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<li id="toc-The_Napoleonic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Napoleonic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Napoleonic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Napoleonic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_grand-ducal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_grand-ducal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The grand-ducal period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_grand-ducal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_post-unification_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_post-unification_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The post-unification period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_post-unification_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gentile_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gentile_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Gentile Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gentile_Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_war_and_post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_war_and_post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The war and post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_war_and_post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_post-war_period_to_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_post-war_period_to_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>From the post-war period to today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_post-war_period_to_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teaching curriculum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teaching_curriculum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teaching curriculum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teaching_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Undergraduate courses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_courses_(PhD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_courses_(PhD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Postgraduate courses (PhD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_courses_(PhD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_centres_and_laboratories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_centres_and_laboratories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Research centres and laboratories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_centres_and_laboratories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_canteen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_canteen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Colleges and canteen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_canteen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni_and_faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni_and_faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable alumni and faculty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni_and_faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Associazione_Normalisti_and_the_Normale_bulletin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Associazione_Normalisti_and_the_Normale_bulletin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The <i>Associazione Normalisti</i> and the <i>Normale</i> bulletin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Associazione_Normalisti_and_the_Normale_bulletin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cinema and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Superiore di Pisa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%22" title="أسكولا نورماليه سوبريوريه "المدرسة الثانوية العادية" – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسكولا نورماليه سوبريوريه "المدرسة الثانوية العادية"" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_de_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore de Pisa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore de Pisa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" title="Scuola Normale Superiore – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_Normal_Superior_de_Pisa" title="Escuela Normal Superior de Pisa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela Normal Superior de Pisa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Pise" title="École normale supérieure de Pise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École normale supérieure de Pise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%82%AC_%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%EC%82%AC%EB%B2%94%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="피사 고등사범학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피사 고등사범학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" title="Scuola Normale Superiore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_normalis_superior_Pisarum" title="Schola normalis superior Pisarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schola normalis superior Pisarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B5%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="ピサ高等師範学校 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピサ高等師範学校" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2la_Normal_Superior_%C3%ABd_Pisa" title="Scòla Normal Superior ëd Pisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scòla Normal Superior ëd Pisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale di Pisa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Scuola Normale di Pisa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Normal_Superior_de_Pisa" title="Escola Normal Superior de Pisa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola Normal Superior de Pisa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_din_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore din Pisa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore din Pisa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0)" title="Высшая нормальная школа (Пиза) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высшая нормальная школа (Пиза)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scola_Normali_Supiriuri" title="Scola Normali Supiriuri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scola Normali Supiriuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0)" title="Вища нормальна школа (Піза) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вища нормальна школа (Піза)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%90%A8%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="比萨高等师范学校 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比萨高等师范学校" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q672416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&params=43_43_10.60_N_10_24_0.81_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°43′10.60″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°24′0.81″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.7196111°N 10.4002250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.7196111; 10.4002250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public higher learning institution in Italy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Scuola Normale Superiore</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Scuola Normale Superiore</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_logo_SNS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Scuola Normale Superiore"><img alt="Logo of the Scuola Normale Superiore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Official_logo_SNS.svg/250px-Official_logo_SNS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Official_logo_SNS.svg/375px-Official_logo_SNS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Official_logo_SNS.svg/500px-Official_logo_SNS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1810<span class="noprint">; 215 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1810</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 240</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 290</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 260</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Urban</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sns.it/en">sns.it/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Scuola Normale Superiore</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (commonly known in Italy as "la Normale") is a public university institution in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, currently attended by about 600 undergraduate and postgraduate (PhD) students. Together with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a>, it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was founded in 1810 with a decree by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a> in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aim of training the teachers of the Empire to educate its citizens. In 2013 the Florentine site was added to the historical site in Pisa, following the inclusion of the Institute of Human Sciences in Florence (SUM). Since 2018 the Scuola Normale Superiore has been federated with the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a> in Pisa, with the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Superiore_Studi_Pavia_IUSS" title="Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS">Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Superiore_Meridionale_of_Naples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scuola Superiore Meridionale of Naples (page does not exist)">Scuola Superiore Meridionale of Naples</a> the only other three university institutions with special status that, in the Italian panorama, offer, in accordance with standards of excellence, both undergraduate and postgraduate educational activities. </p><p>Eminent personalities from the world of science, literature and politics have studied at the Normale, among them <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Capitini" title="Aldo Capitini">Aldo Capitini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Alessio_Figalli" title="Alessio Figalli">Alessio Figalli</a>, in more recent times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_(detail)_-_Pisa,_Italy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG/220px-Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG/330px-Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG/440px-Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri_%28detail%29_-_Pisa%2C_Italy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A detail of the main building, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Scuola Normale Superiore was founded in 1810 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleonic</a> decree, as a twin institution of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> in Paris, itself dating back to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> jurisdiction. </p><p>The term <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">école normale</a></i></span></i> (<i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scuola normale</i></span></i>) was coined by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lakanal" title="Joseph Lakanal">Joseph Lakanal</a> who, in submitting a report to the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> of 1794 on behalf of the Committee of Public Instruction, explained it as follows: "<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Normales : du latin</i></span> </i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/norma#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:norma">norma</a></i></span><i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">règle. Ces écoles doivent être en effet le type et la règle de toutes les autres.</i></span></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Normal : from the Latin <i>norma </i>, rule. These schools must indeed be the kind and rule of all others." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Napoleonic_period">The Napoleonic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Napoleonic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Napoleonic decree of 18 October 1810, concerning "public education establishments" in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> – a province of the French empire since 1807 – established an "Academic student residence" in Pisa for university students. Twenty-five places were made available for students of the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, to create a branch of the Parisian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a> in countries where the use of the Italian language was authorized.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa was thus established at the behest of Napoleon. The term "Normale" refers to its primary teaching mission, that is to train high school teachers to educate citizens according to coherent teaching and methodological "norms". </p><p>On 22 February 1811, the first call was issued, but the Pisa-based Normale began its activity only in 1813, when the first students of Arts and Sciences attended the Scuola. The first site of the Scuola was the convent of San Silvestro in Pisa: it was a student residence halfway between a military order and a convent, in which the life of the students was characterized by strict disciplinary regulations similar to those of the French <i>Scuola</i> of reference regarding admissions, occupations, punishments, rewards and even student clothing. Following the model of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a>, the Scuola was entrusted to a "Director", assisted by the "Sub-director" and by the "<i>Economo</i>", in charge of administration, supervision of studies and the safeguarding of order. </p><p>The Normale was reserved at that time to the best high school students, aged between 17 and 24, who during their two years of studies also obtained degrees at the faculties of Arts and Sciences of the Imperial University. The students had particular commitments and were obliged to take additional courses: they were supervised by four "<i>ripetitori</i>", chosen by the Director among the students of the Normale, who "repeated" the university lessons daily and coordinated the "conferences", which were a sort of seminar. With this qualifying training, after graduation the students committed themselves to teaching in secondary schools for at least ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Napoleonic Scuola Normale had a short life: the only academic year was 1813/14, during which the physicist <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranieri_Gerbi" class="extiw" title="it:Ranieri Gerbi">Ranieri Gerbi</a> was Director. On 6 April 1814, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon</a> signed the act of abdication: the return of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III</a> to the throne of Tuscany coincided with the closure of the Scuola despite the various attempts to save it in the name of its function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_grand-ducal_period">The grand-ducal period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The grand-ducal period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period of closure of the Scuola after the Napoleonic phase was actually quite short. The Grand Duke's decree of 22 December 1817 re-established the ancient Ordine dei Cavalieri di Santo Stefano (the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of the Knights of St. Stephen</a>) in Pisa: in 1843 the Council of the Order proposed to establish a "boarding school for young nobles" in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> together with a Scuola Normale. It has to be said that even in the previous period novice Knights were often students of the University of Pisa and therefore the <i>Palazzo</i> was already, in effect, a "noble college". </p><p>To study the feasibility of the new project, Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine nominated a commission, which re-established the original function of the Scuola Normale Superiore, that of preparing secondary school teachers. On 28 November 1846, a grand-ducal <i>Motuproprio</i> established the Scuola Normale Toscana, also called <i>Imperial Regia Scuola Normale</i> (because it was connected to the Austrian system). On 15 November 1847, the new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> were inaugurated. </p><p>The new Scuola was "theoretical and practical", intended to "train teachers of secondary schools";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was a boarding school that offered ten free places (with advantages reserved for the Knights of the Order), which could be accessed by call at the age of eighteen, as well as other paid places. </p><p>The boarding school was attended exclusively by students of Philosophy and Philology, while students of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the University were aggregated to the Scuola: the latter, however, were required to attend the pedagogy course and to practice teaching by doing teacher training in schools, in keeping with a strong professional connotation which was later to be abandoned. The course of studies lasted three years. </p><p>In the grand-ducal period the Scuola was affected by the political climate: following the enthusiasm of the <i>Risorgimento</i>, the fear of subversive movements and tumults led to reactionary and confessional attitudes much lamented by the students themselves, including <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, who was a student there between 1853 and 1856. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_post-unification_period">The post-unification period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The post-unification period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unified state</a>, the legislative and administrative structure of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Savoy Kingdom</a> was extended to the whole of Italy. The Italian school system was therefore regulated for over sixty years by the <a href="/wiki/Gabrio_Casati" title="Gabrio Casati">Casati</a> law of 1859, originally issued for the Piedmontese and Lombard institutions: based on a centralized model, it gave private bodies the possibility to provide education, at the same time establishing the <i>"diritto dello Stato all’insegnamento universitario"(the right of the State regarding university education) </i> as well as the right to 'supervise' all the levels of the school system. </p><p>In Tuscany the provisional government (1859–60) tried to protect the most illustrious local traditions, such as the Normale. After a long debate, in the Senate and in the press, on the opportuneness of maintaining this unique and anomalous institution, in 1862 it was officially named "Scuola Normale del Regno d'Italia". </p><p>Various draft laws were submitted to the <i>Camera</i> to establish the Pisan model<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by extending it to other universities or to reorganize and expand the Scuola Normale of Pisa. But the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">unified State</a>, engaged in financial measures and public works deemed to be more urgent, approved, with the decree of 17 August 1862, only some modifications to the Scuola's regulations, so that it could continue to function as a <i>Scuola Normale italiana</i>. </p><p>The "new" Normale was introduced into the national legal system by the <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Matteucci</a> Regulations of 1862, which eliminated any religious and confessional aspects, in line with the secular orientation of Italian politics. The years of study became four by ministerial decree in 1863, and a new organizational structure was established. </p><p>At the educational level, the board of directors was divided into two "sections", Letters and Philosophy and Physics-Mathematics, formed by the relative teaching staff; the latter sections were the forerunners of the current Faculties, under the control of the "Director of Studies". </p><p>The publishing activity of the Scuola began with the foundation of the two journals (<i>Annali della classe di scienze</i> in 1871 and <i>Annali della classe di lettere e filosofia</i> in 1873). With the development of the postgraduate course, the Scuola was increasingly taking on the function, as well as of a university college, of a higher institute of scientific education and research. At the political level the role of the "President" of the board of directors was defined as the authority responsible for the moral, educational and economic governance of the Scuola. Finally, at an organizational level, there was the increasingly important role of the <i>Provveditore-Economo</i>, who managed the services as well as the human and financial resources, and had disciplinary jurisdiction over the students. The <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Matteucci</a> regulations followed those issued by Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Michele_Coppino" title="Michele Coppino">Coppino</a> in 1877, establishing the opening of the boarding school also to the section of Sciences and simplifying the complex structure of the previous "Regulations of studies and examinations". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gentile_Reform">The Gentile Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Gentile Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, three years after the entry into force of the <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a>, new regulations of the Scuola Normale were approved, which removed its qualification function while maintaining that of "preparing for teaching in secondary schools and for the examinations which award qualifications for such teaching"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of promoting postgraduate studies, accessible by all graduates at national level. </p><p>Nationalist propaganda also took hold within the Normale and the control of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Regime</a> became increasingly more invasive, up until the first serious episode of repression, with the arrest in 1928 of three <i>normalisti</i> for anti-Fascist activity. To deal with the disturbances caused by the political events and the decline of the Scuola, which had increasingly fewer students, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>, a <i>normalista,</i> as well as a prominent figure of Italian Fascism, ideologue of the Regime and minister of education, was nominated as commissioner; he later became Director of the Normale, in 1928. </p><p>Gentile carried out a structural revision of the institution so that it would acquire national importance; to this end he oversaw the expansion of the headquarters and a considerable increase in the number of students and internal activities. His authority, together with the consensus of the Regime, allowed him to find means and collaboration for his project. Meanwhile, the relationship between the State and the Church inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> facilitated negotiations with the Archbishopric to obtain the availability of the Puteano College building which, together with that of the Timpano, would later be used to house the young <i>normalisti</i> while the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> took place. </p><p>The <i>Normale Gentiliana</i>, recognized by the Royal Decree of 28 July 1932, was inaugurated on 10 December. Equipped with a new Statute, the Scuola became an independent higher education institution, albeit still connected to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, and acquired legal status and administrative, educational and disciplinary autonomy. The Normale, affirming its uniqueness in the Italian school system, was expanded above all to educate an increasingly more selected cultural élite. </p><p>In 1938 the Scuola Normale, like all the universities of the Italian Kingdom, endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_laws" title="Anti-Jewish laws">racial laws</a>, which affected students and teaching staff. The Normale at that time still had many free-spirited souls in its midst: it was also the Scuola of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> – who, a few years from then, would join the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> – and formerly of <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Capitini" title="Aldo Capitini">Aldo Capitini</a>, theorist of non-violence and firm opponent of the Fascist Regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_war_and_post-war_period">The war and post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The war and post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scuola Normale continued its activity despite the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, although with some regulatory limitations and many practical difficulties. In the meantime, also after the issuing of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_laws" title="Anti-Jewish laws">racial laws</a>, the dissent towards the Regime was becoming increasingly more evident among students and teaching staff. </p><p>With the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> by the Grand Council on <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">25 July 1943</a>, the Normale remained under German domination, since geographically it belonged to the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Republic of Salò</a>. </p><p>After the tragic air raid on Pisa on 31 August 1943, the new Director, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Russo" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Russo">Luigi Russo</a>, threatened with arrest for political reasons, had to leave the city and was replaced by the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonida_Tonelli" title="Leonida Tonelli">Leonida Tonelli</a>, who protected the library and the furnishings of the Palazzo della Carovana, transformed into German barracks, and transferred the most important collections to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Charterhouse" title="Pisa Charterhouse">Certosa di Calci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 September 1944 the city was liberated, but <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> was requisitioned by the Anglo-American army: students and teaching staff were relegated to the Puteano College. [Luigi Russo, reinstated as Director, continued the work of safeguarding the material of the Scuola and of its library, while the temporary site resumed its activities. </p><p>On 25 September 1945, the <i>Palazzo</i> was liberated and, in addition to the restoration of the building, it was decided to issue a call for seventy places for veteran or partisan students.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luigi Russo and <a href="/wiki/Leonida_Tonelli" title="Leonida Tonelli">Leonida Tonelli</a> initiated a long awareness campaign that allowed them to find financial resources, including contributions not coming from the state, and to create a heritage through donations and purchases, in accordance with a policy that would continue in the following years. </p><p>The post-war Normale was also the era of women: seventy years from the admittance of the first woman to the Normale, in 1959 a "Female Section" was finally established, with headquarters in Palazzo del Timpano, to enable women to lead a collegial life within the Scuola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_post-war_period_to_today">From the post-war period to today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the post-war period to today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, the Scuola Normale faced the challenges of the "university for the masses". Between 1964 and 1977, under the firm management of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Bernardini" class="extiw" title="it:Gilberto Bernardini">Gilberto Bernardini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it affirmed its original vocation for the pure disciplines, renouncing the management of the medical and juridical Colleges (to which the Collegio Pacinotti for applied sciences had been added) : the process that would lead to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a> began from the latter Colleges. </p><p>Between 1967 and 1968 students and teachers of the Normale took part in the <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">protests</a> that had started in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and had spread throughout Italy; at the Normale not only was the entire university system challenged, but also the approach of the Scuola and its fundamental regulations. The difficult dialogue between the institution and its students gave rise to the 1969 Statute, from which the new educational framework of the Scuola and the profile of Institute of Scientific Higher Education emerged: in particular, a significant increase in the internal teaching staff, the foundation and the strengthening of research structures and a rise in the number of undergraduate and postgraduate students were achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the law of 18 June 1989 recognized the equivalence of the Scuola's <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">post-graduate diploma</a> to that of PhDs issued by Italian universities. </p><p>In the academic year 2014/2015 the teaching curriculum for the postgraduate courses was expanded thanks to the merger with the Istituto di Scienze Umane di Firenze (SUM) (the Institute of Human Sciences of Florence, SUM), now named Department of Political and Social Sciences of the Normale. In 2018 the Normale was federated with the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a> in Pisa and with the University Institute of Advanced Studies in Pavia, to offer new educational opportunities that could integrate the skills of the three institutions in certain areas such as economic-political disciplines and the study of the physical-chemical dynamics that influence climate change and the repercussions in the agri-food sector. Following the merger between the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa and the Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane (the Italian Institute of Human Sciences), <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and the Residenza <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Capitini" title="Aldo Capitini">Aldo Capitini</a> were added to the buildings dedicated to the activities of the Scuola; the latter building, following its renovation, was assigned to the students of the postgraduate courses of the Department. </p><p>The Palazzone di <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a> (in the province of <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>) must also be added to this real estate; it is a branch of the Scuola used for conferences and summer schools organized also in collaboration with other authorities and academic and research institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_structures">Academic structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academic structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg/220px-Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg/330px-Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg/440px-Pisa_Normale_Regolamento1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>The first statute of the Scuola Normale Superiore</figcaption></figure> <p>The Faculty of Humanities is divided into subject areas, within which the individual courses are organized. The subject areas refer to: Literature, philology and linguistics; Philosophy; History and paleography; History of Art and Archaeology; Ancient history and classical philology. The Faculty of Sciences is divided into subject areas, within which the individual courses are organized. The subject areas are:Chemistry and geology; Physics; Mathematics and computer science; Biological sciences. The Department of Political and Social Sciences covers the subject areas of political and social sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_curriculum">Teaching curriculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teaching curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scuola Normale Superiore offers both undergraduate education (which corresponds to the university curriculum of the bachelor's and master's degree) and postgraduate (PhD) education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_courses">Undergraduate courses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Undergraduate courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The undergraduate courses of the SNS (Bachelor's and master's degrees) cover the teaching curriculum of three macro-disciplinary areas: Letters and Philosophy, Sciences and Political-Social Sciences (the latter only for master's degrees).The students selected through competition must follow both the courses taught at the Normale and the corresponding courses of study of the University, respecting rigorous study obligations. Studies are free of charge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postgraduate_courses_(PhD)"><span id="Postgraduate_courses_.28PhD.29"></span>Postgraduate courses (PhD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Postgraduate courses (PhD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scuola Normale Superiore was the first Italian institution to create a PhD programme, in 1927. To date, the PhD courses of the Faculty of Humanities are: </p> <ul><li>Philosophy</li> <li>History</li> <li>Italian Studies and Modern Philology</li> <li>History of Art</li> <li>Classics</li></ul> <p>The PhD courses of the Faculty of Sciences are: </p> <ul><li>Astrochemistry</li> <li>Data Science</li> <li>Physics</li> <li>Maths</li> <li>Mathematics for finance</li> <li>Methods and models for molecular sciences</li> <li>Nanosciences</li> <li>Neuroscience</li></ul> <p>The PhD courses of the Department of Political and Social Sciences are: </p> <ul><li>Political science and sociology</li> <li>Transnational Governance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admission">Admission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admission to the undergraduate courses and to the postgraduate courses (PhD) takes place by competition. You can access the Normale from the first year of university, or after obtaining a three-year degree. Finally, you can be admitted to the Scuola as a postgraduate student (PhD). </p><p>For admission to the undergraduate courses, a commission formed by the research staff of the Scuola Normale and of other universities assesses candidates, attempting to identify talent for study and research. The tests, which usually take place in August and September, are written and oral, and concern the disciplinary fields chosen by candidates for their academic career. The exam topics are studied in such a way that admission to the Scuola is guaranteed not for notional and mnemonic skills but rather for originality and intuition. </p><p>For access to the first year, A-level results and any other previous qualifications are not assessed during the exam. For access to the fourth year, results obtained for the bachelor's degree and any other previous qualifications are not assessed during the exam. The selection is rigorous: only about 5% of those who take part in the competition are usually admitted. Students of the Scuola Normale Superiore do not pay any fees for their studies: university fees are reimbursed and accommodation and board are free. </p><p>For admission to the Postgraduate Course (PhD) the competition, open to graduates from all over the world, is based on qualifications and exams. Those selected receive a scholarship, as well as additional ad hoc grants for research activities in Italy and abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a>, Scuola Normale's main building</figcaption></figure><p>The Scuola Normale is located in its original historical building, called <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Knights%27_Square_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights' Square (Pisa)">Piazza dei Cavalieri</a>, in the medieval centre of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Library was established at the same time as the Scuola and is an essential tool for teaching and research. It currently occupies three locations overlooking Piazza dei Cavalieri – the Palazzo dell'Orologio, the Palazzo della Canonica and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> – and, a short distance away, the location of Palazzo del Capitano. The book collection, for the most part with open shelves, has now exceeded one million volumes in total. It focuses on the disciplines under study at the Normale, and also houses texts on information science, bibliography and librarianship. In addition to the regular acquisitions, it has also been enriched by donations by various scholars connected to the Scuola; among these we can mention <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Garin" title="Eugenio Garin">Eugenio Garin</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Barbi" class="extiw" title="it:Michele Barbi">Michele Barbi</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Flamini" class="extiw" title="it:Francesco Flamini">Francesco Flamini</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Luporini" class="extiw" title="it:Cesare Luporini">Cesare Luporini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Branca" title="Vittore Branca">Vittore Branca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pasquali" title="Giorgio Pasquali">Giorgio Pasquali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oskar_Kristeller" title="Paul Oskar Kristeller">Paul Oskar Kristeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delio_Cantimori" title="Delio Cantimori">Delio Cantimori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Timpanaro" title="Sebastiano Timpanaro">Sebastiano Timpanaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Truesdell" title="Clifford Truesdell">Clifford Truesdell</a> and Ettore Passerin d'Entrèves. A digital library is also being developed as part of the library service. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG/220px-Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG/330px-Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG/440px-Piazza_dei_Cavalieri_and_Palazzo_dell%27Orologio_-_Pisa_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Cavalieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza dei Cavalieri">Piazza dei Cavalieri</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Archival Centre of the Scuola Normale Superiore, established in October 2013, preserves, in addition to the rich documentary heritage of the Scuola, numerous archives of 19th and 20th century cultural figures acquired through testamentary legacies, gifts and deposits but also thanks to a targeted purchasing policy. Many collections come from former students and / or former lecturers of the Scuola Normale (collections from the directors <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Betti" title="Enrico Betti">Enrico Betti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_d%27Ancona" title="Alessandro d'Ancona">Alessandro d'Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Dini" title="Ulisse Dini">Ulisse Dini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bianchi" title="Luigi Bianchi">Luigi Bianchi</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Bernardini" class="extiw" title="it:Gilberto Bernardini">Gilberto Bernardini</a>), but also from gifts or purchases: among these, mention must be made of the Salviati archive, which, among its important documents, also preserves an autograph manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_centres_and_laboratories">Research centres and laboratories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research centres and laboratories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The research centres and the laboratories operating at the Normale are: </p> <ul><li>Bio@SNS – Laboratorio di Biologia(Biology Laboratory)</li> <li>CRM – Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio De Giorgi (Ennio De Giorgi Mathematics Research Centre)</li> <li>DocStAr – Documentazione Storico Artistica (Artistic Historical Documentation)</li> <li>NEST – National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology</li> <li>SAET – Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia, Tradizione dell'antico (History, Archaeology, Epigraphy, Tradition of the ancient)</li> <li>SMART – Strategie Multidisciplinari Applicate alla Ricerca e alla Tecnologia (Multidisciplinary Strategies Applied to Research and Technology)</li> <li>STAR – Systems and Theories for Astrochemical Research</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_(Pisa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg/330px-Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg/440px-Church_of_the_Knights_of_St._Stephen_%28Pisa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Knights of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_canteen">Colleges and canteen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colleges and canteen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The students of the Scuola Normale, in Pisa, are currently housed in four colleges, located in the town: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Carducci</a> College is located in via Turati, not far from Pisa central station; it has been owned by the Scuola since 1994. Partially restored in 2002, it is also being renovated at the moment. This building was dedicated to the illustrious poet and scholar, <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, who was an undergraduate student of the faculty of humanities from 1853 to 1856 and a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> winner for literature in 1906.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> college, owned by the Scuola since 1993, is located a few steps away from the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a> and has been used as accommodation for students since 1996. It is dedicated to the distinguished Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, a <i>normalista</i> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> winner for physics in 1938.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Faedo" title="Alessandro Faedo">Faedo</a> College, which opened in 2006, is the last residential college acquired by the Scuola Normale and is shared with the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna</a>. The building is located in Via del Giardino, near the Palazzo di Giustizia, and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Faedo" title="Alessandro Faedo">Alessandro Faedo</a>, a <i>normalista</i> who subsequently became rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)" title="National Research Council (Italy)">National Research Council</a> and senator.</li> <li>The Timpano College was the first real estate donation to the Scuola, in 1932: located on the Lungarno Pacinotti, it was donated to the Scuola by a singular character, the Calabrian Domenico Timpano, who had made a fortune selling, in the United States at the time of Prohibition, alcohol-based restorative products from his pharmaceutical industry. The building, damaged during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> by the explosion of the nearby Ponte Solferino, was rebuilt in the 1950s, and was initially the female housing section for students of the Scuola Normale Superiore. Currently it is assigned to students and scholarship holders and is divided into three colleges: Timpano, Timpanino and Acconci (the latter acquired in 1967).</li></ul> <p>Students of the postgraduate course do not usually stay in the colleges, but receive a monthly grant for accommodation; in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, however, the Residenza <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Capitini" title="Aldo Capitini">Capitini</a> – a building owned by the City of Florence, recently renovated with funds made available by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Universities_and_Research_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)">Ministry of Education, Universities and Research</a> – can accommodate students of the postgraduate courses of the Department of Political and Social Sciences . </p><p>Those who have right of access to the canteen of the Scuola Normale, located on the lower floors of Palazzo D'Ancona (in the immediate vicinity of the Palazzo della Carovana, in Via Consoli del Mare 5) are: undergraduate students, Italian and international PhD students, research grant holders, scholarship holders, teaching and administrative staff, and guests of the Scuola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">University rankings</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Global – Overall</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-ARWU_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWU-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">501–600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">=168</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> puts this system in the 501–600 band in the world and placing between 18–24 in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-ARWU_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWU-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> are named as leading institutions in <i>Italy's six top higher education institutes</i> by <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-timeshighereducation1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where for 2014–2015 was ranked at 63rd place in the world and 15th in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for 2024 rankings, <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> puts <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> 168th place in the world and 2nd in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> are part of the initiative "Invest Your Talent in Italy"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which puts Italian graduate programmes on the world's stage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The European Research Ranking,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a ranking based on publicly available data from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> database puts <a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a> among the best in Italy and best performing European research institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni_and_faculty">Notable alumni and faculty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable alumni and faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/150px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/225px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/300px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption>Enrico Fermi</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciampi_ritratto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ciampi_ritratto.jpg/150px-Ciampi_ritratto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ciampi_ritratto.jpg/225px-Ciampi_ritratto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Ciampi_ritratto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Rubbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carlo_Rubbia.jpg/150px-Carlo_Rubbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carlo_Rubbia.jpg/225px-Carlo_Rubbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carlo_Rubbia.jpg/300px-Carlo_Rubbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Carlo Rubbia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Gronchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Giovanni_Gronchi.jpg/150px-Giovanni_Gronchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Giovanni_Gronchi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Giovanni Gronchi</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable alumni and faculty of the Scuola Normale include:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Andreotti" title="Aldo Andreotti">Aldo Andreotti</a>, mathematician, noted for his fundamental contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Several_complex_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Several complex variables">theory of functions of several complex variables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a>, politician and former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, also studied at the Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bacci" title="Michele Bacci">Michele Bacci</a>, Art Historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Barocchi" title="Paola Barocchi">Paola Barocchi</a>, Art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bianchi" title="Luigi Bianchi">Luigi Bianchi</a>, mathematician, a leading member of the vigorous geometric school which flourished in Italy during the later years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, poet, 1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cassese" title="Antonio Cassese">Antonio Cassese</a>, jurist who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a>, also studied at the Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_Cassese" title="Sabino Cassese">Sabino Cassese</a>, Professor of Administrative Law and a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Court of Italy">Constitutional Court of Italy</a>, also studied at the Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Cesari" title="Lamberto Cesari">Lamberto Cesari</a>, mathematician, remembered for his achievements on the <a href="/wiki/Plateau%27s_problem" title="Plateau's problem">Plateau's problem</a>, on the theory of parametric <a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">minimal surfaces</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lebesgue_measure" title="Lebesgue measure">Lebesgue measure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_function" title="Continuous function">continuous</a> and related other <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculus of variation">variational problems</a>: he also worked in the field of <a href="/wiki/Optimal_control" title="Optimal control">optimal control</a> and studied periodic solutions of systems of nonlinear <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">ordinary differential equations</a> by using methods of nonlinear <a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">functional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a>, Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Italian Republic">tenth</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a> from 1999 to 2006. Until his death, he served as <a href="/wiki/Senator_for_life" title="Senator for life">Senator for life</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Italian Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Citati" title="Pietro Citati">Pietro Citati</a>, writer<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and literary critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi" title="Ennio De Giorgi">Ennio De Giorgi</a>, mathematician who worked on <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a> and the foundations of mathematics, solved the <a href="/wiki/Hilbert%27s_nineteenth_problem" title="Hilbert's nineteenth problem">19th Hilbert problem</a>, won <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> in 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, physicist, 1938 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Induced_radioactivity" title="Induced radioactivity">induced radioactivity</a>, particularly known for his work on the development of the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a>, and for his contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>. Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is frequently referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Father_of" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of">father of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessio_Figalli" title="Alessio Figalli">Alessio Figalli</a>, mathematician, 2018 <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> winner. He works primarily on calculus of variations and partial differential equations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fubini" title="Guido Fubini">Guido Fubini</a>, mathematician, known for <a href="/wiki/Fubini%27s_theorem" title="Fubini's theorem">Fubini's theorem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study_metric" title="Fubini–Study metric">Fubini–Study metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>, Minister of Public Education (1923) and neo-<a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist">Idealist</a> philosopher, a peer of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>, described himself as 'the philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>', and <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwrote</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Fascism">A Doctrine of Fascism</a></i> (1932) for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, also devised his own system of philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Actual_Idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Actual Idealism">Actual Idealism</a>, and Professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a>, noted historian and proponent of the field of <a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">microhistory</a>. He is best known for his <i>Il formaggio e I vermi</i> (1976, English title: <i>The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth Century Miller</i>) which examined the beliefs of an Italian heretic, <a href="/wiki/Menocchio" title="Menocchio">Menocchio</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Montereale_Valcellina" title="Montereale Valcellina">Montereale Valcellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a>, politician, President of Italy from 1955 to 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Elia_Levi" title="Eugenio Elia Levi">Eugenio Elia Levi</a>, mathematician, noted for his fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">theory of partial differential equations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Several_complex_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Several complex variables">theory of functions of several complex variables</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Marzano" class="extiw" title="it:Michela Marzano">Michela Marzano</a>, philosopher, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_Norsa" title="Medea Norsa">Medea Norsa</a>, Papyrologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Orlando_(critic)" title="Francesco Orlando (critic)">Francesco Orlando</a>, Literary Theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/OMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="OMRI">Knight Grand Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physicist</a> and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> for work leading to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z particles</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ruggiero" title="Francesco Ruggiero">Francesco Ruggiero</a>, contributor to the design of the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Settis" title="Salvatore Settis">Salvatore Settis</a>, archeologist, former director of the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Center_for_the_History_of_Art_and_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities">Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities</a> and also of the Scuola Normale itself, now President of the Scientif Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Siti" class="extiw" title="it:Walter Siti">Walter Siti</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxandra_Sireteanu" title="Ruxandra Sireteanu">Ruxandra Sireteanu</a>, neuroscientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonida_Tonelli" title="Leonida Tonelli">Leonida Tonelli</a>, mathematician, most noted for creating <a href="/wiki/Fubini%27s_theorem#Tonelli's_theorem" title="Fubini's theorem">Tonelli's theorem</a>, usually considered a forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Fubini%27s_theorem" title="Fubini's theorem">Fubini's theorem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vito_Volterra" title="Vito Volterra">Vito Volterra</a>, mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical biology">mathematical biology</a> and integral equations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan_Yu" title="Jiyuan Yu">Jiyuan Yu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosopher">moral philosopher</a> noted for his work on <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Associazione_Normalisti_and_the_Normale_bulletin">The <i>Associazione Normalisti</i> and the <i>Normale</i> bulletin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Associazione Normalisti and the Normale bulletin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various associations of alumni and professors have been operative at the Scuola at various stages of its history. After the first initiative by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> in 1933, later revitalized in the 1950s, in 1997, at the proposal of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Faedo" title="Alessandro Faedo">Alessandro Faedo</a>, the current Association was founded, simply called <i>Associazione Normalisti</i>. </p><p>The current president is Roberto Cerreto; previous presidents were <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Arialdo_Radicati_di_Brozolo" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Arialdo Radicati di Brozolo">Luigi Arialdo Radicati di Brozolo</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Cesa" class="extiw" title="it:Claudio Cesa">Claudio Cesa</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Montanari" class="extiw" title="it:Franco Montanari">Franco Montanari</a> and Umberto Sampieri. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> was an honorary president. </p><p>The Association publishes the Normale bulletin every six months or every year; the bulletin is the official organ of the association, registered at the Tribunal of Pisa; its current graphic design is the work of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Peluffo" class="extiw" title="it:Paolo Peluffo">Paolo Peluffo</a>, former <i>Consigliere per la Stampa e l'Informazione del Presidente della Repubblica</i> (Press and Information Councillor of the President of the Republic) and <i>sottosegretario di Stato alla Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri</i> (Undersecretary of State at the President's Office of the Cabinet) of the Monti Government. The director is Andrea Bianchi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema_and_literature">Cinema and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cinema and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some narrative works of the 21st century are set at the Scuola Normale Superiore, such as <i>L'etica dell'Aquario</i> by Ilaria Gaspari and some pages by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Siti" class="extiw" title="it:Walter Siti">Walter Siti</a> of <i>Scuola di nudo</i>. The Scuola Normale also features in <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ferrante" title="Elena Ferrante">Elena Ferrante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_New_Name" title="The Story of a New Name">The Story of a New Name</a></i> (2013), second installment of the four-volume work known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Novels" title="Neapolitan Novels">Neapolitan Novels</a></i>: the protagonist of the novel, Elena Greco, is admitted to the Normale and describes her years in Pisa. The Scuola Normale Superiore has also appeared in the following films: <i><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never_(2003_film)" title="Now or Never (2003 film)">Now or Never (Ora o mai più)</a></i> and <i>Il Giocatore invisibile.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian universities">List of Italian universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sns.it/en/scuola-normale-superiore/sites">"Sites | Scuola Normale Superiore"</a>. <i>sns.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sns.it&rft.atitle=Statute%2C+Regulations+and+Code+of+Ethics+%26%23124%3B+Scuola+Normale+Superiore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sns.it%2Fen%2Fstatute-regulations-and-code-of-ethics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708200623/http://www.unipi.it/english/university/uniandpisa/Pisan-University-System.htm_cvt.htm">"Pisan University System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unipi.it/english/university/uniandpisa/Pisan-University-System.htm_cvt.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pisan+University+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unipi.it%2Fenglish%2Funiversity%2Funiandpisa%2FPisan-University-System.htm_cvt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Paola (2010). <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi nel merito 1810–2010</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENS+Rennes+%E2%80%93+ENS+Rennes+%E2%80%93+Accueil&rft.au=C%C3%A9cile+Le+Jeune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr%2Fversion-francaise%2Fl-ecole%2Fhistoire%2Fles-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp%3FRH%3D1189690570769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Paola (2010). <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi del merito 1810–2010</i>. Pisa. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Scuola+Normale+Superiore.+Percorsi+del+merito+1810%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Pisa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carlucci&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Paola (2010). <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi del merito 1810–2010</i>. Pisa. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Scuola+Normale+Superiore.+Percorsi+del+merito+1810%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Pisa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carlucci&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Paola (2010). <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi del merito 1810–2010</i>. Pisa. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Scuola+Normale+Superiore.+Percorsi+del+merito+1810%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Pisa&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carlucci&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the initiative, above all, of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis" title="Francesco de Sanctis">Francesco de Sanctis</a>, then Minister of the Education (P. Carlucci, <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi del merito 1810–2010</i>, 31–32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Paola (2010). <i>La Scuola Normale Superiore. Percorsi del merito 1810–2010</i>. 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BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-20212-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-20212-2"><bdi>0-563-20212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oppenheimer%3A+The+Father+of+the+Atom+Bomb&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-563-20212-2&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foppenheimerfathe00goodrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0929.html">"Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 November 1954<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Volterra.html">"Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FVolterra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=33908">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_Italy111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Italy" title="Template:Universities in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Universities in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_Italy111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy" title="List of universities in Italy">Universities in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bari" title="University of Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Catania" title="University of Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Milan Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">Naples Federico II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Palermo" title="University of Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">Pisa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Rome La Sapienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Turin Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cagliari" title="University of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calabria" title="University of Calabria">Arcavacata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Annunzio_University_of_Chieti%E2%80%93Pescara" title="D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara">Chieti–Pescara D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_della_Campania_Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli">Caserta Luigi Vanvitelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_L%27Aquila" title="University of L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan_Bicocca" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Milan Bicocca">Milan Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Parma" title="University of Parma">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perugia" title="University of Perugia">Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Tre_University" title="Roma Tre University">Rome III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_Tor_Vergata" title="University of Rome Tor Vergata">Rome Tor Vergata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salento" title="University of Salento">Salento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salerno" title="University of Salerno">Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Verona" title="University of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Bari" title="Polytechnic University of Bari">Bari Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergamo" title="University of Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Brescia" title="University of Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara" title="University of Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche_Polytechnic_University" title="Marche Polytechnic University">Marche Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Modena_and_Reggio_Emilia" title="University of Modena and Reggio Emilia">Modena and Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Eastern_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples Eastern University">Naples Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenope_University_of_Naples" title="Parthenope University of Naples">Naples Parthenope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sassari" title="University of Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Trento" title="University of Trento">Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Trieste" title="University of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Udine" title="University of Udine">Udine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Urbino" title="University of Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari_University_of_Venice" title="Ca' Foscari University of Venice">Venice Ca' Foscari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Small Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_University" title="Aosta Valley University">Aosta Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basilicata" title="University of Basilicata">Potenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Bozen-Bolzano" title="Free University of Bozen-Bolzano">Bozen-Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Camerino" title="University of Camerino">Camerino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cassino" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Gr%C3%A6cia_University" title="Magna Græcia University">Catanzaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_University_of_Enna" title="Kore University of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">EUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Institute_of_Human_Sciences_(SUM)" title="Italian Institute of Human Sciences (SUM)">Florence SUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Foggia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Insubria" title="University of Insubria">Varese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMT_School_for_Advanced_Studies_Lucca" title="IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca">Lucca IMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Superiore_per_le_Industrie_Artistiche" title="Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche">ISIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Macerata" title="University of Macerata">Macerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Molise" title="University of Molise">Campobasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Superiore_Studi_Pavia_IUSS" title="Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS">Pavia IUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Foreigners_Perugia" class="mw-redirect" title="University for Foreigners Perugia">Perugia Foreigners</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pisa Normale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Pisa Sant'Anna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pisa_University_System" title="Pisa University System">Pisa University System</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reggio_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico_University_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro Italico University of Rome">Rome Foro Italico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sannio" title="University of Sannio">Sannio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreigners_University_of_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreigners University of Siena">Siena Foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Teramo" title="University of Teramo">Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_for_Advanced_Studies" title="International School for Advanced Studies">Trieste SISSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscia_University" title="Tuscia University">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Iuav_di_Venezia" title="Università Iuav di Venezia">Venice IUAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Piedmont" title="University of Eastern Piedmont">Vercelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_Giustino_Fortunato" title="Università degli Studi Giustino Fortunato">Benevento Giustino Fortunato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gastronomic_Sciences" title="University of Gastronomic Sciences">Bra Gastronomic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libera_Universit%C3%A0_Mediterranea" title="Libera Università Mediterranea">Casamassima LUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Carlo_Cattaneo" title="University Carlo Cattaneo">Castellanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Milan Bocconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore">Milan Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_University" title="Humanitas University">Milan Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IULM_University_of_Milan" title="IULM University of Milan">Milan IULM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vita-Salute_San_Raffaele_University" title="Vita-Salute San Raffaele University">Milan San Raffaele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suor_Orsola_Benincasa_University_of_Naples" title="Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples">Naples Benincasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_Pegaso" title="Università degli Studi Pegaso">Naples Pegaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_per_stranieri_%22Dante_Alighieri%22_di_Reggio_Calabria" title="Università per stranieri "Dante Alighieri" di Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Campus_Bio-Medico" title="Università Campus Bio-Medico">Rome Biomedical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_University" title="Guglielmo Marconi University">Rome Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_International_Studies_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="University of International Studies of Rome">Rome International Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Campus_University" title="Link Campus University">Rome Link Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libera_Universit%C3%A0_Internazionale_degli_Studi_Sociali_Guido_Carli" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli">Rome LUISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libera_Universit%C3%A0_Maria_SS._Assunta" title="Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta">Rome Maria SS. Assunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_Niccol%C3%B2_Cusano" title="Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano">Rome Niccolò Cusano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Università Leonardo da Vinci">Torrevecchia Teatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCP_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="ESCP Europe">Turin ESCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_College_of_Turin" title="International University College of Turin">Turin International College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa&params=43_43_10.60_N_10_24_0.81_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°43′10.60″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°24′0.81″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.7196111°N 10.4002250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.7196111; 10.4002250</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672416#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2564" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672416#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2564" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672416#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122974488">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154318681">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1010299-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83214224">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867121v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867121v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scuola normale superiore"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV020181">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35424324">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scuola normale superiore (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20080210016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="R. Scuola normale superiore di Pisa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008434924&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000353351&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662647305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/8617">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267718205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525234306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01709079?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947820">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026420791">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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