9024208-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Bealach+go+D%C3%BAn+Ul%C3%BAn&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Coisc%C3%A9im&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-9024208-2-0&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Laighin&rft.aufirst=Donnchadh+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [Kilcar]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Muirgheasa1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nr%C3%AD_%C3%93_Muirgheasa" title="Énrí Ó Muirgheasa">Ó Muirgheasa, Énrí</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seanfhoclauladh00muuoft/"><i>Seanfhocla Uladh</i></a> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Connradh na Gaedhilge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanfhocla+Uladh&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=Connradh+na+Gaedhilge&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Muirgheasa&rft.aufirst=%C3%89nr%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseanfhoclauladh00muuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [folklore]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Searcaigh1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Ó Searcaigh, Cathal</a> (1993). <i>An Bealach 'na Bhaile</i>. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnachta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Bealach+%27na+Bhaile&rft.place=Indreabh%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Iar-Chonnachta&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Searcaigh&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Searcaigh2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2004). <i>Seal i Neipeal</i> (in Irish). Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnachta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902420608" title="Special:BookSources/1902420608"><bdi>1902420608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seal+i+Neipeal&rft.place=Indreabh%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Iar-Chonnachta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1902420608&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Searcaigh&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [travel book, Gortahork]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Searcaigh1945" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1945). <i>Laochas: Scéalta as an tSeanlitríocht</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laochas%3A+Sc%C3%A9alta+as+an+tSeanlitr%C3%ADocht&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Searcaigh&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [mythology, the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Searcaigh1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1997). <i>Beatha Cholm Cille</i> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatha+Cholm+Cille&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Searcaigh&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [the Rosses]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUa_Cnáimhsí1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ua Cnáimhsí, Pádraig (1997). Grae, Micheál (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idirdaghaothsc00uacn/"><i>Idir an Dá Ghaoth: Scéal Mhuintir na Rosann</i></a> (in Irish). Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86289-073-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86289-073-X"><bdi>0-86289-073-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idir+an+D%C3%A1+Ghaoth%3A+Sc%C3%A9al+Mhuintir+na+Rosann&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.pub=S%C3%A1irs%C3%A9al+%C3%93+Marcaigh&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86289-073-X&rft.aulast=Ua+Cn%C3%A1imhs%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidirdaghaothsc00uacn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+Irish" class="Z3988"></span> [local history, the Rosses]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Irish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dialect_of_Donegal" class="extiw" title="wikisource:A Dialect of Donegal">A Dialect of Donegal</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~oduibhin/">Gaelic resources focusing on Ulster Irish</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Irish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/ulsteririshstudy/">A Yahoo group for learners of Ulster Irish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221624/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/ulsteririshstudy/">Archived</a> 2013-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oideas-gael.com/en/">Oideas Gael</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Glencolmcille" title="Glencolmcille">Glencolmcille</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rannnafeirste.com/">The Spoken Irish of Rann na Feirste</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht na Gaillimhe</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_City_Gaeltacht" title="Galway City Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht Chathair na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cois_Fharraige" title="Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Theas" title="Conamara Theas">Conamara Theas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Country" title="Joyce Country">Dúiche Sheoigheach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Oileáin Árann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceantar_na_nOile%C3%A1n" title="Ceantar na nOileán">Ceantar na nOileán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Iorrais_agus_Acaill" title="Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill">Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chiarraí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Corca_Dhuibhne" title="Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne">Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Gaeltacht Uíbh Ráthach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chorcaí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Múscraí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Oileán Chléire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_na_nD%C3%A9ise" title="Gaeltacht na nDéise">Gaeltacht na nDéise</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">Rinn Ó gCuanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parish" title="Old Parish">An tSean Phobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leinster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gaeltacht_Chontae_na_MíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text_(Meath)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae na Mí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1th_Chairn" title="Ráth Chairn">Ráth Chairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baile_Ghib" title="Baile Ghib">Baile Ghib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nua-GhaeltachtaíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Nua-Ghaeltachtaí</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_network" title="Irish language network">Irish language network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gaeltacht" title="Neo-Gaeltacht">Neo-Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">An Cheathrú Ghaeltachta</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_North_American_Gaeltacht" title="Permanent North American Gaeltacht">Permanent North American Gaeltacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltarra_%C3%89ireann" title="Gaeltarra Éireann">Gaeltarra Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimisi%C3%BAn_na_Gaeltachta" title="Coimisiún na Gaeltachta">Coimisiún na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_Raidi%C3%B3_Chonamara" title="Saor Raidió Chonamara">Saor Raidió Chonamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadamh_na_hOllscola%C3%ADochta_Gaeilge" title="Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge">Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe" title="Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe">Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluaiseacht_Chearta_Sibhialta_na_Gaeltachta" title="Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta">Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muintir_na_Gaeltachta" title="Muintir na Gaeltachta">Muintir na Gaeltachta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_an_t%C3%AD" title="Bean an tí">Bean an tí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Act_2012" title="Gaeltacht Act 2012">Gaeltacht Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_service_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeltacht service town">Gaeltacht service town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_2003" title="Official Languages Act 2003">Official Languages Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_language" title="Template:Irish language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_language" title="Template talk:Irish language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Goidelic">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociolinguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-speaking_people" title="List of Irish-speaking people">List of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilgeoirí</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Outside Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/English_loanwords_in_Irish" title="English loanwords in Irish">Béarlachas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Initial mutations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">Dependent and independent forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_lexicography" title="Irish lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_language_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Comhar" title="Comhar">Comhar</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Feasta" title="Feasta">Feasta</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_tUltach" title="An tUltach">An tUltach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3s" title="Nós">Nós</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Gael" title="An Gael">An Gael</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Seachtain</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAla_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúla 4">Cúla 4</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_One" title="RTÉ One">RTÉ One</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Nuacht_RT%C3%89" title="Nuacht RTÉ">Nuacht RTÉ</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Two Northern Ireland">BBC Two NI</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVTV" title="NVTV">NVTV</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_R%C3%AD-R%C3%A1" title="Raidió Rí-Rá">Raidió Rí-Rá</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Na_Life" title="Raidió Na Life">Raidió Na Life</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_F%C3%A1ilte" title="Raidió Fáilte">Raidió Fáilte</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Blas_(Radio_Ulster)" title="Blas (Radio Ulster)">Blas</a></i></span>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_Iar-Chonnacht" title="Cló Iar-Chonnacht">Cló Iar-Chonnacht</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coisc%C3%A9im" title="Coiscéim">Coiscéim</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Texts_Society" title="Irish Texts Society">Irish Texts Society</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1irs%C3%A9al_agus_Dill" title="Sáirséal agus Dill">Sáirséal agus Dill</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3r_na_nGael" title="Glór na nGael">Glór na nGael</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Cert Irish</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge" title="Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge">Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Personal and family names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_given_names" title="List of Irish-language given names">List of personal names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_language" title="Category:Irish language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaelic_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaelic_literature" title="Template:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaelic_literature" title="Template talk:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaelic_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaelic_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Scottish Gaelic Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Gaelic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_Breathnach" title="Mícheál Breathnach">Mícheál Breathnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Breathnach_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pádraig Breathnach (writer)">Pádraic Breathnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Bhaldraithe" title="Tomás de Bhaldraithe">Tomás de Bhaldraithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3nall_Mac_Amhlaigh" title="Dónall Mac Amhlaigh">Dónall Mac Amhlaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mac_Con_Iomaire" title="Liam Mac Con Iomaire">Liam Mac Con Iomaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_%C3%93_Conaola" title="Dara Ó Conaola">Dara Ó Conaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Conghaile_(writer)" title="Micheál Ó Conghaile (writer)">Mícheál Ó Conghaile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_O%27Flaherty" title="Liam O'Flaherty">Liam Ó Flaithearta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Diarmuid Ó Gráinne">Diarmuid Ó Gráinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_hEithir" title="Breandán Ó hEithir">Breandán Ó hEithir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Steve_%C3%93_Neachtain" title="Joe Steve Ó Neachtain">Joe Steve Ó Neachtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annraoi_%C3%93_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Annraoi Ó Liatháin">Annraoi Ó Liatháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitl%C3%ADn_Maude" title="Caitlín Maude">Caitlín Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Muir%C3%AD" title="Daithí Ó Muirí">Daithí Ó Muirí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doireann_N%C3%AD_Ghr%C3%ADofa" title="Doireann Ní Ghríofa">Doireann Ní Ghríofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhlaoibh_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin">Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Flower" title="Robin Flower">Bláithín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_O%27Crohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas O'Crohan">Tomás Ó Criomhthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peig_Sayers" title="Peig Sayers">Peig Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiris_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Muiris Ó Súilleabháin">Muiris Ó Súilleabháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_%C3%93_Laoghaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Peadar Ó Laoghaire">Peadar Ó Laoghaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Pádraig Ó Duinnín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Fiannachta" title="Pádraig Ó Fiannachta">Pádraig Ó Fiannachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Siochfhradha" title="Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha">Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Siochfhradha" title="Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha">Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Math%C3%BAna" title="Seán Mac Mathúna">Seán Mac Mathúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidhc_Dain%C3%ADn_%C3%93_S%C3%A9" title="Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé">Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Tyers" title="Pádraig Tyers">Pádraig Tyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulster Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_Toner_Mac_Fhionnlaoich" title="Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich">Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Micí Mac Gabhann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seosamh_Mac_Grianna" title="Seosamh Mac Grianna">Seosamh Mac Grianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosslett_%C3%93_Cuinn" title="Cosslett Ó Cuinn">Cosslett Ó Cuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_D%C3%B3naill" title="Niall Ó Dónaill">Niall Ó Dónaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Séamus Ó Grianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Brian Ó Nualláin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_an_Bheatha" title="Proinsias Mac an Bheatha">Proinsias Mac an Bheatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Bateman" title="Meg Bateman">Meg Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Peter_Campbell" title="Angus Peter Campbell">Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoilios_Caimbeul" title="Maoilios Caimbeul">Maoilios Caimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catr%C3%ACona_Lexy_Chaimbeul" title="Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul">Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Chor%C3%B9na" title="Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna">Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_MacAmhlaigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dòmhnall MacAmhlaigh">Dòmhnall MacAmhlaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" title="Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_B%C3%A0n_Mac_an_t-Saoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir">Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Mac_Fhearchair" title="Iain Mac Fhearchair">Iain Mac Fhearchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacPherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary MacPherson">Màiri Mhòr nan Òran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_MacLachlan" title="Ewen MacLachlan">Eoghan MacLachlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacDonald_(poet)" title="Allan MacDonald (poet)">Ailein MacDhòmhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Somhairle MacGill-Eain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Hay" title="George Campbell Hay">Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Thomson" title="Derick Thomson">Ruaraidh MacThòmais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Crichton_Smith" title="Iain Crichton Smith">Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aonghas_MacNeacail" title="Aonghas MacNeacail">Aonghas MacNeacail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Celtic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_other_languages_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the other languages of Britain">Literature in the other languages of Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connachta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connachta" title="Template:Connachta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connachta" title="Template talk:Connachta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connachta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds<br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bri%C3%BAin" title="Uí Briúin">Uí Briúin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Don_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Roe_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair_Sligigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair Sligigh">O'Conor Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Muircheartaigh_U%C3%AD_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair">Murtagh O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraghty" title="Geraghty">MacGeraghty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnerty" title="Finnerty">O'Finnerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tighe_(surname)" title="Tighe (surname)">O'Teige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanagan_(surname)" title="Flanagan (surname)">O'Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Diarmada" title="Mac Diarmada">MacDermot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonagh" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonagh">MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacManus" title="MacManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Beirne" title="O'Beirne">O'Beirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Flaithbheartaigh" title="Ó Flaithbheartaigh">O'Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rourke" title="O'Rourke">O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly" title="O'Reilly">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Malley_(surname)" title="O'Malley (surname)">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGovern_(name)" title="McGovern (name)">MacGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKiernan_Clan" title="McKiernan Clan">MacKiernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Siorad%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Sioradáin">O'Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach" title="Uí Fiachrach">Uí Fiachrach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McClellan" title="McClellan">MacClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hynes" title="Hynes">O'Heyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy" title="O'Shaughnessy">O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahill" title="Cahill">O'Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dowd" title="O'Dowd">O'Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Fhirbhisigh" title="Mac Fhirbhisigh">MacFirbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Coyne" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Coyne">O'Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Carney" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Carney">O'Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Towey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Towey">O'Towey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Gaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Gaughan">O'Gaughan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_Conaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél Conaill">Cenél <br />Conaill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Doherty_family" title="O'Doherty family">O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boyle_family" title="O'Boyle family">O'Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_family" title="Gallagher family">O'Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél <br />nEógain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Lochlainn" title="Mac Lochlainn">MacLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacNeil" title="Clan MacNeil">MacNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Sweeney" title="Clan Sweeney">MacSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Lamont" title="Clan Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Ewen_of_Otter" title="Clan Ewen of Otter">MacEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">O'Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly_(surname)" title="Donnelly (surname)">O'Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormley" title="Gormley">O'Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunney" title="Lunney">O'Lunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hagan" title="O'Hagan">O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_(surname)" title="Quinn (surname)">O'Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_h%C3%81dhmaill" title="Ó hÁdhmaill">O'Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaul" title="McCaul">MacCaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Southern Uí Néill">Southern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in" title="Clann Cholmáin">Clann Cholmáin</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Síl nÁedo Sláine">Síl nÁedo Sláine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Melaghlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Melaghlin">O'Melaghlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molloy" title="Molloy">O'Molloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoghegan" title="Geoghegan">MacGeoghegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Higgins_family" title="O'Higgins family">O'Higgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCary" title="McCary">MacCary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Amhlaoibh_and_Mac_Amhalghaidh_(Irish_septs)" title="Mac Amhlaoibh and Mac Amhalghaidh (Irish septs)">MacAuley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cana" title="Mac Cana">MacCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cearbhaill" title="Mac Cearbhaill">MacCarroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguire_family" title="Maguire family">MacGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McManus" title="McManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaffrey" title="McCaffrey">McCaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">MacRory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulrooney" title="Mulrooney">O'Mulrooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_(surname)" title="Monaghan (surname)">O'Monaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Loughlin" title="O'Loughlin">O'Leighnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Heany" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Heany">O'Heany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boylan" title="O'Boylan">O'Boylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanratty" title="Hanratty">O'Hanratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_hAnluain" title="Ó hAnluain">O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rogan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Rogan">O'Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Garvey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Garvey">O'Garvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Ceallaigh" title="Ó Ceallaigh">O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Domhnall%C3%A1in" title="Ó Domhnalláin">O'Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Houlihan_(dynasty)" title="O'Houlihan (dynasty)">O'Houlihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madadhan" title="Madadhan">O'Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Downey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Downey">O'Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">O'Concannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Duibhgeann%C3%A1in" title="Ó Duibhgeannáin">O'Duigenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naughton" title="Naughton">O'Naughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullally" title="Mullally">O'Mullally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Mac Aodhagáin">MacEgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_(surname)" title="Kearney (surname)">O'Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Ó Maolconaire">O'Mulconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cuindlis" title="Ó Cuindlis">Ó Cuindlis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Tuirmech_Temrach" title="Óengus Tuirmech Temrach">Óengus Tuirmech Temrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nna_Aignech" title="Énna Aignech">Énna Aignech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Feidlech" title="Eochu Feidlech">Eochu Feidlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Airem" title="Eochu Airem">Eochu Airem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findemna" title="Findemna">Findemna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothru" title="Clothru">Clothru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid_Riab_nDerg" title="Lugaid Riab nDerg">Lugaid Riab nDerg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_Nia_N%C3%A1ir" title="Crimthann Nia Náir">Crimthann Nia Náir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feradach_Finnfechtnach" title="Feradach Finnfechtnach">Feradach Finnfechtnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADachu_Finnolach" title="Fíachu Finnolach">Fíachu Finnolach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_Techtmar" title="Túathal Techtmar">Túathal Techtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedlimid_Rechtmar" title="Fedlimid Rechtmar">Fedlimid Rechtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_mac_Cuinn" title="Art mac Cuinn">Art mac Cuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Gráinne">Gráinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairbre_Lifechair" title="Cairbre Lifechair">Cairbre Lifechair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADacha_Sroiptine" title="Fíacha Sroiptine">Fíacha Sroiptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach_Tirech" title="Muiredach Tirech">Muiredach Tirech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Collas" title="The Three Collas">Colla Uais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_Mugmedon" title="Eochaid Mugmedon">Eochaid Mugmedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n_of_Dunkeld" title="Crínán of Dunkeld">Crínán of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ua_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Ua Néill">Brian Ua Néill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Finn and Gráinne">Finn and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne">The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_Castle" title="Donegal Castle">Donegal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongavlin_Castle" title="Mongavlin Castle">Mongavlin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyhogue_Fort" title="Tullyhogue Fort">Tullyhogue Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonalis_House" title="Clonalis House">Clonalis House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Creadran_Cille" title="Battle of Creadran Cille">Creadran Cille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knockavoe" title="Battle of Knockavoe">Knockavoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glentaisie" title="Battle of Glentaisie">Glentaisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Fiachrach_Suighe" title="Dal Fiachrach Suighe">Dal Fiachrach Suighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Connacht" title="List of kings of Connacht">Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailech">Ailech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clandeboye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">West Breifne</a></li> <li><a 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