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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Надеждност на софтуера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Надеждност на софтуера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustnost_(informatika)" title="Robustnost (informatika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robustnost (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidez_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Solidez (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solidez (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="توانمندی (علوم رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توانمندی (علوم رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%AC%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="견고성 (컴퓨터 과학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="견고성 (컴퓨터 과학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekokohan_(ilmu_komputer)" title="Kekokohan (ilmu komputer) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekokohan (ilmu komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustezza_(informatica)" title="Robustezza (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robustezza (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91)" title="חוסן (מדעי המחשב) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסן (מדעי 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data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Робусност (рачунарство) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Робусност (рачунарство)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Відмовостійкість (інформатика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відмовостійкість (інформатика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">Social dynamics</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Collective action</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality" title="Self-organized criticality">Self-organized criticality</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based modelling</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">Synchronization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms" title="Ant colony optimization algorithms">Ant colony optimization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Networks</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free networks</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world networks</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motifs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scaling</a><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robustness</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">Dynamic networks</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system">Adaptive networks</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">Genetic algorithms</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">Genetic programming</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractals</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion_system" title="Reaction–diffusion system">Reaction–diffusion systems</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">Partial differential equations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dissipative_system" title="Dissipative system">Dissipative structures</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">Percolation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial ecology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Goal_orientation" title="Goal orientation">Goal-oriented</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">Self-reference</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">Sensemaking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)" title="Variety (cybernetics)">Variety</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">Nonlinear dynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time series analysis</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">Ordinary differential equations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">Phase space</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Attractor" title="Attractor">Attractors</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Multistability" title="Multistability">Multistability</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">Bifurcation</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattice" title="Coupled map lattice">Coupled map lattices</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Complex_systems" title="Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems" title="Template talk:Complex systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>robustness</b> is the ability of a computer system to cope with <a href="/wiki/Error_message" title="Error message">errors</a> during <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">execution</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cope with erroneous input.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robustness can encompass many areas of computer science, such as <a href="/wiki/Defensive_programming" title="Defensive programming">robust programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">robust machine learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robust_Security_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Robust Security Network">Robust Security Network</a>. Formal techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz testing">fuzz testing</a>, are essential to showing robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Fault_injection" title="Fault injection">fault injection</a> can be used to test robustness. Various commercial products perform robustness testing of software analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, building robust systems that encompass every point of possible failure is difficult because of the vast quantity of possible inputs and input combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since all inputs and input combinations would require too much time to test, developers cannot run through all cases exhaustively. Instead, the developer will try to generalize such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, imagine inputting some <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer values</a>. Some selected inputs might consist of a negative number, zero, and a positive number. When using these numbers to test software in this way, the developer generalizes the set of all reals into three numbers. This is a more efficient and manageable method, but more prone to failure. Generalizing test cases is an example of just one technique to deal with failure—specifically, failure due to invalid user input. Systems generally may also fail due to other reasons as well, such as disconnecting from a network. </p><p>Regardless, complex systems should still handle any errors encountered gracefully. There are many examples of such successful systems. Some of the most robust systems are evolvable and can be easily adapted to new situations.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programs and software are tools focused on a very specific task, and thus are not generalized and flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, observations in systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological systems</a> demonstrate adaptation to their environments. One of the ways biological systems adapt to environments is through the use of <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organs are redundant in humans. The <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> is one such example. <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> generally only need one kidney, but having a second kidney allows room for failure. This same principle may be taken to apply to software, but there are some challenges. When applying the principle of redundancy to computer science, blindly adding code is not suggested. Blindly adding code introduces more errors, makes the system more complex, and renders it harder to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Code that does not provide any reinforcement to the already existing code is unwanted. The new code must instead possess equivalent <a href="/wiki/Function_(engineering)" title="Function (engineering)">functionality</a>, so that if a function is broken, another providing the same function can replace it, using manual or automated <a href="/wiki/Software_diversity" title="Software diversity">software diversity</a>. To do so, the new code must know how and when to accommodate the failure point.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means more <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> needs to be added to the system. But as a system adds more logic, <a href="/wiki/Software_component#Software_component" title="Software component">components</a>, and increases in size, it becomes more complex. Thus, when making a more redundant system, the system also becomes more complex and developers must consider balancing redundancy with complexity. </p><p>Currently, computer science practices do not focus on building robust systems.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, they tend to focus on <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">efficiency</a>. One of the main reasons why there is no focus on robustness today is because it is hard to do in a general way.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas">Areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robust_programming">Robust programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Robust programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robust programming is a style of programming that focuses on handling unexpected termination and unexpected actions.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires code to handle these terminations and actions gracefully by displaying accurate and unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Error_message" title="Error message">error messages</a>. These error messages allow the user to more easily debug the program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principles">Principles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Paranoia</dt> <dd>When building software, the programmer assumes users are out to break their code.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programmer also assumes that their own written code may fail or work incorrectly.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Stupidity</dt> <dd>The programmer assumes users will try incorrect, bogus and malformed inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the programmer returns to the user an unambiguous, intuitive error message that does not require looking up error codes. The error message should try to be as accurate as possible without being misleading to the user, so that the problem can be fixed with ease.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Dangerous implements</dt> <dd>Users should not gain access to <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a> to data structures.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information should be hidden from the user so that the user does not accidentally modify them and introduce a bug in the code. When such <a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a> are correctly built, users use them without finding loopholes to modify the interface. The interface should already be correctly implemented, so the user does not need to make modifications. The user therefore focuses solely on their own code.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Assertion_(software_development)" title="Assertion (software development)">Can't happen</a></dt> <dd>Very often, code is modified and may introduce a possibility that an "impossible" case occurs. Impossible cases are therefore assumed to be highly unlikely instead.<sup id="cite_ref-robust_programming_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robust_programming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The developer thinks about how to handle the case that is highly unlikely, and implements the handling accordingly.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robust_machine_learning">Robust machine learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Robust machine learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robust machine learning typically refers to the robustness of machine learning algorithms. For a machine learning algorithm to be considered robust, either the testing error has to be consistent with the training error, or the performance is stable after adding some noise to the dataset.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, consistently with their rise in popularity, there has been an increasing interest in the robustness of neural networks. This is particularly due their vulnerability to adverserial attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robust_network_design">Robust network design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Robust network design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robust network design is the study of network design in the face of variable or uncertain demands.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a sense, robustness in network design is broad just like robustness in software design because of the vast possibilities of changes or inputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robust_algorithms">Robust algorithms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Robust algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist algorithms that tolerate errors in the input.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_programming" title="Defensive programming">Defensive programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustness_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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