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.mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Data_collection" title="Special:EditPage/Data collection">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Data_collection" title="Talk:Data collection">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Data_collection" title="Special:EditPage/Data collection">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Data+collection%22">"Data collection"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Data+collection%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Data+collection%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Data+collection%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Data+collection%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Data+collection%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Data collection</b> or <b>data gathering</b> is the process of gathering and <a href="/wiki/Measuring" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring">measuring</a> <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a> collection is a <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> component in all study fields, including <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VuongetalSdata2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VuongetalSdata2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture evidence that allows <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> to lead to the formulation of credible answers to the questions that have been posed. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png/220px-Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png/330px-Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png/440px-Automated_weighbridge_for_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_-_journal.pone.0085291.g002.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1023"></a><figcaption>Example of data collection in the biological sciences: <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguins</a> are identified and weighed each time they cross the automated <a href="/wiki/Weighbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighbridge">weighbridge</a> on their way to or from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescroël2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescro%C3%ABl2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Regardless of the field of or preference for defining data (<a href="/wiki/Quantitative_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative method">quantitative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative method">qualitative</a>), accurate data collection is essential to maintain research integrity. The selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Measurement_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement error">errors</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Methodology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Methodology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Tools"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tools</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Data_collection_system"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Data collection system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Data_management_platform"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Data management platform</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Data_integrity_issues"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Data integrity issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Quality_assurance_(QA)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quality assurance (QA)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#User_privacy_issues"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">User privacy issues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Quality_control_(QC)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Quality control (QC)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methodology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about experiment, sampling, measurement and preprocessing.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Data_collection" title="Talk:Data collection">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a></div> <p>Data collection and <a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">validation</a> consist of four steps when it involves taking a <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> and seven steps when it involves <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A formal data collection process is necessary, as it ensures that the data gathered are both defined and accurate. This way, subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are made using valid data.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process provides both a baseline from which to measure and in certain cases an indication of what to improve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_collection_system">Data collection system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Data collection system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_collection_system" title="Data collection system">Data collection system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_management_platform">Data management platform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Data management platform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_management_platform" title="Data management platform">Data management platform</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Data_management_platform" title="Data management platform">Data management platforms</a></i> (DMP) are centralized storage and analytical systems for data, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>. DMPs exist to compile and transform large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Demand_and_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand and supply">demand and supply</a> data into discernible information. Marketers may want to receive and utilize first, second and third-party data.DMPs enable this, because they are the aggregate system of <a href="/wiki/Demand-side_platform" title="Demand-side platform">DSPs</a> (demand side platform) and <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_platform" title="Supply-side platform">SSPs</a> (supply side platform). DMPs are integral for optimizing and future advertising campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_integrity_issues">Data integrity issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data integrity issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The main reason for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> is to support the observation of errors in the data collection process. Those errors may be made intentionally (deliberate <a href="/wiki/False_evidence" title="False evidence">falsification</a>) or non-intentionally (<a href="/wiki/Random_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Random error">random</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systematic_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic errors">systematic errors</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two approaches that may protect data integrity and secure scientific validity of study results:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Quality assurance – all actions carried out before data collection</li> <li>Quality control – all actions carried out during and after data collection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality_assurance_(QA)"><span id="Quality_assurance_.28QA.29"></span>Quality assurance (QA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quality assurance (QA)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></div> <p>QA's focus is prevention, which is primarily a cost-effective activity to protect the integrity of data collection. Standardization of protocol, with comprehensive and detailed procedure descriptions for data collection, are central for prevention. The risk of failing to identify problems and errors in the research process is often caused by poorly written guidelines. Listed are several examples of such failures: </p> <ul><li>Uncertainty of timing, methods and identification of the responsible person</li> <li>Partial listing of items needed to be collected</li> <li>Vague description of data collection instruments instead of rigorous step-by-step instructions on administering tests</li> <li>Failure to recognize exact content and strategies for training and retraining staff members responsible for data collection</li> <li>Unclear instructions for using, making adjustments to, and calibrating data collection equipment</li> <li>No predetermined mechanism to document changes in procedures that occur during the investigation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="User_privacy_issues">User privacy issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: User privacy issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are serious concerns about the integrity of individual user data collected by <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, because this data is transferred across countries that have different standards of protection for individual user data.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information processing has advanced to the level where user data can now be used to predict what an individual is saying before they even speak.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality_control_(QC)"><span id="Quality_control_.28QC.29"></span>Quality control (QC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quality control (QC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">Quality control</a></div> <p>Since QC actions occur during or after the data collection, all the details can be carefully documented. There is a necessity for a clearly defined communication structure as a precondition for establishing monitoring systems. Uncertainty about the flow of information is not recommended, as a poorly organized communication structure leads to lax monitoring and can also limit the opportunities for detecting errors. Quality control is also responsible for the identification of actions necessary for correcting faulty data collection practices and also minimizing such future occurrences. A <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> is more likely to not realize the necessity to perform these actions if their procedures are written vaguely and are not based on feedback or education. </p><p>Data collection problems that necessitate prompt action: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic errors</a></li> <li>Violation of protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a> or scientific misconduct</li> <li>Errors in individual data items</li> <li>Individual staff or site performance problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Effect_(Genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Effect (Genetics)">Shadow effect</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Controlled experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">Data curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Sampling (statistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_data_archiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific data archiving">Scientific data archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_data_collection" title="Survey data collection">Survey data collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative method">Qualitative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative method">Quantitative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_methods_in_criminology" title="Quantitative methods in criminology">Quantitative methods in criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lescroël2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lescro%C3%ABl2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLescroëlBallardGrémilletAuthier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lescroël, A. L.; Ballard, G.; Grémillet, D.; Authier, M.; Ainley, D. G. (2014). 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Preprint.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.13637864.v1">https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.13637864.v1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data Collection and Analysis By Dr. Roger Sapsford, Victor Jupp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5046-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-5046-X">0-7619-5046-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Illinois_University2005" class="citation web cs1">Northern Illinois University (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/n_illinois_u/datamanagement/dctopic.html">"Data Collection"</a>. <i>Responsible Conduct in Data Management</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Responsible+Conduct+in+Data+Management&rft.atitle=Data+Collection&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Northern+Illinois+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fori.hhs.gov%2Feducation%2Fproducts%2Fn_illinois_u%2Fdatamanagement%2Fdctopic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+collection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostCraddickCrawfordRedican2003" class="citation journal cs1">Most, Marlene M.; Craddick, Shirley; Crawford, Staci; Redican, Susan; Rhodes, Donna; Rukenbrod, Fran; Laws, Reesa (October 2003). "Dietary quality assurance processes of the DASH-Sodium controlled diet study". <i>Journal of the American Dietetic Association</i>. <b>103</b> (10): 1339–1346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0002-8223%2803%2901080-0">10.1016/s0002-8223(03)01080-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14520254">14520254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Dietary+quality+assurance+processes+of+the+DASH-Sodium+controlled+diet+study&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1339-1346&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0002-8223%2803%2901080-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14520254&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=Marlene+M.&rft.au=Craddick%2C+Shirley&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Staci&rft.au=Redican%2C+Susan&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Donna&rft.au=Rukenbrod%2C+Fran&rft.au=Laws%2C+Reesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+collection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2014" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Faye Fangfei (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz5PEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions: Contemporary Issues in the EU, US and China</i></a>. Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11522-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11522-8"><bdi>978-1-134-11522-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+of+Electronic+Commercial+Transactions%3A+Contemporary+Issues+in+the+EU%2C+US+and+China&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-1-134-11522-8&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Faye+Fangfei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUz5PEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+collection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/why-data-not-privacy-real-danger-n966621">"Data, not privacy, is the real danger"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Data%2C+not+privacy%2C+is+the+real+danger&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fwhy-data-not-privacy-real-danger-n966621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+collection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Data_collection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جمع البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمع البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recol%C2%B7lecci%C3%B3_de_dades" title="Recol·lecció de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Recol·lecció de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhebung_(Empirie)" title="Erhebung (Empirie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erhebung (Empirie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopilaci%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Recopilación de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recopilación de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="گردآوری داده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گردآوری داده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%88%98%EC%A7%91" title="데이터 수집 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 수집" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukubuthwa_kwemininingo" title="Ukubuthwa kwemininingo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukubuthwa kwemininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatgy%C5%B1jt%C3%A9s" title="Adatgyűjtés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatgyűjtés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengumpulan_data" title="Pengumpulan data – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengumpulan data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_dados" title="Coleção de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coleção de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Сбор данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сбор данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbledhja_e_t%C3%AB_dh%C3%ABnave" title="Mbledhja e të dhënave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbledhja e të dhënave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data collection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="డేటా సేకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డేటా సేకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_toplama" title="Veri toplama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri toplama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Збирання даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збирання даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu_th%E1%BA%ADp_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Thu thập dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thu thập dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="收集數據 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="收集數據" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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