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Monaghan Asylum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_soviet_-_Monaghan_Asylum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limerick_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limerick_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limerick Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limerick_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_soviets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_soviets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsequent soviets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_soviets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsequent soviets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_soviets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knocklong_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knocklong_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Knocklong Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knocklong_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterford_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterford_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Waterford Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterford_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruree_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruree_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bruree Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruree_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cork_Harbour_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cork_Harbour_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cork Harbour Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cork_Harbour_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_soviets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_soviets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other soviets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_soviets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_soviets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_soviets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fall of the soviets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_soviets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish soviets</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Communes in existence during the Irish Republic</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg/300px-Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg/450px-Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg/600px-Bruree_Workers_Soviet_Mills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Bruree Workers Soviet Mills - "We make Bread, Not Profits"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Irish soviets</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish:</a> <i>Sóivéidí na hÉireann</i>) were a series of self-declared <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> (1919 to 1923), mainly in the province of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>. "Soviet" in this context refers to a council of workers who control their place of work, not a Soviet state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The labour movement in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence had been deeply affected by the events of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Lockout">Dublin Lockout</a> of 1913 as well as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in Russia in 1917. It was also being influenced by the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>, which saw several left-wing led revolutions rise up in Europe, also inspired by the revolution in Russia. Soviets were emerging across Europe in places such as <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary</a>. This trend caught on in Ireland as well, itself in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">midst of a revolution</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> sought to end British rule over Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-general_strike_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-general_strike-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_first_soviet_-_Monaghan_Asylum">The first soviet - Monaghan Asylum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The first soviet - Monaghan Asylum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preceding the more famous Limerick Soviet by two months, the first Irish soviet was declared on 29 January 1919. Led by Donegal union organiser and IRA Commander <a href="/wiki/Peadar_O%27Donnell" title="Peadar O'Donnell">Peadar O'Donnell</a>, the soviet was declared as part of a strike for better working conditions for the staff of the <a href="/wiki/St._Davnet%27s_Hospital" title="St. Davnet's Hospital">Monaghan Lunatic Asylum</a> (as it was then known). Amongst the worker's complaints were that they were being forced to work 93 hours a week and were not allowed to leave the premises between shifts. Upon declaration of the soviet, a <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> was flown over the building. In response armed police were sent to remove the workers, however, they had barricaded themselves inside. The operators of the Asylum were forced to negotiate with the workers. Workers won a 56-hour week and a pay rise for both male and female staff. A further concession was that married staff were to be allowed go home after their shifts ended. It was eventually disestablished on 4 February of the same year. The Asylum is still in operation today as <a href="/wiki/St._Davnet%27s_Hospital" title="St. Davnet's Hospital">St. Davnet's Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limerick_Soviet">Limerick Soviet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limerick Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limerick_Soviet" title="Limerick Soviet">Limerick Soviet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LimerickMoney1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A one shilling currency note from the Limerick Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LimerickMoney1919.jpg/220px-LimerickMoney1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LimerickMoney1919.jpg/330px-LimerickMoney1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LimerickMoney1919.jpg/440px-LimerickMoney1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>A one shilling currency note from the Limerick Soviet</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first and most important soviets to be declared in Ireland at this time was the soviet declared in <a href="/wiki/Limerick_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick City">Limerick City</a> from 14 to 27 April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following IRA activity inside the city as well as the death of IRA member Robert Byrne, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> sought to lock down the city to prevent further encroachment by the revolutionaries. However, their implementation of the lockdown was overzealous and heavyhanded and resulted in a backlash from the inhabitants of the city. A strike committee was created by Trade Unionists inside Limerick and they declared a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> against "British Military Occupation". For two weeks all British troops were boycotted and the special strike committee organised the printing of their own money, control over <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and the publishing of newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_soviets">Subsequent soviets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent soviets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knocklong_Soviet">Knocklong Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Knocklong Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The soviet in Limerick City was the most significant soviet to be declared owing to the fact it had the largest number of participants, but many more followed in its wake. The following month on 15 May 1920, workers in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a> began seizing creameries belonging to the Cleeve Family Business, the primary one being located near the village of <a href="/wiki/Knocklong" title="Knocklong">Knocklong</a>. The Cleeves were an Anglo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a> family committed to the British Empire, and a major business operator, employing over 3,000 workers across Ireland in dairy-related industries in addition to about 5,000 farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> they heavily promoted recruitment efforts by the British Army in Limerick. It was in their personal interest to do so, as the Cleeves were also profiting from the war as they were also supplying food to the British army, netting a profit around £1,000,000 from this contract by end of 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysaght_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysaght-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cleeves' support for the British would have found them little support amidst the revolution in Ireland, but further compounding resentment against them was the fact that the Cleeves were considered to be one of the lowest paying employers in Ireland. The average unskilled labourer working for the Cleeves could only expect to be paid 17 shillings a week, an amount considered a pittance at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Libcom_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libcom-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a trade dispute with the Cleeves, workers belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Transport and General Workers Union">Irish Transport and General Workers Union</a> (ITGWU) seized production facilities and began running them independently of the Cleeves. A red flag was flown over the main building and a banner reading "KNOCKLONG SOVIET CREAMERY: WE MAKE BUTTER NOT PROFITS" was displayed. Work continued as per usual at the creameries but the Cleeves were forced to negotiate with the workers in order to regain control of the facilities. After five days of occupation, the workers were able to force the Cleeves to agree to a wage increase, a 48-hour work week, the introduction of 14 holiday days per year, and the improvement of ventilation systems across the workspaces. </p><p>The success of the Knocklong Soviet would result in both further strikes against Cleeves' owned premises but also retaliation from the Cleeves. At first, the Cleeves attempted to lay off workers at Knocklong under the auspices that a national general strike by ITGWU against handling British munitions had resulted in "a lack of work". However, this ploy was defeated by the formation of a strike committee. The Cleeves quickly changed tack; On the 24th of August, they insured the creamery against the outbreak of a fire. Coincidentally on the 26th of August, a unit of <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a> arrived in Knocklong and burnt down the creamery.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysaght_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysaght-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterford_Soviet">Waterford Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Waterford Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the shorter-lived but nonetheless influential soviets arose in April 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford City</a>. The soviet existed during a national general strike against the detention of Republicans on hunger-strike. Workers enforced the general strike as well as a permit system. After a number of days, word came to Waterford that the general strike had been a success and the British government had caved in to the demand. Thousands flocked to the City Hall where, before <a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a> was sung to close out the event, Union leaders sang the verses of <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Flag" title="The Red Flag">The Red Flag</a> while a crowd less familiar with the song piped in on the choruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterford_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Ireland, the Waterford did not draw much comment. The reason for this was partly because nationalists had no wish to fuel <a href="/wiki/Loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist">loyalist</a> propaganda that Sinn Féin was really ‘Bolshevist’, partly because ‘red flaggery’ was no longer a novelty in Ireland, and partly because the ‘soviets’ did not offer any immediate threat to class relations; none of them attempted to change the social order, and the status quo ante resumed with the termination of the strike. The Irish Labour Party similar shied away from the topic; the party was emerging as a <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">Reformist</a> party and was steering away from encouraging or discussing militant socialist tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterford_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain however, the press showed a much greater interest. On 27 April, an article headed <i>" 'Soviet' Government in Waterford"</i> graced the Guardian and asserted that a group of southern loyalists had given Bonar Law a ‘full account’ of events in the city. They reported that Waterford been ‘taken over by a Soviet Commissioner and three associates’. On 24 and 28 April, the British Labour paper, the Daily Herald, carried articles on Waterford's ‘Red Guards’, stating that a red flag floated over the Town Hall, and a sort of ‘Red Guard’ was established under three transport leaders and gave the impression that the city was undisputedly ruled by a soviet during the time of the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterford_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruree_Soviet">Bruree Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bruree Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruree_Creamery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bruree_Creamery.jpg/220px-Bruree_Creamery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bruree_Creamery.jpg/330px-Bruree_Creamery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bruree_Creamery.jpg/440px-Bruree_Creamery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the Bruree Soviet. What appears to be an anti-<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> slogan is painted on the wall</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 August 1921, the bakery and mills in <a href="/wiki/Bruree" title="Bruree">Bruree</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a> (owned by the Cleeve Family) were occupied by almost all of its employees save the manager and a clerk. The workers raised a red flag, raised a banner reading "Bruree Soviet Workers Mill" and proclaimed they were now in control of the mill and would be selling its food at a lower price, forgoing the "profiteering" formerly being practised there. Forcing the owners to the negotiation table at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall" title="Liberty Hall">Liberty Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Union officials claimed the soviet was able to drop prices, double sales and increase wages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinn Féin's Minister for Labour <a href="/wiki/Countess_Markievicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Markievicz">Countess Markievicz</a> mediated the negotiations and it is alleged she threatened to send in IRA troops to the Bruree Soviet if they did not accept the outcome of the arbitration.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysaght_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysaght-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cork_Harbour_Soviet">Cork Harbour Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cork Harbour Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920 a commission in Cork City established by Lord Mayor <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mac_Curtain" title="Tomás Mac Curtain">Tomás Mac Curtain</a> had been tasked with determining what the living wage of workers in Cork City should be. By late September 1920 it was reporting that this wage should be 70 shillings a week, an amount rather more than most workers in the city received at this time. The commission repeated their recommendation again in February 1921. It was at this point that the local ITGWU branch asked the Cork Harbour Board to make 70 shillings the wage for workers. The Cork Harbour Board resisted for months and by June 1921 had firmly rejected the proposal. The proposal was rejected a final time in September 1921. In response, workers seized control of the Cork Custom House, a red flag was flown and a soviet declared on 7 September.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the Cork Harbour Soviet was covered in media as far away as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-libcomCork_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcomCork-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locally, the Unionist aligned paper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i> decried the Cork Harbour Soviet as an outbreak of "Irish Bolshevism" and fearfully pondered of the possibility of a civil war between Nationalists and Socialists breaking out if Ireland achieved independence from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-libcomCork_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcomCork-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Cork Harbour Soviet was disestablished after concluding with an agreement regarding an increase in wages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_soviets">Other soviets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other soviets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1921 and 1923, other soviets were said to have arisen and seized North Cork railways, the mines at <a href="/wiki/Arigna" title="Arigna">Arigna</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">County Roscommon</a> (4 May 1921), the <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> Iron Foundry (September 1921), the quarry and the fishing boats at <a href="/wiki/Castleconnell" title="Castleconnell">Castleconnell</a> (November 1921), a coach builders in <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_(town)" title="Tipperary (town)">Tipperary</a> as well as the local gas works (4 May 1922), a clothing factory in Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Rathmines" title="Rathmines">Rathmines</a>, sawmills in <a href="/wiki/Killarney" title="Killarney">Killarney</a> and Ballinacourtie (24 April 1922), the <a href="/wiki/Ballingarry_Coal_Mines" title="Ballingarry Coal Mines">Ballingarry Coal Mines</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ballingarry,_South_Tipperary" title="Ballingarry, South Tipperary">Ballingarry, South Tipperary</a> (24 April 1922), and the <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> Gas Works (26 January 1923).<sup id="cite_ref-Lysaght_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysaght-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is claimed there was a soviet in <a href="/wiki/Broadford,_County_Clare" title="Broadford, County Clare">Broadford, County Clare</a> (February 1922), while it is also claimed that the IRA was used to break up soviets in <a href="/wiki/Whitechurch,_County_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitechurch, County Dublin">Whitechurch, County Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermoy" title="Fermoy">Fermoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_soviets">Fall of the soviets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fall of the soviets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the revolutionary period in Ireland drew to a close, so too did the age of the soviets. The protracted conflict in Ireland was draining the economy and the ability of employers to meet wage demands and their ability to quickly end strikes by simply giving in to the workers' demands. In fact, falling prices caused by the conflict now saw employers seeking to cut wages. At the end of 1921 the Cleeves business empire declared that it was £100,000 in debt, and claimed to have taken roughly £275,000 in losses for the year. The soviets, having fought so hard to make the gains that they had, were not receptive to these claims. The two sides attempted to mediate but talks soon broke down. On 12 May 1922 The Cleeves declared a lockout, put 3,000 of its employees out of work. In response the soviets seized production centres in <a href="/wiki/Bruff" title="Bruff">Bruff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athlacca" title="Athlacca">Athlacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruree" title="Bruree">Bruree</a>, Tankardstown, Dromin and Ballingaddy near <a href="/wiki/Kilmallock" title="Kilmallock">Kilmallock</a> all in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, and centres in <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_(town)" title="Tipperary (town)">Tipperary Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galtymore" title="Galtymore">Galtymore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bansha" title="Bansha">Bansha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel">Clonmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrick-on-Suir" title="Carrick-on-Suir">Carrick-on-Suir</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork" title="Mallow, County Cork">Mallow</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i> denounced the seizures and declared that the workers had "neither allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>, but only to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>". Trouble for the soviets was also brewing on another front: the farmers who supplied the creameries with milk were beginning to sour on their comrades. The Irish Farmers Union led a campaign to deny the soviets a supply of milk, and resolved to "forbid our members to supply under the Red Flag, which is the flag of Anarchy and revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Civil War that erupted between those for and against the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> had seen Munster become a hotbed and base for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a> forces, and thus a battleground to be fought over. The soviets came into conflict with both Anti-Treaty and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Army_(Ireland)" title="National Army (Ireland)">National Army</a>. The Tipperary Soviet was involved in a shoot out with the anti-treaty side. The gasworks in Tipperary was destroyed by the retreating anti-treaty forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the newly formed National Army also took to dismantling the soviets. Extreme pressure was being placed on the fledgeling Irish Free State by both the British Government and the wider world to maintain a conservative order in Ireland. The soviets were deemed agents of anarchy by both the conservative press and conservative politicians, and thus another element the National Army had to remove. Without a wider political structure or organisation to unify them, nor a fighting force to defend themselves, the soviets were forced to fold and bow out. When Free State forces entered any town that had a soviet, they would arrest the leaders and take down any symbols signalling defiance such as Red Flags.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-general_strike-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-general_strike_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDorney2013" class="citation web cs1">Dorney, John (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2013/06/06/the-general-strike-and-irish-independence/">"The General Strike and Irish independence"</a>. <i>The Irish Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Story&rft.atitle=The+General+Strike+and+Irish+independence&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Dorney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2Fthe-general-strike-and-irish-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+soviets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation cs2">Lee, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linkedin.com&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+that+99+years+ago+this+week+in+1921%2C+a+Soviet+took+control+of+the+docks+in+Cork+City+Ireland+for+seven+days%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Fdid-you-know-99-years-ago-week-1921-soviet-took-control-bill-holohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+soviets" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’Arcy2015" class="citation news cs1">D’Arcy, Ciarán (4 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/red-flag-an-irishman-s-diary-on-the-irish-soviets-1.2197308">"Red flag – An Irishman's Diary on the Irish soviets"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Red+flag+%E2%80%93+An+Irishman%27s+Diary+on+the+Irish+soviets&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99Arcy&rft.aufirst=Ciar%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fred-flag-an-irishman-s-diary-on-the-irish-soviets-1.2197308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+soviets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&oldid=1259322796">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_soviets&oldid=1259322796</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910s_in_Ireland" title="Category:1910s in Ireland">1910s in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_Ireland" title="Category:1920s in Ireland">1920s in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Category:Communism in the Republic of Ireland">Communism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Ireland" title="Category:Communism in Ireland">Communism in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Left-wing_politics_in_Ireland" title="Category:Left-wing politics in Ireland">Left-wing politics in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_Ireland" title="Category:Political movements in Ireland">Political movements in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Ireland" title="Category:Socialism in Ireland">Socialism in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviets" title="Category:Soviets">Soviets</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2018" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2018">EngvarB from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2018">Use dmy dates from May 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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