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if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.setAttribute('nonce', 'f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'); js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); var share_url = 'https://www.geni.com/account_settings/cookie_settings' || window.location.href; GeniLoader.ready(function(){ // // Toggle panel display on click // ------------------------------------------------------------------- jQuery(window).on('click', function(evt) { if (evt.target.id == 'nav-share') { if (jQuery('.social-sharing-panel').is(':visible')) { jQuery('.social-sharing-panel').slideUp(); } else { jQuery('.social-sharing-panel').slideDown(); } } else if (jQuery(evt.target).parents('.social-sharing-panel').length == 0) { // clicked outside the sharing panel jQuery('.social-sharing-panel').slideUp(); } }); // // Toggle FB sharing on click // ------------------------------------------------------------------- jQuery('#sharing-button').on('click', function(evt){ var $this = jQuery(this); var $spinner = jQuery('#fb-sharing-wrapper .spinner'); $spinner.fadeIn(); if (evt.target.id == 'sharing-status') { // undo the toggle, we will do it in handleFBSucess only if Ajax call succeeds jQuery(evt.target).prop('checked', !jQuery(evt.target).prop('checked')); } fbLinkAccountAndForward(window.location.href, window.location.href) }); // Enable copy-link-to-clipboard new ClipboardJS('#sharing__copy-link', { text: function(trigger) { return(share_url); } }).on('success', function(e) { var poptip = jQuery(e.trigger).find('.pop-tip-msg') if (poptip.length > 0) { poptip.fadeIn(); setTimeout(function() { poptip.fadeOut(); }, 1000); } }); }); function handleFBSuccess(){ var $nav_icon = jQuery('#nav-share'); var $sharingStatus = jQuery('#fb-sharing-wrapper #sharing-status'); var $firstDescriptor = jQuery('#sharing-descriptor strong').first(); var $spinner = jQuery('#fb-sharing-wrapper .spinner'); $spinner.fadeOut(); if ( $sharingStatus.prop('checked') ) { $nav_icon.removeClass('fb-share-on').addClass('fb-share-off'); $sharingStatus.prop('checked', false); $sharingStatus.text( trl('OFF') ); $firstDescriptor.text( trl('are not') ); } else { $nav_icon.removeClass('fb-share-off').addClass('fb-share-on'); $sharingStatus.prop('checked', true); $sharingStatus.text( trl('ON') ); $firstDescriptor.text( trl('are') ); } } function handleFBError(){ var $error = jQuery('#fb-sharing-wrapper .error').show() var $spinner = jQuery('#fb-sharing-wrapper .spinner'); $spinner.fadeOut(); $error.fadeIn(); } </script> <ul class="drop-menu-nav utilities-nav"> <li class="drop-menu" id="login_link"><span><a href="/login" draggable="false">Log In</a> <i class="i drop_arrow"></i></span> <div class="sub-menu alt login_form"> <form action="https://www.geni.com/login/in" data-method="post" draggable="false" id="form_hdr_login" method="post"><div draggable="false" style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="0N15cPPDrGs7zbLZfk3flulXeJQ6+PXrCdX4CjP7M4g=" /></div> <input draggable="false" id="redirect_to" name="redirect_to" type="hidden" value="/account_settings/cookie_settings" /> <input id="local-time" name="local_time" type="hidden" value="" /> <div class="inner"> <div class="f"> <div class="f_label">Email:</div> <input autocomplete="username" class="inp" draggable="false" id="profile_username" name="username" style="width:93%" type="email" value="" /> </div> <div class="f"> <div class="f_label">Password:</div> <div class="pw-visibility-wrapper"><input autocomplete="current-password" class="inp" draggable="false" id="password" name="password" style="width:93%" type="password" value="" /><div class='material-icons pw-visibility' data-onclick='Geni.passwordVisibility(this)' data-nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'>visibility</div></div> <br /> <a href="/login/reset_password" class="small" draggable="false">Don't know your password?</a> </div> <input draggable="false" id="mfa_open" name="mfa_open" type="hidden" value="0" /> <div class="mfaInput f" style='display:none'> <div class="f_label">Security Code:</div> <input autocomplete="one-time-code" class="inp" draggable="false" id="mfa_code" inputmode="numeric" name="mfa_code" pattern="[0-9]{6}" style="width:93%" type="text" /><br /> <input type='checkbox' id='mfa_trust' name='mfa_trust'> <label for='mfa_trust'>Trust this computer</label> <span aria-hidden='true' class='info tipped-tip blue medium medium noborder nobg' data-offset-x='-15' data-icon='' data-position='topleft' data-hide-on=click-outside data-template='hover.auth_trust_this_computer?c=72ec5866cfd4ee5809180c862e296f7f45c470b5' data-no-stem='true' data-close-button='true'> </span> </div> <script nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'> GeniLoader.ready(function() { new MultifactorAuthentication('#form_hdr_login'); }) </script> <div class="f"> <a href="#" class="button super blue" data-nonce="f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21" data-onclick="submitFormWithFeedback('form_hdr_login')" draggable="false">Log In</a> </div> <div class="extLogin"> <hr> <div class="txt_c"> <a href="#" class="button facebook single-signon logged-out-nav" data-nonce="f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21" data-onclick="fbLoginAndRedirect('account_settings/cookie_settings', '/home/index')" draggable="false"><div data-genicon='facebook'></div>Log In with Facebook</a> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </li> <li><span><a href="/" class="button super green" data-require-login="1" draggable="false" id="join_link">Join - It's Free</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div> <a id='geni-logo' href="/" class="module logo "></a> <div class="primary-nav-header"> <div class="menuIcon"> <a href="#menuExpand" class='button' data-genicon="nav-list"></a> </div> <div class="menu"> <ul class="drop-menu-nav primary-nav"> <li><span><a href="/" draggable="false">Home</a></span></li> <li><span><a href="/people" draggable="false">People</a></span></li> <li><span><a href="/projects" draggable="false">Projects</a></span></li> <li><span><a href="/genealogy-resources" draggable="false">Genealogy</a></span></li> <li> <span> <a href="/dna-tests" draggable="false">DNA Tests</a> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page_responsive"> <noscript> <div id="flash_error"> Geni requires JavaScript! Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. </div> </noscript> </div> <div id="join_form" class="module modal" style="display:none"> <form action="https://www.geni.com/family-tree/create_tree" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post"><div draggable="false" style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="0N15cPPDrGs7zbLZfk3flulXeJQ6+PXrCdX4CjP7M4g=" /></div> <div class="modal_inner"> <div class="modal_hd txt_c"> <span class='h3 strong'>Join the world's largest family tree</span> </div> <div id="join_form_error" class="quiet txt_c small strong modal_warn_msg" style="display:none;"></div> <div class="modal_bd padding_20"> <div class="f"> <div class="f_hd txt_r strong quiet">Gender</div> <div class="f_bd"> <input type="radio" id="gender_m" name="gender" value="m" /> <label for="gender_m" class="strong txt_blue">Male</label> <input type="radio" id="gender_f" name="gender" value="f" /> <label for="gender_f" class="strong txt_pink">Female</label> </div> </div> <div class="f"> <div class="f_hd txt_r strong quiet">First Name</div> <div class="f_bd"> <input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" class="long_input inp" value="" /> </div> </div> <div class="f"> <div class="f_hd txt_r strong quiet">Last Name</div> <div class="f_bd"> <input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" class="long_input inp" value="" /> </div> </div> <div class="f"> <div class="f_hd txt_r strong quiet">Email</div> <div class="f_bd"> <input type="text" id="email" name="email" class="long_input inp" value="" /> <div class="f_note small quiet"> <img alt="" class="icn padlock_icn" src="https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1739975946" /> never shared, never spammed </div> </div> </div> <div class="f"> <div class="f_hd txt_r strong quiet"></div> <div class="f_bd"> <select draggable="false" draggable="false" id="birth_year" name="birth_year"><option value="">Year of Birth</option> <option value="1925">1925</option> <option value="1926">1926</option> <option value="1927">1927</option> <option value="1928">1928</option> <option value="1929">1929</option> <option value="1930">1930</option> <option value="1931">1931</option> <option value="1932">1932</option> <option value="1933">1933</option> <option value="1934">1934</option> <option value="1935">1935</option> <option value="1936">1936</option> <option value="1937">1937</option> <option value="1938">1938</option> <option value="1939">1939</option> <option value="1940">1940</option> <option value="1941">1941</option> <option value="1942">1942</option> <option value="1943">1943</option> <option value="1944">1944</option> <option value="1945">1945</option> <option value="1946">1946</option> <option value="1947">1947</option> <option value="1948">1948</option> <option value="1949">1949</option> <option value="1950">1950</option> <option value="1951">1951</option> <option value="1952">1952</option> <option value="1953">1953</option> <option value="1954">1954</option> <option value="1955">1955</option> <option value="1956">1956</option> <option value="1957">1957</option> <option value="1958">1958</option> <option value="1959">1959</option> <option value="1960">1960</option> <option value="1961">1961</option> <option value="1962">1962</option> <option value="1963">1963</option> <option value="1964">1964</option> <option value="1965">1965</option> <option value="1966">1966</option> <option value="1967">1967</option> <option value="1968">1968</option> <option value="1969">1969</option> <option value="1970">1970</option> <option value="1971">1971</option> <option value="1972">1972</option> <option value="1973">1973</option> <option value="1974">1974</option> <option value="1975">1975</option> <option value="1976">1976</option> <option value="1977">1977</option> <option value="1978">1978</option> <option value="1979">1979</option> <option value="1980">1980</option> <option value="1981">1981</option> <option value="1982">1982</option> <option value="1983">1983</option> <option value="1984">1984</option> <option value="1985">1985</option> <option value="1986">1986</option> <option value="1987">1987</option> <option value="1988">1988</option> <option value="1989">1989</option> <option value="1990">1990</option> <option value="1991">1991</option> <option value="1992">1992</option> <option value="1993">1993</option> <option value="1994">1994</option> <option value="1995">1995</option> <option value="1996">1996</option> <option value="1997">1997</option> <option value="1998">1998</option> <option value="1999">1999</option> <option value="2000">2000</option> <option value="2001">2001</option> <option value="2002">2002</option> <option value="2003">2003</option> <option value="2004">2004</option> <option value="2005">2005</option> <option value="2006">2006</option> <option value="2007">2007</option> <option value="2008">2008</option> <option value="2009">2009</option> <option value="2010">2010</option> <option value="2011">2011</option> <option value="2012">2012</option> <option value="2013">2013</option></select> </div> </div> <div class="f4 agree_terms"> By continuing you accept our <a href="/company/terms_of_use" draggable="false" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="/privacy" draggable="false" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </div> <input type='hidden' name='light_box' value='account_settings'/> </div> <div class="modal_ft"> <button type="submit" class="button super blue large" id="join_form_button">Start My Family Tree!</button> or <a href="#" class="panel_action" rel="close">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> <script nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'> GeniLoader.ready(function() { if(document.getElementById('login_link')) { jQuery(document.body).on('click','#login_link span',function(){ setTimeout(function(){jQuery('#profile_username').select()},100) }) } jQuery('a[href="#menuExpand"]').on('click', function(e) { jQuery(".menu").toggleClass("menuOpen"); e.preventDefault(); }); }); </script> <div class="page_responsive page_body" > <div id="tooltip_private" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Only your <strong>Family Group</strong> can see this information. Click to define this group. </div> <div id="tooltip_family" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Your <strong>Family Group</strong> is the list of relatives you want to stay in touch with. Click to define this group. </div> <div id="tooltip_our_family_edit" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> All people in your family group or your managed profile's family group. </div> <div id="tooltip_max_family" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Your <strong>maximum family group</strong> is your default family group including in-laws connected through ex's. </div> <div id="tooltip_our_family" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> All people in your family group or your managed profile's family group; plus your managed profile's descendants. </div> <div id="tooltip_extfam" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Your <strong>Family's Family</strong> contains all the people who share a family member with you. </div> <div id="tooltip_public" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Anyone on the web. This includes people who do not yet have a Geni account. </div> <div id="tooltip_our_extfam" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> All people who share a family member with you or your managed profile; plus your managed profile's descendants. </div> <div id="tooltip_all_users" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> All Geni users. This includes anyone who has started or joined a family tree on Geni. </div> <div id="tooltip_shared" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> Anyone can find and view public profiles you manage. Your family and collaborators can edit them. </div> <div id="tooltip_connected" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> All people connected to you through your tree. </div> <div id="tooltip_forest" class="tooltip" style="width:180px;"> A user's <strong>Forest</strong> is their blood tree and all blood trees connected to it by marriage. </div> <div class="line lengthy"> <div class="unit size_1of4"> </div> <div class="unit size_3of4 last_unit"> <div class="module"> <div class="inner"> <div class="hd basic_hd"><h1><span class="account-settings-breadcrumb"> <a href="/account_settings" draggable="false">Account Settings</a><span class="breadcrumb-spacer">»</span> </span>Cookies</h1></div> <div class="bd padding_10"> <form action="/account_settings/cookie_settings" draggable="false" id="form_account_settings" method="post"><div draggable="false" style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="0N15cPPDrGs7zbLZfk3flulXeJQ6+PXrCdX4CjP7M4g=" /></div>  <div class="module"> <div class="inner"> <div class="hd basic_hd"> <h2>Cookie Policy</h2> </div> <div class="bd padding_10"> <h3>About cookies</h3> <p> When you visit any website, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies, including cookies of third parties, as further detailed below. This information might be about you, your preferences or your device, and is used to enable our website's proper functioning and security, for analytics and marketing purposes. See the sections below to find out more and change the default settings. Because we respect your privacy, you can choose not to allow some types of cookies. </p> <p> If you give your consent to the use of cookies, you can withdraw it at any time by clicking the ''Cookies'' link in the footer. Note that some third party cookies can only be managed through your browser. Keep in mind that opting out of any type of these cookies may impact your experience of the site and the services we are able to offer. </p> <p> For more information, see our <a href='/cookie_policy' style='' >Cookie Policy</a> and <a href='/privacy#full_privacy' style='' >full Privacy Policy</a>. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="module">  <div class="inner"> <div class="hd basic_hd"> <h2>Mandatory Cookies</h2> <div class='flt_r'>Always Enabled</div> </div> <div class="bd padding_10"> <p> Mandatory Cookies are necessary for the website to function and display properly and cannot be switched off. They are used to prevent security risks (for example by using the Google reCAPTCHA cookie), log in, align our service offerings to your location, fill out forms and remember items in your shopping cart. We may retain first party cookies for up to a year. </p> <div class='grey padding_5'> <p> Some of our Mandatory Cookies are managed or placed for us by third parties as follows: </p> <script draggable="false" nonce="f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21" type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ function toggleHeaderLink(elementId) { jQuery("#" + elementId).click(); return false; } //]]> </script><a href="#" class="element-toggler element-toggler-hidden" data-effect-duration="400" data-effect="height" data-hide-text="Hide+cookies" data-nonce="f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21" data-onclick="Geni.toggleElement('cookie-list-mandatory', 'toggle-link-cookie-list-mandatory')" data-show-text="Show+cookies" draggable="false" id="toggle-link-cookie-list-mandatory">Show cookies</a><span id='toggle-link-cookie-list-mandatory-icon' class='element-toggler-icon' data-progress=0 data-onclick='toggleHeaderLink('cookie-list-mandatory')' data-nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'></span><div id='cookie-list-mandatory' class='cookie-list' style='display:none;'><dl><dt>Name:</dt><dd>prod_mid</dd><dt>Description:</dt><dd>Used by "trust this computer" when logging on with Two-Factor Authentication.</dd><dt>Provider:</dt><dd>Geni</dd><dt>Duration:</dt><dd>One year</dd></dl></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="inner"> <div class="hd basic_hd"> <h2>Analytics Cookies</h2> </div> <div class="bd padding_10"> <p> Geni does not use third-party analytics cookies. </p> <div class='grey padding_5'> <p> There are no Analytics cookies present at this time. </p> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="inner"> <div class="hd basic_hd"> <h2>Advertising Cookies</h2> </div> <div class="bd padding_10"> <p> Geni does not use third-party advertising cookies. </p> <div class='grey padding_5'> <p> There are no Advertising cookies present at this time. </p> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </form> </div> <div class="ft txt_r action_ft"> <button type='submit' class='button super large blue ' name='commit' id='accountSettingsSubmit' data-nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21' ><span>Save Changes</span></button> <script nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21' type='text/javascript'> GeniLoader.ready(function() { window.button = jQuery('#accountSettingsSubmit'); button.on('click', function() { saveAccountSettings(); }); }); saveAccountSettings = function() { if (button.prop('disabled') || button.hasClass('disabled')) { return false; } button.prop('value', trl('Please wait...') ).prop('disabled', true); submitFormWithFeedback('form_account_settings'); } </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="page_foot page_responsive tall" > <div class="small page_responsive footer-responsive"> <div id="footer_content" class=""> <div id="get_info" style="display:none;"> <br /> rails-1a-012<br /> </div> <ul class="navigation"> <li class="copyright" data-onclick="Geni.toggleGroup('#get_info')" data-nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'>© 2025 Geni.com</li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/corp" draggable="false">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/directory/people/a.html" draggable="false">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/surnames/" draggable="false">Surname</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/company/terms_of_use" draggable="false">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/privacy" draggable="false">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/privacy/state_rights" draggable="false">US State Privacy Notice</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/account_settings/cookie_settings" draggable="false">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/code-of-conduct" draggable="false">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/blog" draggable="false">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.geni.com/worldfamilytree" draggable="false">World Family Tree</a></li> <li><a href="https://help.geni.com" draggable="false">Help</a></li> </ul> <div class="content"> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/geni.com" draggable="false" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" title="follow Geni on Bluesky"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.geni.com/images/external/Bluesky_Logo.svg?1739975946" style="width:16px;height:16px;" /></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/genidotcom/" draggable="false" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" title="follow Geni on Facebook"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.geni.com/images/facebook_white_small_short.gif?1739975946" style="width:16px;height:16px;" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="tr8n_languages" style="padding-top:20px"> <div class="tr8n_language_strip" style="font-size:12px;"> <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=en-US" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to English (US)" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">English (US)</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=et" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to eesti" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">eesti</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=sv" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Svenska" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Svenska</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=es" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Español (España)" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Español (España)</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=fr" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Français" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Français</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=he" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to עברית" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">עברית</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=no" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Norsk (bokmål)" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Norsk (bokmål)</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=da" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to dansk" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">dansk</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=nl" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Nederlands" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Nederlands</a></span></span>   <span style='white-space: nowrap'><span dir='ltr'><a href="/tr8n/language/switch?language_action=switch_language&locale=de" data-confirm="Are you sure you want to change your language to Deutsch" data-method="post" draggable="false" method="post">Deutsch</a></span></span>   <a href="/tr8n/language/table" draggable="false">»</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script nonce='f3a6addc639af428c5e07b80cbb03c21'> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { // prevent another call window.fbAsyncInit = null; FB.init({ appId : '2492196975', channelUrl : '//www.geni.com/facebook_channel.html', // Channel File status : true, // check login status cookie : true, // enable cookies to allow the server to access the session xfbml : true // parse XFBML }); 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