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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early years in Nova Scotia politics, 1855–1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_in_Nova_Scotia_politics,_1855–1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier_of_Nova_Scotia,_1864–1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_of_Nova_Scotia,_1864–1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Premier of Nova Scotia, 1864–1867</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premier_of_Nova_Scotia,_1864–1867-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premier of Nova Scotia, 1864–1867 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premier_of_Nova_Scotia,_1864–1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tupper's_role_in_securing_Canadian_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tupper's_role_in_securing_Canadian_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tupper's role in securing Canadian Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tupper's_role_in_securing_Canadian_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charlottetown_Conference,_September_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charlottetown_Conference,_September_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Charlottetown Conference, September 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charlottetown_Conference,_September_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec_Conference,_October_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec_Conference,_October_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Quebec Conference, October 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec_Conference,_October_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Quebec_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Quebec_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Aftermath of the Quebec Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Quebec_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_Conference,_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_Conference,_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>London Conference, 1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_Conference,_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_final_push_for_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_final_push_for_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>The final push for Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_final_push_for_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada,_1867–1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada,_1867–1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Career in the Parliament of Canada, 1867–1884</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada,_1867–1884-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career in the Parliament of Canada, 1867–1884 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada,_1867–1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fighting_the_Anti-Confederates,_1867–1869" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_the_Anti-Confederates,_1867–1869"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fighting the Anti-Confederates, 1867–1869</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_the_Anti-Confederates,_1867–1869-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Queen's_Privy_Council_for_Canada,_1870–1872" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Queen's_Privy_Council_for_Canada,_1870–1872"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, 1870–1872</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Queen's_Privy_Council_for_Canada,_1870–1872-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Inland_Revenue,_1872–1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Inland_Revenue,_1872–1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Minister of Inland Revenue, 1872–1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Inland_Revenue,_1872–1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Customs,_1873–1874" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Customs,_1873–1874"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Minister of Customs, 1873–1874</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Customs,_1873–1874-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_in_Opposition,_1874–1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_in_Opposition,_1874–1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Years in Opposition, 1874–1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_in_Opposition,_1874–1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Public_Works,_1878–1879" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Public_Works,_1878–1879"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Minister of Public Works, 1878–1879</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Public_Works,_1878–1879-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals,_1879–1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals,_1879–1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Minister of Railways and Canals, 1879–1884</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals,_1879–1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deterioration_of_relationship_with_Macdonald_and_appointment_as_High_Commissioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deterioration_of_relationship_with_Macdonald_and_appointment_as_High_Commissioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deterioration_of_relationship_with_Macdonald_and_appointment_as_High_Commissioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom,_1883–1895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom,_1883–1895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, 1883–1895</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom,_1883–1895-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, 1883–1895 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom,_1883–1895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1883–1887" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1883–1887"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early years as High Commissioner, 1883–1887</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1883–1887-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude_as_Minister_of_Finance,_1887–1888" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude_as_Minister_of_Finance,_1887–1888"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Interlude as Minister of Finance, 1887–1888</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude_as_Minister_of_Finance,_1887–1888-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1888–1895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1888–1895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Later years as High Commissioner, 1888–1895</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1888–1895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tupper_becomes_prime_minister,_1895–1896" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tupper_becomes_prime_minister,_1895–1896"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tupper becomes prime minister, 1895–1896</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tupper_becomes_prime_minister,_1895–1896-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister,_May–July_1896" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister,_May–July_1896"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime Minister, May–July 1896</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister,_May–July_1896-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition,_1896–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition,_1896–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Leader of the Opposition, 1896–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition,_1896–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years,_1901–1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years,_1901–1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later years, 1901–1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years,_1901–1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facility_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facility_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Facility naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facility_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Tupper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="تشارلز توبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز توبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чарлз Тапер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Тапер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Чарлз Тапэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Тапэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="چارلز تاپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز تاپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%84%B0%ED%8D%BC" title="찰스 터퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 터퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="צ'ארלס טאפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס טאפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC" title="ചാൾസ് ടൂപ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ടൂപ്പർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="चार्ल्स टपर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स टपर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تشارلز توپير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز توپير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="चार्ल्स ट्युप्पर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चार्ल्स ट्युप्पर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Таппер, Чарльз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таппер, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чарлз Топер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Топер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="טשארלס טאפער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשארלס טאפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Tupper" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%8F%80" title="查尔斯·塔珀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·塔珀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada in 1896</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Charles Tupper, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charles Tupper (disambiguation)">Charles Tupper (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Charles Tupper</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">CB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_charles_tupper_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_charles_tupper_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sir_charles_tupper_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Sir_charles_tupper_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Tupper in 1896</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 1 – July<span class="nowrap"> </span>8, 1896</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Official Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 11, 1896 – February 5, 1901</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Wilfrid Laurier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 15 – July<span class="nowrap"> </span>8, 1896</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><i>Himself</i> (after May 1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Humphries_Montague" title="Walter Humphries Montague">Walter Humphries Montague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Richard William Scott</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom">Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 30, 1883 – January 15, 1896</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Alexander Tilloch Galt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance and Receiver General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 27, 1887 – May 22, 1888</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">Archibald McLelan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">George Eulas Foster</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cape Breton (federal electoral district)">Cape Breton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1896–1900</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_MacKeen" title="David MacKeen">David MacKeen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Johnston_(Canadian_politician)" title="Alexander Johnston (Canadian politician)">Alexander Johnston</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cumberland (federal electoral district)">Cumberland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1887–1888</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Townshend" title="Charles James Townshend">Charles James Townshend</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Arthur Rupert Dickey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 20, 1867 – May 1884</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">New Constituency</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Townshend" title="Charles James Townshend">Charles James Townshend</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Premier of Nova Scotia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 11, 1864 – July 3, 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hastings_Doyle" title="Charles Hastings Doyle">Charles Hastings Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Graves_MacDonnell" title="Richard Graves MacDonnell">Richard Graves MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars">William Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">James William Johnston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Blanchard" title="Hiram Blanchard">Hiram Blanchard</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Tupper, Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1821-07-02</span>)</span>July 2, 1821<br /><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst</a>, Nova Scotia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 30, 1915<span style="display:none">(1915-10-30)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bexleyheath" title="Bexleyheath">Bexleyheath</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cemetery,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cemetery, Halifax">St. John's Cemetery, Halifax</a>, Nova Scotia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data">British subject</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Tupper" title="Frances Tupper">Frances Morse</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1846; died 1912)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6, including:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_Tupper" title="William Johnston Tupper">William Johnston Tupper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a> (1843)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Tupper's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg/128px-Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg/192px-Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg/256px-Charles_Tupper_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="111" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Charles Tupper, 1st Baronet</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">CB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span> (July 2, 1821 – October 30, 1915) was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Father of Confederation</a> who served as the sixth <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from May 1 to July 8, 1896. As the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">premier of Nova Scotia</a> from 1864 to 1867, he led <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>. He briefly served as the Canadian prime minister, from seven days after parliament had been dissolved, until he resigned on July 8, 1896, following his party's loss in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896 Canadian federal election</a>. He is the only <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">medical doctor</a> to have ever held the office of prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cdnmedhall_ca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnmedhall_ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his 68-day tenure as prime minister is the shortest in Canadian history. </p><p>Tupper was born in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst, Nova Scotia</a>, to the Rev. Charles Tupper and Miriam Lockhart. He was educated at Horton Academy, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a>, graduating MD in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of 22 he had handled 116 <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetric</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He practiced medicine periodically throughout his political career (and served as the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a>). He entered Nova Scotian politics in 1855 as a protégé of <a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">James William Johnston</a>. During Johnston's tenure as premier of Nova Scotia in 1857–1859 and 1863–1864, Tupper served as <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Secretary">provincial secretary</a>. Tupper replaced Johnston as premier in 1864. As premier, he established <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> in Nova Scotia and expanded Nova Scotia's railway network in order to promote industry. </p><p>By 1860, Tupper supported a union of all the colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. Believing that immediate union of all the colonies was impossible, in 1864, he proposed a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">Maritime Union</a>. However, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> asked to be allowed to attend the meeting in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> scheduled to discuss Maritime Union in order to present a proposal for a wider union, and the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> thus became the first of the three conferences that secured Canadian Confederation. Tupper also represented Nova Scotia at the other two conferences, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference</a> (1864) and the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference of 1866</a>. In Nova Scotia, Tupper organized a <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Party" title="Confederation Party">Confederation Party</a> to combat the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">Anti-Confederation Party</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> and successfully led Nova Scotia into Confederation. </p><p>Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act</a> in 1867, Tupper resigned as premier of Nova Scotia and began a career in federal politics. He held multiple <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">cabinet</a> positions under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, including <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> (1870–1872), <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Inland_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Inland Revenue (Canada)">Minister of Inland Revenue</a> (1872–1873), <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Customs" title="Minister of Customs">Minister of Customs</a> (1873–1874), <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Minister of Public Works</a> (1878–1879), and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Minister of Railways and Canals</a> (1879–1884). Initially groomed as Macdonald's successor, Tupper had a falling-out with Macdonald, and by the early 1880s, he asked Macdonald to appoint him as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom">Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a>. Tupper took up his post in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1883, and would remain High Commissioner until 1895, although in 1887–1888, he served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a> without relinquishing the High Commissionership. </p><p>In 1895, the government of <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a> floundered over the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a>; as a result, several leading members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative Party of Canada</a> demanded the return of Tupper to serve as prime minister. Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada, becoming prime minister in May 1896. Just before he was sworn in as prime minister, the 1896 federal election was called, in which his party lost to <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a>. Tupper served as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a> from July 1896 until he resigned in February 1901, just months after his <a href="/wiki/1900_Canadian_federal_election" title="1900 Canadian federal election">second defeat at the polls in 1900</a>. He returned to London, England, where he lived until his death in 1915 and was buried back in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, Nova Scotia. He was the last surviving Canadian <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">father of Confederation</a>. In 2016, he was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Medical Hall of Fame">Canadian Medical Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_1821–1855"><span id="Early_life.2C_1821.E2.80.931855"></span>Early life, 1821–1855</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, 1821–1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Tupper Jr. was born on July 2, 1821, in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst, Nova Scotia</a>, to Charles Tupper Sr. and Miriam Lowe, <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Lockhart. He was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Warren" title="Richard Warren">Richard Warren</a>, a <i>Mayflower</i> Pilgrim who signed the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Tupper Sr. (1794–1881) was the co-pastor of the local <a href="/wiki/Baptist_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist church">Baptist church</a>. He had been ordained as a Baptist minister in 1817, and was editor of <i>Baptist Magazine</i> 1832–1836. He was an accomplished Biblical scholar, and published <i>Scriptural Baptism</i> (Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1850) and <i>Expository Notes on the Syriac Version of the Scriptures</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1837, at age 16, Tupper attended Horton Academy in <a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a>, where he learned <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, and some French.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating in 1839, he spent a short time in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> working as a teacher, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor, Nova Scotia</a>, to study medicine (1839–1840) with Dr. Ebenezer Fitch Harding.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borrowing money, he then moved to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a>: he received his MD in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Tupper's commitment to his Baptist faith faltered, and he drank <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to Nova Scotia in 1846, he broke off an engagement that he had contracted at age 17 with the daughter of a wealthy Halifax merchant, and instead married <a href="/wiki/Frances_Tupper" title="Frances Tupper">Frances Morse</a> (1826–1912), the granddaughter of Colonel Joseph Morse, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lady_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lady-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tuppers had three sons (Orin Stewart, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_Tupper" title="William Johnston Tupper">William Johnston</a>) and three daughters (Emma, Elizabeth Stewart (Lilly), and Sophy Almon).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tupper children were raised in Frances' <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> denomination and Charles and Frances regularly worshipped in an Anglican church, though on the campaign trail, Tupper often found time to visit Baptist meetinghouses.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper set himself up as a physician in Amherst, Nova Scotia and opened a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">drugstore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_in_Nova_Scotia_politics,_1855–1864"><span id="Early_years_in_Nova_Scotia_politics.2C_1855.E2.80.931864"></span>Early years in Nova Scotia politics, 1855–1864</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years in Nova Scotia politics, 1855–1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png/220px-Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png/330px-Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png/440px-Charles_Tupper_By_John_Gardiner.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption> Charles Tupper By <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gardiner_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gardiner (painter) (page does not exist)">John Gardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House (Nova Scotia)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia">Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">James William Johnston</a>, a fellow Baptist and family friend of the Tuppers, encouraged Charles Tupper to enter politics.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855 Tupper ran against the prominent <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Liberal</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Cumberland County, Nova Scotia">Cumberland County</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia House of Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Howe would be Tupper's political opponent several times in years to come. </p><p>Although Tupper won his seat, the 1855 election was an overall disaster for the Nova Scotia Conservatives, with the Liberals, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Young_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="William Young (Nova Scotia politician)">William Young</a>, winning a large majority.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young consequently became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier of Nova Scotia</a>. </p><p>At a <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> meeting in January 1856, Tupper recommended a new direction for the Conservative party: they should begin actively courting Nova Scotia's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> minority and should eagerly embrace railroad construction.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having just led his party into a disastrous election campaign, Johnston decided to basically cede control of the party to Tupper, though Johnston remained the party's leader.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1856 Tupper led Conservative attacks on the government, leading Joseph Howe to dub Tupper "the wicked wasp of Cumberland".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1857 Tupper convinced a number of Roman Catholic Liberal members to <a href="/wiki/Cross_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross the floor">cross the floor</a> to join the Conservatives, reducing Young's government to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Young was forced to resign in February 1857, and the Conservatives formed a government with Johnston as premier.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper became the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_secretary" title="Provincial secretary">provincial secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tupper's first speech to the House of Assembly as provincial secretary, he set forth an ambitious plan of railroad construction.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper had thus embarked on the major theme of his political life: that Nova Scotians (and later Canadians) should downplay their ethnic and religious differences, focusing instead on developing the land's <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. He argued that with Nova Scotia's "inexhaustible mines", it could become "a vast manufacturing mart" for the east coast of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quickly persuaded Johnston to end the General Mining Association's monopoly over Nova Scotia minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1857, Tupper initiated discussions with <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> concerning an <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercolonial Railway of Canada">intercolonial railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traveled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1858 to attempt to secure <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">imperial</a> backing for this project.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these discussions, Tupper realized that Canadians were more interested in discussing federal union, while the British (with the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> in his second term as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>) were too absorbed in their own immediate interests.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, nothing came of the 1858 discussions for an intercolonial railway.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sectarian conflict played a major role in the May 1859 elections, with Catholics largely supporting the Conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> shifting toward the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper barely retained his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives were barely re-elected and lost a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence vote">confidence vote</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnston asked the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Phipps,_2nd_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby">Lord Mulgrave</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution</a>, but Mulgrave refused and invited William Young to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper was outraged and petitioned the British government, asking them to recall Mulgrave.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next three years, Tupper was ferocious in his denunciations of the Liberal government, first Young, and then Joseph Howe, who succeeded Young in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came to a head in 1863 when the Liberals introduced legislation to restrict the Nova Scotia <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a>, a move which Johnston and Tupper successfully blocked.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper continued practicing medicine during this period. He established a successful medical practice in Halifax, rising to become the city medical officer.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863 he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Society_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Medical Society of Nova Scotia">Medical Society of Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the June 1863 election, the Conservatives campaigned on a platform of railroad construction and expanded access to public education.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives won a large majority, taking 44 of the House of Assembly's 55 seats. Johnston resumed his duties as premier and Tupper again became provincial secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a further sign of the Conservatives' commitment to non-sectarianism, in 1863, after a 20-year hiatus, <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie College">Dalhousie College</a> was re-opened as a non-denominational institution of higher learning.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnston retired from politics in May 1864 when he was appointed as a judge, and Tupper was chosen as his successor as premier of Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_of_Nova_Scotia,_1864–1867"><span id="Premier_of_Nova_Scotia.2C_1864.E2.80.931867"></span>Premier of Nova Scotia, 1864–1867</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Premier of Nova Scotia, 1864–1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tupper introduced ambitious education legislation in 1864 creating a system of state-subsidized <a href="/wiki/Common_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Common schools">common schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865 he introduced a bill providing for compulsory local taxation to fund these schools.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these public schools were non-denominational (which resulted in Protestants sharply criticizing Tupper), Joshua is the best program of Christian education. However, many Protestants, particularly fellow Baptists, felt that Tupper had sold them out.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To regain their trust he appointed Baptist educator <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Harding_Rand" title="Theodore Harding Rand">Theodore Harding Rand</a> as Nova Scotia's first <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of education">superintendent of education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raised concern among Catholics, led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Louis_Connolly" title="Thomas-Louis Connolly">Thomas-Louis Connolly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Halifax-Yarmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth">Archbishop of Halifax</a>, who demanded state-funded <a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic schools">Catholic schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper reached a compromise with Archbishop Connolly whereby Catholic-run schools could receive public funding, so long as they provided their religious instruction after hours.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making good on his promise for expanded railroad construction, in 1864 Tupper appointed <a href="/wiki/Sandford_Fleming" title="Sandford Fleming">Sandford Fleming</a> as the chief engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Railway" title="Nova Scotia Railway">Nova Scotia Railway</a> in order to expand the line from <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pictou_Landing,_Nova_Scotia" title="Pictou Landing, Nova Scotia">Pictou Landing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1866 he awarded Fleming a contract to complete the line after local contractors proved too slow.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this decision was controversial, it did result in the line's being completed by May 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second proposed line, from <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor</a> initially faltered, but was eventually completed in 1869 by the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Annapolis_Railway" title="Windsor and Annapolis Railway">Windsor & Annapolis Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tupper's_role_in_securing_Canadian_Confederation"><span id="Tupper.27s_role_in_securing_Canadian_Confederation"></span>Tupper's role in securing Canadian Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tupper's role in securing Canadian Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the run-up to the 1859 Nova Scotia election, Tupper had been unwilling to commit to the idea of a union with the other <a href="/wiki/British_North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="British North American">British North American</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1860, however, he had reconsidered his position.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper outlined his changed position in a lecture delivered at <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, entitled "The Political Condition of British North America".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of the lecture was a homage to <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a>'s 1838 <i><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Affairs_of_British_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Affairs of British North America">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a></i> and assessed the condition of British North America in the two decades following Lord Durham's famous report. Although Tupper was interested in the potential economic consequences of a union with the other colonies, the bulk of his lecture addressed the place of British North America within the wider <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been convinced by his 1858 trip to London that British politicians were unwilling to pay attention to small colonies such as Nova Scotia, Tupper argued that Nova Scotia and the other <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime</a> colonies "could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper therefore proposed to create a "British America", which "stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, would in a few years exhibit to the world a great and powerful organization, with British Institutions, British sympathies, and British feelings, bound indissolubly to <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">the throne of England</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charlottetown_Conference,_September_1864"><span id="Charlottetown_Conference.2C_September_1864"></span>Charlottetown Conference, September 1864</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Charlottetown Conference, September 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlottetownConference1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/200px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/300px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/400px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Tupper and other delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> on the steps of <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Prince_Edward_Island)" title="Government House (Prince Edward Island)">Government House</a>, September 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, Tupper worried that a victorious <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">North</a> would turn northward and conquer the British North American provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused him to redouble his commitment to union, which he now saw as essential to protecting the British colonies against American aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since he thought that full union among the British North American colonies would be unachievable for many years, on March 28, 1864, Tupper instead proposed a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">Maritime Union</a> which would unite the Maritime provinces in advance of a projected future union with the Province of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conference to discuss the proposed union of Nova Scotia, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> was scheduled to be held in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> in September 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper was pleasantly surprised when the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the Province of Canada">Premier of the Province of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, asked to be allowed to attend the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference, which was co-chaired by Tupper and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick Premier">New Brunswick Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Samuel Leonard Tilley</a>, welcomed the Canadian delegation and asked them to join the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference proved to be a smashing success, and resulted in an agreement-in-principle to form a union of the four colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_Conference,_October_1864"><span id="Quebec_Conference.2C_October_1864"></span>Quebec Conference, October 1864</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quebec Conference, October 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference</a> was held on October 10, as a follow-up to the Charlottetown Conference, with <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> only attending to observe.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper headed the Nova Scotia delegation to the Quebec Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported a legislative union of the colonies (which would mean that there would be only one legislature for the united colonies).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> delegates to the conference, notably <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Hector-Louis Langevin</a>, strongly opposed the idea of a legislative union. Tupper threw his weight behind Macdonald's proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> union, which would see each colony retain its own legislature, with a central legislature in charge of common interests.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper argued in favour of a strong central government as a second best to a pure legislative union.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt, however, that the local legislatures should retain the ability to levy duties on their natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned that a united legislature would be dominated by the Province of Canada, Tupper pushed for regional representation in the upper house of the confederated colonies (a goal which would be achieved in the makeup of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the topic of which level of government would control customs in the union, Tupper ultimately agreed to accept the formula by which the federal government controlled customs in exchange for an annual subsidy of 80 cents a year for each Nova Scotian.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deal was ultimately not good for Nova Scotia, which had historically received most of its government revenue from customs, and as a result, Nova Scotia entered Confederation with a <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YoungTupper2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/YoungTupper2.JPG/150px-YoungTupper2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/YoungTupper2.JPG/225px-YoungTupper2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/YoungTupper2.JPG/300px-YoungTupper2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Tupper in 1865</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_of_the_Quebec_Conference">Aftermath of the Quebec Conference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the Quebec Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Tupper had given up much at the Quebec Conference, he thought that he would be able to convince Nova Scotians that the deal he negotiated was in some good for Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was therefore surprised when the deal he had negotiated at Quebec was roundly criticized by Nova Scotians: the Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Adams George Archibald</a> was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former premier Joseph Howe now organized an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">Anti-Confederation Party</a> and anti-Confederation sentiments were so strong that Tupper decided to postpone a vote of the legislature on the question of Confederation for a full year.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper now organized supporters of Confederation into a <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Party" title="Confederation Party">Confederation Party</a> to push for the union.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1866, Tupper secured a motion of the Nova Scotia legislature in favour of union by promising that he would renegotiate the <a href="/wiki/Seventy-two_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-two Resolutions">Seventy-two Resolutions</a> at the upcoming <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">conference in London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London_Conference,_1866"><span id="London_Conference.2C_1866"></span>London Conference, 1866</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: London Conference, 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Howe had begun a pamphlet campaign in the UK to turn British public opinion against the proposed union.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, when Tupper arrived in the UK, he immediately initiated a campaign of pamphlets and letters to the editor designed to refute Howe's assertions.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tupper did attempt to renegotiate the 72 Resolutions as he had promised, he was ineffective in securing any major changes.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only major change agreed to at the London Conference arguably did not benefit Nova Scotia – responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, which was going to be a joint federal-provincial responsibility under the Quebec agreement, became solely a federal concern.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_final_push_for_Confederation">The final push for Confederation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The final push for Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following passage of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act</a> in the wake of the London Conference, Tupper returned to Nova Scotia to undertake preparations for the union,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came into existence on July 1, 1867, and on July 4, Tupper turned over responsibility for the government of Nova Scotia to <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Blanchard" title="Hiram Blanchard">Hiram Blanchard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In honour of the role he had played in securing Confederation, Tupper was made a <a href="/wiki/Companion_in_The_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was now entitled to use the postnomial letters "CB". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada,_1867–1884"><span id="Career_in_the_Parliament_of_Canada.2C_1867.E2.80.931884"></span>Career in the Parliament of Canada, 1867–1884</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Career in the Parliament of Canada, 1867–1884"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_the_Anti-Confederates,_1867–1869"><span id="Fighting_the_Anti-Confederates.2C_1867.E2.80.931869"></span>Fighting the Anti-Confederates, 1867–1869</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fighting the Anti-Confederates, 1867–1869"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian federal election">first elections</a> for the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> were held in August–September 1867. Tupper ran as a member for the new federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cumberland (federal electoral district)">Cumberland</a> and won his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was the only pro-Confederation candidate to win a seat from Nova Scotia in the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parliament" title="1st Canadian Parliament">1st Canadian Parliament</a>, with Joseph Howe and the Anti-Confederates winning every other seat.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesTupper1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CharlesTupper1870.jpg/220px-CharlesTupper1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CharlesTupper1870.jpg/330px-CharlesTupper1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CharlesTupper1870.jpg/440px-CharlesTupper1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Tupper in April 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>As an ally of John A. Macdonald and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a>, it was widely believed that Tupper would have a place in the first <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Macdonald ran into difficulties in organizing this cabinet, Tupper stepped aside in favour of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Edward Kenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Tupper set up a medical practice in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and was elected as the first president of the new <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a>, a position he held until 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the November 1867 provincial elections in Nova Scotia, the pro-Confederation Hiram Blanchard was defeated by the leader of the Anti-Confederation Party, <a href="/wiki/William_Annand" title="William Annand">William Annand</a>. Given the unpopularity of Confederation within Nova Scotia, Joseph Howe traveled to London in 1868 to attempt to persuade the British government (headed by the Earl of Derby, and then after February 1868 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>) to allow Nova Scotia to secede from Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper followed Howe to London where he successfully lobbied British politicians against allowing Nova Scotia to secede.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his victory in London, Tupper proposed a reconciliation with Howe: in exchange for Howe's agreeing to stop fighting against the union, Tupper and Howe would be allies in the fight to protect Nova Scotia's interests within Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe agreed to Tupper's proposal and in January 1869 entered the Canadian cabinet as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> in 1869, Tupper was distressed to find that his daughter Emma's husband was being held hostage by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> and the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rushed to the northwest to rescue his son-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TupperWorking1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/TupperWorking1871.jpg/150px-TupperWorking1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/TupperWorking1871.jpg/225px-TupperWorking1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/TupperWorking1871.jpg/300px-TupperWorking1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Tupper in November 1871</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_Queen's_Privy_Council_for_Canada,_1870–1872"><span id="President_of_the_Queen.27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada.2C_1870.E2.80.931872"></span>President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, 1870–1872</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, 1870–1872"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Howe's health declined the next year, Tupper finally entered the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">1st Canadian Ministry</a> by becoming Privy Council president in June 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year was dominated by a dispute with the United States regarding US access to the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper thought that the British should restrict American access to these fisheries so that they could negotiate from a position of strength.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Prime Minister Macdonald travelled to represent Canada's interests at the negotiations leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington (1871)</a>, Tupper served as Macdonald's liaison with the federal cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Inland_Revenue,_1872–1873"><span id="Minister_of_Inland_Revenue.2C_1872.E2.80.931873"></span>Minister of Inland Revenue, 1872–1873</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minister of Inland Revenue, 1872–1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 19, 1872, Tupper's service as Privy Council president ended and he became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Inland_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Inland Revenue (Canada)">Minister of Inland Revenue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper led the Nova Scotia campaign for the Liberal-Conservative party during the <a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">Canadian federal election of 1872</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts paid off when Nova Scotia returned not a single Anti-Confederate <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="2nd Canadian Parliament">2nd Canadian Parliament</a>, and 20 of Nova Scotia's 21 MPs were Liberal-Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Liberal-Conservative Party changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party</a> in 1873.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Customs,_1873–1874"><span id="Minister_of_Customs.2C_1873.E2.80.931874"></span>Minister of Customs, 1873–1874</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Minister of Customs, 1873–1874"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesTupper1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/CharlesTupper1873.jpg/150px-CharlesTupper1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/CharlesTupper1873.jpg/225px-CharlesTupper1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/CharlesTupper1873.jpg/300px-CharlesTupper1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Tupper in August 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1873, Tupper was shifted from Inland Revenue to become <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Customs" title="Minister of Customs">Minister of Customs</a>, and in this position he was successful in having <a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">British weights and measures</a> adopted as the uniform standard for the united colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He would not hold this post for long, however, as Macdonald's government was rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Scandal" title="Pacific Scandal">Pacific Scandal</a> throughout 1873. In November 1873, the 1st Canadian Ministry was forced to resign and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="2nd Canadian Ministry">2nd Canadian Ministry</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_in_Opposition,_1874–1878"><span id="Years_in_Opposition.2C_1874.E2.80.931878"></span>Years in Opposition, 1874–1878</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Years in Opposition, 1874–1878"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tupper had not been involved in the Pacific Scandal, but he nevertheless continued to support Macdonald and his Conservative colleagues both before and after the <a href="/wiki/1874_Canadian_federal_election" title="1874 Canadian federal election">1874 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1874 election was disastrous for the Conservatives, and in Nova Scotia, Tupper was one of only two Conservative MPs returned to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="3rd Canadian Parliament">3rd Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Macdonald stayed on as Conservative leader, Tupper now assumed a more prominent role in the Conservative Party and was widely seen as Macdonald's heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led Conservative attacks on the Mackenzie government throughout the 3rd Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mackenzie government attempted to negotiate a new <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> with the United States to replace the <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a> which the U.S. had abrogated in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mackenzie proved unable to achieve reciprocity, Tupper began shifting toward <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> and became a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a> which became a part of the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platform</a> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sincerity of Tupper's conversion to the protectionist cause was doubted at the time, however: according to one apocryphal story, when Tupper came to the 1876 debate on <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Richard John Cartwright</a>'s budget, he was prepared to advocate <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> if Cartwright had announced that the Liberals had shifted their position and were now supporting protectionism.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper was also deeply critical of Mackenzie's approach to railways, arguing that completion of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>, which would link <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (which entered Confederation in 1871) with the rest of Canada, should be a stronger government priority than it was for Mackenzie.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position also became an integral part of the Conservative platform. </p><p>As on previous occasions when he was not in cabinet, Tupper was active in practicing medicine during the 1874–78 stint in Opposition, though he was dedicating less and less of his time to medicine during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper was a councillor of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Military_College" title="Oxford Military College">Oxford Military College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Cowley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> from 1876 to 1896. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Public_Works,_1878–1879"><span id="Minister_of_Public_Works.2C_1878.E2.80.931879"></span>Minister of Public Works, 1878–1879</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Minister of Public Works, 1878–1879"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">1878 election</a> Tupper again led the Conservative campaign in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives under Macdonald won a resounding majority in the election, in the process capturing 16 of Nova Scotia's 21 seats in the <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Parliament" title="4th Canadian Parliament">4th Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the formation of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">3rd Canadian Ministry</a> on October 17, 1878, Tupper became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Minister of Public Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His top priority was completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which he saw as "an Imperial Highway across the Continent of America entirely on British soil".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked a shift in Tupper's position: although he had long argued that completion of the railway should be a major government priority, while Tupper was in Opposition, he argued that the railway should be privately constructed; he now argued that the railway ought to be completed as a <a href="/wiki/Public_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Public work">public work</a>, partly because he believed that the private sector could not complete the railroad given the <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> which gripped the country throughout the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals,_1879–1884"><span id="Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals.2C_1879.E2.80.931884"></span>Minister of Railways and Canals, 1879–1884</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Minister of Railways and Canals, 1879–1884"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1879, Macdonald decided that completion of the railway was such a priority that he created a new ministry to focus on railways and canals, and Tupper became Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Minister of Railways and Canals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper's motto as Minister of Railways and Canals was "Develop our resources".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated "I have always supposed that the great object, in every country, and especially in a new country, was to draw as [many] <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a> into it as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper traveled to London in summer 1879 to attempt to persuade the British government (then headed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">the Earl of Beaconsfield</a> in his second term as prime minister) to <a href="/wiki/Guarantee" title="Guarantee">guarantee</a> a <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">bond</a> sale to be used to construct the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not successful, though he did manage to purchase 50,000 tons of steel rails at a bargain price.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper's old friend Sandford Fleming oversaw the railway construction, but his inability to keep costs down led to political controversy, and Tupper was forced to remove Fleming as Chief Engineer in May 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1879 also saw Tupper made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George</a>, and thus entitled to use the postnominal letters "KCMG".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupper1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tupper1881.jpg/220px-Tupper1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tupper1881.jpg/330px-Tupper1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tupper1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Tupper in September 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880, <a href="/wiki/George_Stephen,_1st_Baron_Mount_Stephen" title="George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen">George Stephen</a> approached Tupper on behalf of a <a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">syndicate</a> and asked to be allowed to take over construction of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that Stephen's syndicate was up to the task, Tupper convinced the cabinet to back the plan at a meeting in June 1880 and, together with Macdonald, negotiated a contract with the syndicate in October.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syndicate successfully created the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> in February 1881 and assumed construction of the railway shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following years Tupper was a vocal supporter of the CPR during its competition with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1883 he worked out a rescue plan for the CPR after it faced financial difficulties and persuaded his party and Parliament to accept the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his support for completion of the CPR, Tupper also actively managed the existing railways in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after becoming minister in 1879, he forced the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a> to lower its freight rates, which had been a major grievance of Maritime business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then forced the Grand Trunk Railway to sell its <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Loup,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec">Rivière-du-Loup</a> line to the Intercolonial Railway to complete a link between Halifax and the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also refused to give the CPR <a href="/wiki/Running_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Running rights">running rights</a> over the Intercolonial Railway, though he did convince the CPR to build the Short Line from Halifax to Saint John.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of canals, Tupper's time as Minister of Railways and Canals is notable for large expenditures on widening the <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> and deepening the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deterioration_of_relationship_with_Macdonald_and_appointment_as_High_Commissioner">Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rift developed between Tupper and Macdonald in 1879 over Sandford Fleming, whom Tupper supported but whom Macdonald wanted removed as Chief Engineer of the CPR.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rift was partially healed and Tupper and Macdonald managed to work together during the negotiations with George Stephen's syndicate in 1880, but the men were no longer close, and Tupper no longer seemed to be Macdonald's heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1881 Tupper had determined that he should leave the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1881 he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canada's <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a> in London. Macdonald initially refused, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Alexander Tilloch Galt</a> retained the High Commissioner's post.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">1882 election</a>, Tupper campaigned only in Nova Scotia (he normally campaigned throughout the country): he was again successful, with the Conservatives winning 14 of Nova Scotia's 21 seats in the <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Parliament" title="5th Canadian Parliament">5th Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1882 election was personally significant for Tupper because it saw his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a>, elected as MP for <a href="/wiki/Pictou_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Pictou (federal electoral district)">Pictou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom,_1883–1895"><span id="Canadian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom.2C_1883.E2.80.931895"></span>Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, 1883–1895</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, 1883–1895"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1883–1887"><span id="Early_years_as_High_Commissioner.2C_1883.E2.80.931887"></span>Early years as High Commissioner, 1883–1887</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Early years as High Commissioner, 1883–1887"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TupperUniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TupperUniform.jpg/220px-TupperUniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TupperUniform.jpg/330px-TupperUniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TupperUniform.jpg/440px-TupperUniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Tupper circa 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>Tupper remained committed to leaving Ottawa, however, and in May 1883, he moved to London to become unpaid High Commissioner, though he did not surrender his ministerial position at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he soon faced criticism that the two posts were incompatible, and in May 1884 he resigned from cabinet and the House of Commons and became full-time paid High Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time as High Commissioner, Tupper vigorously defended Canada's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was not a full <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a>, he represented Canada at a <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> conference in 1883, where he openly disagreed with the British delegation; and in 1884 he was allowed to conduct negotiations for a Canadian commercial treaty with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper was concerned with promoting <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration to Canada</a> and made several tours of various countries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to encourage their citizens to move to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report in 1883 acknowledges the work of Charles Tupper: </p> <blockquote><p>As directing emigration from the United Kingdom and also the Continent, his work has been greatly valuable; and especially in reference to the arrangements made by him on the Continent and in Ireland. The High Commissioner for Canada, Sir Charles Tupper, has been aided during the past year by the same Emigration Agents of the Department in the United Kingdom as in 1882, namely, Mr. John Dyke, Liverpool; Mr. Thomas Grahame, Glasgow; Mr. Charles Foy, Belfast; Mr. Thomas Connolly, Dublin, and Mr. J.W. Down, Bristol. On the <a href="/wiki/European_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="European continent">European continent</a>, Dr. Otto Hahn, of Reutlingen, has continued to act as Agent in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1883, Tupper convinced <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>'s government to exempt Canadian cattle from the general British ban on importing American cattle by demonstrating that Canadian cattle were free of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His other duties as High Commissioner included: putting Canadian exporters in contact with British importers; negotiating loans for the Canadian government and the CPR; helping to organize the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_and_Indian_Exhibition" title="Colonial and Indian Exhibition">Colonial and Indian Exhibition</a> of 1886; arranging for a subsidy for the mail ship from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>; and lobbying on behalf of a British-Pacific cable along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cable</a> and for a faster transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Steam_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam ship">steam ship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper was present at the founding meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation_League" title="Imperial Federation League">Imperial Federation League</a> in July 1884, where he argued against a resolution which said that the only options open to the British Empire were <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a> or disintegration.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper believed that a form of limited federation was possible and desirable.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlude_as_Minister_of_Finance,_1887–1888"><span id="Interlude_as_Minister_of_Finance.2C_1887.E2.80.931888"></span>Interlude as Minister of Finance, 1887–1888</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interlude as Minister of Finance, 1887–1888"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1884 saw the election of Liberal <a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">William Stevens Fielding</a> as Premier of Nova Scotia after Fielding campaigned on a platform of leading Nova Scotia out of Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, throughout 1886, Macdonald begged Tupper to return to Canada to fight the Anti-Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1887 Tupper returned to Canada to rejoin the 3rd Canadian Ministry as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance of Canada</a>, while retaining his post as High Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1887_Canadian_federal_election" title="1887 Canadian federal election">1887 federal election</a>, Tupper again presented the pro-Confederation argument to the people of Nova Scotia, and again the Conservatives won 14 of Nova Scotia's 21 seats in the <a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Parliament" title="6th Canadian Parliament">6th Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his year as finance minister, Tupper retained the government's commitment to protectionism, even extending it to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron and steel industry">iron and steel industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time Tupper was convinced that Canada was ready to move on to its second stage of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrial development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, he held out the prospect of the development of a great iron industry as an inducement to keep Nova Scotia from seceding.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper's unique position of being both Minister of Finance and High Commissioner to London served him well in an emerging crisis in <a href="/wiki/American-Canadian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Canadian relations">American-Canadian relations</a>: in 1885, the U.S. abrogated the fisheries clause of the Treaty of Washington (1871), and the Canadian government retaliated against American fishermen with a narrow reading of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting as High Commissioner, Tupper pressured the British government (then led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>) to stand firm in defending Canada's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the appointment of a Joint Commission in 1887, with Tupper serving as one of the three British commissioners to negotiate with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury selected <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> as one of the British commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Thompson</a> served as the British delegation's legal counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the negotiations, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> complained that "Mr. Chamberlain has yielded the control of the negotiations over to Charles Tupper, who subjects the questions to the demands of Canadian politics."<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the negotiations was a treaty (the Treaty of Washington of 1888) that made such concessions to Canada that it was ultimately rejected by the <a href="/wiki/American_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="American Senate">American Senate</a> in February 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although the treaty was rejected, the commission had managed to temporarily resolve the dispute. </p><p>Following the long conclusion of these negotiations, Tupper decided to return to London to become High-Commissioner full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald tried to persuade Tupper to stay in Ottawa: during the political crisis surrounding the 1885 <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>, Macdonald had pledged to nominate Hector-Louis Langevin as his successor; Macdonald now told Tupper that he would break this promise and nominate Tupper as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper was not convinced, however, and resigned as Minister of Finance on May 23, 1888, and moved back to London.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_as_High_Commissioner,_1888–1895"><span id="Later_years_as_High_Commissioner.2C_1888.E2.80.931895"></span>Later years as High Commissioner, 1888–1895</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Later years as High Commissioner, 1888–1895"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Flag!_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg/150px-The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg/225px-The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg/300px-The_Old_Flag%21_The_Old_Guard_and_the_Old_Principle%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>"The Old Flag! The Old Guard and the Old Principle!" Conservative Party election poster, with Charles Tupper and Hugh John Macdonald, during the <a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891 election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For Tupper's work on the Joint Commission, Joseph Chamberlain arranged for Tupper to become a <a href="/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronetage of the United Kingdom">baronet of the United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tupper_Baronetcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupper Baronetcy">Tupper Baronetcy</a> was created on September 13, 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, tensions were high between the U.S. and Canada when the U.S. banned Canadians from engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal hunt">seal hunt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> as part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Sea Dispute">Bering Sea Dispute</a> between the U.S. and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper traveled to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to represent Canadian interests during the negotiations and was something of an embarrassment to the British diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When, in 1890, the provincial secretary of Newfoundland, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bond" title="Robert Bond">Robert Bond</a>, negotiated a fisheries treaty with the U.S. that Tupper felt was not in Canada's interest, Tupper successfully persuaded the British government (then under Lord Salisbury's second term) to reject the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper remained an active politician during his time as High Commissioner, which was controversial because diplomats are traditionally expected to be nonpartisan.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tupper's successor as High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Smith</a> would succeed in turning the High Commissioner's office into a nonpartisan office.) As such, Tupper returned to Canada to campaign on behalf of the Conservatives' National Policy during the <a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupperfamily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tupperfamily.jpg/150px-Tupperfamily.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tupperfamily.jpg/225px-Tupperfamily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tupperfamily.jpg/300px-Tupperfamily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Charles Tupper with his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a> and his grandson, March 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>Tupper continued to be active in the Imperial Federation League, though after 1887, the League was split over the issue of regular colonial contribution to imperial defense.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the League was dissolved in 1893, for which some people blamed Tupper.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to the British Empire, Tupper advocated a system of mutual preferential trading. In a series of articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Century_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth Century (periodical)">Nineteenth Century</a></i> in 1891 and 1892, Tupper denounced the position that Canada should unilaterally reduce its tariff on British goods.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, he argued that any such tariff reduction should only come as part of a wider trade agreement in which tariffs on Canadian goods would also be reduced at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John A. Macdonald's death in 1891 opened the possibility of Tupper's replacing him as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>, but Tupper enjoyed life in London and decided against returning to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommended that his son support <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Thompson</a>'s prime ministerial bid.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tupper_becomes_prime_minister,_1895–1896"><span id="Tupper_becomes_prime_minister.2C_1895.E2.80.931896"></span>Tupper becomes prime minister, 1895–1896</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tupper becomes prime minister, 1895–1896"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Thompson died suddenly in office in December 1894. Many observers expected the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">Lord Aberdeen</a>, to invite Tupper to return to Canada to become prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lord Aberdeen disliked Tupper and instead invited <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a> to replace Thompson as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TupperCartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TupperCartoon.jpg/220px-TupperCartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TupperCartoon.jpg/330px-TupperCartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TupperCartoon.jpg/440px-TupperCartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>"Sir Charles Tupper et le parlement": <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> from February 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest challenge facing Bowell as prime minister was the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a>. The Conservative Party was bitterly divided on how to handle the Manitoba Schools Question, and as a result, on January 4, 1896, seven cabinet ministers resigned, demanding the return of Tupper.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Bowell and Aberdeen were forced to invite Tupper to join the <a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Ministry" title="6th Canadian Ministry">6th Canadian Ministry</a> and on January 15 Tupper became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a>, with the understanding that he would become prime minister following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Parliament" title="7th Canadian Parliament">7th Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to Canada, Tupper was elected to the 7th Canadian Parliament as member for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cape Breton (federal electoral district)">Cape Breton</a> during a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> held on February 4, 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, Tupper was the <i>de facto</i> prime minister, though legally Bowell was still prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper's position on the Manitoba Schools Act was that French Catholics in Manitoba had been promised the right to separate state-funded French-language Catholic schools in the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Act">Manitoba Act</a> of 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, even though he personally opposed French-language Catholic schools in Manitoba, he believed that the government should stand by its promise and therefore oppose <a href="/wiki/Dalton_McCarthy" title="Dalton McCarthy">Dalton McCarthy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Schools Act">Manitoba Schools Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained this position even after the Manitoba Schools Act was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1895, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled that the Canadian federal government could pass remedial legislation to overrule the Manitoba Schools Act (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in February 1896 Tupper introduced this remedial legislation in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustered</a> by a combination of extreme Protestants led by McCarthy and Liberals led by <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This filibuster resulted in Tupper's abandoning the bill and asking for a dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister,_May–July_1896"><span id="Prime_Minister.2C_May.E2.80.93July_1896"></span>Prime Minister, May–July 1896</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prime Minister, May–July 1896"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg/220px-CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg/330px-CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/CharlesandLadyTupper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sir Charles and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Tupper" title="Frances Tupper">Lady Tupper</a>, October 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament was dissolved on April 24, 1896, and the <a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Ministry" title="7th Canadian Ministry">7th Canadian Ministry</a> with Tupper as prime minister was sworn in on May 1<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him, with <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, one of the only two prime ministers to never sit in Parliament while prime minister. Tupper remains the oldest person ever to become Canadian prime minister, at age 74. </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896 election</a> campaign, Tupper argued that the real issue of the election was the future of Canadian industry and insisted that Conservatives needed to unite to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Patrons_of_Industry" title="Patrons of Industry">Patrons of Industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Conservatives were so bitterly divided over the Manitoba Schools Question that wherever he spoke, he was faced with a barrage of criticism, most notably at a two-hour address he gave at <a href="/wiki/Massey_Hall" title="Massey Hall">Massey Hall</a> in Toronto, which was constantly interrupted by the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilfrid Laurier, on the other hand, modified the traditional Liberal stance on free trade and embraced aspects of the National Policy.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the Conservatives won the most votes in the 1896 election (48.2 percent of the votes, in comparison to 41.4 percent for the Liberals). However, they captured only about half of the seats in <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>, while Laurier's Liberals won a landslide victory in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where Tupper's reputation as an ardent <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> was a major handicap.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper had tried and failed to persuade <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau</a> to return to active politics as his <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Laurier had clearly won the election on June 24, Tupper initially refused to cede power, insisting that Laurier would be unable to form a government despite the Liberal Party's having won 55 percent of the seats in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Tupper attempted to make appointments as prime minister, Lord Aberdeen refused to act on Tupper's advice. Tupper then resigned and Aberdeen invited Laurier to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper maintained that Lord Aberdeen's actions were <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper's 68 days are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">shortest term of all prime ministers of Canada</a>. His government never faced a Parliament. </p><p>His portrait, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Albert_Long" title="Victor Albert Long">Victor Albert Long</a>, hangs in the Parliament Buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition,_1896–1900"><span id="Leader_of_the_Opposition.2C_1896.E2.80.931900"></span>Leader of the Opposition, 1896–1900</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition, 1896–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TupperCrownLife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TupperCrownLife.jpg/220px-TupperCrownLife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TupperCrownLife.jpg/330px-TupperCrownLife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TupperCrownLife.jpg/440px-TupperCrownLife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tupper at a meeting of the directors of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Life_Insurance_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown Life Insurance Company (page does not exist)">Crown Life Insurance Company</a> in Toronto, ca 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>As Leader of the Opposition during the <a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Parliament" title="8th Canadian Parliament">8th Canadian Parliament</a>, Tupper attempted to regain the loyalty of those Conservatives who had deserted the party over the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played up loyalty to the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupper strongly supported Canadian participation in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, which broke out in 1899, and criticized Laurier for not doing enough to support Britain in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1900_Canadian_federal_election" title="1900 Canadian federal election">1900 election</a> saw the Conservatives pick up 17 Ontario seats in the <a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Parliament" title="9th Canadian Parliament">9th Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a small consolation, however, Laurier's Liberals won a definitive majority and had a clear mandate for a second term.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worse for Tupper was the fact he had failed to carry his own seat, losing the Cape Breton seat to Liberal <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Johnston_(Canadian_politician)" title="Alexander Johnston (Canadian politician)">Alexander Johnston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1900, two weeks after the election, Tupper stepped down as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition – the caucus chose as his successor fellow Nova Scotian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laird_Borden" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Laird Borden">Robert Laird Borden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years,_1901–1915"><span id="Later_years.2C_1901.E2.80.931915"></span>Later years, 1901–1915</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Later years, 1901–1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his defeat in the 1900 election, Tupper and his wife settled with their daughter Emma in <a href="/wiki/Bexleyheath" title="Bexleyheath">Bexleyheath</a> in north-west Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to make frequent trips to Canada to visit his sons <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_Tupper" title="William Johnston Tupper">William Johnston Tupper</a>, both of whom were Canadian politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax,_NS_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg/250px-Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg/375px-Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg/500px-Grave_site_of_Charles_Tupper_in_Halifax%2C_NS_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Grave site of Charles and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Tupper" title="Frances Tupper">Frances Tupper</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cemetery,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cemetery, Halifax">St. John's Cemetery</a> in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 9, 1907, Tupper became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">British Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a>, which entitled him to use the postnominal letters "GCMG".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper remained interested in imperial politics, and particularly with promoting Canada's place within the British Empire. He sat on the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_League" title="British Empire League">British Empire League</a> and advocated closer economic ties between Canada and Britain, while continuing to oppose Imperial Federation and requests for Canada to make a direct contribution to imperial defense costs (though he supported Borden's decision to voluntarily make an emergency contribution of <a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreadnoughts">dreadnoughts</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in 1912).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his retirement, Tupper wrote his <a href="/wiki/Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs">memoirs</a>, entitled <i>Recollections of Sixty Years in Canada</i>, which were published in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gave a series of interviews to journalist W. A. Harkin which formed the basis of a second book published in 1914, entitled <i>Political Reminiscences of the Right Honourable Sir Charles Tupper</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tupper's wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Tupper" title="Frances Tupper">Lady Tupper</a> died in May 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-lady_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lady-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest son Orin died in April 1915. On October 30, 1915, in Bexleyheath, Tupper died.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last of the original <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a> to die, and had lived the longest life of any Canadian prime minister, at 94 years, four months.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was returned to Canada on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Blenheim_(1890)" title="HMS Blenheim (1890)">HMS <i>Blenheim</i></a> (the same vessel that had carried the body of Tupper's colleague, <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Thompson</a> to Halifax when Thompson died in England in 1894) and was buried in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cemetery,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cemetery, Halifax">St. John's Cemetery</a> in Halifax following a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> with a mile-long procession.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_recognition">Legacy and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_Tupper.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Charles Tupper.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tupper will be most remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of Confederation">Father of Confederation</a>, and his long career as a federal cabinet minister, rather than his brief time as prime minister. As the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier of Nova Scotia</a> from 1864 to 1867, he led <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> and persuaded <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> to join the new federal government, bringing an end to the anti-Confederation movement in Nova Scotia. </p><p>In their 1999 study of the Canadian Prime Ministers through <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.L._Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Granatstein">J.L. Granatstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a> included the results of a survey of Canadian historians ranking the Prime Ministers. Tupper ranked No. 16 out of the 20 up to that time, due to his extremely short tenure in which he was unable to accomplish anything of significance. Historians noted that despite Tupper's elderly age, he showed a determination and spirit during his brief time as prime minister that almost beat Laurier in the 1896 election.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tupper" title="Mount Tupper">Mount Tupper</a> in the Canadian Rockies and the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tupper_Building" title="Sir Charles Tupper Building">Sir Charles Tupper Building</a> in Ottawa are named for him. The Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building is the central building of the <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Medical School">Dalhousie Medical School</a> in Halifax, Nova Scotia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facility_naming">Facility naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Facility naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tupper_Secondary_School" title="Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School">Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sct.hrce.ca/">Sir Charles Tupper School in Halifax</a></li> <li>Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine,_Dalhousie_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University">Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University</a></li> <li>Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cdnmedhall_ca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cdnmedhall_ca_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnmedhall.ca/laureates/charlestupper">"Sir Charles Tupper, MD"</a>. <i>CMHF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CMHF&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Tupper%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnmedhall.ca%2Flaureates%2Fcharlestupper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/SirCharlesTupper-CanadianHistory.htm">"Sir Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada (1896)"</a>. The Quebec History Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Charles+Tupper+Prime+Minister+of+Canada+%281896%29&rft.pub=The+Quebec+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FSirCharlesTupper-CanadianHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1932" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, John D. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/b20457273M002#page/737/mode/1up">"Influence of Scottish Graduates in Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>History of Scottish Medicine</i>. Vol. 2. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. p. 737.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Scottish+Graduates+in+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=History+of+Scottish+Medicine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Wellcome+Historical+Medical+Museum&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fb20457273M002%23page%2F737%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042938/http://cdnmedhall.org/inductees/charlestupper">"Sir Charles Tupper"</a>. <i>cdnmedhall.org</i>. Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnmedhall.org/inductees/charlestupper">the original</a> on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdnmedhall.org&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Tupper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnmedhall.org%2Finductees%2Fcharlestupper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-60"><sup><i><b>bi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-61"><sup><i><b>bj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-62"><sup><i><b>bk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-63"><sup><i><b>bl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-64"><sup><i><b>bm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-65"><sup><i><b>bn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-66"><sup><i><b>bo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-67"><sup><i><b>bp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-68"><sup><i><b>bq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-69"><sup><i><b>br</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-70"><sup><i><b>bs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-71"><sup><i><b>bt</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-72"><sup><i><b>bu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-73"><sup><i><b>bv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-74"><sup><i><b>bw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-75"><sup><i><b>bx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-76"><sup><i><b>by</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-77"><sup><i><b>bz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-78"><sup><i><b>ca</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-79"><sup><i><b>cb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-80"><sup><i><b>cc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-81"><sup><i><b>cd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-82"><sup><i><b>ce</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-83"><sup><i><b>cf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-84"><sup><i><b>cg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-85"><sup><i><b>ch</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-86"><sup><i><b>ci</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-87"><sup><i><b>cj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-88"><sup><i><b>ck</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-89"><sup><i><b>cl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-90"><sup><i><b>cm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-91"><sup><i><b>cn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-92"><sup><i><b>co</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-93"><sup><i><b>cp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-94"><sup><i><b>cq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-95"><sup><i><b>cr</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-96"><sup><i><b>cs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-97"><sup><i><b>ct</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-98"><sup><i><b>cu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-99"><sup><i><b>cv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-100"><sup><i><b>cw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-101"><sup><i><b>cx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-102"><sup><i><b>cy</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-103"><sup><i><b>cz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-104"><sup><i><b>da</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-105"><sup><i><b>db</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-106"><sup><i><b>dc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-107"><sup><i><b>dd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-108"><sup><i><b>de</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-109"><sup><i><b>df</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-110"><sup><i><b>dg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-111"><sup><i><b>dh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-112"><sup><i><b>di</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-113"><sup><i><b>dj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-114"><sup><i><b>dk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-115"><sup><i><b>dl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-116"><sup><i><b>dm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-117"><sup><i><b>dn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-118"><sup><i><b>do</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-119"><sup><i><b>dp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-120"><sup><i><b>dq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-121"><sup><i><b>dr</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-122"><sup><i><b>ds</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-123"><sup><i><b>dt</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-124"><sup><i><b>du</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-125"><sup><i><b>dv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-126"><sup><i><b>dw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-127"><sup><i><b>dx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-128"><sup><i><b>dy</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-129"><sup><i><b>dz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-130"><sup><i><b>ea</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-131"><sup><i><b>eb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-132"><sup><i><b>ec</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-133"><sup><i><b>ed</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-134"><sup><i><b>ee</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-135"><sup><i><b>ef</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-136"><sup><i><b>eg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-137"><sup><i><b>eh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-138"><sup><i><b>ei</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-139"><sup><i><b>ej</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-140"><sup><i><b>ek</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-141"><sup><i><b>el</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-142"><sup><i><b>em</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-143"><sup><i><b>en</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-144"><sup><i><b>eo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-145"><sup><i><b>ep</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-146"><sup><i><b>eq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-147"><sup><i><b>er</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-148"><sup><i><b>es</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-149"><sup><i><b>et</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-150"><sup><i><b>eu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-151"><sup><i><b>ev</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-152"><sup><i><b>ew</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-153"><sup><i><b>ex</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-154"><sup><i><b>ey</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-155"><sup><i><b>ez</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-156"><sup><i><b>fa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-157"><sup><i><b>fb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-158"><sup><i><b>fc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-159"><sup><i><b>fd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-160"><sup><i><b>fe</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-161"><sup><i><b>ff</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-162"><sup><i><b>fg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-163"><sup><i><b>fh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-164"><sup><i><b>fi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-165"><sup><i><b>fj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-166"><sup><i><b>fk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-167"><sup><i><b>fl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-168"><sup><i><b>fm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-169"><sup><i><b>fn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-170"><sup><i><b>fo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-171"><sup><i><b>fp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-172"><sup><i><b>fq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-173"><sup><i><b>fr</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-174"><sup><i><b>fs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-175"><sup><i><b>ft</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-176"><sup><i><b>fu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-177"><sup><i><b>fv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-178"><sup><i><b>fw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-179"><sup><i><b>fx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-180"><sup><i><b>fy</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-181"><sup><i><b>fz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-182"><sup><i><b>ga</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-183"><sup><i><b>gb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-184"><sup><i><b>gc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-185"><sup><i><b>gd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-186"><sup><i><b>ge</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-187"><sup><i><b>gf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-188"><sup><i><b>gg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-189"><sup><i><b>gh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-190"><sup><i><b>gi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-191"><sup><i><b>gj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-192"><sup><i><b>gk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-193"><sup><i><b>gl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-194"><sup><i><b>gm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-195"><sup><i><b>gn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-196"><sup><i><b>go</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-197"><sup><i><b>gp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-198"><sup><i><b>gq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-199"><sup><i><b>gr</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-200"><sup><i><b>gs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-201"><sup><i><b>gt</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-202"><sup><i><b>gu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-203"><sup><i><b>gv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-204"><sup><i><b>gw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-205"><sup><i><b>gx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-206"><sup><i><b>gy</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-207"><sup><i><b>gz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-208"><sup><i><b>ha</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-209"><sup><i><b>hb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-210"><sup><i><b>hc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-211"><sup><i><b>hd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-212"><sup><i><b>he</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-213"><sup><i><b>hf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-214"><sup><i><b>hg</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Buckner, Phillip (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html">"TUPPER, Sir CHARLES"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TUPPER%2C+Sir+CHARLES&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ftupper_charles_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1889). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tupper, Charles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Tupper,_Charles">"Tupper, Charles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tupper%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lady-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lady_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lady_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/12/archives/lady-tupper-dead-her-husband-served-canada-as-premier-and-high.html">"Lady Tupper Dead. Her Husband Served Canada As Premier And High Commissioner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 12, 1912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lady+Tupper+Dead.+Her+Husband+Served+Canada+As+Premier+And+High+Commissioner&rft.date=1912-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1912%2F05%2F12%2Farchives%2Flady-tupper-dead-her-husband-served-canada-as-premier-and-high.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli" class="citation web cs1">Kohli, Marj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist.uwaterloo.ca/~marj/genealogy/reports/report1883.html">"Immigrants to Canada – Immigration Report of 1883"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+to+Canada+%E2%80%93+Immigration+Report+of+1883&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Marj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fist.uwaterloo.ca%2F~marj%2Fgenealogy%2Freports%2Freport1883.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/31/archives/sir-charles-tupper-dies-in-his-95th-year-former-prime-minister-of.html">"Sir Charles Tupper Dies In His 95th Year. Former Prime Minister Of Canada Succumbs At His Home In England. Began Life As A Cobbler An Early Romance Was The Foundation Of His Notable Career As A Statesman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 31, 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Tupper+Dies+In+His+95th+Year.+Former+Prime+Minister+Of+Canada+Succumbs+At+His+Home+In+England.+Began+Life+As+A+Cobbler+An+Early+Romance+Was+The+Foundation+Of+His+Notable+Career+As+A+Statesman&rft.date=1915-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F10%2F31%2Farchives%2Fsir-charles-tupper-dies-in-his-95th-year-former-prime-minister-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/7352183854">"Coat-of-arms of the Honourable Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., GCMG, CB / Armoiries de l'honorable sir Charles Tupper, baronnet, GCMG, CB"</a>. October 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coat-of-arms+of+the+Honourable+Sir+Charles+Tupper%2C+Bart.%2C+GCMG%2C+CB+%2F+Armoiries+de+l%27honorable+sir+Charles+Tupper%2C+baronnet%2C+GCMG%2C+CB&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Flac-bac%2F7352183854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granatstein and Hillman, Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders, p. 45</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Johanna Bertin, <i>Sir Charles Tupper: The Bully for Any Great Cause</i> (2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tupper, Sir Charles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tupper,_Sir_Charles">"Tupper, Sir Charles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tupper%2C+Sir+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Tupper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Murray" title="Thomas John Murray">Jock Murray</a> and Janet Murray, <i>Sir Charles Tupper: Fighting Doctor to Father of Confederation</i> (1998)</li> <li>Robert Page, <i>Tupper’s Last Hurrah: The Years as Opposition Leader, 1896–1900</i> in The West and the Nation: Essays in Honour of W. L. Morton, ed. Carl Berger and Ramsay Cook (1976)</li> <li>K. M. McLaughlin, <i>Race, Religion and Politics: The Election of 1896 in Canada</i>, PhD thesis, University of Toronto (1974)</li> <li>D. H. Tait, <i>The Role of Charles Tupper in Nova Scotian Politics, 1855–1870</i>, M.A. thesis, Dalhousie University (1962)</li> <li>A. W. MacIntosh, <i>The career of Sir Charles Tupper in Canada, 1864–1900</i> (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1960)</li> <li>H. [W.] Charlesworth, <i>Candid chronicler: leaves from the note book of a Canadian journalist</i> (Toronto, 1925)</li> <li>J. W. Longley, <i>Sir Charles Tupper</i> (Toronto, 1916)</li> <li><i>The Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper</i>, Bart., K.C.M.G., ed. E. M. Saunders, 2 vols. (1916)</li> <li>E. M. Saunders, <i>Three premiers of Nova Scotia ...</i> (Toronto, 1909)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Tupper" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Tupper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=6179">Charles Tupper – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218225008/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2420-e.html">Biography from Library and Archives Canada website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/4/h4-3150-e.html">Sir Charles Tupper</a> – Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105103&lang=eng">Sir Charles Tupper fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC537260/">"The Life of Sir Charles Tupper" from the June 1939 edition of the <i>Journal of the Canadian Medical Association</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1928408/">The Right Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, P.C., G.C.M.G., C.B., LL.D., M.D., 1821–1915 from the June 12, 1965, edition of the <i>Journal of the Canadian Medical Association</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianshakespeares.ca/a_sirjohn.cfm"><i>Sir John and Sir Charles, or The Secrets of the Syndicate</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218201627/http://www.canadianshakespeares.ca/a_sirjohn.cfm">Archived</a> December 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an 1881 Shakespearean satire on Macdonald and Tupper's roles in awarding George Stephen's syndicate control of the Canadian Pacific Railway</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529172816/http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/pm/Tupper_E.asp">Tupper's grave site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/SirCharlesTupper-CanadianHistory.htm">Sir Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada (1896)</a> – The Quebec History Encyclopedia</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cumberland (federal electoral district)">Cumberland</a> </b><br />1867–1884 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Townshend" title="Charles James Townshend">Charles James Townshend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Townshend" title="Charles James Townshend">Charles James Townshend</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cumberland (federal electoral district)">Cumberland</a> </b><br />1887–1888 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Arthur Rupert Dickey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_MacKeen" title="David MacKeen">David MacKeen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cape Breton (federal electoral district)">Cape Breton</a> </b><br />1896–1900 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Johnston_(Canadian_politician)" title="Alexander Johnston (Canadian politician)">Alexander Johnston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">James William Johnston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier of Nova Scotia</a> </b><br />1864–1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Blanchard" title="Hiram Blanchard">Hiram Blanchard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Edward Kenny</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Privy Council">President of the Privy Council</a> </b><br />1870–1872 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">John O'Connor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morris_(politician)" title="Alexander Morris (politician)">Alexander Morris</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Inland_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Inland Revenue (Canada)">Minister of Inland Revenue</a> </b><br />1872–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">John O'Connor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Samuel Leonard Tilley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Customs" title="Minister of Customs">Minister of Customs</a> </b><br />1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Burpee" title="Isaac Burpee">Isaac Burpee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Minister of Public Works</a> </b><br />1878–1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Louis_Langevin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Louis Langevin">Hector Louis Langevin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New post</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_Railways_and_Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of Railways and Canals">Minister of Railways and Canals</a> </b><br />1879–1884 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Pope" title="John Henry Pope">John Henry Pope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">Archibald McLelan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance and Receiver General</a> </b><br />1887–1888 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">George Foster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Thomas Mayne Daly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a> </b><br />1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Richard William Scott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> </b><br />1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1896–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1896–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Alexander Tilloch Galt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1883–1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Lord Strathcona</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tupper_baronets" title="Tupper baronets">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Armdale)<b> </b><br />1888–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; 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Scotia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before Confederation<br />(1848–1867)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Boyle_Uniacke" title="James Boyle Uniacke">Uniacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Young_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="William Young (Nova Scotia politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Young_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="William Young (Nova Scotia politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Confederation<br />(1867–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Blanchard" title="Hiram Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Annand" title="William Annand">Annand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_Hill" title="Philip Carteret Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hugh_Holmes" title="Simon Hugh Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Pipes" title="William Thomas Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Murray" title="George Henry Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Armstrong" title="Ernest Howard Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sidney_Harrington" title="Gordon Sidney Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="Angus Lewis Macdonald">A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Connolly" title="Harold Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="Henry Hicks (Nova Scotia politician)">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Isaac_Smith" title="George Isaac Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchanan_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Buchanan (Canadian politician)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stuart_Bacon" title="Roger Stuart Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_(Nova_Scotia_premier)" title="Donald Cameron (Nova Scotia premier)">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Savage_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="John Savage (Nova Scotia politician)">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_MacLellan" title="Russell MacLellan">MacLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamm" title="John Hamm">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_MacDonald" title="Rodney MacDonald">R. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Dexter" title="Darrell Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNeil" title="Stephen McNeil">McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Rankin" title="Iain Rankin">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Houston" title="Tim Houston">Houston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada" title="Template:Ministers of finance of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Ministers of finance of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of finance of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Ministers of finance of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Hincks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Oliver_(politician)" title="Joe Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_customs_of_Canada329" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_customs" title="Template:CA ministers of customs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_customs" title="Template talk:CA ministers of customs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of customs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_customs_of_Canada329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of customs of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of customs (1867–92)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Burpee" title="Isaac Burpee">Burpee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controllers of customs (1892–97)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Clarke_Wallace" title="Nathaniel Clarke Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Smith_(Canadian_politician)" title="Frank Smith (Canadian politician)">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Paterson (Canadian politician)">Paterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of customs (1897–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Paterson (Canadian politician)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> The offices of Minister of Customs and Minister of Inland Revenue amalgamated and the office of Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue was created by Order in Council dated May 18, 1918.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_inland_revenue_of_Canada374" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_inland_revenue" title="Template:CA ministers of inland revenue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_inland_revenue" title="Template talk:CA ministers of inland revenue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_inland_revenue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of inland revenue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_inland_revenue_of_Canada374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Inland_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Inland Revenue (Canada)">Ministers of inland revenue of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of inland revenue (1867–92)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pearce_Howland" title="William Pearce Howland">Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morris_(politician)" title="Alexander Morris (politician)">Morris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Geoffrion" title="Félix Geoffrion">Geoffrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges_Baby" title="Louis François Georges Baby">Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">Costigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controllers of inland revenue (1892–97)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gawler_Prior" title="Edward Gawler Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">de Lotbinière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of inland revenue (1897–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">de Lotbinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Esdras_Bernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Esdras Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Brodeur" title="Louis-Philippe Brodeur">Brodeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Templeman_(politician)" title="William Templeman (politician)">Templeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Bruno_Nantel" title="Wilfrid Bruno Nantel">Nantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89douard_Blondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Édouard Blondin">Blondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Sévigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>†</sup><span style="font-size:85%;">The offices of Minister of Customs and Minister of Inland Revenue were amalgamated by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> dated May 18, 1918.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_transport_of_Canada519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Template:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Template talk:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_transport_of_Canada519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Ministers of transport of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Railways and canals</a> (1879–1936)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Pope" title="John Henry Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_George_Blair" title="Andrew George Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Emmerson" title="Henry Emmerson">Emmerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cochrane" title="Francis Cochrane">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Stewart_(politician)" title="John Alexander Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costello_Kennedy" title="William Costello Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Black" title="William Anderson Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine (1930–36)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duranleau" title="Alfred Duranleau">Duranleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Henri_Gendron" title="Lucien Henri Gendron">Gendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a> (1936–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlyle_Marler" title="George Carlyle Marler">Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">Richardson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Valeri" title="Tony Valeri">Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Lapierre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport, infrastructure and communities (2006–15)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Strahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raitt" title="Lisa Raitt">Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Alghabra" title="Omar Alghabra">Alghabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodriguez_(Canadian_politician)" title="Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)">Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The offices of Minister of Marine and Minister of Railways and Canals were abolished and the office of Minister of Transport was created in 1936<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template talk:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Presidents of the Privy Council for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair" title="Bill Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_secretaries_of_state_of_Canada" title="Template:CA secretaries of state of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_secretaries_of_state_of_Canada" title="Template talk:CA secretaries of state of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_secretaries_of_state_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA secretaries of state of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretaries of state for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christie_(politician)" title="David Christie (politician)">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colebrooke_Patterson" title="James Colebrooke Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">Costigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Humphries_Montague" title="Walter Humphries Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Coderre" title="Louis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89douard_Blondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Édouard Blondin">Blondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Sévigny</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Burrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Monty" title="Rodolphe Monty">Monty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss_Copp" title="Arthur Bliss Copp">Copp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Foster" title="Walter Edward Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cahan" title="Charles Cahan">Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Casgrain" title="Pierre-François Casgrain">Casgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Alexander_McLarty" title="Norman Alexander McLarty">McLarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gordon_Bradley" title="Frederick Gordon Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_Pinard" title="Roch Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Fairclough" title="Ellen Fairclough">Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Courtemanche" title="Henri Courtemanche">Courtemanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Halpenny" title="Ernest Halpenny">Halpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Faulkner_(politician)" title="Hugh Faulkner (politician)">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacDonald_(Canadian_politician)" title="David MacDonald (Canadian politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_McLean" title="Walter McLean">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">B. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">L. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Landry</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The department was eliminated in 1993 when the government was reorganized. The position of Secretary of State for Canada was not legally eliminated until 1996 when its remaining responsibilities were assigned to other cabinet positions and departments, particularly the newly created position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Minister of Canadian Heritage</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_public_works_of_Canada676" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_public_works" title="Template:CA ministers of public works"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_public_works" title="Template talk:CA ministers of public works"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_public_works" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of public works"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_public_works_of_Canada676" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Ministers of public works of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Public works</a><br />(1867–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(politician,_born_1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDougall (politician, born 1822)">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Smith_(Canadian_politician)" title="Frank Smith (Canadian politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(politician)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (politician)">Desjardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Isra%C3%ABl_Tarte" title="Joseph-Israël Tarte">Tarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sutherland_(Canadian_politician)" title="James Sutherland (Canadian politician)">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Hyman" title="C. S. Hyman">Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pugsley" title="William Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Debartzch_Monk" title="Frederick Debartzch Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ballantyne" title="Charles Ballantyne">Ballantyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Broadstreet_Carvell" title="Frank Broadstreet Carvell">Carvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Blanchard_McCurdy" title="Fleming Blanchard McCurdy">McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Bostock" title="Hewitt Bostock">Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Baird_Ryckman" title="Edmond Baird Ryckman">Ryckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Elliott" title="John Campbell Elliott">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Alexander_Stewart" title="Hugh Alexander Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">P. Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Fournier" title="Alphonse Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_James_Walker" title="David James Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Deschatelets" title="Jean-Paul Deschatelets">Deschatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">L. Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cosgrove" title="Paul Cosgrove">Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_La_Salle" title="Roch La Salle">La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_McInnes" title="Stewart McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Jelinek</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Marleau</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Public works and government services</a><br />(1996–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Boudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Brison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortier" title="Michael Fortier">Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Paradis" title="Christian Paradis">Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Finley" title="Diane Finley">Finley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Public services and procurement</a><br />(2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Foote" title="Judy Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Qualtrough" title="Carla Qualtrough">Qualtrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Tassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Jaczek" title="Helena Jaczek">Jaczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Jean-Yves Duclos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>As part of substantial governmental reorganization, the position was merged with that of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply_and_Services_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Supply and Services (Canada)">minister of supply and services</a> to create the position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_and_Government_Services_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Public Works and Government Services (Canada)">Minister of Public Works and Government Services</a> on July 12, 1995.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_high_commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_high_commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Canadian high commissioners to the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_high_commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Canadian high commissioners to the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_high_commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian high commissioners to the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_high_commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada,_London" title="High Commission of Canada, London">Canadian high commissioners to the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Galt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charles_Larkin" title="Peter Charles Larkin">Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Turcotte_Pacaud" title="Lucien Turcotte Pacaud">Pacaud</a> (<i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ferguson" title="Howard Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Dana_Wilgress" title="L. Dana Wilgress">Wilgress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie_(diplomat)" title="Charles Ritchie (diplomat)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Warren" title="Jake Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casselman_Wadds" title="Jean Casselman Wadds">Wadds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McMurtry" title="Roy McMurtry">McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Stefan_Eaton" title="Fredrik Stefan Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royce_Frith" title="Royce Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kinsman" title="Jeremy Kinsman">Kinsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Cappe" title="Mel Cappe">Cappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Wright" title="James R. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Charette" title="Janice Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (1873–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Wayne</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch-Staunton" title="John Lynch-Staunton">Lynch-Staunton</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a> (1867–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_and_Conservative_Party" title="National Liberal and Conservative Party">National Liberal and Conservative Party</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li>Conservative (1921–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Government (Canada)">National Government</a> (1938–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Richard Hanson</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">John Bracken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">Macdonald (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">Macdonald (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Ministry" title="4th Canadian Ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Ministry" title="5th Canadian Ministry">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Ministry" title="6th Canadian Ministry">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Ministry" title="7th Canadian Ministry">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Ministry" title="9th Canadian Ministry">Borden (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Canadian_Ministry" title="11th Canadian Ministry">Meighen (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Ministry" title="13th Canadian Ministry">Meighen (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Ministry" title="15th Canadian Ministry">Bennett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a> (1810s–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Conservative" title="Nationalist Conservative">Nationalist Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128672#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008394877X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74954845">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/165601/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCw8JDdjkkVwDFfHmPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130246956">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85228278">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239089820">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=239473">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007275710405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xh0vfj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&oldid=1274585532">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&oldid=1274585532</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charles_Tupper" title="Category:Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_births" title="Category:1821 births">1821 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_deaths" title="Category:1915 deaths">1915 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School">Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baronets_in_the_Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom">Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Baptists" title="Category:Canadian Baptists">Canadian Baptists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_baronets" title="Category:Canadian baronets">Canadian baronets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_commissioners_of_Canada_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:High commissioners of Canada to the United Kingdom">High commissioners of Canada to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_finance_of_Canada" title="Category:Ministers of finance of Canada">Ministers of finance of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_railways_and_canals_of_Canada" title="Category:Ministers of railways and canals of Canada">Ministers of railways and canals of Canada</a></li><li><a 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