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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_Syrian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_Syrian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characteristics of Syrian music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_Syrian_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of Syrian music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_Syrian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Music and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin_influence_on_Syrian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin_influence_on_Syrian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bedouin influence on Syrian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin_influence_on_Syrian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_classical_Arabic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_classical_Arabic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syrian classical Arabic music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syrian_classical_Arabic_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syrian classical Arabic music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syrian_classical_Arabic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muwashshah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muwashshah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Muwashshah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muwashshah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maqam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maqam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Maqam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maqam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iqa'at" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iqa'at"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Iqa'at</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iqa'at-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_Christian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_Christian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syriac Christian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_Christian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music of refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_amalgamation_and_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_amalgamation_and_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern amalgamation and diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_amalgamation_and_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Syrian dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Syria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="সিরিয়ার সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরিয়ার সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сирийска музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирийска музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria_muusika" title="Süüria muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süüria muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="موسیقی در سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی در سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_syrienne" title="Musique syrienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique syrienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_Syria" title="Muzik Syria – Malay" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> Regarding the <b>music of Syria</b>, there are certain musical traditions and practices that have been present in Syria longer than others. There have been musical influences introduced into Syria through multiple eras of conquest and influences from surrounding cultures<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a>). Lying in the Middle East, and connected to southern Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, Syria became host to many distinct cultural musics through trade and route.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music present in Syria is related greatly to poetry, influenced greatly by the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> nomadic tribes, the maqam system in Arabic classical music, as well as influenced greatly by the geopolitical movement and conflict in the Middle East. Syrian music generally has a singer who is accompanied by three or four instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texture is usually thin but can become denser depending on the use of each instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music is tightly linked to poetry in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical music of Syria is part of the greater Arabic music world.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main components are a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a> and an iqa (rhythm/metre). A maqam is a set of scales made of up of three or four notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A maqam will have two or three of these scales put together which is then played over the iqa (rhythm).<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the maqam and iqa can be advanced or simple to play. Both the maqam and iqa are to be thought of as a structure that the musicians would then ornament with the playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have a long history of conquest and conflict that have led to a <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, and modern diaspora has led to <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> camps. Music has become a means of consolation and preservation of culture in the refugee camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_Syrian_music">Characteristics of Syrian music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics of Syrian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syria borders the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> sea and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levant.</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area has been culturally influenced by many conquests and geopolitical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiple influences and sweeping conquests have created many of the cultures to share particular practices or traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music of the Middle East has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is more clearly understood as the music not having multiple melodies or <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonies</a> playing. There can be a rich texture created if multiple instruments playing the same melody with slight variations or rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamentations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicologist</a> Bruno Nettl describes this as more common style of music texture known as another style of texture which he calls parallel <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> which consists of a singer improvising a melody and an instrument following behind with the that same melody.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the tones played are played as an interpretation of the music from the player, rather than the music notation or song. This gives the player the freedom to bend or mold the notes<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing an improvisational effect on the structure of the music. This results in a personal interpretation of the players feelings towards the song.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes an effect that connects the performer with the audience which can create a feeling of ecstasy in the listener.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to western music, this may be similar to a solo produced by a player during a song or a rendition of a song that keeps the same form but is changed slightly creating an effect that is predictable enough to the listener while revealing new variations of the song. This style of song in Syrian music creates a feeling of excitement for how the musician will play the upcoming sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_poetry">Music and poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG/282px-Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG" decoding="async" width="282" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG/423px-Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG/564px-Maaloula_landscape_in_Syria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Landscape of Syrian mountain.</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant part of Syrian music is sung in <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose</a> that participates in the distinctness of the Middle Eastern sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an intersection of elements in Syrian music that give it a distinct sound as well as being a driving force in many of the music traditions found in Syria. These elements are: </p> <ul><li>the music being played predominantly as a <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> texture;<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the music is near-inseparable to poetry;<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>although the music follows particular maqam'at (the plural of maqam which is the music mode system used in the Middle East), there is melodic improvisation that is to be expected;<sup id="cite_ref-gb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>last, the music is highly ornamented with <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quartertone's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtones</a><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that provide the player with the necessary tones to accurately account for every possible emotion that may be drawn from the music.</li></ul> <p>Throughout time, history, and cultural amalgamation, the Syrian musical style has been constructed as a platform to create the perfect sonic environment for the listener to fully emerge in the stories told in the poetry. The story's narrative is told in the poetry and then enhanced by the music involving such accuracy in emotional effect from the quarter and microtones that it would provide the listener with the greatest understanding of the story. </p><p>A particularly influential group in Syrian music and specifically values, ideologies, folklore, and the poetic customs of the Levant are the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedouin_influence_on_Syrian_music">Bedouin influence on Syrian music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bedouin influence on Syrian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif/lossy-page1-297px-Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif/lossy-page1-446px-Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif/lossy-page1-594px-Bedouins_and_their_tent.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption>A Bedouin and his tent</figcaption></figure> <p>Bedouin is a name given to the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have played an important role in shaping the music present in the countries of the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bedouin influence can be seen in the ideologies, customs, and musical genres.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such impact of Bedouin culture is in the music genres of rural <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Within the encounters of the Bedouin and surroundings regions, there was cultural exchange throughout the many years of these practices. The music genres reflecting the ideologies are as follows. </p> <ul><li>Ideologies that were adopted from the Bedouin culture into the musical genres were hospitality, chivalry, bravery, and militancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of ideologies were sung in a song form or genre called shruqi.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ideologies like love, heartache, and sentiment, were sung in a genre called ataba.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nadb is funeral music that honours the departed and war chants are sung when applicable.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Bedouin culture was transmitted from the travel to places either pillaging or trading with the settled communities for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended during the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonialist</a> era following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historic Bedouin cultural music, if sung, was always accompanied with the <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rababah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bedouin music is near-inseparable from poetry as is much of the music traditions in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the songs are kept in an oral tradition due to the nomadic nature of the Bedouin tribes, however, some songs and stories were written down by al-Atrash (a cultural hero for the Syrian people who was defiant to opposing forces) who transcribed his work while imprisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Atrash wrote his work in the Shruqi genre which is used to tell of heroine tales of rebellion to an enemy or of captive poets who have been humiliated by the enemy. This written work had a great effect on southern Syrians bringing Shruqi and other Bedouin ideologies and practices to urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the geopolitical climate of the Middle East, urbanization has caused many of the nomadic cultures and rural regions to cluster or move altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has brought more modernized musical instruments and oral poetry together which collaborate and are currently played throughout regions of the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus,_Syria,_Store,_Oud,_Arabic_musical_instruments,_and_more.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg/285px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg/428px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg/570px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Store%2C_Oud%2C_Arabic_musical_instruments%2C_and_more.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Folk music of Syria is, for the most part, based on the <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>, which is a stringed instrument considered to be the ancestor of the European <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> (flute).</li> <li>Hand-held percussion instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Goblet_drum" title="Goblet drum">darbouka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Riq">riq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other typical instruments are the <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">qanun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">kamanjah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coleman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In semi-Nomadic regions, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> music is based on the <a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(instrument)" title="Mizmar (instrument)">Mizmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mijwiz" title="Mijwiz">mijwiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rababah</a> is popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syrian_classical_Arabic_music">Syrian classical Arabic music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syrian classical Arabic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syria's capital, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and the northern metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> have long been one of the Arab world's centers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arab_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Arab music">classical Arab music</a>. In 1947 The Institute for Eastern Music was established, and in 1961 an institute teaching music was opened under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Solhi_al-Wadi" title="Solhi al-Wadi">Solhi al-Wadi</a>. In 1963 a local branch of the Institute for Eastern Music was opened in Aleppo that included faculties for Western as well as for Arab music.<sup id="cite_ref-singing_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Music_in_Damascus" title="Higher Institute of Music in Damascus">Higher Institute of Music in Damascus</a> was established as a conservatory for both Western and for Arabic music.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muwashshah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical Syrian classical genre is the <i><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></i> that goes back to around the 9th or 10th century. Performed by a lead singer or a choir, it consists of a classical form of Arabic poetry set to music. It usually consists of a multi-lined strophic verse poem written in classical Arabic, mostly consisting of five stanzas, which alternates with a refrain with a running rhyme. The muwashshah is usually opened with one or two lines matching the second part of the poem in rhyme and meter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Turath_Ensemble" title="Al-Turath Ensemble">Al-Thurath ensemble</a> specializes in this genre. </p><p> The city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in Northern Syria is considered to be the centre of muwashshah.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_(16163468170).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg/281px-P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="281" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg/422px-P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg/562px-P1480908_Ensemble_Ramel_Aleppo_%2816163468170%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A group of Syrian musicians from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maqam">Maqam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maqam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical music notation style of Syria is shared throughout the Arab world. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a> music which has first studies dating back to the 9nth century.<sup id="cite_ref-YÖRE_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YÖRE_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maqam'at (plural of <a href="/wiki/MAQAM" title="MAQAM">maqam</a>) were first theorized by <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a> between 801-873 and <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Farabi</a> 870-950 where the music became more standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-YÖRE_2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YÖRE_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Arab world, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, there are a multitude of religions and cultures that have been present for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there has been influence from empires and colonial forces bringing different musical traditions, countries like Syria and Lebanon have remained with the maqam tradition. Music in the Middle East differs to Eurocentric music in that it is usually played <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonically</a>, that is, as a single melody.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monophic style allows most songs to be sung or played with the expectation that the melodic line will have improvisation or musical ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic music is made up of small scales called jins/ajnas which are melodic motifs that have three or four pitches attributed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A maqam is a musical notation mode which is made of these three or four note jins/ajnas/scales. These tri,three-note, tetra, and four-note, scales are combined with usually two, sometimes three, jins/ajans (scales/modes) to create the maqam.<sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To understand the notation in maqamat musical style, it is easily understood when compared to the western notational style. The western notation is divided into twelve separate intervals creating a musical <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>. The notation used in maqamat systems is divided into twenty-four intervals creating a distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Major_second" title="Major second">whole-tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">halftone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter-tone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further into this division is the use of <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtones</a> which divide the quarter-tone making an even more subtle tone to express emotion through ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A maqam will use of the tones, half tones and quarter-tones in its construct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iqa'at"><span id="Iqa.27at"></span>Iqa'at</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iqa'at"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Iqa'at</i>, or the singular iqa, is a particular rhythm that is to be played for every bar of a song. These rhythms are just a structure of what is usually played in the live performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Nettl_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_Iqa'at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Bruno Nettl</a> describes <i>Iqa'at</i> as separated by order of stressed and unstressed patterns. Further, musicians will play a song that drifts from nonmetric (free time/metre) to metric (in a metre) and then change in its metre again depending on the song.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_Iqa'at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Iqa'at</i> has even and odd time signatures that go anywhere from no rhythm, to 2/4 time to 32/4 time.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_Iqa'at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syriac_Christian_music">Syriac Christian music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syriac Christian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syria, being one of the countries where <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> had originated, has a long history of church music. It is the origin of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymnody" title="Hymnody">hymnody</a>, which was entirely developed in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And its style of chant, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian chant</a> which continues to be the liturgical music of some of the various Syrian Christians, is the oldest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was formerly a distinctive tradition of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jewish</a> religious music, which still flourishes in Syrian-Jewish communities around the world, such as New York City, Mexico City and Buenos Aires: see <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Weekly Maqam">The Weekly Maqam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pizmonim" title="Pizmonim">Pizmonim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Syrian chant and other genres of Syrian music has been spread widely across the world due to the continual growth of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_of_refugees">Music of refugees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music of refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaatari_refugee_camp,_Jordan_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg/293px-Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg/440px-Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg/586px-Zaatari_refugee_camp%2C_Jordan_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In contemporary times, Syria has become a country of great conflict. From this conflict has come a great <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> leaving to find safety.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have sought refuge in distant countries from their own, however, a number close to 622,000 Syrians are found in Jordan alone.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the refugees travel to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Dara'a.</a><sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are areas that have been greatly influenced by both Arabic classical music and Bedouin folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the amalgamation of culture that happened from the French mandate rule and its effects on Bedouin nomadic tribes losing their ability to travel freely.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further amalgamation is from the recent conflicts causing rural regions to enter the cities for geopolitical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the displacement of their homes, Syrians have been on the move finding new places to seek asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-author_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-author-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaatari_Refugee_Camp,_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/297px-Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/446px-Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/594px-Zaatari_Refugee_Camp%2C_Jordan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>As the diaspora has increased in recent times due to increasing conflict, neighboring countries have taken in many refugees and provided temporary housing in refugee camps.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tala_Jarjour_2015_45_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tala_Jarjour_2015_45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp" title="Zaatari refugee camp">Zaatari</a> refugee camp there are 79,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the displacement of their homes, Syrians have turned to music for the purpose of mourning and comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, reporting on the events was made illegal with punishment of jail time making Syrian song the only platform of which to tell any source of information.<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrians have also kept their traditions and culture alive through the ancient practice of music playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tala_Jarjour_2015_45_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tala_Jarjour_2015_45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This use of culture resembles possibly another influence that the Bedouin people have had on Syria as they have turned to ataba music to comfort and mourn their losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many similarities between the Syrian refugee lifestyle and that of the traditional Bedouin culture. </p> <ul><li>The first similarity is between the refugee camper and the Bedouin tent.</li> <li>Both are in the Levant desert.<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The nomadic nature of the recent refugees and the Bedouin people along with the oral culture that Bedouin and refugee people both share.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, the most direct similarity is between the types of music that the Syrian refugees play and a traditional Bedouin genre. In the YouTube video Songs of Syrian Refugees – Documentary | Recording Earth written about in Alex Petropoulos's article in the Guardian, there are two men who sing in a traditional Bedouin genre known as ataba.<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ataba music is reserved for the sentimental feelings usually associated with lamentations over loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The YouTube video plays in this style of music varying only in the musicians use of the <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a><sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not the Bedouin traditional <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rababah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subtle difference can be explained by the modern diaspora of culture and the amalgamation of culture in the urban centers of the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_amalgamation_and_diaspora">Modern amalgamation and diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern amalgamation and diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the rise in geopolitical conflict in the Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-Petropoulos_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eui_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-author_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-author-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there has been an amalgamation of cultures in the urban centres of the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has created a mixture of cultures that have borrowed styles and sounds from one another with a mixture of classical music and instruments, Bedouin genres and poetical traditions, and the more subtle yet distinct differences that each community and region has in the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racy_1996_404–424-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amalgamation has been going on for many centuries as a product of the historical conflicts that have happened throughout Middle Eastern history.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has made Syrian traditions change in style while also becoming necessary to practice for the survival of culture<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditions as was/ is the case for Syriac chant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is now Syrian music played throughout the world due to the historical diaspora and movement by the Syrian people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other countries, modern Syrian music notably contrasts its folk music. It uses an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> of mostly European instruments with one lead vocalist and sometimes a backup chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-coleman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of music is very popular in the Middle East. Famous singers are <a href="/wiki/Assala_Nasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Assala Nasri">Assala Nasri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Atrash" title="Farid al-Atrash">Farid al-Atrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Ballan" title="Fahd Ballan">Fahd Ballan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayada_El_Hennawy" title="Mayada El Hennawy">Mayada El Hennawy</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Wassouf" title="George Wassouf">George Wassouf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syrian_dances">Syrian dances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syrian dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most popular dances in Syria is the <a href="/wiki/Dabkeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabkeh">Dabkeh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a folk dance combining <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Line dancing">line dancing</a> formed from right to left and headed by a leader which alternates between facing the audience and other dancers. It is mostly performed at <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a> and other joyous occasions, but also has accompanied protest meetings during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular folklore dances include the "Arāḍa" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عراضة</span>), a dance performed with <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Oriental_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental dance">oriental dance</a> for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_underground_music_in_Syria" title="Contemporary underground music in Syria">Contemporary underground music in Syria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shoup-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShoup2018" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, John A. 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href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racy_1996_404–424_8-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRacy1996" class="citation journal cs1">Racy, Ali Jihad (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541183">"Heroes, Lovers, and Poet-Singers: The Bedouin Ethos in the Music of the Arab Near-East"</a>. <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>109</b> (434): 404–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541183">10.2307/541183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8715">0021-8715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541183">541183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Heroes%2C+Lovers%2C+and+Poet-Singers%3A+The+Bedouin+Ethos+in+the+Music+of+the+Arab+Near-East&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=434&rft.pages=404-424&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0021-8715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F541183&rft.aulast=Racy&rft.aufirst=Ali+Jihad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gb_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gb_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolisNettl2009" class="citation book cs1">Solis, Gabriel; Nettl, Bruno (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/872659666"><i>Musical improvisation : art, education, and society</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872659666">872659666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+improvisation+%3A+art%2C+education%2C+and+society&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872659666&rft.aulast=Solis&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Nettl%2C+Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F872659666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coleman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coleman_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coleman_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthJermyn2005" class="citation book cs1">South, Coleman; Jermyn, Leslie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syria0000sout/page/102"><i>Syria</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syria0000sout/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761420545" title="Special:BookSources/9780761420545"><bdi>9780761420545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761420545&rft.aulast=South&rft.aufirst=Coleman&rft.au=Jermyn%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyria0000sout%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singing-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singing_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/traditsionnoe-iskusstvo-peniya-v-kontekste-sovremennogo-muzykalnogo-obrazovaniya-sirii/viewer">"Традиционное искусство пения в контексте современного музыкального образования Cирии"</a>. <i>cyberleninka.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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AYMAN Verlag- und Media-Service. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861094363">861094363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maqam+in+Music+as+a+Concept%2C+Scale+and+Phenomenon&rft.pub=AYMAN+Verlag-+und+Media-Service&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861094363&rft.aulast=Y%C3%96RE&rft.aufirst=Seyit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F861094363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabic_Iqa'at-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_Iqa'at_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maqamworld.com/en/iqaa.php">"Arabic Iqa'at"</a>. <i>maqamworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yearbook+for+Traditional+Music&rft.atitle=Syriac+Chant+at+the+Negotiation+of+Source+and+Method+in+the+Two+Music%E2%80%93%22ologies%22&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5921%2Fyeartradmusi.47.2015.0045&rft.issn=0740-1558&rft.au=Tala+Jarjour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5921%2Fyeartradmusi.47.2015.0045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarjour2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jarjour, Tala (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5921/yeartradmusi.47.2015.0045">"Syriac Chant at the Negotiation of Source and Method in the 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yearbook+for+Traditional+Music&rft.atitle=Syriac+Chant+at+the+Negotiation+of+Source+and+Method+in+the+Two+Music%E2%80%93%22ologies%22&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0740-1558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5921%2Fyeartradmusi.47.2015.0045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5921%2Fyeartradmusi.47.2015.0045&rft.aulast=Jarjour&rft.aufirst=Tala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5921%2Fyeartradmusi.47.2015.0045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eui-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eui_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+refugees+in+Jordan%3A+A+reality+check.+Issue+2015%2F02%2C+February+2015.&rft.place=LU&rft.pub=The+European+University+Institute+%28Florence%2C+Italy%29.+Migration+Policy+Centre.&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2870%2F821248&rft.isbn=9789290842361&rft.aulast=The+European+University+Institute+%28Florence&rft.aufirst=Italy%29.+Migration+Policy+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.europa.eu%2Fdoi%2F10.2870%2F821248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarjour2017" class="citation cs2">Jarjour, Tala (2017-12-31), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463238940-007">"Syriac Chant as Music in Culture: A New Approach"</a>, <i>Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 17</i>, Gorgias Press, pp. 77–88, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463238940-007">10.31826/9781463238940-007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463238940" title="Special:BookSources/9781463238940"><bdi>9781463238940</bdi></a><span 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href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2017.1403308">"A 'nation in exile': the renewed diaspora of Syrian Armenian repatriates"</a>. <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 339–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2017.1403308">10.1080/13530194.2017.1403308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218603543">218603543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=A+%27nation+in+exile%27%3A+the+renewed+diaspora+of+Syrian+Armenian+repatriates&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-357&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218603543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2017.1403308&rft.aulast=Della+Gatta&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2017.1403308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalarabicmusic.com/music_of_syria.html">"Music of Syria"</a>. <i>Traditional Arabic music</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traditional+Arabic+music&rft.atitle=Music+of+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalarabicmusic.com%2Fmusic_of_syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJargy1978" class="citation journal cs1">Jargy, Simon (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43562542">"The Folk Music of Syria and Lebanon"</a>. <i>The World of Music</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 79–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8774">0043-8774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43562542">43562542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Music&rft.atitle=The+Folk+Music+of+Syria+and+Lebanon&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-93&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43562542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-8774&rft.aulast=Jargy&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43562542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Silverstein, Shayna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1233692">"Syria's Radical Dabke"</a>. <i>Middle East Report</i> (263, Summer 2012) – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Radical+Dabke&rft.issue=263%2C+Summer+2012&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Shayna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1233692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Badley, Bill and Zein al Jundi. "Europe Meets Asia". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp 391–395. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shannon, Jonathan H. "Metonyms of Modernity in Contemporary Syrian Music and Painting". Ethnos 70, no. 3 (2005): 361–86. doi:10.1080/00141840500294466.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Syria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xkvc">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Damascus.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xkvh">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Islamic sufi in Aleppo.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pizmonim.org">Sephardic Pizmonim Project.</a> Accessed March 10, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(classical_music)" title="Arabesque (classical music)">Arabesque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">al-jeel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">khaliji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">samri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Hip hop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Iranian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical music">Ottoman classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Pop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_music" title="Luri music">Luri music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israeli folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm in Arabian music">Iqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanto_(music)" title="Kanto (music)">Kanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">Turkish makam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Turkish_music" title="Rhythm in Turkish music">Usul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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