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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_las_Term%C3%B3pilas_(254)" title="Batalla de las Termópilas (254) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de las Termópilas (254)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Thermopyles_(254)" title="Bataille des Thermopyles (254) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Thermopyles (254)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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22.56278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle between Roman and Gothic forces (254)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Thermopylae (disambiguation)">Battle of Thermopylae (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Thermopylae (254)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(248-253)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (248-253)">Gothic War (248-253)</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Roman–Germanic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>254 AD</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Marianus<br />Philostratus<br />Dexippus</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Militia</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century"><span class="wrap">Crisis of the Third Century</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235–238)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Death of Alexander Severus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Harzhorn</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_(usurper)" title="Magnus (usurper)">Usurpation of Magnus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartinus" title="Quartinus">Usurpation of Quartinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</b> </p> <ul><li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)" title="Battle of Carthage (238)">Battle of Carthage</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">Siege of Aquileia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–239)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–244)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabinianus_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabinianus Revolt">Sabinianus Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Hatra" title="Fall of Hatra">Fall of Hatra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(241)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Resaena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(243)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Misiche</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244–249)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(245–247)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Games_of_248" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Games of 248">Secular Games of 248</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsianus" title="Sponsianus">Usurpation of Sponsianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacatianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacatianus">Usurpation of Pacatianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotapianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotapianus">Usurpation of Jotapianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Usurpation of Silbannacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249<span class="nowrap"> </span>or<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Decius' Rebellion">Decius' Rebellion</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)" title="Battle of Verona (249)">Verona</a> and death of Philip & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249–251)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cniva" title="Cniva">Gothic invasion of Cniva</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_invasion_of_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi invasion of Dacia">Carpi invasion of Dacia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe" title="Battle of Beroe">Beroe</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)" title="Siege of Philippopolis (250)">Philippopolis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Julius_Priscus" title="Titus Julius Priscus">Usurpation of Julius Priscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Abritus</a> and death of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Etruscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251–253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Death of Hostilian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariades%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariades' Revolt">Mariades' Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)" title="Siege of Nisibis (252)">Nisibis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Interamna_Nahars" title="Battle of Interamna Nahars">Interamna Nahars</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)" title="Siege of Antioch (253)">Antioch</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253–260)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (254)">Thessalonica</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermopylae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)" title="Siege of Dura-Europos (256)">Dura-Europos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(256)</li> <li>Gothic invasion (256–257)</li> <li>Invasion of Shapur (258)</li> <li>Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum" title="Battle of Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(259)</li> <li>Scythian invasion (259–260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Edessa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–268)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)" title="Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)">Caesarea</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Ingenuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Ingenuus">Usurpation of Ingenuus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Regalianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Regalianus">Usurpation of Regalianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Major" title="Macrianus Major">Usurpation of Macrianus Major</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>259–261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Saloninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Saloninus">Death of Saloninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Campaigns of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Usurpation of Quietus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balista" title="Balista">Usurpation of Balista</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Thessalonicus" title="Valens Thessalonicus">Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi">Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Macrianus_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Macrianus Minor">Usurpation of Macrianus Minor</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li>Pannonian Rebellion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Mussius_Aemilianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus">Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261–262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Franks<span class="nowrap"> </span>(262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni<span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (263)">Ctesiphon</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(265–266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus#Assassination_theories" title="Odaenathus">Assassination of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeonius" title="Maeonius">Usurpation of Maeonius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(266–267)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(267–269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herules" class="mw-redirect" title="Herules">Heruli Raids</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Athens_(267_AD)" title="Sack of Athens (267 AD)">Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268–270)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Usurpation of Laelianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Augustodunum_Haeduorum" title="Siege of Augustodunum Haeduorum">Augustodunum Haeduorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Naissus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268/269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus" title="Battle of Lake Benacus">Lake Benacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268 or 269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus" title="Dexippus">Capture of Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Bostra" title="Sack of Bostra">Bostra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Palmyrene invasion of Egypt">Palmyrene invasion of Egypt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–275)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Junior" title="Victorinus Junior">Usurpation of Victorinus Junior</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li>Junthungi Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian_II" title="Domitian II">Domitian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicissimus" title="Felicissimus">Rebellion of Felicissimus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Fano</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">Pavia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana_(272)" title="Siege of Tyana (272)">Tyana</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Immae" title="Battle of Immae">Immae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emesa" title="Battle of Emesa">Emesa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Palmyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Razing of Palmyra">Razing of Palmyra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinus" title="Faustinus">Usurpation of Faustinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Châlons</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(274)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(275-276)</b> </p> <ul><li>Gothic Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-277)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-282)</b> </p> <ul><li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-278)</li> <li>Sarmatian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(278)</li> <li>Usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)" title="Bonosus (usurper)">Bonosus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Proculus" title="Proculus">Proculus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Saturninus" title="Julius Saturninus">Usurpation of Julius Saturninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(282-283)</b> </p> <ul><li>Carus' invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(283)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(283-285)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Pannonia" title="Julian of Pannonia">Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(284-285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Margus" title="Battle of the Margus">Margum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(285)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Thermopylae</b> in 254<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a successful defense of the pass of <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> by local Greek militia under Marianus, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>, during an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015221_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015221-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 254 the Goths invaded and plundered <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> regarded 254 as the date, while Mallan and Davenport in 2015 suggested 262.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015215_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goltz and Hartmann estimated 254 as the date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Potter in 2016 rejected Mallan and Davenport's estimate and dated it to either 253 or 259.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goths attempted to storm <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> with <a href="/wiki/Close_order_formation" title="Close order formation">close order formations</a> and assault <a href="/wiki/Column_(formation)" title="Column (formation)">columns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thessalonians mobilized to defend their city and beat off the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goths abandoned the siege and moved off to invade Greece south of Thermopylae, seeking to loot the gold and silver wealth of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Greek temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greeks learned of the Goths' approach and the Roman proconsul Marianus, the Athenian Philostratus, and the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Dexippus mobilized a militia to block the pass of Thermopylae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia were armed with bronze or iron-tipped wooden <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, and assorted weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set to work fortifying the pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marianus gave a pre-battle speech to them, emphasizing the defense of the pass by previous generations of Greeks and Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Graeco-Roman forces successfully blocked the Goths' way at Thermopylae and the Goths returned home, albeit with considerable loot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fragment of text attributed to the contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Dexippus" title="Dexippus">Dexippus</a>, discovered in Vienna in 2010, provides detail on the weapons, leadership, and geography of the engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015207_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragment cuts off before the battle's outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dexippus was used as a source by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> chronicler <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>, who mentioned the blocking of the pass and the Goths' return home with plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram199048_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1990">Wolfram 1990</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoltzHartmann2008233–234_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoltzHartmann2008">Goltz & Hartmann 2008</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015221-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015221_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallanDavenport2015">Mallan & Davenport 2015</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2016253_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2016">Potter 2016</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015206_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallanDavenport2015">Mallan & Davenport 2015</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015215-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015215_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallanDavenport2015">Mallan & Davenport 2015</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015217_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallanDavenport2015">Mallan & Davenport 2015</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015207-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallanDavenport2015207_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallanDavenport2015">Mallan & Davenport 2015</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoltzHartmann2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goltz, Andreas; Hartmann, Udo (2008). "Valerian und Gallienus". In Johne, Klaus-Peter (ed.). <i>Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser. Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284)</i> (in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004529-0"><bdi>978-3-05-004529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valerian+und+Gallienus&rft.btitle=Die+Zeit+der+Soldatenkaiser.+Krise+und+Transformation+des+R%C3%B6mischen+Reiches+im+3.+Jahrhundert+n.+Chr.+%28235%E2%80%93284%29.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-05-004529-0&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Thermopylae+%28254%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallanDavenport2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mallan, Christopher; Davenport, Caillan (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:678f1f8f-29ec-429c-9893-6736245376c3">"Dexippus and the Gothic Invasions: Interpreting the New Vienna Fragment"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>105</b>: 203–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0075435815000970">10.1017/s0075435815000970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163234044">163234044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Dexippus+and+the+Gothic+Invasions%3A+Interpreting+the+New+Vienna+Fragment&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=203-226&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0075435815000970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163234044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mallan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Caillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A678f1f8f-29ec-429c-9893-6736245376c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Thermopylae+%28254%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2016" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David (2016). "War as Theater, from Tacitus to Dexippus". In Riess, Werner; Fagan, Garrett G. (eds.). <i>The Topography of Violence in the Greco-Roman World</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472119820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472119820"><bdi>978-0472119820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+as+Theater%2C+from+Tacitus+to+Dexippus&rft.btitle=The+Topography+of+Violence+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0472119820&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Thermopylae+%28254%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (1990) [1979]. <i>Geschichte der Goten. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie</i> [<i>History of the Goths</i>]. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520069831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520069831"><bdi>978-0520069831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Goten.+Entwurf+einer+historischen+Ethnographie&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0520069831&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Thermopylae+%28254%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martin, Gunther; Grusková, Jana (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7516936/_Dexippus_Vindobonensis_._Ein_neues_Handschriftenfragment_zum_sog._Herulereinfall_der_Jahre_267_268">"'Dexippus Vindobonensis' (?) Ein neues Handschriftenfragment zum sog. Herulereinfall der Jahre 267/268"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8041238/The_New_Dexippos_2nd_revision">"The Vienna Dexippus (?) (second revised version)", uploaded by Jones, Christopher</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&params=38_48_19_N_22_33_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°33′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.80528°N 22.56278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.80528; 22.56278</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&oldid=1245638107">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)&oldid=1245638107</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:250s_conflicts" title="Category:250s conflicts">250s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Category:Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire">Battles involving the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Goths" title="Category:Battles involving the Goths">Battles involving the Goths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Central_Greece" title="Category:Military history of Central Greece">Military history of Central Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_under_Roman_rule" title="Category:Greece under Roman rule">Greece under Roman rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Lamia_(city)" title="Category:Military history of Lamia (city)">Military history of Lamia (city)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:250s_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:250s in the Roman Empire">250s in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 05:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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