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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Travel abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_and_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_and_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 King and Emperor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_and_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Conflict with Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Mobilisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Progress of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Exile debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_security_and_the_League_of_Nations,_1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_security_and_the_League_of_Nations,_1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_security_and_the_League_of_Nations,_1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_and_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_and_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1940s and 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_and_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1958_famine_of_Tigray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1958_famine_of_Tigray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 1958 famine of Tigray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1958_famine_of_Tigray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wollo_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wollo_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Wollo famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wollo_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Assassination and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastafari_messiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari_messiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rastafari messiah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rastafari_messiah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rastafari messiah subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rastafari_messiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haile_Selassie's_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haile_Selassie's_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Haile Selassie's position </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haile_Selassie's_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Residences and finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual,_performing,_and_literary_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual,_performing,_and_literary_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Visual, performing, and literary arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual,_performing,_and_literary_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_and_media_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_and_media_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Public opinion and media depiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_and_media_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_arms,_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_arms,_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Titles, styles, arms, honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_arms,_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles, arms, honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_arms,_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 National orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_sovereign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_sovereign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 As sovereign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_sovereign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Military ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Haile Selassie</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4" title="ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="هيلا سيلاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيلا سيلاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayle_Selassi" title="Hayle Selassi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hayle Selassi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هایله سلاسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هایله سلاسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="হাইল স্যালেসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইল স্যালেসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B5_I" title="Хайле Селасіе I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хайле Селасіе I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хайле Селасие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайле Селасие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Ia%C3%B1" title="Haile Selassie Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Haile Selassie Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I." title="Haile Selassie I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haile Selassie I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" title="Haile Selassie I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haile Selassie I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AD_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AD_%CE%91%CE%84" title="Χαϊλέ Σελασιέ Α΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαϊλέ Σελασιέ Α΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هایله سلاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هایله سلاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFl%C3%A9_S%C3%A9lassi%C3%A9_Ier" title="Haïlé Sélassié Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haïlé Sélassié Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%88_%EC%85%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90" title="하일레 셀라시에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하일레 셀라시에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A5_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Հայլե Սելասիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայլե Սելասիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selasije" title="Haile Selasije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haile Selasije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail%C3%A9_Selassi%C3%A9" title="Hailé Selassié – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hailé Selassié" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="היילה סלאסי, קיסר אתיופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היילה סלאסי, קיסר אתיופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94_I" title="ჰაილე სელასიე I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაილე სელასიე I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хайле Селассие – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хайле Селассие" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selasije_I" title="Haile Selasije I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haile Selasije I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I._vun_Ethiopien" title="Haile Selassie I. vun Ethiopien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haile Selassie I. vun Ethiopien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selasie" title="Haile Selasie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haile Selasie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail%C3%A9_Szelasszi%C3%A9_eti%C3%B3p_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Hailé Szelasszié etióp császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hailé Szelasszié etióp császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хајле Селасие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хајле Селасие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" title="Haile Selassie I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haile Selassie I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="हेल सिलासी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेल सिलासी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94_I" title="ჰაილე სელასიე I – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაილე სელასიე I" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="هيلا سيلاسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيلا سيلاسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="I Хайле Селассие – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Хайле Селассие" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A81%E4%B8%96" title="ハイレ・セラシエ1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイレ・セラシエ1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I." title="Haile Selassie I. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Haile Selassie I." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_av_Etiopia" title="Haile Selassie I av Etiopia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haile Selassie I av Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_av_Etiopia" title="Haile Selassie I av Etiopia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haile Selassie I av Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I%C3%A8r" title="Haile Selassie Ièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Haile Selassie Ièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਹੈਲੀ ਸੈਲਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਲੀ ਸੈਲਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ہیلہ سلاسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیلہ سلاسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="هیلا سلاسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هیلا سلاسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aili_Silasi_I" title="Aili Silasi I – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aili Silasi I" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajle_Syllasje_I" title="Hajle Syllasje I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hajle Syllasje I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_al_Etiopiei" title="Haile Selassie I al Etiopiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Haile Selassie I al Etiopiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail%C3%A9_Selassi%C3%A9_I" title="Hailé Selassié I – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hailé Selassié I" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хайле Селассие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайле Селассие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="හෙයිලේ සෙල්ලාසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙයිලේ සෙල්ලාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" title="Haile Selassie I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haile Selassie I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajil%C3%A4_Sillase" title="Hajilä Sillase – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hajilä Sillase" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I." title="Haile Selassie I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haile Selassie I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayla_Siilaasi" title="Xayla Siilaasi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xayla Siilaasi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھيلا سيلاسى – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھيلا سيلاسى" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Хајле Селасије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајле Селасије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_ng_Etiyopiya" title="Haile Selassie I ng Etiyopiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Haile Selassie I ng Etiyopiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="முதலாம் ஹைலி செலாசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் ஹைலி செலாசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิฮัยเลอ ซึลลาเซที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิฮัยเลอ ซึลลาเซที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%94_I" title="Хайле Селассіє I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хайле Селассіє I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ہائلی سلاسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائلی سلاسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Haile Selassie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF" title="海塞拉西 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海塞拉西" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" title="Haile Selassie I – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Haile Selassie I" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="海尔·塞拉西一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海尔·塞拉西一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_1k" title="Haile Selassie 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Haile Selassie 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="海爾塞拉西一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海爾塞拉西一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selas%C4%97j%C4%97_I" title="Haile Selasėjė I – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Haile Selasėjė I" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="海尔·塞拉西一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海尔·塞拉西一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41178#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For the religion, see <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie" title="Haile Gebrselassie">Haile Gebrselassie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Gugsa" title="Haile Selassie Gugsa">Haile Selassie Gugsa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Haile Selassie I ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Negusa_Nagast" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Negusa Nagast</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 1930 – 12 September 1974<a href="#cite_note-2">[nb 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Amha Selassie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">List of prime ministers</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="#Early_life">Himself</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Wolde Tzaddick </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Endelkachew" title="Makonnen Endelkachew">Makonnen Endelkachew</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abebe_Aregai" title="Abebe Aregai">Abebe Aregai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Imru" title="Mikael Imru">Mikael Imru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Enderase" class="mw-redirect" title="Enderase">Regent of Ethiopia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tessema_Nadew" title="Tessema Nadew">Tessema Nadew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Kirubel Abraham</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Lij Tafari Makonnen (Täfäri Mäkonnän) ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን (1892-07-23)23 July 1892 <a href="/wiki/Ejersa_Goro" title="Ejersa Goro">Ejersa Goro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hararghe" title="Hararghe">Hararghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 1975(1975-08-27) (aged 83) <a href="/wiki/National_Palace,_Addis_Ababa" title="National Palace, Addis Ababa">Jubilee Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 2000 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Menen Asfaw</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1911)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Issue">Detail</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Asfaw_Wossen" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen">Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Makonnen" title="Prince Makonnen">Prince Makonnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sahle_Selassie" title="Prince Sahle Selassie">Prince Sahle Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Romanework" title="Princess Romanework">Princess Romanework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Tenagnework" title="Princess Tenagnework">Princess Tenagnework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Zenebework" title="Princess Zenebework">Princess Zenebework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Tsehai" title="Princess Tsehai">Princess Tsehai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ (Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Shewa" title="List of rulers of Shewa">House of Shewa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael" title="Makonnen Wolde Mikael">Makonnen Wolde Mikael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yeshimebet_Ali" title="Yeshimebet Ali">Yeshimebet Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haile Selassie I ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ's signature"><img alt="Haile Selassie I ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg/125px-Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg/188px-Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg/250px-Haile_Selassie_bigger_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Chief Minister</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 December 1926 – 1 May 1936</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habte_Giyorgis_Dinagde" title="Habte Giyorgis Dinagde">Habte Giyorgis Dinagde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Wolde Tzaddick</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st and 5th <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 May 1963 – 17 July 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 November 1966 – 11 September 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Joseph Arthur Ankrah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1930–1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I">Field Marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I">Admiral of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I">Marshal of the Air</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Ethiopia" title="Military ranks of Ethiopia">Commander-in-chief</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugsa_Wale%27s_rebellion" title="Gugsa Wale's rebellion">Gugsa Wale's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Tembien">First Battle of Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam" title="Battle of Amba Aradam">Battle of Amba Aradam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Tembien">Second Battle of Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shire_(1936)" title="Battle of Shire (1936)">Battle of Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Battle of Maychew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1955_Constitutional_Reform_speech.ogg" title="File:Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg">Haile Selassie I's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I's_1955_Constitutional_Reform_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1955_Constitutional_Reform_speech.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1955_Constitutional_Reform_speech.ogg/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1955_Constitutional_Reform_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Speech to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Parliament">Ethiopian Parliament</a> following the occasion of a new Constitution Recorded 4 November 1955</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Haile Selassie I (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ Qädamawi Ḫäylä Śəllase, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Power of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>';<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia</a> (Enderase) under Empress <a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a> between 1916 and 1930. Widely considered to be a defining figure in modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia#Modern" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopian history</a>, he is accorded divine importance in <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, a relatively new <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Colony of Jamaica</a> in the 1930s. A few years before he began his reign over the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, Selassie defeated Ethiopian army commander <a href="/wiki/Gugsa_Welle" title="Gugsa Welle">Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul</a>, who was the nephew of Empress <a href="/wiki/Taytu_Betul" title="Taytu Betul">Taytu Betul</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anchem" title="Battle of Anchem">Battle of Anchem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-babylon148-7">[6]</a> He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>, which was founded by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> in 1270; Amlak's successors claimed that he was a lineal descendant of <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>, the legendary Emperor of Ethiopia who was supposedly born to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen Makeda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Kingdom of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Kingdom of Sheba</a>, respectively. Modern historians regard the Solomonic lineage claim as an unfounded myth created by <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> to justify wresting power from the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagwe Dynasty">Zagwe Dynasty</a>. <a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Haile Selassie, seeking to modernise Ethiopia, introduced a series of political and social reforms, including the <a href="/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1931 Constitution of Ethiopia">1931 constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery in Ethiopia">abolition of slavery</a>. He led the empire during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and after its defeat was exiled to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. After the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation of East Africa</a>, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> to assist in coordinating the Ethiopian struggle against <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, and was able to return home following the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He later dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a>, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1950, and annexed <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> as one of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ethiopia" title="Provinces of Ethiopia">Ethiopia's provinces</a>, while also <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">fighting to prevent Eritrean secession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_pp._45-46-9">[8]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a>, Selassie led Ethiopia's accession to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a charter member.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> In 1963, he presided over the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and served as the institution's first chairman. By the early 1960s, many prominent <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>, envisioned the creation of a "<a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a>" to rival the similar concept of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">federal Europe</a>. The rhetoric of this faction, especially in light of the then-ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, was overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a>, and Haile Selassie saw this as a threat to the alliance he had so calculably constructed. Therefore, he took it upon himself to attempt to influence a more moderate posture within the group.<a href="#cite_note-EDMOND_J._KELLER_pp._92-11">[10]</a> Amidst popular uprisings by the country's students, peasants, urban dwellers, merchants, political activists, and marginalised religious and ethnic groups, Haile Selassie was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 Ethiopian coup d'état</a>. With support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the Derg began governing Ethiopia as a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist state</a>. In 1994, three years after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">fall of the Derg military junta</a>, it was revealed to the public that the Derg had assassinated Haile Selassie at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace,_Addis_Ababa" title="National Palace, Addis Ababa">Jubilee Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> on 27 August 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Tadese_Tele_Salvano_pp._81-97-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-13">[12]</a> On 5 November 2000, <a href="/wiki/Excavation_of_Haile_Selassie%27s_remains" title="Excavation of Haile Selassie's remains">his excavated remains</a> were buried at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Addis_Ababa" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa">Holy Trinity Cathedral of Addis Ababa</a>. Among some adherents of <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, Haile Selassie is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">returned Jesus</a>—that is, the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Messiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God incarnate</a>. This distinction notwithstanding, he was a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Christian</a> and adhered to the tenets and liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> He has been criticised by some historians for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (Mesafint), which consistently opposed his changes. Some have also criticised Ethiopia's failure to modernise rapidly enough.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw-17">[16]</a> During his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari people</a> were persecuted and many left the <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perspectives-20">[19]</a> His administration was also criticised by human rights groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, as autocratic and illiberal.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feeding_on_Ethiopia's_Famine-21">[20]</a> According to some sources, late into Haile Selassie's administration, the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a> was banned from education, public speaking and use in administration,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> though there was never an official law or government policy that criminalised any language.<a href="#cite_note-Language_in_Ethiopia_pp._187-190-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scholler_1-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._II_p._1105-27">[26]</a> His government also relocated many <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara people</a> into southern Ethiopia, where they served in government administration, courts, and church.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Following the death of Ethiopian civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa" title="Hachalu Hundessa">Hachalu Hundessa</a> in 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Haile_Selassie" title="Bust of Haile Selassie">Bust of Haile Selassie</a> in the United Kingdom was destroyed by Oromo-speaking protesters, and an equestrian monument depicting his father <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael" title="Makonnen Wolde Mikael">Makonnen Wolde Mikael</a> was also removed from <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hachalu_Hundessa_protests-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-brytfm-33">[32]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Haile Selassie was known as a child as Lij Tafari Makonnen (Ge'ez: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን, romanized: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). <a href="/wiki/Lij_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lij (title)">Lij</a> is translated as "child" and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. His given name Tafari means "one who is respected or feared". Like most Ethiopians, his personal name "Tafari" is followed by that of his father <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael" title="Makonnen Wolde Mikael">Makonnen</a> and that of his grandfather Woldemikael. His name Haile Selassie was given to him at his infant baptism and adopted again as part of his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> in 1930. On 1 November 1905, at the age of 13, Tafari was appointed by his father as the Dejazmatch of Gara Mulatta (a region some twenty miles southwest of Harar).<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.20-34">[33]</a> The literal translation of Dejazmatch is "keeper of the door"; it is a title of nobility equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> On 27 September 1916, he was proclaimed Crown Prince and heir apparent to the throne (Alga Worrach),<a href="#cite_note-The_Order_of_Coronation_p._97-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copley_p._114-37">[36]</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> Plenipotentiary (Balemulu Silt'an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Enderase</a>).<a href="#cite_note-The_Order_of_Coronation_p._97-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_pp.48-50-38">[37]</a> On 11 February 1917, he was crowned Le'ul-Ras<a href="#cite_note-Steffanson_2-39">[38]</a> and became known as <a href="/wiki/Ras_(title)" title="Ras (title)">Ras</a> Tafari Makonnen <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg\/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ras Teferi Mekonnen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg/Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Teferi_Mekonnen.ogg" title="File:Ras Teferi Mekonnen.ogg">ⓘ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ras</a> is translated as "head"<a href="#cite_note-babylon172-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copley_p._114-37">[36]</a> and is a rank of nobility equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Copley_p._114-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_p._xiii-41">[40]</a> though it is often rendered in translation as "prince". Originally the title <a href="/wiki/Le%27ul" class="mw-redirect" title="Le'ul">Le'ul</a>, which means "Your Highness", was only ever used as a form of address;<a href="#cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._325-42">[41]</a> however, in 1916 the title Le'ul-Ras replaced the senior office of Ras <a href="/wiki/Bitwoded" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitwoded">Bitwoded</a> and so became the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Duke">royal duke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zewditu" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Zewditu">Empress Zewditu</a> planned on granting him the throne of Shewa; however, at the last moment opposition from certain provincial rulers caused a change and his title <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> or "King" was conferred without geographical qualification or definition.<a href="#cite_note-Steffanson-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress Zewditu, Tafari was crowned Negusa Nagast, literally "King of Kings", rendered in English as "Emperor".<a href="#cite_note-roberts-47">[46]</a> Upon his ascension, he took as his regnal name Haile Selassie I. Haile means in Ge'ez "Power of" and Selassie means <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>—therefore Haile Selassie roughly translates to "Power of the Trinity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrell159-48">[47]</a> Haile Selassie's full title in office was "By the Conquering <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_the_Tribe_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of the Tribe of Judah">Lion of the Tribe of Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="His Imperial Majesty">His Imperial Majesty</a> Haile Selassie I, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">King of Kings</a> of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords, Elect of God".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steffanson_2-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._325-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles_F._Rey-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[nb 2]</a> This title reflects Ethiopian dynastic traditions, which hold that all monarchs must trace their lineage to <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>, who is described by the <a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a> (a 14th-century CE national epic) as the son of the tenth-century BCE <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> To Ethiopians, Haile Selassie has been known by many names, including Janhoy ("His Majesty") Talaqu Meri ("Great Leader") and Abba Tekel ("Father of Tekel", his <a href="/wiki/Horse_name" title="Horse name">horse name</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kasuka19-51">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> employs many of these appellations, also referring to him as <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jah_Jah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jah Jah">Jah Jah</a>, Jah Rastafari, and HIM (the abbreviation of "His Imperial Majesty").<a href="#cite_note-Kasuka19-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Haile_Selassie" title="Chronology of Haile Selassie">Chronology of Haile Selassie</a></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress"><img alt="Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg/117px-Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg/176px-Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg/235px-Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lij_Teferi_and_his_father,_Ras_Makonnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ras Makonnen Woldemikael and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen"><img alt="Ras Makonnen Woldemikael and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg/112px-Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg/168px-Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg/224px-Lij_Teferi_and_his_father%2C_Ras_Makonnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ras <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Woldemikael" class="mw-redirect" title="Makonnen Woldemikael">Makonnen Woldemikael</a> and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen</div> </li> </ul>Tafari's royal line (through his paternal grandmother) descended from the Shewan <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> Solomonic king, <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> He was born on 23 July 1892, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Ejersa_Goro" title="Ejersa Goro">Ejersa Goro</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hararghe" title="Hararghe">Hararghe</a> province of Ethiopia. Tafari's mother, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Woyzero" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Woizero</a> ("Lady") <a href="/wiki/Yeshimebet_Ali" title="Yeshimebet Ali">Yeshimebet Ali</a> Abba Jifar, was paternally of <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> descent and maternally of <a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silte</a> heritage, while his father, <a href="/wiki/Ras_(title)" title="Ras (title)">Ras</a> <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael" title="Makonnen Wolde Mikael">Makonnen Wolde Mikael</a>, was maternally of <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> descent but his paternal lineage remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodward-57">[55]</a> Tafari's paternal grandfather belonged to a noble family from <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> and was the governor of the districts of <a href="/wiki/Menz" title="Menz">Menz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doba_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doba Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Doba</a>, which are located in <a href="/wiki/North_Shewa_Zone_(Amhara)" title="North Shewa Zone (Amhara)">Semien Shewa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pétridès-28-58">[56]</a> Tafari's mother was the daughter of a ruling chief from <a href="/wiki/Were_Ilu_(woreda)" title="Were Ilu (woreda)">Were Ilu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollo">Wollo</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Dejazmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejazmach">Dejazmach</a> Ali Abba Jifar.<a href="#cite_note-Moor-59">[57]</a> Ras Makonnen was the grandson of King <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a> who was once the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. He served as a general in the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a>, playing a key role at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Moor-59">[57]</a> Haile Selassie was thus able to ascend to the imperial throne through his paternal grandmother, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> and daughter of the Solomonic Amhara King of Shewa, <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> Sahle Selassie. As such, Haile Selassie claimed direct descent from <a href="/wiki/Makeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Makeda">Makeda</a>, the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of ancient Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinn265-60">[58]</a> Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a>, to receive instruction in Harar from <a href="/wiki/Abba_Samuel_Wolde_Kahin" title="Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin">Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin</a>, an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> friar, and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon from <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>. Tafari was named <a href="/wiki/Dejazmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejazmach">Dejazmach</a> (literally "commander of the gate", roughly equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_p._xii-61">[59]</a> at the age of 13, on 1 November 1905.<a href="#cite_note-so193-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.20-34">[33]</a> Shortly thereafter, his father Makonnen died at <a href="/wiki/Kulibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulibi">Kulibi</a>, in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-rad712-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorship">Governorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governorship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg/150px-Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg/225px-Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Dejazmatch Tafari, as governor of Harar</figcaption></figure> Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of marginal importance,<a href="#cite_note-jah-64">[62]</a> but one that enabled him to continue his studies.<a href="#cite_note-so193-62">[60]</a> In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_Province" title="Sidamo Province">Sidamo</a>. It is alleged that during his late teens, Haile Selassie was married to Woizero Altayech, and that from this union, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Romanework" title="Princess Romanework">Princess Romanework</a> was born.<a href="#cite_note-m387-65">[63]</a> Following the death of his brother Yelma in 1907, the governorate of Harar was left vacant,<a href="#cite_note-jah-64">[62]</a> and its administration was left to Menelik's loyal general, Dejazmach <a href="/wiki/Balcha_Safo" title="Balcha Safo">Balcha Safo</a>. Balcha Safo's administration of Harar was ineffective, and so during the last illness of Menelik II, and the brief reign of Empress <a href="/wiki/Taytu_Betul" title="Taytu Betul">Taytu Betul</a>, Tafari was made governor of Harar in 1910 or 1911.<a href="#cite_note-rad712-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-m387-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg/200px-HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg/300px-HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg/400px-HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Together with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Empress Menen Asfaw</a>, 1955</figcaption></figure> On 3 August 1911, Tafari married <a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Menen Asfaw</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ambassel" title="Ambassel">Ambassel</a>, niece of the heir to the throne <a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu" title="Lij Iyasu">Lij Iyasu</a>. Menen Asfaw was 22 years old while Tafari was 19 years of age. Menen had already married two previous noblemen, while Tafari had one previous wife and one child. The marriage between Menen Asfaw and Haile Selassie lasted for 50 years. Although possibly a political match designed to create peace between Ethiopian nobles, the couple's family had said they married with mutual consent. Selassie described his spouse as a "woman without any malice whatsoever".<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regency">Regency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regency">edit</a>]</div> The extent to which Tafari Makonnen contributed to the movement that would come to depose <a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu" title="Lij Iyasu">Lij Iyasu</a> has been discussed extensively, particularly in Haile Selassie's own detailed account of the matter. Iyasu was the designated but uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Iyasu's reputation for scandalous behavior and a disrespectful attitude towards the nobles at the court of his grandfather, Menelik II,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> damaged his reputation. Iyasu's flirtation with Islam was considered treasonous among the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Christian">Ethiopian Orthodox Christian</a> leadership of the empire. On 27 September 1916, Iyasu was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-so228-68">[66]</a> Contributing to the movement that deposed Iyasu were conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Fitawrari" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitawrari">Fitawrari</a> <a href="/wiki/Habte_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habte Giyorgis">Habte Giyorgis</a>, Menelik II's longtime Minister of War. The movement to depose Iyasu preferred Tafari, as he attracted support from both progressive and conservative factions. Ultimately, Iyasu was deposed on the grounds of conversion to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-babylon172-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-so228-68">[66]</a> In his place, the daughter of Menelik II (the aunt of Iyasu) was named Empress <a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a>, while Tafari was elevated to the rank of Ras and was made <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a>. In the power arrangement that followed, Tafari accepted the role of <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Regent Plenipotentiary</a> (Balemulu 'Inderase)<a href="#cite_note-71">[nb 3]</a> and became the de facto ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (Mangista Ityop'p'ya). Zewditu would govern while Tafari would administer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus126-72">[69]</a> While Iyasu had been deposed on 27 September 1916, on 8 October he managed to escape into the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogaden Desert">Ogaden Desert</a> and his father, Negus <a href="/wiki/Mikael_of_Wollo" title="Mikael of Wollo">Mikael of Wollo</a>, had time to come to his aid.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus,_page_127-73">[70]</a> On 27 October, Negus Mikael and his army met an army under Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis loyal to Zewditu and Tafari. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Battle of Segale</a>, Mikael was defeated and captured. Any chance that Iyasu would regain the throne was ended, and he went into hiding. On 11 January 1921, after avoiding capture for about five years, Iyasu was taken into custody by <a href="/wiki/Gugsa_Araya_Selassie" title="Gugsa Araya Selassie">Gugsa Araya Selassie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-372-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Ras Tafari in 1924 at the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></figcaption></figure> On 11 February 1917, the coronation for Zewditu took place. She pledged to rule justly through her regent, Tafari. While Tafari was the more visible of the two, Zewditu was not simply an honorary ruler, but she did have some political restraints due to the complicated nature of her position compared to other Ethiopian monarchs, one was that it required that she arbitrate the claims of competing factions. In other words, she had the last word. But unlike other monarchs Tafari carried the burden of daily administration, but, initially because his position was relatively weak, this was often an exercise in futility. His personal army was poorly equipped, his finances were limited, and he had little leverage to withstand the combined influence of the Empress, the Minister of War, or the provincial governors. Nonetheless, her authority weakened while Tafari's power increased, she focused on praying and fasting and much less in her official duties which allowed Tafari to later have greater influence than even the Empress.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus,_page_127-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> During his Regency, the new Crown Prince developed the policy of cautious modernisation initiated by Menelik II. Also, during this time, he survived the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>, having come down with the illness<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> as someone fairly "prone to" the effects of disease throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> He secured Ethiopia's admission to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1923 by promising to eradicate slavery; each emperor since <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> had issued proclamations to halt <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> but without effect: the internationally scorned practice persisted well into Haile Selassie's reign with an estimated 2 million slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_abroad">Travel abroad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Travel abroad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/330px-Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/440px-Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, 1924</figcaption></figure> In 1924, Ras Tafari toured Europe and the Middle East visiting <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Paris, Luxembourg, Brussels, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Stockholm, London, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Gibraltar and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. With him on his tour was a group that included Ras <a href="/wiki/Seyum_Mangasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyum Mangasha">Seyum Mangasha</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray Province</a>; Ras <a href="/wiki/Hailu_Tekle_Haymanot" title="Hailu Tekle Haymanot">Hailu Tekle Haymanot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a> province; Ras <a href="/wiki/Mulugeta_Yeggazu" title="Mulugeta Yeggazu">Mulugeta Yeggazu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illubabor_Province" title="Illubabor Province">Illubabor Province</a>; Ras <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Endelkachew" title="Makonnen Endelkachew">Makonnen Endelkachew</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Blattengeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Blattengeta">Blattengeta</a> <a href="/wiki/Heruy_Welde_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruy Welde Selassie">Heruy Welde Selassie</a>. The primary goal of the trip to Europe was for Ethiopia to gain access to the sea. In Paris, Tafari was to find out from the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="French Foreign Ministry">French Foreign Ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a>) that this goal would not be realised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus123-82">[79]</a> However, failing this, he and his retinue inspected schools, hospitals, factories, and churches. Although patterning many reforms after European models, Tafari remained wary of European pressure. To guard against <a href="/wiki/Economic_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic imperialism">economic imperialism</a>, Tafari required that all enterprises have at least partial local ownership.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Of his modernisation campaign, he remarked, "We need European progress only because we are surrounded by it. That is at once a benefit and a misfortune."<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Throughout Tafari's travels in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and Egypt, he and his entourage were greeted with enthusiasm and fascination. Seyum Mangasha accompanied him and Hailu Tekle Haymanot who, like Tafari, were sons of generals who contributed to the victorious war against Italy a quarter-century earlier at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mockler-85">[82]</a> Another member of his entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fought at Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> and their "rich, picturesque court dress"<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> were sensationalised in the media; among his entourage he even included a pride of lions, which he distributed as gifts to President <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, to <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V of the United Kingdom">King George V of the United Kingdom</a>, and to the Zoological Garden (<a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin Zoologique</a>) of Paris, France.<a href="#cite_note-mockler-85">[82]</a> As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have inspired so many anecdotes".<a href="#cite_note-mockler-85">[82]</a> In return for two lions, the United Kingdom presented Tafari with the imperial crown of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> for its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Sir Robert Napier</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1868_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 Expedition to Abyssinia">1868 Expedition to Abyssinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> In this period, the Crown Prince visited the Armenian monastery of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. There, he adopted 40 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> orphans (አርባ ልጆች <a href="/wiki/Arba_Lijoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba Lijoch">Arba Lijoch</a>, "forty children"), who had lost their parents during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian Genocide</a>. Tafari arranged for the musical education of the youths, and they came to form the imperial brass band.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_and_Emperor">King and Emperor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: King and Emperor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg/220px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg/330px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg/440px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I on 2 November 1930</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modernization_under_Haile_Selassie" title="Modernization under Haile Selassie">Modernization under Haile Selassie</a></div> Tafari's authority was challenged in 1928 when <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Dejazmach</a> <a href="/wiki/Balcha_Safo" title="Balcha Safo">Balcha Safo</a> went to Addis Ababa with a sizeable armed force. When Tafari consolidated his hold over the provinces, many of Menelik's appointees refused to abide by the new regulations. Balcha Safo, the governor (Shum) of coffee-rich <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_Province" title="Sidamo Province">Sidamo Province</a>, was particularly troublesome. The revenues he remitted to the central government did not reflect the accrued profits and Tafari recalled him to Addis Ababa. The old man came in high dudgeon and, insultingly, with a large army.<a href="#cite_note-90">[nb 4]</a> The Dejazmatch paid homage to Empress Zewditu, but snubbed Tafari.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus129-92">[88]</a> On 18 February, while Balcha Safo and his personal bodyguard<a href="#cite_note-93">[nb 5]</a> were in Addis Ababa, Tafari had Ras <a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa Haile Darge</a> buy off Balcha Safo's army, and arranged to have him replaced as Shum of Sidamo Province<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler8-94">[89]</a> by Birru Wolde Gabriel – who himself was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus,_page_127-73">[70]</a> Even so, the gesture of Balcha Safo empowered Empress Zewditu politically and she attempted to have Tafari tried for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. He was tried for his benevolent dealings with Italy including a <a href="/wiki/Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of 1928">20-year peace accord</a> that was signed on 2 August.<a href="#cite_note-so193-62">[60]</a> In September, a group of palace reactionaries including some courtiers of the Empress made a <a href="/wiki/1928_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Ethiopian coup d'état">final bid to get rid of Tafari</a>. The attempted coup d'état was tragic in its origins and comic in its end. When confronted by Tafari and a company of his troops, the ringleaders of the coup took refuge on the palace grounds in Menelik's mausoleum. Tafari and his men surrounded them, only to be surrounded themselves by the personal guard of Zewditu. More of Tafari's khaki clad soldiers arrived and decided the outcome in his favor with superiority of arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus127–28-95">[90]</a> Popular support, as well as the support of the police,<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-91">[87]</a> remained with Tafari. Ultimately, the Empress relented, and, on 7 October 1928, she crowned Tafari as <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>: "King").<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg/260px-Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg/390px-Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg/520px-Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Official coronation painting by Beatrice Playne c. 1950s</figcaption></figure> The crowning of Tafari as King was controversial. He occupied the same territory as the Empress rather than going off to a regional kingdom of the empire. Two monarchs, even with one being the vassal and the other the emperor (in this case empress), had never ruled from a single location simultaneously in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian history">Ethiopian history</a>. Conservatives agitated to redress this perceived insult to the crown's dignity, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Gugsa_Wale%27s_rebellion" title="Gugsa Wale's rebellion">Ras Gugsa Welle's rebellion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gugsa_Welle" title="Gugsa Welle">Gugsa Welle</a> was the husband of the Empress and the Shum of <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a> Province. In early 1930, he raised an army and marched it from his governorate at <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. On 31 March 1930, Gugsa Welle was met by forces loyal to Negus Tafari and was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anchem" title="Battle of Anchem">Battle of Anchem</a>. Gugsa Welle was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts724-96">[91]</a> News of Gugsa Welle's defeat and death had hardly spread through Addis Ababa when the Empress died suddenly on 2 April 1930. Although it was long rumored that the Empress was poisoned upon her husband's defeat,<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> or alternately that she died from shock upon hearing of the death of her estranged yet beloved husband,<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> it has since been documented that Zewditu succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">paratyphoid fever</a> and complications from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> after the Orthodox clergy imposed strict rules concerning her diet during Lent, against her physicians' orders.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Negus-100">[95]</a> Upon Zewditu's death, Tafari himself rose to emperor and was proclaimed Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya, "King of Kings of Ethiopia". He was crowned on 2 November 1930, at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Addis_Ababa" title="St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa's Cathedral of St. George</a>. The coronation was by all accounts "a most splendid affair",<a href="#cite_note-m12-101">[96]</a> and it was attended by royals and dignitaries from all over the world. Among those in attendance were the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a> (King George V's son), <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Louis Franchet d'Espèrey</a> of France, and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinando,_Duke_of_Genoa_(1884%E2%80%931963)" title="Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1884–1963)">Prince of Udine</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a>. Special <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Murray_Jacoby" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Murray Jacoby">Herman Murray Jacoby</a> attended the coronation as the personal representative of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Emissaries from Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were there.<a href="#cite_note-m12-101">[96]</a> British author <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> was also present, penning a contemporary report on the event, and American travel lecturer <a href="/wiki/Burton_Holmes" title="Burton Holmes">Burton Holmes</a> shot the only known film footage of the event.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> One American newspaper report suggested that the celebration had incurred a cost in excess of $3,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> Many of those in attendance received lavish gifts;<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> in one instance the Emperor, a Christian, even sent a gold-encased Bible to an American bishop who had not attended the coronation, but who had dedicated a prayer for the Emperor on the day of the coronation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg/180px-Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg/270px-Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg/360px-Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, 3 November 1930</figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie introduced <a href="/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1931 Constitution of Ethiopia">Ethiopia's first written constitution</a> on 16 July 1931,<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> providing for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vnahum22-112">[107]</a> The constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility, but it did establish democratic standards among the nobility, envisaging a transition to democratic rule: it would prevail "until the people are in a position to elect themselves."<a href="#cite_note-vnahum22-112">[107]</a> The constitution limited succession to the throne to descendants of Haile Selassie, which had the effect of placing other dynastic princes at the time (including the princes of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigrai</a>, and even the Emperor's loyal cousin Ras <a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa Haile Darge</a>) outside of the line for the throne.<a href="#cite_note-cs-113">[108]</a> In 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Sultanate of Jimma</a> was formally absorbed into Ethiopia following the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abba_Jifar_II" title="Abba Jifar II">Abba Jifar II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-121-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Italy">Conflict with Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflict with Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a></div> Ethiopia became the target of renewed Italian imperialist designs in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> regime was keen to avenge the military defeats Italy had suffered to Ethiopia in the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo-Abyssinian War">First Italo-Abyssinian War</a>, and to efface the failed attempt by "liberal" Italy to conquer the country, as epitomised by the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Adwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler61-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-carlton-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-vander-117">[112]</a> A conquest of Ethiopia could also empower the cause of fascism and embolden its empire's rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-vander-117">[112]</a> Ethiopia would also provide a bridge between Italy's Eritrean and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> possessions. Ethiopia's position in the League of Nations did not dissuade the Italians from invading in 1935; the "<a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a>" envisaged by the League proved useless, and a scandal erupted when the <a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a> revealed that Ethiopia's League allies were scheming to appease Italy.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobilisation">Mobilisation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mobilisation">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Welwel_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwel Incident">Welwel Incident</a> of 5 December 1934, Haile Selassie joined his northern armies and set up headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Desse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollo">Wollo</a> province. He issued a generalized mobilization order on 3 October 1935. On 19 October 1935, he gave more precise orders for his army to his Commander-in-Chief, Ras <a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa</a>, instructing the men to choose hidden positions, to conserve ammunition, and to avoid wearing conspicuous clothing for fear of air attack.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Compared to the Ethiopians, the Italians had an advanced, modern military that included a large air force. The Italians also came to employ <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> throughout the conflict, even targeting <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> field hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progress_of_the_war">Progress of the war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Progress of the war">edit</a>]</div> Starting in early October 1935, the <a href="/wiki/De_Bono%27s_invasion_of_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia">Italians invaded Ethiopia</a>. But, by November, the pace of invasion had slowed appreciably, and Haile Selassie's northern armies were able to launch what was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Offensive" title="Christmas Offensive">Christmas Offensive</a>".<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> During this offensive, the Italians were forced back in places and put on the defensive. In early 1936, the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Tembien">First Battle of Tembien</a> stopped the progress of the Ethiopian offensive and the Italians were ready to continue their offensive. Following the defeat and destruction of the northern Ethiopian armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam" title="Battle of Amba Aradam">Battle of Amba Aradam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Tembien">Second Battle of Tembien</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shire_(1936)" title="Battle of Shire (1936)">Battle of Shire</a>, Haile Selassie took the field with the last Ethiopian army on the northern front. On 31 March 1936, he launched a <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a> against the Italians himself at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Battle of Maychew</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a>. The Emperor's army was defeated and retreated in disarray. As Haile Selassie's army withdrew, the Italians attacked from the air along with rebellious Raya and Azebo tribesmen on the ground, who were armed and paid by the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian military</a> were obsolete compared to the invading Italian forces, possessing mostly untrained and non-modern rifles and weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Haile Selassie made a solitary <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to the churches at <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital.<a href="#cite_note-moc-129">[124]</a> After a stormy session of the council of state, it was agreed that because <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> could not be defended, the government would relocate to the southern town of <a href="/wiki/Gore,_Ethiopia" title="Gore, Ethiopia">Gore</a>, and that in the interest of preserving the imperial house, Empress Menen Asfaw and the rest of the imperial family should immediately depart for <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>, and from there continue on to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exile_debate">Exile debate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exile debate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SelassieInJerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/220px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/330px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/440px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>The Emperor arrives in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, May 1936.</figcaption></figure> After further debate as to whether Haile Selassie should go to Gore or accompany his family into exile, it was agreed that he should leave Ethiopia with his family and present the case of Ethiopia to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. The decision was not unanimous and several participants, including the nobleman <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Blatta</a> <a href="/wiki/Tekle_Wolde_Hawariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekle Wolde Hawariat">Tekle Wolde Hawariat</a>, strenuously objected to the idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing before an invading force.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> Haile Selassie appointed his cousin Ras <a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a> as Prince Regent in his absence, departing with his family for <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> on 2 May 1936. On 5 May, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> led Italian troops into Addis Ababa, and Mussolini declared Ethiopia an Italian province. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emanuel_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emanuel III">Victor Emanuel III</a> was proclaimed as the new <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a>. On the previous day, the Ethiopian exiles had left French Somaliland aboard the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(D52)" title="HMS Enterprise (D52)">HMS Enterprise</a>. They were bound for <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, where the Ethiopian imperial family maintained a residence. The family disembarked at <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and then went on to Jerusalem. Once there, Haile Selassie and his retinue prepared to make their case at Geneva. The choice of Jerusalem was highly symbolic, since the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomonic Dynasty">Solomonic Dynasty</a> claimed descent from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_David" class="mw-redirect" title="House of David">House of David</a>. Leaving the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, Haile Selassie and his entourage sailed aboard the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Capetown_(D88)" title="HMS Capetown (D88)">HMS Capetown</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, where he stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Hotel">Rock Hotel</a>. From Gibraltar, the exiles were transferred to an ordinary liner. By doing this, the United Kingdom government was spared the expense of a state reception.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collective_security_and_the_League_of_Nations,_1936">Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie%27s_speech_to_the_League_of_Nations_(1936)" title="Haile Selassie's speech to the League of Nations (1936)">Haile Selassie's speech to the League of Nations (1936)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png/220px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png/330px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png/440px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> appealing Italy's invasion in 1936</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit-section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-copy-edit-section" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/24px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/48px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a>. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> On 12 May 1936, the League of Nations afforded Haile Selassie the opportunity to address the assembly. In response, Italy withdrew its League delegation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Haile Selassie was introduced by the president of the Assembly as "His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Ethiopia" (Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Éthiopie). The introduction caused many Italian journalists in the galleries to erupt into jeering, heckling, and whistling. They had earlier been issued whistles by Mussolini's son-in-law, Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The Romanian delegate and former League president, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Titulescu" title="Nicolae Titulescu">Nicolae Titulescu</a>, jumped to his feet and cried "To the door with the savages!", and the offending journalists were removed from the hall. After the hall was cleared, Haile Selassie responded "majestically"<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_League_of_Nations_Haile_Selassie_June_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to the League of Nations Haile Selassie June 1936">speech</a> considered by some among the most stirring of the 20th century, and a possible warning for future generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire297–8-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">peacock prose</a>] Although fluent in French, the League's working language, Haile Selassie chose to deliver his speech in his native <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>. He asserted that Italy was employing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> on military and civilian targets alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire318-142">[137]</a> He pointed out that the same European states that found in Ethiopia's favor at the League of Nations were refusing Ethiopia credit and <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a> while aiding Italy. Noting that his own "small people of 12 million inhabitants, without arms, without resources" could never withstand an attack by a large power such as Italy, with its 42 million people and "unlimited quantities of the most death-dealing weapons", he contended that the aggression threatened all small states, and that all small states were in effect reduced to <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> in the absence of collective action. He admonished the League that "God and history will remember your judgment."<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> At the beginning of 1936, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> named Haile Selassie "Man of the Year" for 1935,<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> and his June 1936 speech made him an icon for anti-fascists around the world. He failed, however, to get the diplomatic and matériel support he needed. The League agreed to only partial, ineffective sanctions on Italy, and Selassie was left without much-needed military equipment. Only six nations in 1937 did not recognise Italy's occupation: China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Republic of Spain, Mexico and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-carlton-116">[111]</a> It is often said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] one of the many reasons the League of Nations effectively collapsed was due to its failure to condemn Italy's invasion of Abyssinia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exile">Exile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairfield_House,_Newbridge,_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg/220px-Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg/330px-Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg/440px-Fairfield_House%2C_Newbridge%2C_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_House,_Bath" title="Fairfield House, Bath">Fairfield House, Bath</a>, was Selassie's residence for five years during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie spent his exile years (1936–1941) in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England, in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_House,_Bath" title="Fairfield House, Bath">Fairfield House</a>, which he bought. The Emperor and <a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa Haile Darge</a> took morning walks together behind the 14-room Victorian house's high walls. Haile Selassie's favorite reading was "diplomatic history". It was during his exile in England that he began writing his 90,000-word autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1937-146">[141]</a> Prior to Fairfield House, he briefly stayed at Warne's Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a><a href="#cite_note-Worthing-147">[142]</a> and in Parkside, <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Haile_Selassie" title="Bust of Haile Selassie">bust of Haile Selassie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Seligman" title="Hilda Seligman">Hilda Seligman</a> stood in nearby <a href="/wiki/Cannizaro_Park" title="Cannizaro Park">Cannizaro Park</a> to commemorate his stay, and was a popular place of pilgrimage for London's Rastafari community, until it was destroyed by protestors on 30 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> Haile Selassie stayed at the Abbey Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a> in the 1930s, and his granddaughters and daughters of court officials were educated at <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_School_for_Girls" title="Clarendon School for Girls">Clarendon School for Girls</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Malvern" title="North Malvern">North Malvern</a>. During his time in Malvern, he attended services at Holy Trinity Church, in <a href="/wiki/Link_Top" title="Link Top">Link Top</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating his stay in Malvern was unveiled on Saturday, 25 June 2011. As part of the ceremony, a delegation from the Rastafari movement gave a short address and a drum recital.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie,_Emperor_of_Abyssinia,_with_Brigadier_Daniel_Arthur_Sandford_(left)_and_Colonel_Wingate_(right)_in_Dambacha_Fort,_after_it_had_been_captured,_15_April_1941._E2462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haile_Selassie%2C_Emperor_of_Abyssinia%2C_with_Brigadier_Daniel_Arthur_Sandford_%28left%29_and_Colonel_Wingate_%28right%29_in_Dambacha_Fort%2C_after_it_had_been_captured%2C_15_April_1941._E2462.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haile_Selassie%2C_Emperor_of_Abyssinia%2C_with_Brigadier_Daniel_Arthur_Sandford_%28left%29_and_Colonel_Wingate_%28right%29_in_Dambacha_Fort%2C_after_it_had_been_captured%2C_15_April_1941._E2462.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Haile_Selassie%2C_Emperor_of_Abyssinia%2C_with_Brigadier_Daniel_Arthur_Sandford_%28left%29_and_Colonel_Wingate_%28right%29_in_Dambacha_Fort%2C_after_it_had_been_captured%2C_15_April_1941._E2462.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie with Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sandford_(British_Army_officer)" title="Daniel Sandford (British Army officer)">Daniel Sandford</a> (left) and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Wingate</a> (right) in Dambacha Fort, after its capture, 15 April 1941</figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie's activity in this period was focused on countering Italian propaganda as to the Ethiopian resistance and the legality of the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_pp._11–2.-153">[148]</a> He spoke out against the desecration of houses of worship and historical artifacts, including the theft of a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk, and condemned the atrocities suffered by the Ethiopian civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_pp._26–27.-154">[149]</a> He continued to plead for League intervention and to voice his certainty that "God's judgment will eventually visit the weak and the mighty alike",<a href="#cite_note-progress25-155">[150]</a> though his attempts to gain support for the struggle against Italy were largely unsuccessful until Italy entered World War II on the German side in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-ofcan-156">[151]</a> Haile Selassie's pleas for international support took root in the United States, particularly among African-American organisations sympathetic to the Ethiopian cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_p._27-157">[152]</a> In 1937, Haile Selassie was to give a Christmas Day radio address to the American people to thank his supporters when his taxi was involved in a traffic accident, leaving him with a fractured knee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_pp._40–42-158">[153]</a> He delivered the address despite his injury, in which he linked Christianity and goodwill with the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a>, and asserted that war can be resolved diplomatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_pp._40–42-158">[153]</a> During this period, Haile Selassie suffered several personal tragedies. His two sons-in-law, Ras <a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a> and Dejazmach <a href="/wiki/Beyene_Merid" title="Beyene Merid">Beyene Merid</a>, were both executed by the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-progress25-155">[150]</a> The Emperor's daughter, Princess <a href="/wiki/Romanework" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanework">Romanework</a>, wife of Dejazmach Beyene Merid, was taken into captivity with her children, and she died in Italy in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-him170-159">[154]</a> His daughter Tsehai died during childbirth shortly after the restoration in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinn3-160">[155]</a> After his return to Ethiopia, Haile Selassie donated Fairfield House to the city of Bath as a residence for the aged.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> In 2019, two blue plaques commemorating his residence at Fairfield and his visits to nearby <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a> were unveiled by his grandson.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s_and_1950s">1940s and 1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1940s and 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg/220px-Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg/330px-Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg/440px-Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3388" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie in 1942</figcaption></figure> British forces, which consisted primarily of Ethiopian-backed African and South African colonial troops under the "<a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a>" of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>, coordinated the military effort to liberate Ethiopia. Haile Selassie issued several imperial proclamations in this period, demonstrating that British military might and the Emperor's popular appeal could be joined in the concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-ofcan-156">[151]</a> On 18 January 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, Haile Selassie crossed the border between Sudan and Ethiopia, near the village of Um Iddla. The standard of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a> was raised again. Two days later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined with <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a>, which was already in Ethiopia and preparing the way.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Italy was defeated by combined forces of the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Free Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopian partisans</a>. On 5 May 1941, Haile Selassie entered <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> and personally addressed the Ethiopian people, exactly five years after the fascist forces entered Addis Ababa. He urged them not to reciprocate the atrocities they had been subjected to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaile_Selassie_1999vol._2,_p._165-164">[159]</a> On 27 August 1942, Haile Selassie confirmed the legal basis for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">slavery</a> that had been <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">illegally</a> enacted by Italian occupying forces throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> After World War II, Ethiopia became a <a href="/wiki/Charter_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter member">charter member</a> of the United Nations. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, a region disputed with both <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, was granted to Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinn201-167">[162]</a> On 2 December 1950, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of Eritrea (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-shinn141-168">[163]</a> Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-shinn141-168">[163]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp/238px-H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp/357px-H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp/476px-H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I_with_H.M_Elizabeth_II.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="979" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> with Emperor Haile Selassie heading towards to Buckingham Palace, 1954</div></div></div></div></div> Despite his centralisation policies that had been made before World War II, Haile Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the programmes he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well.<a href="#cite_note-eth-169">[164]</a> Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> and the Emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the post-war era.<a href="#cite_note-eth-169">[164]</a> Where Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often still passed by the landowners onto the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-eth-169">[164]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/238px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/357px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/476px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="951" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Haile Selassie with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> on board the USS Quincy (CA-71) in Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, 13 February 1945</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/238px--Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="238" height="134" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg/Sir_Winston_Churchill_with_Emperor_H.S_the_First.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Selassie with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a>, 22 October 1954</div></div></div></div></div> Between 1941 and 1959, Haile Selassie worked to establish the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-copts-171">[166]</a> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the <a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a>, a bishop who answered to the <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>. In 1942 and 1945, Haile Selassie applied to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a> to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the Coptic Church of Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-copts-171">[166]</a> Finally, in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Kyrillos_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Kyrillos VI">Pope Kyrillos VI</a> elevated the Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos.<a href="#cite_note-copts-171">[166]</a> The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-eth-169">[164]</a> In addition to these efforts, Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.<a href="#cite_note-eth-169">[164]</a> In 1956, on a state visit to India, he met with Indian leaders who supported <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> against fascist Italy's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">illegal occupation</a> during the 1935-1941 war against the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">country</a>. He also discussed with Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> relating to Asian and African decolonisation, and cooperation between economic and education sectors.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> and Somali Muslims staged a significant rebellion against the empire in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. The state responded with a violent crackdown. Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> The government also seized many assets and estates belonging to the people.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> This led to a massive exodus of Hararis from the region.<a href="#cite_note-Perspectives-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Harari dissatisfaction stemmed from the fact that they had never received autonomy for Harar, which was promised by <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> after his conquest of the kingdom. The promise was eroded by successive <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> governors of Harar and infringed by Selassie himself.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> According to historians Tim Carmicheal and Roman Loimeier, Haile Selassie was directly involved in the suppression of the Harari movement that formed as a response to the crackdown on Hararis who collaborated with the Italians during their occupation of Ethiopia from 1935 to 1941.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> In keeping with the principle of <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a>, for which he was an outspoken proponent, Haile Selassie sent a contingent, under General Mulugueta Bulli, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kagnew_Battalion" title="Kagnew Battalion">Kagnew Battalion</a>, to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> by supporting the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a>. It was attached to the American <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a>, and fought in a number of engagements including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pork_Chop_Hill" title="Battle of Pork Chop Hill">Battle of Pork Chop Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> In a 1954 speech, Haile Selassie spoke of Ethiopian participation in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as a redemption of the principles of collective security. During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile Selassie introduced a <a href="/wiki/1955_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1955 Constitution of Ethiopia">revised constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1956_257–268-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-teferra-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> The country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernisation, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the state's ancient monarchical structure. Selassie compromised, when practical, with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The revised constitution of 1955 has been criticised for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative powerlessness of the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-mammo-186">[181]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/240px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/360px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/480px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Moscow, 1959</figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie also maintained cordial relations with the government of the United Kingdom through charitable gestures. He sent aid to the British government in 1947 when Britain was affected by heavy flooding. His letter to Lord Meork, National Distress Fund, London said, "even though We are busy of helping our people who didn't recover from the crises of the war, We heard that your fertile and beautiful country is devastated by the unusually heavy rain, and your request for aid. Therefore, We are sending small amount of money, about one thousand pounds through our embassy to show our sympathy and cooperation."<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1958_famine_of_Tigray">1958 famine of Tigray</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1958 famine of Tigray">edit</a>]</div> In the summer of 1958, a widespread famine in the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia was already two years old yet people in Addis Ababa knew hardly anything about it. When significant reports of death finally reached the Ministry of Interior in September 1959 the central government immediately disclosed the information to the public and began asking for contributions. The Emperor personally donated 2,000 tons of relief grain, the U.S. sent 32,000 tons, which was distributed between Eritrea and Tigray, and money for aid was raised throughout the country but it is estimated that approximately 100,000 people had died before the crisis ended in August 1961. The causes of the famine were attributed to drought, locusts, hailstone and epidemics of small-pox, typhus, measles and malaria.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rural_vulnerability_pp._35-36-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg/143px-JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg/215px-JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg/286px-JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg/181px-JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg/272px-JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg/362px-JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Haile Selassie with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, October 1963</div></div></div></div> Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a> peacekeeping force during the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, to preserve Congolese integrity, per <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_143" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 143">United Nations Security Council Resolution 143</a>. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">imperial guard</a> forces staged <a href="/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Ethiopian coup">an unsuccessful coup</a>, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's elder son, <a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Asfa Wossen</a>, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup d'état. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support, was denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, and was unpopular with the military and police. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the Emperor had support among students and the educated classes.<a href="#cite_note-zewde-191">[186]</a> The coup attempt has been characterised as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".<a href="#cite_note-mammo100-192">[187]</a> Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and poor and advocate on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-mammo100-192">[187]</a> The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials and political groups.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/238px--Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="238" height="134" data-durationhint="679" data-mwtitle="Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm/Full_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_1968_UN_Speech.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:-nanpx;max-width:-nanpx"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:infpx;overflow:hidden"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="679" data-mwtitle="Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I's_1968_Speech_to_the_United_Nations.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1968_Speech_to_the_United_Nations.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1968_Speech_to_the_United_Nations.ogg/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I%27s_1968_Speech_to_the_United_Nations.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Video of Haile Selassie's 1968 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> speech</div></div></div></div> Haile Selassie continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</a> with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.<a href="#cite_note-UN_GA_res-5-196">[191]</a> Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_for_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean War for Independence">Eritrean War for Independence</a> began, followed by the dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selassie_and_Nasser,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg/440px-Selassie_and_Nasser%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie with Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in Addis Abeba for the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> summit, 1963</figcaption></figure> In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the <a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/FPR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FPR Yugoslavia">FPR Yugoslavia</a>. This is considered to be the founding conference of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>. Eritrea's elected parliament voted to become the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> The war would continue for 30 years; first Haile Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie%27s_address_to_the_United_Nations,_1963" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963">Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963</a></div></div></div> </div> In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU). The new organisation would establish its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a>, a proposition later taken up by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> In 1963, a <a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">revolt in Bale</a> occurred, where peasant rioters whom were discouraged by the Ethiopian taxation headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> later turned into an insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> This caused a semi-civil war with <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> activities carried out by rebels supported by <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Somalia</a> which later forced the Ethiopian government to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_Waal-1991-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Affairs-208">[203]</a> The Emperor's armed forces led by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Government of the Ethiopian Empire">Prime Minister Aklilu's cabinet</a> with the support of the United Kingdom and the United States were able to finally end the revolt after over six years of insurgency. This assured weakened diplomatic ties with Siad Barre's Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-De_Waal-1991-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Affairs-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg/220px-Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg/330px-Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg/440px-Haile-Selassie_attending_JFK%27s_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie at the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">state funeral of John F. Kennedy</a>, 25 November 1963</figcaption></figure> On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a>, including French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Baudouin_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="King Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin of Belgium</a>, who traveled to Washington, D.C., and attended the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">state funeral of assassinated U.S. president John F. Kennedy</a>. Haile Selassie was the only African head of state to attend the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-Wamu_88.5-213">[208]</a> In addition, he was also the only one of the three prominent world leaders that would have another meeting with the new president, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, in Washington during his presidency; Haile Selassie met Johnson again during an informal visit to the United States in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-LBJHeadsOfState-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png/220px-His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png/330px-His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png/440px-His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Selassie with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in Addis Ababa on her 1965 state visit to Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility who had previously avoided paying most of their taxes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> Even with alterations, this law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> In October of the same year, Haile Selassie had a four-day visit to the Kingdom of Jordan hosted by <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hussein">King Hussein</a>. During this trip, Haile Selassie visited Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> where Jesus is believed to have been crucified and buried.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the intervention in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, deploring it as needless suffering and calling for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> to end on several occasions. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States, commending it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s and visiting the US several times during these years.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg/200px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg/300px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg/400px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="550" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">During a visit to Washington, D.C. with President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, 1967</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg/165px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg/248px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg/330px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">With President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> on 8 July 1969</div></div></div></div></div> In 1967, he visited <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>, Canada, to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2767" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '67">Expo '67</a> World's Fair where he received great acclaim among other World leaders there for the occasion.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-zewde-191">[186]</a> Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement. The standing of the government was damaged, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once enjoyed and sowing resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to Aklilu Habte-Wold and concentrated more on foreign affairs. Over the last two decades beforehand and during the 60s, Ethiopia had received over 400 million dollars in aid, 140 million of that being for the Ethiopian military, and 240 million for economic assistance.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/200px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/300px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/400px-Mao_Zedong_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="474" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Haile Selassie in Beijing, China, with Chinese leader and Chairman of the CPC <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in 1971. Selassie also met Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> in his state visit.</div></div></div></div></div> Outside of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest-serving head of state in power, he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such as the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funerals</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, the summits of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_Iran%27s_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy">1971 celebration</a> of the 2,500 years of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> In 1970, he visited Italy as a guest of President <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> he met <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Dell%27Amore" title="Giordano Dell'Amore">Giordano Dell'Amore</a>, President of the Italian Savings Banks Association. He visited China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> following the death of Mao's designated successor <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> in a plane crash in Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> In the last years of Haile Selassie's rule, civil liberties and political rights in Ethiopia were low, with <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> giving Ethiopia a "Not Free" score in both categories.<a href="#cite_note-FH1972-233">[228]</a> Common human rights abuses included poor prison conditions and the imprisonment and torture of political dissidents. Nonetheless, the Emperor was known for pardoning hundreds of prisoners at a time and there were no more than ten political prisoners during his entire reign.<a href="#cite_note-Feeding_on_Ethiopia's_Famine-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_with_Emperor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pope_with_Emperor.png/220px-Pope_with_Emperor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pope_with_Emperor.png/330px-Pope_with_Emperor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pope_with_Emperor.png/440px-Pope_with_Emperor.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Selassie with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> at the Holy See, 10 November 1970</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Army">Imperial Ethiopian Army</a> also carried out a number of atrocities while fighting the Eritrean separatists. There were a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_committed_during_the_Eritrean_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres committed during the Eritrean War of Independence">mass killings</a> of hundreds of civilians during the war in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Haile Selassie also went to Vatican City to meet <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> on 1970 where they discussed issues regarding both their countries and history.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Selassie's political influence was significant; he kept an eye on Ethiopia's political status through four spy agencies all which coherently spy on each other and civilian and military aspects of the nation. He was the only person who knew the 'true' scope of things in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png/218px-The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png/327px-The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png/436px-The_Emperor_in_the_UN_General_Assembly.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:-nanpx;max-width:-nanpx"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:infpx;overflow:hidden"><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="482" data-mwtitle="1970_UN_speech_by_H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/1970_UN_speech_by_H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/1970_UN_speech_by_H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I.ogg/1970_UN_speech_by_H.I.M_Haile_Selassie_I.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Selassie's speech regarding <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> on 23 October 1970, which marked the 25th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' founding</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wollo_famine">Wollo famine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wollo famine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_Wollo_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–1975 Wollo famine">1973–1975 Wollo famine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famine</a>—mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some parts of Tigray—is estimated to have killed 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians<a href="#cite_note-hrw-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal58-241">[236]</a> between 1972 and 1974. A BBC News report<a href="#cite_note-dson-242">[237]</a> has cited a 1973 estimate that 200,000 deaths occurred, based on a contemporaneous estimate from the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. While this figure is still repeated in some texts and media sources, it was an estimate that was later found to be "over-pessimistic".<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Although the region is infamous for recurrent crop failures and continuous <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">food shortage</a> and starvation risk, this episode was remarkably severe. A 1973 production of the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> programme The Unknown Famine by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby" title="Jonathan Dimbleby">Jonathan Dimbleby</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> relied on the unverified estimate of 200,000 dead,<a href="#cite_note-dson-242">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> stimulating a massive influx of aid while at the same time destabilising Haile Selassie's <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Government of the Ethiopian Empire">administration</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal58-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Some reports suggest that the Emperor was unaware of the famine's extent,<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Truth_About_Haile_Selassie's_Legacy-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-dson-242">[237]</a> while others assert that he was well aware of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal61-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>'s depiction of Haile Selassie's Ethiopia as backwards and inept (relative to the purported utopia of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>) contributed to the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> The famine and its image in the media undermined the government's popular support, and Haile Selassie's once unassailable popularity declined.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png/268px-Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png/402px-Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png/536px-Ethiopia_PPP_GDP_and_Population_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ethiopia's population and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of countries by GDP per capita">GDP Per Capita</a> growth during a part of Selassie's reign from 1950 to 1973</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png/268px-Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png/402px-Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png/536px-Ethiopia_Land_distribution_data.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="385" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Land distribution throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> to nobles throughout each region.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high <a href="/wiki/Oil_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil prices">oil prices</a>, the latter a result of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. The international economic crisis caused the costs of imported goods, gasoline, and food to skyrocket, while unemployment spiked.<a href="#cite_note-mammo-186">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution">Revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a></div> In February 1974, four days of serious riots in Addis Ababa against sudden economic inflation left five dead. The Emperor responded by announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but the promised 33% military wage hike was not substantial enough to pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> and spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of Aklilu Habte-Wold as prime minister on 27 February 1974.<a href="#cite_note-evang-256">[251]</a> Haile Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands for still greater pay, and named <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a> as the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Despite Endalkatchew's many concessions, discontent continued in March with a four-day general strike that paralyzed the nation.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Imprisonment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 Ethiopian coup d'état</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted men, set up in June to investigate the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose the 82-year-old Haile Selassie on 12 September.<a href="#cite_note-qceros-260">[255]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Aman_Mikael_Andom" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman Mikael Andom">Aman Mikael Andom</a>, a Protestant of Eritrean origin,<a href="#cite_note-evang-256">[251]</a> served briefly as provisional head of state pending the return of Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, who was then receiving medical treatment abroad. Haile Selassie was placed under house arrest briefly at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa.<a href="#cite_note-evang-256">[251]</a> At the same time, most of his family was detained at the late <a href="/wiki/Prince_Makonnen" title="Prince Makonnen">Duke of Harar</a>'s residence in the north of the capital. The last months of the Emperor's life were spent in imprisonment at the Grand Palace.<a href="#cite_note-fate-261">[256]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/200px-The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/300px-The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/400px-The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Following the <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a>, much of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_royal_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian royal family (page does not exist)">Ethiopian royal family</a> fled the country, were imprisoned, or were executed.</figcaption></figure> Later, most of the imperial family was imprisoned in Addis Ababa's <a href="/wiki/Kerchele_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerchele Prison">Kerchele Prison</a>, also known as "Alem Bekagn". On 23 November, 60 former high officials of the imperial government were <a href="/wiki/Executed_by_firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> without trial,<a href="#cite_note-shinn44-262">[257]</a> which included Haile Selassie's grandson <a href="/wiki/Iskinder_Desta" title="Iskinder Desta">Iskinder Desta</a>, a rear admiral, as well as General Aman and two former prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-fate-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-arexsxtu-263">[258]</a> These killings, known to Ethiopians as <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Sixty" title="Massacre of the Sixty">"Black Saturday"</a>, were condemned by the Crown Prince; the Derg responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his imperial legitimacy, and announcing the end of the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shinn44-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_and_burial">Assassination and burial</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assassination and burial">edit</a>]</div> On 27 August 1975, Haile Selassie was murdered by military officers of the Derg regime, a fact that remained undiscovered for another twenty years. On 28 August 1975, state media reported that Haile Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory failure" following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Asrat_Woldeyes" title="Asrat Woldeyes">Asrat Woldeyes</a> denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his death. The prostate operation in question apparently had taken place months before the state media claimed, and Haile Selassie had apparently enjoyed strong health in his last days.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> In 1994, an Ethiopian court found several former military officers guilty of strangling the Emperor in his bed in 1975. Three years after the Derg regime was overthrown,<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> the court charged them with genocide and murder, claiming that it had obtained documents attesting to a high-level order from the military regime to assassinate Haile Selassie for leading a "feudal regime".<a href="#cite_note-wapo-13">[12]</a> Documents have been widely circulated online showing the Derg's final assassination order and bearing the military regime's seal and signature.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> The veracity of these documents has been corroborated by multiple former members of the military Derg regime.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_(11320061113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The tombs of Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_%2811320061113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The tombs of Haile Selassie and Menen Asfaw inside the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> in Addis Ababa</figcaption></figure> The Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a>, the Derg's successor, fell in 1991. In 1992, Haile Selassie's bones were <a href="/wiki/Excavation_of_Haile_Selassie%27s_remain" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation of Haile Selassie's remain">found</a> under a concrete slab on the palace grounds,<a href="#cite_note-imperialburial-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> Haile Selassie's coffin rested in Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near his great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>'s resting place.<a href="#cite_note-lorch-273">[268]</a> On 5 November 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa</a> gave him a funeral, but the government refused calls to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> This may have been due to the government's lack of giving encouragement and subtle political recognition to Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-lorch-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> Prominent Rastafari figures such as <a href="/wiki/Rita_Marley" title="Rita Marley">Rita Marley</a> participated in the funeral, but most Rastafari rejected the event and refused to accept that the bones were Haile Selassie's remains. There is some debate within the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> whether he actually died in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rastafari_messiah">Rastafari messiah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rastafari messiah">edit</a>]</div> Today, Haile Selassie is worshipped as God <a href="/wiki/Incarnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnate">incarnate</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> among some followers of the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> (taken from Haile Selassie's pre-imperial name Ras—meaning Head, a title looking equivalent to Duke—Tafari Makonnen), which emerged in Jamaica during the 1930s under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Howell" title="Leonard Howell">Leonard Howell</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>'s "African Redemption" movement. He is viewed as the messiah who will lead the peoples of Africa and the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> His official titles are Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah and King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords and Elect of God, and his traditional lineage is thought to be from Solomon and Sheba.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> These notions are perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of the return of the messiah in the prophetic <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>: King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, and Root of David. Rastafari faith in the incarnate <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> of Haile Selassie<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198667-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198615–16,_66Barnett2006876Bedasse2010966Edmonds201232–33-283">[278]</a> began after news reports of his coronation reached Jamaica,<a href="#cite_note-Dread-284">[279]</a> particularly via the two Time magazine articles on the coronation the week before and the week after the event. Haile Selassie's own perspectives permeate the philosophy of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-Dread-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> In 1961, the Jamaican government sent a delegation composed of both Rastafari and non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia to discuss the matter of repatriation, among other issues, with the Emperor. He reportedly told the Rastafari delegation (which included <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Planno" title="Mortimer Planno">Mortimer Planno</a>), "Tell the Brethren to be not dismayed, I personally will give my assistance in the matter of repatriation."<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed,_Geneva,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg/440px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_Interviewed%2C_Geneva%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Selassie interviewed at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva, Switzerland</a>, 1963, during the height of Rastafari </figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie visited Jamaica on 21 April 1966, and approximately one hundred thousand Rastafari from all over Jamaica descended on <a href="/wiki/Palisadoes_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palisadoes Airport">Palisadoes Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> to greet him.<a href="#cite_note-Dread-284">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spliffs">Spliffs</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">chalices</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> were openly<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> smoked, causing "a haze of <a href="/wiki/Ganja" title="Ganja">ganja</a> smoke" to drift through the air.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> Haile Selassie arrived at the airport but was unable to come down the airplane's mobile steps, as the crowd rushed the tarmac. He then returned into the plane, disappearing for several more minutes. Finally, Jamaican authorities were obliged to request Ras <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Planno" title="Mortimer Planno">Mortimer Planno</a>, a well-known Rasta leader, to climb the steps, enter the plane, and negotiate the Emperor's descent.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Planno re-emerged and announced to the crowd: "The Emperor has instructed me to tell you to be calm. Step back and let the Emperor land".<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> This day is widely held by scholars to be a major turning point for the movement,<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds86-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habekost-297">[292]</a> and it is still commemorated by Rastafari as <a href="/wiki/Grounation_Day" title="Grounation Day">Grounation Day</a>, the anniversary of which is celebrated as the second holiest holiday after 2 November, the Emperor's Coronation Day. From then on, as a result of Planno's actions, the Jamaican authorities were asked to ensure that Rastafari representatives were present at all state functions attended by the Emperor,<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds86-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habekost-297">[292]</a> and Rastafari elders also ensured that they obtained a private audience with the Emperor,<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds86-296">[291]</a> where he reportedly told them that they should not emigrate to Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberation</a> before <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a>". Haile Selassie defied expectations of the Jamaican authorities<a href="#cite_note-ReggaeRoutes243-298">[293]</a> and never rebuked the Rastafari for their belief in him as God. Instead, he presented the movement's faithful elders with gold medallions—the only recipients of such an honor on this visit.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> During <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">PNP</a> leader (later Jamaican prime minister) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a>'s visit to Ethiopia in October 1969, the Emperor allegedly still recalled his 1966 reception with amazement, and stated that he felt that he had to be respectful of their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> This was the visit when Manley received the Rod of Correction or Rod of Joshua as a present from the Emperor, which is thought to have helped him to win the 1972 election in Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> Rita Marley converted to the Rastafari faith after seeing Haile Selassie on his Jamaican trip. She claimed in interviews (and in her book No Woman, No Cry) that she saw a <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> print on the palm of Haile Selassie's hand as he waved to the crowd, which resembled the markings on Christ's hands from being nailed to the cross—a claim that was not supported by other sources, but was used as evidence for her and other Rastafari to suggest that Haile Selassie I was indeed their messiah.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> Rastafari became much better known throughout much of the world due to the popularity of Bob Marley.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> Bob Marley's posthumously released song "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Lion_Zion" title="Iron Lion Zion">Iron Lion Zion</a>" may refer to Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haile_Selassie's_position">Haile Selassie's position</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Haile Selassie's position">edit</a>]</div> In a 1967 recorded interview with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>'s Bill McNeil, Haile Selassie denied his alleged divinity.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-307">[302]</a> For many Rastafari, the CBC interview is not interpreted as a denial. According to Robert Earl Hood, Haile Selassie neither denied nor affirmed his divinity either way.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> In Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music, Kevin Chang and Wayne Chen note that Selassie did not wish to disturb Rastafari beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-ReggaeRoutes2432-309">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Touch_the_Happy_Isles_p._286-310">[305]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_1967_Interview.ogg" title="File:Haile Selassie 1967 Interview.ogg">CBC Interview</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2594" data-mwtitle="Haile_Selassie_1967_Interview.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Haile_Selassie_1967_Interview.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Haile_Selassie_1967_Interview.ogg/Haile_Selassie_1967_Interview.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Selassie visited Canada in 1967 for an official state visit, CBC news interviewed him and asked him a variety of questions including his position on Rastafarianism</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> After his return to Ethiopia, Haile Selassie dispatched Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. According to Yesehaq, this was to help draw Rastafari and other West Indians to the Ethiopian church.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Some sources suggest that certain islanders and their leaders were resenting the services of their former colonial churches, and vocalised their interest of establishing the Ethiopian church in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> In 1969, Michael Manley visited the Emperor at his palace in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> before his election as prime minister of Jamaica in 1972. Haile Selassie spoke about his 1966 visit to Jamaica and told Manley that, though he was confused by the Rastafarians' beliefs, he nonetheless respected them.<a href="#cite_note-Jerry_Funk-314">[309]</a> In 1948, Haile Selassie donated 500 hectares of land at <a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a>, 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of Addis Ababa, to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_World_Federation" title="Ethiopian World Federation">Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated</a> for the use of people of African descent who supported Ethiopia during the war, particularly those from the West.<a href="#cite_note-PrunierFicquet2015-315">[310]</a> Numerous Rastafari families settled there and still live as a community to this day.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> This was controversial among the locals, as the Rastas settled on traditionally Oromo land.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residences_and_finance">Residences and finance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Residences and finance">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_in_Ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palace_in_Ethiopia.png/180px-Palace_in_Ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palace_in_Ethiopia.png/271px-Palace_in_Ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palace_in_Ethiopia.png/360px-Palace_in_Ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Palace,_Addis_Ababa" title="National Palace, Addis Ababa">Jubilee Palace</a> served as the residence of Selassie since 1955</figcaption></figure> In 1974, Ethiopian media during the revolution claimed the Emperor had a net worth of 11 billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> However, records indicate that Haile Selassie's entire net worth was just £22,000.00 as late as 1959.<a href="#cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._209-322">[317]</a> He was also accused by the Derg to have hoarded millions in <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Swiss banks</a>, claiming Selassie illegally acquired the money from exploiting the Ethiopian people.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> The Jubilee Palace, built in 1955, served as the official residence of the head of state of Ethiopian Empire from 1955 to 1974. The Palace sits on 11,450 square metres (123,200 sq ft) in the center of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia since 1889.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> The Palace's estimated initial construction cost and its value today are undisclosed, but due to its size, location and historical importance, its value would be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-:0-325">[320]</a> Selassie owned a large fleet of cars including ones gifted to him during overseas visits, which may be worth millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> In addition, a battle took place over a decade regarding his <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Phillipe watch</a>, which was initially offered in a <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> auction with an estimated value of over $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> However, after the feud ended, the watch was withdrawn from the auction.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual,_performing,_and_literary_arts">Visual, performing, and literary arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Visual, performing, and literary arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a></div>In his private life, Haile Selassie advocated for the growth of Ethiopian art. He believed that arts were capable to 'rebuild' the country. He was interested in a modern outlook towards the traditional Ethiopian arts, including those of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. He addressed <a href="/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle" title="Afewerk Tekle">Afewerk Tekle</a>, an Ethiopian laureate, when he left for Europe to gain skills to improve Ethiopian art. Later, Tekle created multiple artworks putting Ethiopian life on display.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-330">[325]</a> Haile Selassie also created an art program which enrolled multiple artists, including <a href="/wiki/Agegnehu_Engida" title="Agegnehu Engida">Agegnehu Engida</a>. He gave a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Ale_Felege_Selam" title="Ale Felege Selam">Ale Felege Selam</a>, with which Selam gained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a> degree. Selassie travelled regularly to Bishoftu to see displays of paintings by Ethiopian artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Lemma_Guya" title="Lemma Guya">Lemma Guya</a>. Selassie was impressed by Guya's paintings of Ethiopian military aircraft. Guya later joined the Airforce but continued to paint with Selassie's support.<a href="#cite_note-:2-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-332">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-333">[328]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg/170px-Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg/255px-Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg/340px-Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Awarding <a href="/wiki/Abebe_Bikila" title="Abebe Bikila">Abebe Bikila</a> the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia" title="Order of the Star of Ethiopia">Order of the Star of Ethiopia</a>, 1960, <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">after winning the Olympic Gold Medal</a> </figcaption></figure> Selassie commissioned the opening of Ethiopia's first <a href="/wiki/Hager_Fikir_Theatre" title="Hager Fikir Theatre">Hager Fikir Theater House</a> in 1935 and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Theatre" title="Ethiopian National Theatre">National Theatre in Addis Ababa</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> Haile Selassie wrote an autobiography, "<a href="/wiki/My_Life_and_Ethiopia%27s_Progress" title="My Life and Ethiopia's Progress">My Life and Ethiopia's Progress</a>", covering his years as ruler. He began writing the first volume while in exile during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. He allegedly wrote the second volume towards the end of the war though it is widely believed that it was a recollection of his officials archived and turned into a book.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sport in Ethiopia</a></div> During his reign, Haile Selassie expanded international Ethiopian sports, including the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Football_Federation" title="Ethiopian Football Federation">Ethiopian Football Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Ethiopia men's national basketball team">Ethiopian national basketball team</a>. He was not known to publicly support any local or international football clubs. He awarded Ethiopia the <a href="/wiki/AFCON" class="mw-redirect" title="AFCON">AFCON</a> award after it won its first title.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> He supported Ethiopia in the 1960 Olympics and awarded Olympian <a href="/wiki/Abebe_Bikila" title="Abebe Bikila">Abebe Bikila</a> with multiple national awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia" title="Order of the Star of Ethiopia">Star of Ethiopia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Menelik_II" title="Order of Menelik II">Order of Menelik II</a>. He supported other Ethiopian athletes, such as <a href="/wiki/Mamo_Wolde" title="Mamo Wolde">Mamo Wolde</a>, by writing personal letters to them.<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg/160px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg/240px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg/320px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Alexandria</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Haile Selassie was an adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>. He was raised following Ethiopia's traditional Christian background. Haile Selassie was born Tafari Makonnen; after his coronation, he adopted his baptismal name as his official and legal name. He participated in the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Committee_for_World_Evangelization#Berlin_Congress_on_World_Evangelism" title="Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization">Berlin Congress for World Evangelism</a> organised by evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Haile Selassie I</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/100px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/150px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/200px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="848" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table>He tried to unify the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox community</a> extending far beyond Ethiopia into other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syria</a>. Despite this, he did not try to stop the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> from having its own Patriarch when it was granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> by the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Church</a>. He adhered to the intracontinental and overseas relations between the Orthodox churches, and believed that it would be reasonable to try to move unification forward.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> He kept a good connection with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria</a>, Patriarch of the Coptic Church in Egypt. Pope Cyril was awarded the Star of Solomon by Selassie for his role in nominating <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Basilios" title="Abuna Basilios">Abuna Basilios</a> as the first Ethiopian Patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tewahedo Church</a>. Christianity played an official role in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1955 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitutional Monarchy</a>, but to a limited degree compared to his predecessors. Under Selassie's reign in 1942, <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Court_procedures" title="Sharia">Islamic courts</a> were allowed to have judicial power concerning Muslim matters. He also recognized concerns from the Muslim community and gave audiences to its respective leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:05-347">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_of_Ethiopia" title="Crown Council of Ethiopia">Crown Council of Ethiopia</a></div> Haile Selassie, being the head of the Royal Family, legally had precedent over all matters within his household. He contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> and gave more political powers, dukedoms, and government offices to members of his immediate family, including his grandson <a href="/wiki/Iskinder_Desta" title="Iskinder Desta">Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta</a>. An individual source according to Paulos Milkias, a professor at Montreal, Canada, claimed that Desta threatened his grandfather with death at gunpoint unless he changed the successional line (although this was never definitively confirmed). Haile Selassie only wanted to give him an apolitical position as a commissioned officer in the Ethiopian military, and Iskinder was made deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ethiopian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Ethiopian Navy">Imperial Ethiopian Navy</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Paulos-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-HD-350">[345]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/225px-Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/338px-Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg/450px-Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>His son <a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Prince Asfaw Wossen</a> and other members of the Royal Family of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> Some other family members, such as his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Tenagnework" title="Princess Tenagnework">Princess Tenagnework</a>, were against any type of constitutional reform in the modern society Selassie established. Many of Haile Selassie's children died while he was alive, with only 2 of his children living longer than himself. He had 7 children and 23 grandchildren in total. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> allegedly helped Haile Selassie to put his grandson in the elite <a href="/wiki/Gordonstoun" title="Gordonstoun">Gordonstoun school</a> by 'pulling the strings.'<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Haile Selassie was able to put his other grandchildren into top schools throughout the U.S. and Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_and_media_depiction">Public opinion and media depiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public opinion and media depiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd,_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg/200px-Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg/300px-Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg/400px-Koninklijke_familie_in_Ethiopi%C3%AB_koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_op_kinderafd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0498.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="2428" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Haile Selassie I visiting a children's hospital in 1969, with Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a>, on her state visit to Ethiopia</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet,_American,_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg/181px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg/272px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg/362px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_saluting_the_Soviet%2C_American%2C_British_and_French_ships_present_at_the_annual_Ethiopian_Navy_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Emperor Haile Selassie I <a href="/wiki/Saluting" class="mw-redirect" title="Saluting">saluting</a> Soviet, American, British and French Ships present at the annual Ethiopian Navy Day celebrations</div></div></div></div></div> During the early years of his reign, especially in the 1930s and 1940s when Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, media coverage of Haile Selassie was predominantly positive. He was portrayed as a hero resisting fascist forces and a symbol of hope for Africa, aligning with the Allies during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> In 1935, during the invasion, he was even named <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's "Man of the Year".<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pathé">British Pathé</a> reported that Haile Selassie's return was "As an Emperor returns and triumphs to his people."<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> During one of his interviews with <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> during a 1963 state visit to the U.S., a time when the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a> was in full swing, Haile Selassie condemned <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race-based</a> oppression and advocated for <a href="/wiki/Pan-African" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-African">Pan-African</a> unity.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> However, media responses were mixed. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> ridiculed the visit months later, prompting <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> to defend the Ethiopian Emperor, questioning NBC's intent and criticizing its insensitivity. The paper remarked that "NBC News cannot afford to be a handmaiden of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>"<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> and asked what "civilized purpose" was served by ridiculing the visit, to the probable embarrassment of Ethiopian diplomats in the U.S. During the 1950s, when the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a> of the Emperor's reign was celebrated, he adopted the <a href="/wiki/1955_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1955 Constitution of Ethiopia">1955 Constitution</a> which legally gave more democratic rights to the public, and legally restricted the monarch's power. Following the end of World War II, Haile Selassie also sought to limit the influence of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. During the 1950s, he was widely regarded as a modernizing and capable leader in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> In the 1970s, due to <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">economic turmoil</a> and a famine, Selassie's reputation suffered. Mass protests broke out against his reign. It was widely believed he should abdicate due to his <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a> and failed land reform policy. These factors ultimately led to his removal from power.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> Haile Selassie's legacy remains a topic of debate. He played a leading role in founding <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, the latter of which would later become the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. He was also a prominent anti-colonial leader.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> Time magazine listed him among the most important figures in political history, placing him in the "Top 25 Political Icons" of all time.<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1961EthiopianBirr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1961EthiopianBirr.JPG/220px-1961EthiopianBirr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1961EthiopianBirr.JPG/330px-1961EthiopianBirr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/1961EthiopianBirr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian Birr</a> depicting Haile Selassie over bank notes rarely circulating in Ethiopia</figcaption></figure>In 1997, Selassie was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ween" title="Ween">Ween</a> song <a href="/wiki/Mutilated_Lips" title="Mutilated Lips">Mutilated Lips</a>. In 2001, Ethiopian pop star <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Afro" title="Teddy Afro">Teddy Afro</a> released a song titled "Haile Selassie", depicting its namesake in a nationalistic light.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> In 2021, a false headline had circulated of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a> bowing down to Haile Selassie and his wife during the Queen's state visit to Ethiopia at <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Palace_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Palace (Ethiopia)">Jubilee Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> A documentary titled Grandpa Was an Emperor was released by Selassie's granddaughter in 2021, showcasing the life of the Ethiopian royal family.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> In the 2024 biopic <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley:_One_Love" title="Bob Marley: One Love">Bob Marley: One Love</a>,<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> Selassie is depicted in Rastafarian religious lore.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> There is a part where Selassie, whilst riding a horse, takes alongside him a young <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> Haile Selassie has been depicted by photographers, artists, and sculptors such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bainbridge_Copnall" title="Edward Bainbridge Copnall">Edward Copnall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beulah_Woodard" title="Beulah Woodard">Beulah Woodard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Johnson_(artist)" title="William H. Johnson (artist)">William H. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevonde_Middleton" title="Yevonde Middleton">Yevonde Middleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Gittins" title="Alvin Gittins">Alvin Gittins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, multiple memorials were built and unveiled for Selassie, mainly in Ethiopia. One of these memorials was unveiled in 2019 at the African Union's Headquarters in Addis Ababa. This memorial was made to honor his long efforts of Pan-Africanism and anti-colonialism during his rule.<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> A wax statue of Haile Selassie can be found in Addis Ababa's <a href="/wiki/Unity_Park" title="Unity Park">Unity Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> A high school in Kingston, Jamaica is named after Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> In 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Haile_Selassie" title="Bust of Haile Selassie">bust statue</a> built in 1957 was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa_riots" title="Hachalu Hundessa riots">protestors</a> as a response to the assassination of Oromo singer <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa" title="Hachalu Hundessa">Hachalu Hundessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> One of the three major express ways in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya is named after Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Haile Selassie I's statue located at the AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa"><img alt="Haile Selassie I's statue located at the AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png/119px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png/179px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_cropped_image.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haile Selassie I's statue located at the AU Conference HQ, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannizaro_Park,_Wimbledon,_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former standing statue of the Emperor in Wimbledon, England"><img alt="Former standing statue of the Emperor in Wimbledon, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg/113px-Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg/170px-Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg/227px-Cannizaro_Park%2C_Wimbledon%2C_The_statue_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former standing statue of the Emperor in <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein in 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England"><img alt="A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein in 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg/113px-Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg/170px-Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg/226px-Haile_Selassie_by_Jacob_Epstein_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plaster figure of Selassie by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a> in 1936, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Art_Gallery_Walsall" title="The New Art Gallery Walsall">The New Art Gallery Walsall</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A blue plaque which was unveiled in 2011 in Great Malvern, England serves as a historical marker of his stay in the United Kingdom"><img alt="A blue plaque which was unveiled in 2011 in Great Malvern, England serves as a historical marker of his stay in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg/170px-Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg/254px-Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg/339px-Haile_Selassie_I_Blue_Plaque_Great_Malvern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="505" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A blue plaque which was unveiled in 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern" title="Great Malvern">Great Malvern, England</a> serves as a historical marker of his stay in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_arms,_honours">Titles, styles, arms, honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, arms, honours">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;">Styles of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/80px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/120px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/160px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1221" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">His Imperial Majesty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ግርማዊ; girmāwī</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Your Imperial Majesty</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ጃንሆይ; djānhoi</li><li>lit. "O [esteemed] royal"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative style</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Our Lord (familiar)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ጌቶቹ; getochu</li><li>lit. "Our master" (pl.)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Haile_Selassie" title="List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie">List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie</a></div> <ul><li>23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Lij" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Lij</a> Tafari Makonnen<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.20-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vestal_p.19-399">[394]</a></li> <li>1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: <a href="/wiki/Dejazmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejazmach">Dejazmach</a> Tafari Makonnen<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.20-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steffanson_2-39">[38]</a></li> <li>11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Balemulu Silt'an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Enderase" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Enderase</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Leul_or_Leoul" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Le'ul</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Ras Tafari</a> Makonnen<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_pp.48-50-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._325-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.155-400">[395]</a></li> <li>7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> Tafari Makonnen<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography_Vol._I_(Hardcover)_p.172-401">[396]</a></li> <li>2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God.<a href="#cite_note-Steffanson_2-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._325-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles_F._Rey-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston_Daily_Globe-402">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_orders">National orders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: National orders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Chief Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia" title="Order of the Star of Ethiopia">Order of the Star of Ethiopia</a> (1909)<a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/60px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/90px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/120px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Solomon" title="Order of Solomon">Order of Solomon</a> (1930)<a href="#cite_note-405">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/60px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/90px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png/120px-ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seal_of_Solomon" title="Order of the Seal of Solomon">Order of the Seal of Solomon</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_(Ethiopia)_ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif/60px-Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif/90px-Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif/120px-Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_%28Ethiopia%29_ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" title="Order of the Queen of Sheba">Order of the Queen of Sheba</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Ethiopia)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/90px-Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_%28Ethiopia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Ethiopia)" title="Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)">Order of the Holy Trinity</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Menelik_II" title="Order of Menelik II">Order of Menelik II</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png/60px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png/90px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png/120px-ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Order of Fidelity<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Coat_of_arms">Foreign Coat of arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Foreign Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_(Order_of_Charles_III).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/108px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/162px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/216px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="558" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms in Spain under the order of Charles III of Spain</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I,_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png/159px-Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png/239px-Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png/318px-Garter-encircled_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_I%2C_Emperor_of_Ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms as Emperor in the United Kingdom under the Order of Garter</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_(Order_of_the_Seaphim).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg/226px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Haile_Selassie_%28Order_of_the_Seaphim%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1207" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms as Emperor in Sweden under the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_sovereign">As sovereign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: As sovereign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg/217px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg/326px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg/434px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I obverse</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg/217px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg/326px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg/434px-Ethiopian_imperial_standard_of_Haile_Selassie_I_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I reverse</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_ranks">Military ranks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Military ranks">edit</a>]</div> Haile Selassie held the following ranks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Imperial Ethiopian Army</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261-414">[409]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the Fleet">Admiral of the Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Imperial Ethiopian Navy</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261-414">[409]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Imperial Ethiopian Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261-414">[409]</a></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, 20 January 1965<a href="#cite_note-The_London_Gazette,_Issue:_43567_Page:_1235-415">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copley_p._195-416">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[412]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Romanework"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Romanework" title="Princess Romanework">Princess Romanework</a></td> <td>1909</td> <td>14 October 1940</td> <td>Married Dejazmatch <a href="/wiki/Beyene_Merid" title="Beyene Merid">Beyene Merid</a> in the late 1920s, had four children. Dejazmatch Beyene Merid died in 1937. </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tenagnework"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Tenagnework" title="Princess Tenagnework">Princess Tenagnework</a></td> <td>12 January 1912</td> <td>6 April 2003</td> <td>Married from 1924 to 1937 (death) to Ras <a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a>, had six children. Remarried to <a href="/wiki/Andargachew_Messai" title="Andargachew Messai">Andargachew Messai</a>, who died in 1981, had two children. </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Amha Selassie"><a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Crown Prince Amha Selassie</a></td> <td>27 July 1916</td> <td>17 January 1997</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Wolete_Israel_Seyoum" title="Wolete Israel Seyoum">Wolete Israel Seyoum</a> in 1931, had one daughter. Amha and Wolete later divorced. Married <a href="/wiki/Medferiashwork_Abebe" title="Medferiashwork Abebe">Medferiashwork Abebe</a> in 1945, had four children. </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Zenebework"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Zenebework" title="Princess Zenebework">Princess Zenebework</a></td> <td>25 July 1917</td> <td>24 March 1934</td> <td>Married Dejazmach <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Gugsa" title="Haile Selassie Gugsa">Haile Selassie Gugsa</a>, no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tsehai"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Tsehai" title="Princess Tsehai">Princess Tsehai</a></td> <td>13 October 1919</td> <td>17 August 1942</td> <td>Married Lij <a href="/wiki/Abiye_Abebe" title="Abiye Abebe">Abiye Abebe</a> in 1941, had a stillborn daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Makonnen"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Makonnen" title="Prince Makonnen">Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar</a></td> <td>16 October 1924</td> <td>13 May 1957</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Sara_Gizaw" title="Sara Gizaw">Sara Gizaw</a>, had five children </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Sahle Selassie"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sahle_Selassie" title="Prince Sahle Selassie">Prince Sahle Selassie</a></td> <td>27 February 1932</td> <td>24 April 1962</td> <td>Married Princess <a href="/wiki/Mahisente_Habte_Mariam" title="Mahisente Habte Mariam">Mahisente Habte Mariam</a>, had one son </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Haile Selassie</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. Dejazmach Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. Dejazmach Wolde Mikael Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Woizero Kalama Worq</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael" title="Makonnen Wolde Mikael">Ras Mäkonnen Wäldä-Mika'él Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Negus (King) <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Immabet Tenagnework Sahle Selassie</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Woizero Yimegnushal Ayele</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar of <a href="/wiki/Oromo_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo People">Woreilu</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Yeshimebet_Ali" title="Yeshimebet Ali">Woizero Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. Ato Yimeru of <a href="/wiki/Gurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage">Gurage</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Immabet-Hoy Walatta Ihata Giyorgis Yimeru</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Woizero Araza-Aregai</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek,_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Haile Selassie with Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, January 1969"><img alt="Emperor Haile Selassie with Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, January 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg/200px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg/300px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg/400px-Koningin_Juliana_en_Haile_Selassie_tijdens_staatsbezoek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor Haile Selassie with Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a>, January 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At the White House in 1967 for an official State visit"><img alt="At the White House in 1967 for an official State visit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg/200px-Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg/300px-Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg/400px-Haile_Selassie_state_visit_1967_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">At the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1967 for an official State visit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Riding a horse in 1934 before the Italian invasion of Ethiopia"><img alt="Riding a horse in 1934 before the Italian invasion of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif/lossy-page1-171px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif/lossy-page1-256px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif/lossy-page1-341px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._zu_Pferd-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0382.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="4362" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riding a horse in 1934 before the Italian invasion of Ethiopia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Selassie seen photographed in 1934"><img alt="Selassie seen photographed in 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif/lossy-page1-200px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif/lossy-page1-300px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif/lossy-page1-400px-ETH-BIB-Kaiser_Haile_Selassie_I._bei_einer_Diashow_Mittelholzers-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0403.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3361" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Selassie seen photographed in 1934</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen,_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At a state visit to the Netherlands, in 1954"><img alt="At a state visit to the Netherlands, in 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg/187px-Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg/280px-Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg/373px-Bezoek_aan_het_Koninklijk_Instituut_voor_de_Tropen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="2351" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">At a state visit to the Netherlands, in 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie,_tweede_dag,_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew,_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visiting industrial sites at the Netherlands, November 4, 1954"><img alt="Visiting industrial sites at the Netherlands, November 4, 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg/192px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg/288px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg/384px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie%2C_tweede_dag%2C_tewaterlating_Kinderdijk_sleepboot_Shegnew%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8242.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2516" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visiting industrial sites at the Netherlands, November 4, 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With John F. Kennedy in front of the White House, 1963"><img alt="With John F. Kennedy in front of the White House, 1963" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg/150px-Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg/224px-Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg/299px-Selassie_and_Kennedy_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="2674" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in front of the White House, 1963</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Juscelino_Kubitschek_de_Oliveira_(1956-1961)_fora_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada_-_recebe_em_audi%C3%AAncia_Haile_Selassie,_imperador_da_Eti%C3%B3pia,_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto,_Bras%C3%ADlia,_DF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meeting Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek in 1960"><img alt="Meeting Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek in 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Presidente_Juscelino_Kubitschek_de_Oliveira_%281956-1961%29_fora_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada_-_recebe_em_audi%C3%AAncia_Haile_Selassie%2C_imperador_da_Eti%C3%B3pia%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia%2C_DF.jpg/156px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Presidente_Juscelino_Kubitschek_de_Oliveira_%281956-1961%29_fora_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada_-_recebe_em_audi%C3%AAncia_Haile_Selassie%2C_imperador_da_Eti%C3%B3pia%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia%2C_DF.jpg/234px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Presidente_Juscelino_Kubitschek_de_Oliveira_%281956-1961%29_fora_do_Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada_-_recebe_em_audi%C3%AAncia_Haile_Selassie%2C_imperador_da_Eti%C3%B3pia%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia%2C_DF.jpg/312px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1335" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meeting Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek in 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visiting a industrial factory at the Netherlands"><img alt="Visiting a industrial factory at the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg/195px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg/292px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg/389px-Bezoek_Keizer_Selassie_aan_werkspoor_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-8281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4286" data-file-height="3304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visiting a industrial factory at the Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Selassie holding hands with future Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi"><img alt="Selassie holding hands with future Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg/200px-Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg/300px-Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg/400px-Rajiv_Gandhi_at_The_Doon_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Selassie holding hands with future Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="With U.S President Dwight D. Esinehower at the White House, 1954"><img alt="With U.S President Dwight D. Esinehower at the White House, 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/174px-US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/260px-US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp/347px-US_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_with_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="830" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">With U.S President Dwight D. Esinehower at the White House, 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Haile Selassie I with Pope Paul VI, 1970"><img alt="Haile Selassie I with Pope Paul VI, 1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png/200px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png/300px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png/400px-Haile_Selassie_I_with_Pope_Paul_VI.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="539" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haile Selassie I with Pope Paul VI, 1970</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands,_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Juliana and Emperor Haile Selassie with Zewde Gebrehiwot"><img alt="Queen Juliana and Emperor Haile Selassie with Zewde Gebrehiwot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg/200px-Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg/300px-Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg/400px-Queen_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Zewde_Gebrehiwot_and_Haile_Selassie_in_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="2413" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Juliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Juliana">Queen Juliana</a> and Emperor Haile Selassie with Zewde Gebrehiwot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake,_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boarding U.S Warship in Egypt visiting U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1945"><img alt="Boarding U.S Warship in Egypt visiting U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg/187px-Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg/280px-Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg/373px-Visit_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia_on_USS_Quincy_in_Great_Bitter_Lake%2C_Egypt._-_NARA_-_195823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2413" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boarding U.S Warship in Egypt visiting U.S President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana,_prins_Bernhard,_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_,_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At the Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa hosting the Dutch Royal Family"><img alt="At the Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa hosting the Dutch Royal Family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg/99px-Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg/149px-Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg/199px-Bezoek_van_koningin_Juliana%2C_prins_Bernhard%2C_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_aan_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-8311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="3615" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">At the Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa hosting the Dutch Royal Family</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Ethiopian Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">List of people who have been considered deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In exile from 2 May 1936 – 20 January 1941<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr.<a href="#cite_note-Kasuka19-51">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Bālemulu literally means "fully empowered" or "wholly authorised", thus distinguishing it from the general use of Enderase, that being a representative or lieutenant of the Emperor to fiefs or vassals, essentially a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, by which term provincial governors in the contemporary Imperial period, during Haile Selassie's reign, were referred.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_Harrassowitz-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ǝndärase-70">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Balcha Safo brought an army of ten thousand with him from Sidamo.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus,_page_127-73">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Balcha Safo's personal bodyguard numbered about five hundred.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus,_page_127-73">[70]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1966" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, David Abner (1966). Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Information. pp. 64–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+Liberation+Silver+Jubilee+1941%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Addis+Ababa%2C+Ethiopia&rft.pages=64-66&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=David+Abner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Anthony Appiah</a>, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. 1999, p. 902. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I">"Haile Selassie I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHaile-Selassie-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247">Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-335-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism%3A+an+international%2C+social%2C+cultural%2C+and+political+encyclopedia&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-335-3&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Melvin+Eugene&rft.au=Sonnenburg%2C+Penny+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFTHBoRvQbsC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Erlich, Haggai (2002), The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile. 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Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidated+Laws+of+Ethiopia+Vol.+I&rft.place=Addis+Ababa&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=The+Faculty+of+Law+Haile+Sellassie+I+University&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Abdi%2C+Beyene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Karsh, Efraim (1988), Neutrality and Small States. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00507-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00507-8">0-415-00507-8</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-EDMOND_J._KELLER_pp._92-11"><a href="#cite_ref-EDMOND_J._KELLER_pp._92_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKELLER1988" class="citation book cs1">KELLER, EDMOND J. (1988). REVOLUTIONARY ETHIOPIA, From Empire to People's Republic. 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Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Court+Hears+How+Emperor+Was+Killed&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1994%2F12%2F15%2Fethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed%2Faf51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/">Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/">Archived</a> 23 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1988" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Leonard E. 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Public Affairs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-398-6">1-58648-398-6</a>, pp. 212–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf">"Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebellion+and+Famine+in+the+North+under+Haile+Selassie&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fe%2Fethiopia%2Fethiopia.919%2Fc3wollo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuurne" class="citation book cs1">Huurne, Dieneke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf">'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction</a> (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27It%27s+like+carrying+a+heavy+box+with+many+people.%27+A+study+about+the+contributions+of+indigenous+social+security+systems+to+poverty+reduction&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Radboud+University+Nijmegen&rft.aulast=Huurne&rft.aufirst=Dieneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverythingharar.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F02%2FHurnneie_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf">History of Harar and Hararis</a> (PDF). pp. 141–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-516-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-516-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-516-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+World+Cultures%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-516-6&rft.aulast=Feener&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsjuQaGLRUkC%26q%3Dkulub%2Bmovement%2Bharar%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feeding_on_Ethiopia's_Famine-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feeding_on_Ethiopia's_Famine_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feeding_on_Ethiopia's_Famine_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimbleby1998" class="citation cs2">Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html">"Feeding on Ethiopia's 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Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4358-2"><bdi>978-1-4700-4358-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+African+Leaders+Since+Independence&rft.place=Tanzania&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2&rft.aulast=Bridgette&rft.aufirst=Kasuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2nxqV2R7_8C%26dq%3Dkasuka%2Bprominent%2Bafrican%2Bleaders%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2001" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B (2001). 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Kenneth (2000). The Avoidable War. Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0498-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0498-0">0-7658-0498-0</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus123-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus123_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus">Marcus</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gates and Appiah, Africana (1999), p. 698. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Rogers, Joel Augustus (1936). The Real Facts about Ethiopia, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-mockler-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mockler_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mockler_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mockler_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler">Mockler</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/17/archives/ethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=29&st=p">"Ethiopian Ruler Wins Plaudits of Parisians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 17 May 1924. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922134948/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/17/archives/ethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=29&st=p">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Ruler+Wins+Plaudits+of+Parisians&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1924-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F05%2F17%2Farchives%2Fethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html%3Fsq%3Dethiopian%26scp%3D29%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/05/archives/ethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=27&st=p">"Ethiopian Royalties Don Shoes in Cairo"</a>. The New York Times. 5 May 1924. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923084042/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/05/archives/ethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=27&st=p">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Royalties+Don+Shoes+in+Cairo&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1924-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F05%2F05%2Farchives%2Fethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html%3Fsq%3Dethiopian%26scp%3D27%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler">Mockler</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Nidel, Richard (2005), World Music: The Basics. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96800-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96800-3">0-415-96800-3</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts">Roberts</a>, p. 723. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus129-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus129_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus">Marcus</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler8-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler8_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler">Mockler</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus127–28-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus127–28_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus">Marcus</a>, pp. 127–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts724-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts724_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts">Roberts</a>, p. 724. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Sorenson, John (2001). Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8331-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8331-5">0-8020-8331-5</a> p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Brockman, Norbert C. (1994), An African Biographical Dictionary. ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87436-748-4">0-87436-748-4</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Henze, Paul B. (2000), Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3">1-85065-393-3</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Negus-100"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Negus_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Boca2015" class="citation book cs1">Del Boca, Angelo (2015). The Negus: The Life and Death of the Last King of Kings. Addis Ababa: Arada Books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-823-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99944-823-9-9"><bdi>978-99944-823-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negus%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Last+King+of+Kings&rft.place=Addis+Ababa&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Arada+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-99944-823-9-9&rft.aulast=Del+Boca&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m12-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m12_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m12_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler">Mockler</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf">"Items"</a> (PDF). The American Foreign Service Journal. VII (9): 327. September 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228172524/http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Foreign+Service+Journal&rft.atitle=Items&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=327&rft.date=1930-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/35185/2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html">"2nd November ises, Requesting for a femail singer to sing the Queenof England for the Coronation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314180347/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/35185/2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2nd+November+ises%2C+Requesting+for+a+femail+singer+to+sing+the+Queenof+England+for+the+Coronation.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenigerianvoice.com%2Fnews%2F35185%2F2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.sewasew.com/p/united-states-of-america-relations-with">"Sewasew | United States of America, relations with"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228170953/https://en.sewasew.com/p/united-states-of-america-relations-with">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sewasew+%26%23124%3B+United+States+of+America%2C+relations+with&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.sewasew.com%2Fp%2Funited-states-of-america-relations-with&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/24/archives/abyssinian-ruler-honors-americans-special-envoy-for-coronation-pays.html?sq=selassie&scp=2&st=p">Abyssinian ruler honors Americans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190722/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/24/archives/abyssinian-ruler-honors-americans-special-envoy-for-coronation-pays.html?sq=selassie&scp=2&st=p">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 24 October 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Wallace, Irving (1965). "Everybody's Rover Boy", p. 113 in The Sunday Gentleman. New York: Simon & Schuster. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CJsZjXsuHg">Coronation of Ras Tafari - 1930 | Movietone Moments | 2 Feb 18</a>, 2 February 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CJsZjXsuHg">archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024, retrieved 30 January 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronation+of+Ras+Tafari+-+1930+%7C+Movietone+Moments+%7C+2+Feb+18&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7CJsZjXsuHg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/emperor-is-crowned-in-regal-splendor-at-african-capital-coptic.html?sq=selassie&scp=4&st=p">"Emperor is Crowned in Regal Splendor at African Capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722185322/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/emperor-is-crowned-in-regal-splendor-at-african-capital-coptic.html?sq=selassie&scp=4&st=p">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 3 November 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/12/archives/abyssinias-guests-receive-costly-gifts-each-american-delegate-gets.html?sq=selassie&scp=19&st=p">ABYSSINIA'S GUESTS RECEIVE COSTLY GIFTS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184856/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/12/archives/abyssinias-guests-receive-costly-gifts-each-american-delegate-gets.html?sq=selassie&scp=19&st=p">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 12 November 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/27/archives/emperor-of-ethiopia-honors-bishop-freeman-sends-goldencased-bible.html?sq=selassie&scp=14&st=p">"Emperor of Ethiopia Honors Bishop Freeman; Sends Gold-Encased Bible and Cross for Prayer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041252/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/27/archives/emperor-of-ethiopia-honors-bishop-freeman-sends-goldencased-bible.html?sq=selassie&scp=14&st=p">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 27 January 1931. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Nahum, Fasil (1997), Constitution for a Nation of Nations: The Ethiopian Prospect. Red Sea Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-051-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-051-5">1-56902-051-5</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-vnahum22-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vnahum22_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vnahum22_112-1">b</a> Fasil (1997), Constitution for a Nation of Nations, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-113"><a href="#cite_ref-cs_113-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Turner1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John W. 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Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler61-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler61_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler">Mockler</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-carlton-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carlton_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carlton_116-1">b</a> Carlton, Eric (1992), Occupation: The Policies and Practices of Military Conquerors. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-14346-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-14346-9">0-203-14346-9</a>, pp. 88–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-vander-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vander_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vander_117-1">b</a> Vandervort, Bruce (1998), Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. 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Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africa: Studies Presented to Professor Harold G Marcus, ed. By M. Page, S. Beswick, T. Carmichael and J. Spaulding. Boston University African Studies Center Press: 198–212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222200629/https://www.academia.edu/2285540">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021. 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UK: Edinburgh University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1491-3"><bdi>978-1-4744-1491-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405042200/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDZYDwAAQBAJ&dq=kulub+harar+somali&pg=PT215">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Reform+in+Twentieth-Century+Africa&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1491-3&rft.aulast=Loimeier&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDZYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkulub%2Bharar%2Bsomali%26pg%3DPT215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall,_S._L._A.1986" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, S. L. A. (1986). Pork Chop Hill : the American fighting man in action Korea, Spring, 1953. Nashville: Battery Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-090-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-090-7"><bdi>0-89839-090-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13714497">13714497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pork+Chop+Hill+%3A+the+American+fighting+man+in+action+Korea%2C+Spring%2C+1953&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Battery+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13714497&rft.isbn=0-89839-090-7&rft.au=Marshall%2C+S.+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-studies.com/ethiopia/administrative-change-and-the-1955-constitution.html">"Ethiopia Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution"</a>. 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(1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824">"The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems"</a>. Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 257–268. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824">4322824</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209113310/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Empire%3A+Progress+and+Problems&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-268&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teferra-184"><a href="#cite_ref-teferra_184-0">^</a> Damtew Teferra and Philip G. Altbach, eds., African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook (Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 316–325 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-mammo-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mammo_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammo_186-1">b</a> Mammo, Tirfe (1999). The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge. The Red Sea Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-049-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-049-3">1-56902-049-3</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Addis Zemen newspaper, 3 October 1947. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZewde1991" class="citation book cs1">Zewde, Bahru (1991). Bahru Zewde, [London: James Currey, 1991], p. 196. "A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974". J. Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0972-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-0972-7"><bdi>0-8214-0972-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahru+Zewde%2C+%5BLondon%3A+James+Currey%2C+1991%5D%2C+p.+196.+%22A+History+of+Modern+Ethiopia%3A+1855%E2%80%931974%22&rft.pub=J.+Currey&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8214-0972-7&rft.aulast=Zewde&rft.aufirst=Bahru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf">"Peter Gill, p.26 & p.27. "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Gill%2C+p.26+%26+p.27.+%22Famine+and+Foreigners%3A+Ethiopia+Since+Live+Aid%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fpeter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_vulnerability_pp._35-36-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Rural_vulnerability_pp._35-36_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolde_Mariam1986" class="citation book cs1">Wolde Mariam, Mesfin (1986). Rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia: 1958-1977. Great Britain: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946688-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-946688-03-6"><bdi>0-946688-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+vulnerability+to+famine+in+Ethiopia%3A+1958-1977&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Intermediate+Technology+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-946688-03-6&rft.aulast=Wolde+Mariam&rft.aufirst=Mesfin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zewde-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zewde_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zewde_191-1">b</a> Zewde, Bahru (2001), A History of Modern Ethiopia. Oxford: James Currey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-786-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-786-8">0-85255-786-8</a>, pp. 220–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-mammo100-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mammo100_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammo100_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammo1999" class="citation book cs1">Mammo, Tirfe (1999). The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge. The Red Sea Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-049-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-049-3"><bdi>1-56902-049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+Africa%27s+Poverty%3A+The+Role+of+Indigenous+Knowledge&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56902-049-3&rft.aulast=Mammo&rft.aufirst=Tirfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf">"HRW Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. p. 355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033415/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=HRW+Report&rft.pages=355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fe%2Fethiopia%2Fethiopia.919%2Fe0uspol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Henze, Layers of Time, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_GA_res-5-196"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_GA_res-5_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm">"General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+Resolutions+5th+Session&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F5%2Fares5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). Africa, 2001. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-31-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-31-4">978-1-887985-31-4</a>. <q>When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962...</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Gebremedhin, Tesfa G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&pg=PA4">Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033418/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_Tradition_and_Development/t-6aHSOI_ukC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA4&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 6 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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ADST. 9 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033928/https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADST&rft.atitle=The+Last+Emperor+%E2%80%93+The+Fall+of+Haile+Selassie&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2F2015%2F10%2Fthe-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615065602/http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060">""Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue" (Video)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060">the original</a> on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ethiopia%3A+New+African+Union+Building+and+Kwame+Statue%22+%28Video%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjimmatimes.com%2Farticle%2FLatest_News%2FLatest_News%2FEthiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video%2F34060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988">. Jimma Times. 29 January 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas1972" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolas, Gildas (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15">"Protest in Ethiopia"</a>. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 2 (3). UCLA: 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FF723016603">10.5070/F723016603</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226121243/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ufahamu%3A+A+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Protest+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FF723016603&rft.aulast=Nicolas&rft.aufirst=Gildas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F18d681jd%23page-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Waal-1991-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal-1991_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal-1991_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal1991" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262">Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia</a>. Human Rights Watch. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3"><bdi>1-56432-038-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262">24504262</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061136/https://www.worldcat.org/title/evil-days-thirty-years-of-war-and-famine-in-ethiopia/oclc/24504262">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+days+%3A+thirty+years+of+war+and+famine+in+Ethiopia.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24504262&rft.isbn=1-56432-038-3&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24504262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeken2012" class="citation book cs1">Beken, Christophe van der (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769473477">Unity in diversity : federalism as a mechanism to accommodate ethnic diversity : the case of Ethiopia</a>. Berlin: LIT. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90172-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90172-9"><bdi>978-3-643-90172-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769473477">769473477</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://search.worldcat.org/title/769473477">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+in+diversity+%3A+federalism+as+a+mechanism+to+accommodate+ethnic+diversity+%3A+the+case+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769473477&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90172-9&rft.aulast=Beken&rft.aufirst=Christophe+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F769473477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Affairs-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Affairs_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Affairs_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07200">American Affairs, Vol-82, Issue no.-January, April, July, October</a>. p. 516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Affairs%2C+Vol-82%2C+Issue+no.-January%2C+April%2C+July%2C+October&rft.pages=516&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.calcutta.07200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2015" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ethiopiabradttra0000brig_l3i9">Ethiopia : the Bradt travel guide</a>. Internet Archive. Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides; Guilford, Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-922-3"><bdi>978-1-84162-922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+%3A+the+Bradt+travel+guide&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Chalfont+St.+Peter+%3A+Bradt+Travel+Guides%3B+Guilford%2C+Connecticut+%3A+Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-922-3&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethiopiabradttra0000brig_l3i9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Brewer, Sam Pope (5 October 1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html">Selassie, at U.N., Recalls 1936 Plea to League</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190426/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html">"Photo # 84497"</a>. Emperor of Ethiopia Addresses General Assembly. New York: United Nations. 4 October 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108145709/http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emperor+of+Ethiopia+Addresses+General+Assembly&rft.atitle=Photo+%23+84497&rft.date=1963-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmultimedia.org%2Fs%2Fphoto%2Fdetail%2F844%2F0084497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selassie%27s_Address_to_the_United_Nations" class="extiw" title="s:Selassie's Address to the United Nations">Haile Selassie's Address to the United Nations</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wamu_88.5-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Wamu_88.5_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Matthew S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/">"Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region?"</a>. Wamu 88.5 American University Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324055728/https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wamu+88.5+American+University+Radio&rft.atitle=Why+is+There+Such+a+Large+Ethiopian+Population+in+the+Washington+Region%3F&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwamu.org%2Fstory%2F16%2F04%2F21%2Fhow_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBJHeadsOfState-214"><a href="#cite_ref-LBJHeadsOfState_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits">"Head of State Visits"</a>. LBJ Presidential Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBJ+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Head+of+State+Visits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbjlibrary.org%2Flife-and-legacy%2Flbjs-administration%2Fhead-of-state-visits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Johnson and Haile Selassie Confer". The New York Times. Associated Press. 15 February 1967. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Johnson+and+Haile+Selassie+Confer&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1967-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Johnson Hails Selassie As an Ignored Prophet". 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British Pathé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.atitle=JORDAN%3A+EMPEROR+HAILE+SELASSIE+OF+ETHIOPIA+ARRIVES+IN+AMMAN+TO+START+OFFICIAL+VISIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fasset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8">"The War in Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. 21 April 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323174509/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. 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Northwestern University Press. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6805-3">978-0-8101-6805-3</a> – via Google Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241108154858/https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=9b13e1d5a84c7daa7976f9cdbb6eab9d&mediatype=video&source=youtube">"SYND 9-11-70 Ethiopian Emperor Selassie arrives at the Vatican and meets with Pope Paul and they exchange gifts"</a>. Associated Press. 9 November 1970. 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Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huff+Post&rft.atitle=The+Last+Emperor+--+The+Fall+of+Haile+Selassie&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-last-emperor-the-fal_b_8296134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal58-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal58_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal58_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal">De Waal</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-dson-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dson_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dson_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dson_242-2">c</a> Dickinson, Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm">"The last of the Ethiopian emperors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, Addis Ababa, 12 May 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal">De Waal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal1991b" class="citation cs2">De Waal (1991b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf">"3. Rebellion and famine in the north under Haile Selassie"</a> (PDF), Evil Days, p. 58, n. 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Rebellion+and+famine+in+the+north+under+Haile+Selassie&rft.btitle=Evil+Days&rft.pages=58%2C+n.+7&rft.date=1991&rft.au=De+Waal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fe%2Fethiopia%2Fethiopia.919%2Fc3wollo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988">; from .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal-243">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/beyondhunger.shtml">"The Unknown Famine in Ethiopia 1973"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602193233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/beyondhunger.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Famine+in+Ethiopia+1973&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ffactual%2Fbeyondhunger.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimbleby2002" class="citation news cs1">Dimbleby, Jonathan (28 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,4470116-110800,00.html">"Jonathan Dimbleby and the hidden famine"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Dimbleby+and+the+hidden+famine&rft.date=2002-07-28&rft.aulast=Dimbleby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fprint%2F0%2C%2C4470116-110800%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Eldridge, John Eric Thomas (1993), Getting the Message: News, Truth and Power. Psychology Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07983-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07983-7">0-415-07983-7</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29562/1/10731718.pdf">"LAW, DEVELOPMENT AND THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION"</a> (PDF). 5 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016173229/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29562/1/10731718.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LAW%2C+DEVELOPMENT+AND+THE+ETHIOPIAN+REVOLUTION&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F29562%2F1%2F10731718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1974" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Charles (18 February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/18/archives/rift-in-ethiopian-society-may-be-deepened-by-famine.html">"Rift in Ethiopian Society May Be Deepened by Famine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164447/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/18/archives/rift-in-ethiopian-society-may-be-deepened-by-famine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rift+in+Ethiopian+Society+May+Be+Deepened+by+Famine&rft.date=1974-02-18&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F02%2F18%2Farchives%2Frift-in-ethiopian-society-may-be-deepened-by-famine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Truth_About_Haile_Selassie's_Legacy-250"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Truth_About_Haile_Selassie's_Legacy_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1974" class="citation web cs1">Mohr, Charles (15 February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/15/archives/ethiopian-famine-hits-millions-ethiopian-famine-affects-millions.html">"Ethiopian Famine Hits Millions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/15/archives/ethiopian-famine-hits-millions-ethiopian-famine-affects-millions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Famine+Hits+Millions&rft.date=1974-02-15&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F02%2F15%2Farchives%2Fethiopian-famine-hits-millions-ethiopian-famine-affects-millions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal61-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal61_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal">De Waal</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Woodward, Peter (2003), The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations. I. B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-870-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-870-3">1-86064-870-3</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Kumar, Krishna (1998). Postconflict Elections, Democratisation, and International Assistance. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-778-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-778-8">1-55587-778-8</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbBraunYohannes1992" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Patrick; Braun, Joachim Von; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YujWY3vkccC&dq=wollo+Tigray+famine+end+1975&pg=PA27">Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels</a>. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89629-095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89629-095-2"><bdi>978-0-89629-095-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005122316/https://books.google.com.et/books?id=4YujWY3vkccC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=wollo+Tigray+famine+end+1975&source=bl&ots=Q8vBxq8a8f&sig=ACfU3U359Aa7aHPRNLrTHWgrdjMfEwhqkg&hl=am&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTt9jth8n6AhWPgP0HHTTkAxs4ChDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=wollo%20Tigray%20famine%20end%201975&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+in+Ethiopia%3A+Policy+Implications+of+Coping+Failure+at+National+and+Household+Levels&rft.pub=Intl+Food+Policy+Res+Inst&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89629-095-2&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Braun%2C+Joachim+Von&rft.au=Yohannes%2C+Yisehac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YujWY3vkccC%26dq%3Dwollo%2BTigray%2Bfamine%2Bend%2B1975%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavers2023" class="citation book cs1">Lavers, Tom (21 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ethiopias-developmental-state/ethiopian-state-formation-and-the-revolutionary-origins-of-eprdf-dominance/B289BE6923C0C6CBC67A288E31CCB1F3">"3: Ethiopian State Formation and the Revolutionary Origins of EPRDF Dominance"</a>. Ethiopia's 'Developmental State' Political Order and Distributive Crisis. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 56–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009428316.003">10.1017/9781009428316.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-42831-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-42831-6"><bdi>978-1-009-42831-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316182456/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ethiopias-developmental-state/ethiopian-state-formation-and-the-revolutionary-origins-of-eprdf-dominance/B289BE6923C0C6CBC67A288E31CCB1F3">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Ethiopian+State+Formation+and+the+Revolutionary+Origins+of+EPRDF+Dominance&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%27s+%27Developmental+State%27+Political+Order+and+Distributive+Crisis&rft.pages=56-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009428316.003&rft.isbn=978-1-009-42831-6&rft.aulast=Lavers&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fethiopias-developmental-state%2Fethiopian-state-formation-and-the-revolutionary-origins-of-eprdf-dominance%2FB289BE6923C0C6CBC67A288E31CCB1F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evang-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evang_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evang_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evang_256-2">c</a> Launhardt, Johannes (2005). Evangelicals in Addis Ababa (1919–1991). LIT Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7791-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7791-4">3-8258-7791-4</a>, pp. 239–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1974" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Charles (1 March 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/01/archives/selassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html">"Selassie, to Placate Army, Appoints a New Premier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230034443/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/01/archives/selassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Selassie%2C+to+Placate+Army%2C+Appoints+a+New+Premier&rft.date=1974-03-01&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F03%2F01%2Farchives%2Fselassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/selassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html">"Selassie Grants 5 Concessions To Army, Including an Amnesty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 4 July 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033932/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/selassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Selassie+Grants+5+Concessions+To+Army%2C+Including+an+Amnesty&rft.date=1974-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F07%2F04%2Farchives%2Fselassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/130937/">"ETHIOPIA: POSTAL WORKERS END FOUR-DAY STRIKE (1974)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a>. 28 April 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Path%C3%A9+News&rft.atitle=ETHIOPIA%3A+POSTAL+WORKERS+END+FOUR-DAY+STRIKE+%281974%29&rft.date=1974-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fasset%2F130937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qceros-260"><a href="#cite_ref-qceros_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDRWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6032%2C2832764">"Quiet coup ends reign of Selassie"</a>. Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. 12 September 1974. p. 1A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030164414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDRWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6032%2C2832764">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Quiet+coup+ends+reign+of+Selassie&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1974-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DdDRWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6032%252C2832764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fate-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fate_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fate_261-1">b</a> Meredith, Martin (2005), The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair. Public Affairs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-398-6">1-58648-398-6</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-shinn44-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shinn44_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shinn44_262-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShinn">Shinn</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-arexsxtu-263"><a href="#cite_ref-arexsxtu_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DaRVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3163%2C5786259">"Army rulers in Ethiopia execute 62"</a>. Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. 24 November 1974. p. 1A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125225216/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DaRVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3163%2C5786259">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Army+rulers+in+Ethiopia+execute+62&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1974-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DDaRVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3163%252C5786259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html">"Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83"</a>. The New York Times. 28 August 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825184920/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+of+Ethiopia+Dies+at+83&rft.date=1975-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsserate">Asserate</a>, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/15/world/ex-rulers-of-ethiopia-charged-with-strangling-haile-selassie.html">"Ex-Rulers of Ethiopia Charged With Strangling Haile Selassie"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Rulers+of+Ethiopia+Charged+With+Strangling+Haile+Selassie&rft.date=1994-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F12%2F15%2Fworld%2Fex-rulers-of-ethiopia-charged-with-strangling-haile-selassie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethioreference.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/By-Wibshet-Mulat-Amdetsion-Minilik.jpg">""እንኳን ሰው ዝንብ አልገደልኩም!" ኮ/ል መንግሥቱ የ60ዎቹ ባለስልጣናት ግድያ 43ኛ ዓመት መታሰቢያ"</a>. Ethio Reference. 1 November 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104040/http://www.ethioreference.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/By-Wibshet-Mulat-Amdetsion-Minilik.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethio+Reference&rft.atitle=%22%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95+%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D+%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5+%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%9D%21%22+%E1%8A%AE%2F%E1%88%8D+%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B1+%E1%8B%A860%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%B9+%E1%89%A3%E1%88%88%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5+%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%AB+43%E1%8A%9B+%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5+%E1%88%98%E1%89%B3%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB&rft.date=1974-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioreference.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2FBy-Wibshet-Mulat-Amdetsion-Minilik.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-real-story-of-the-last-days-of-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia">"The real story of the last days of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia - Face2Face Africa"</a>. Face2Face Africa. 27 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104142/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-real-story-of-the-last-days-of-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Face2Face+Africa&rft.atitle=The+real+story+of+the+last+days+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+of+Ethiopia+-+Face2Face+Africa&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fface2faceafrica.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-real-story-of-the-last-days-of-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiste2009" class="citation book cs1">Riste, Tesfaye (2009). 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The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html">"Haile Selassie Laid to Rest in Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a>. 6 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053159/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+Laid+to+Rest+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardia2000" class="citation news cs1">Guardia, Anton La (13 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1342650/Quandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html/1000">"Quandary over funeral plan for Haile Selassie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053159/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1342650/Quandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html/1000">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Quandary+over+funeral+plan+for+Haile+Selassie&rft.date=2000-06-13&rft.aulast=Guardia&rft.aufirst=Anton+La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fethiopia%2F1342650%2FQuandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html%2F1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstill2000" class="citation news cs1">Astill, James (2 November 2000). 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Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-803060-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-803060-6">0-19-803060-6</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/beliefs/beliefs_1.shtml">"Rastafarian beliefs"</a>. BBC. 9 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014070700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/beliefs/beliefs_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rastafarian+beliefs&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Frastafari%2Fbeliefs%2Fbeliefs_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/general-news-2899e019355d45f889f382a1185bdc58#:~:text=ADDIS%20ABABA%2C%20Ethiopia%20%28AP%29%20%E2%80%94%20Ethiopia%20will%20issue,enter%20without%20visas%20and%20live%20without%20residence%20permits.">"Ethiopia to give ID cards to Rastafarians long stateless"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 27 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://apnews.com/general-news-2899e019355d45f889f382a1185bdc58#:~:text=ADDIS%20ABABA%2C%20Ethiopia%20%28AP%29%20%E2%80%94%20Ethiopia%20will%20issue,enter%20without%20visas%20and%20live%20without%20residence%20permits.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+to+give+ID+cards+to+Rastafarians+long+stateless&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fgeneral-news-2899e019355d45f889f382a1185bdc58%23%3A~%3Atext%3DADDIS%2520ABABA%252C%2520Ethiopia%2520%2528AP%2529%2520%25E2%2580%2594%2520Ethiopia%2520will%2520issue%2Center%2520without%2520visas%2520and%2520live%2520without%2520residence%2520permits.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/rasessay.html">"The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari"</a>. Smithsonian education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822091117/http://smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/rasessay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+African+Diaspora%2C+Ethiopianism%2C+and+Rastafari&rft.pub=Smithsonian+education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianeducation.org%2Fmigrations%2Frasta%2Frasessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Vadala, Alexander Atillio (2011). "Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Case". Comparative Sociology. 10 (4): 641. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156913311X590664">10.1163/156913311X590664</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198667-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke198667_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1986">Clarke 1986</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198615–16,_66Barnett2006876Bedasse2010966Edmonds201232–33-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke198615–16,_66Barnett2006876Bedasse2010966Edmonds201232–33_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1986">Clarke 1986</a>, pp. 15–16, 66; <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2006">Barnett 2006</a>, p. 876; <a href="#CITEREFBedasse2010">Bedasse 2010</a>, p. 966; <a href="#CITEREFEdmonds2012">Edmonds 2012</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dread-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dread_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dread_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dread_284-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Owens_(Jesuit)" title="Joseph Owens (Jesuit)">Owens, Joseph</a> (1974), Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-98650-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-98650-3">0-435-98650-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/articles/The_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html">"The Re-evolution of Rastafari"</a>. Rastafari speaks. 20 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810015214/http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/articles/The_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Re-evolution+of+Rastafari&rft.pub=Rastafari+speaks&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastafarispeaks.com%2Farticles%2FThe_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1988" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118">The Rastafarians</a>. Beacon Press. pp. 118–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1039-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-1039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rastafarians&rft.pages=118-&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Leonard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswdaI6DfDkEC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Christopher John Farley, Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Katz_(author)" title="David Katz (author)">David Katz</a>, People Funny Boy (<a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee Perry</a> biography), p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrell">Murrell</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> David Howard, Kingston: A Cultural and Literary History, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209091215/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0022.html">"The State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie I"</a>. 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Psychology Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94325-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94325-6">0-415-94325-6</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Bradley, Lloyd (2001), This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music. Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3828-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3828-4">0-8021-3828-4</a>, pp. 192–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds86-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds86_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds86_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds86_296-2">c</a> Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers. 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Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n254">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5"><bdi>978-1-56639-629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Routes%3A+The+Story+of+Jamaican+Music&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-629-5&rft.au=O%27Brien+Chang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaeroutesstor00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115000944/http://www.nationnews.com/editorial/328181536343408.php">"African Crossroads – Spiritual Kinsmen"</a>. 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Trafford Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4122-1500-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4122-1500-5">1-4122-1500-5</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Michael (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/pnp-strategies-in-the-1972-campaign/">"PNP strategies in the 1972 campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230033449/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/pnp-strategies-in-the-1972-campaign/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=PNP+strategies+in+the+1972+campaign&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fcolumns%2Fpnp-strategies-in-the-1972-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2014" class="citation news cs1">Norris, Gregory (13 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisstandard.com/rod-of-correction/">"Rod of Correction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Addis_Standard" title="Addis Standard">Addis Standard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230033450/https://addisstandard.com/rod-of-correction/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=Rod+of+Correction&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Frod-of-correction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley,_Rita2004" class="citation book cs1">Marley, Rita (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowomannocrymyli00marle">No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley</a>. Hyperion. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowomannocrymyli00marle/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6867-4"><bdi>978-0-7868-6867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Woman+No+Cry%3A+My+Life+with+Bob+Marley&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6867-4&rft.au=Marley%2C+Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowomannocrymyli00marle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/people/bobmarley.shtml#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20few%20major%20faces%20of%20minority,impact%20on%20the%20religious%20movement%20as%20a%20whole.">"Rastafari: Bob Marley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 21 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028101151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/people/bobmarley.shtml#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20few%20major%20faces%20of%20minority,impact%20on%20the%20religious%20movement%20as%20a%20whole.">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rastafari%3A+Bob+Marley&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Frastafari%2Fpeople%2Fbobmarley.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOne%2520of%2520the%2520few%2520major%2520faces%2520of%2520minority%2Cimpact%2520on%2520the%2520religious%2520movement%2520as%2520a%2520whole.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/09/11/magazines/panorama/the-rasta-to-zion/">"The rasta to Zion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Navhind_Times" title="The Navhind Times">The Navhind Times</a>. 9 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164447/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/09/11/magazines/panorama/the-rasta-to-zion/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rasta+to+Zion&rft.pub=The+Navhind+Times&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navhindtimes.in%2F2022%2F09%2F11%2Fmagazines%2Fpanorama%2Fthe-rasta-to-zion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1998" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, William David (1998). Dread Jesus. SPCK Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-05101-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-05101-4"><bdi>978-0-281-05101-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dread+Jesus&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=SPCK+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-281-05101-4&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=William+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1990" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Robert Earl (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceFU75KyYQC&pg=PA93+">Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 93–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2449-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-2449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Must+God+Remain+Greek%3F%3A+Afro+Cultures+and+God-talk&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2449-1&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Robert+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ceFU75KyYQC%26pg%3DPA93%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReggaeRoutes2432-309"><a href="#cite_ref-ReggaeRoutes2432_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien_Chang,_KevinChen,_Wayne1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien Chang, Kevin; Chen, Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan">Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music</a>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n254">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5"><bdi>978-1-56639-629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Routes%3A+The+Story+of+Jamaican+Music&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-629-5&rft.au=O%27Brien+Chang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaeroutesstor00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Touch_the_Happy_Isles_p._286-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Touch_the_Happy_Isles_p._286_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewe1987" class="citation book cs1">Crewe, Quentin (1987). Touch the Happy Isles: A Journey through the Caribbean. London: Michael Joseph Ltd. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-2822-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-2822-2"><bdi>0-7181-2822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touch+the+Happy+Isles%3A+A+Journey+through+the+Caribbean&rft.place=London&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7181-2822-2&rft.aulast=Crewe&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/WXiPllReCBI">"Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 27 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXiPllReCBI">the original</a> on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Abuna+Yesehaq+Interview&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWXiPllReCBI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/12/AR2006011201952.html">"Ethiopians in D.C. Region Mourn Archbishop's Death"</a>. The Washington Post. 13 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ethiopians+in+D.C.+Region+Mourn+Archbishop%27s+Death&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F12%2FAR2006011201952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubin" class="citation news cs1">Subin, Anne Della. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bidoun.org/articles/occupy-godhead#:~:text=For%20his%20part%2C%20Haile%20Selassie,them%20find%20the%20True%20God.">"Occupy Godhead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bidoun" title="Bidoun">Bidoun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://www.bidoun.org/articles/occupy-godhead#:~:text=For%20his%20part%2C%20Haile%20Selassie,them%20find%20the%20True%20God.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bidoun&rft.atitle=Occupy+Godhead&rft.aulast=Subin&rft.aufirst=Anne+Della&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bidoun.org%2Farticles%2Foccupy-godhead%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFor%2520his%2520part%252C%2520Haile%2520Selassie%2Cthem%2520find%2520the%2520True%2520God.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerry_Funk-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_Funk_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2003" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Jerry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4FqDsPH5_oC&pg=PA148">Life Is an Excellent Adventure: An Irreverent Personal Odyssey</a>. Victoria, Canada: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 148–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-0848-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4120-0848-4"><bdi>1-4120-0848-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706031348/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4FqDsPH5_oC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Is+an+Excellent+Adventure%3A+An+Irreverent+Personal+Odyssey&rft.place=Victoria%2C+Canada&rft.pages=148-150&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4120-0848-4&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4FqDsPH5_oC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrunierFicquet2015-315"><a href="#cite_ref-PrunierFicquet2015_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérard_PrunierÉloi_Ficquet2015" class="citation book cs1">Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnxeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148">Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi</a>. Hurst. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-618-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Contemporary+Ethiopia%3A+Monarchy%2C+Revolution+and+the+Legacy+of+Meles+Zenawi&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-618-3&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Prunier&rft.au=%C3%89loi+Ficquet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnxeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2015" class="citation web cs1">Page, Thomas (13 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/28/africa/ethiopia-rasta-town-shashamene/index.html">"Meet the Rastafarians who returned to the Promised Land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230538/https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/28/africa/ethiopia-rasta-town-shashamene/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+the+Rastafarians+who+returned+to+the+Promised+Land&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Fafrica%2Fethiopia-rasta-town-shashamene%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreston2014" class="citation news cs1">Freston, Tom (14 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2014/02/shashemane-ethiopia-rastafarian-utopia">"The Promised Land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327115323/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2014/02/shashemane-ethiopia-rastafarian-utopia">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Promised+Land&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Freston&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F02%2Fshashemane-ethiopia-rastafarian-utopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice" class="citation book cs1">Price, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683071">Review: Erin C. Macleod Visions of Zion: Ethiopians and Rastafari in the Search for the Promised Land</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F683071">10.1086/683071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683071">10.1086/683071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162427664">162427664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315013937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683071">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review%3A+Erin+C.+Macleod+Visions+of+Zion%3A+Ethiopians+and+Rastafari+in+the+Search+for+the+Promised+Land&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162427664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F683071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F683071&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F683071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers" class="citation news cs1">Summers, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28059303">"The Rastafarians' flawed African 'promised land'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411160940/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28059303">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Rastafarians%27+flawed+African+%27promised+land%27&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28059303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gomes, Shelene (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07">"Counter-Narratives of Belonging: Rastafari in the Promised Land"</a>. The Global South. 12 (1). Indiana University Press: 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.12.1.07">10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07">10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164637705">164637705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315013939/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Global+South&rft.atitle=Counter-Narratives+of+Belonging%3A+Rastafari+in+the+Promised+Land&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164637705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.12.1.07%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.12.1.07&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Shelene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.12.1.07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1974" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Charles (1 December 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/01/archives/ethiopians-claim-selassie-fortune-moving-of-women-comirmed-his-own.html">"Ethiopians claim Selassie Fortune"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223173418/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/01/archives/ethiopians-claim-selassie-fortune-moving-of-women-comirmed-his-own.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopians+claim+Selassie+Fortune&rft.date=1974-12-01&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F12%2F01%2Farchives%2Fethiopians-claim-selassie-fortune-moving-of-women-comirmed-his-own.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KING_OF_KINGS_p._209-322"><a href="#cite_ref-KING_OF_KINGS_p._209_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsserate">Asserate</a>, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/08/archives/selassie-is-accused-of-hoarding-millions.html">"Selassie Is Accused Of Hoarding Millions"</a>. The New York Times. 8 September 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220223115/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/08/archives/selassie-is-accused-of-hoarding-millions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Selassie+Is+Accused+Of+Hoarding+Millions&rft.date=1974-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F09%2F08%2Farchives%2Fselassie-is-accused-of-hoarding-millions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalethiopia.com/capital/afd-provides-assistance-for-the-national-palace-renovation/">"AFD provides assistance for the National Palace renovation"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capital+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=AFD+provides+assistance+for+the+National+Palace+renovation&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalethiopia.com%2Fcapital%2Fafd-provides-assistance-for-the-national-palace-renovation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-325"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortune2015" class="citation web cs1">Fortune, Addis (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisfortune.net/articles/new-headquarters-for-national-palace-administration/">"New Headquarters for National Palace Administration"</a>. addisfortune.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224085602/https://addisfortune.net/articles/new-headquarters-for-national-palace-administration/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2022. 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Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P&rft.atitle=The+%241+Million+Patek%2C+an+Ethiopian+Emperor+and+a+Prosecutor&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-05-19%2Fthe-1-million-patek-haile-selassie-and-the-swiss-prosecutor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil2015" class="citation news cs1">Heil, Emily (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/11/12/haile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block/">"Haile Selassie's wristwatch pulled from auction block"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920125115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/11/12/haile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+wristwatch+pulled+from+auction+block&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Freliable-source%2Fwp%2F2015%2F11%2F12%2Fhaile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulier2015" class="citation news cs1">Mulier, Thomas (10 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/ethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r">"Ethiopian Emperor's Patek Philippe Pulled From Christie's Sale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg L.P">Bloomberg L.P</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930023902/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/ethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Emperor%27s+Patek+Philippe+Pulled+From+Christie%27s+Sale&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.aulast=Mulier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-11-10%2Fethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-330"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0072?rskey=tT9iJU&result=69">"Afewerk, Tekle"</a>. Oxford Reference. 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African Arts. 40 (2): 70–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fafar.2007.40.2.70">10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.70</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447829">20447829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57562278">57562278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change%3A+Three+Generations+of+Ethiopian+Artists&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-85&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57562278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20447829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fafar.2007.40.2.70&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20447829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSira2019" class="citation news cs1">Sira, Zerihun (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetheatretimes.com/ethiopian-theater-a-brief-introduction/">"Ethiopian Theater: A Brief Introduction"</a>. 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Bruce (ed.), Collision of Empires: Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and its International Impact, Abingdon, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 341–374, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3009-4">978-1-4094-3009-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> An English translation of Vol. 1 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Edward Ullendorff</a> was published in 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-713589-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-713589-7">0-19-713589-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28765/reviews/32703/mcclellan-marcus-my-life-and-ethiopias-progress-haile-sellassie-i-king">Review by Charles W. McClellan</a> of "My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: Haile Sellassie I, King of Ethiopia". H-Africa, H-Net Reviews. September, 1995. Retrieved February 28, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushkush2021" class="citation news cs1">Kushkush, Isma'il (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59953105">"Afcon 2021: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and the origins of the Nations Cup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afcon+2021%3A+Egypt%2C+Ethiopia%2C+Sudan+and+the+origins+of+the+Nations+Cup&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Kushkush&rft.aufirst=Isma%27il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Fafrica%2F59953105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abebe-Bikila">"Abebe Bikila"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Abebe+Bikila&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbebe-Bikila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1965" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Theodore (4 April 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E1D7153CE733A25756C1A9629C946491D6CF">"Ethiopia Marathon Star Here for Fair"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Marathon+Star+Here+for+Fair&rft.date=1965-04-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9E00E1D7153CE733A25756C1A9629C946491D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalbier2017" class="citation journal cs1">Balbier, UTA A. (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/world-congress-on-evangelism-1966-in-berlin-us-evangelicalism-cultural-dominance-and-global-challenges/25673BDCEA9B8C12634F1B1B3DDA5909">"The World Congress on Evangelism 1966 in Berlin: US Evangelicalism, Cultural Dominance, and Global Challenges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a>. 51 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1171–1196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875816001432">10.1017/S0021875816001432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+World+Congress+on+Evangelism+1966+in+Berlin%3A+US+Evangelicalism%2C+Cultural+Dominance%2C+and+Global+Challenges&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1171-1196&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875816001432&rft.aulast=Balbier&rft.aufirst=UTA+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-american-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fworld-congress-on-evangelism-1966-in-berlin-us-evangelicalism-cultural-dominance-and-global-challenges%2F25673BDCEA9B8C12634F1B1B3DDA5909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1966/october-28/thirty-years-later-haile-selassie-in-berlin.html">"Thirty Years Later: Haile Selassie in Berlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. 28 October 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Thirty+Years+Later%3A+Haile+Selassie+in+Berlin&rft.date=1966-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F1966%2Foctober-28%2Fthirty-years-later-haile-selassie-in-berlin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I 1918-1967. New York, NY: One Drop Books. 2000. pp. 639–641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890358-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-890358-01-0"><bdi>1-890358-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Speeches+of+His+Imperial+Majesty+Haile+Selassie+I+1918-1967&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=639-641&rft.pub=One+Drop+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-890358-01-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083409/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/2014/06/addis-ababa-conference-portal-powered-by-ocp-inaugurated-at-all-uae-national-ethiopian-youth-conference-ethiopian-orthodox-prelates-honored-by-ocp-society/">"Addis Ababa Conference Portal powered by OCP inaugurated at all UAE National Ethiopian Youth Conference: Ethiopian Orthodox Prelates Honored by OCP Society"</a>. theorthodoxchurch.info. 21 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/2014/06/addis-ababa-conference-portal-powered-by-ocp-inaugurated-at-all-uae-national-ethiopian-youth-conference-ethiopian-orthodox-prelates-honored-by-ocp-society/">the original</a> on 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theorthodoxchurch.info&rft.atitle=Addis+Ababa+Conference+Portal+powered+by+OCP+inaugurated+at+all+UAE+National+Ethiopian+Youth+Conference%3A+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Prelates+Honored+by+OCP+Society&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheorthodoxchurch.info%2Fblog%2Fnews%2F2014%2F06%2Faddis-ababa-conference-portal-powered-by-ocp-inaugurated-at-all-uae-national-ethiopian-youth-conference-ethiopian-orthodox-prelates-honored-by-ocp-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AddisAbabaConfReport">The Oriental Orthodox Churches: Addis Ababa Conference 1965</a>. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oriental+Orthodox+Churches%3A+Addis+Ababa+Conference+1965&rft.pub=Malankara+Orthodox+Syrian+Church&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAddisAbabaConfReport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulauTamcke2022" class="citation book cs1">Paulau, Stanislau; Tamcke, Martin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/54656/9789004505254.pdf">Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity in a Global Context: Entanglements and Disconnections</a> (PDF). Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50434-9"><bdi>978-90-04-50434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Christianity+in+a+Global+Context%3A+Entanglements+and+Disconnections&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Texts+and+Studies+in+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50434-9&rft.aulast=Paulau&rft.aufirst=Stanislau&rft.au=Tamcke%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F54656%2F9789004505254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-347"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo" class="citation web cs1">Abdo, Mohammed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf">"Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Pluralism+Vs.+Human+Rights+Issues%3A+Sharia+Courts+and+Human+Rights+Concerns+in+the+Light+of+the+Federal+%2Fconstitution+of+Ethiopia&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F3160168%2Ffile%2F5874552.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ethiopia/Settlement-patterns">"Religion of Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Religion+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEthiopia%2FSettlement-patterns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulos-349"><a href="#cite_ref-Paulos_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilkias2006" class="citation book cs1">Milkias, Paulos (2006). Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934043-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-934043-20-6"><bdi>1-934043-20-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%2C+Western+Education%2C+and+Political+Revolution+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-934043-20-6&rft.aulast=Milkias&rft.aufirst=Paulos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HD-350"><a href="#cite_ref-HD_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnOfcansky2004" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004). "Iskander Desta (1934-1974)". Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4910-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4910-0"><bdi>0-8108-4910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iskander+Desta+%281934-1974%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8108-4910-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc2023" class="citation news cs1">Marc, Horne (30 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-philip-pulled-strings-to-get-haile-selassies-grandson-into-gordonstoun-3vnp0d37x">"Prince Philip 'pulled strings' to get Haile Selassie's grandson into Gordonstoun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Prince+Philip+%27pulled+strings%27+to+get+Haile+Selassie%27s+grandson+into+Gordonstoun&rft.date=2023-12-30&rft.aulast=Marc&rft.aufirst=Horne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fprince-philip-pulled-strings-to-get-haile-selassies-grandson-into-gordonstoun-3vnp0d37x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/usg-01-s">"Return Visit, The Visit of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I to the United States, 1 October 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. 1 October 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.atitle=Return+Visit%2C+The+Visit+of+His+Imperial+Majesty+Haile+Selassie+I+to+the+United+States%2C+1+October+1963&rft.date=1963-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Farchives%2Fusg-01-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReston1940" class="citation news cs1">Reston, James (13 July 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/07/13/archives/british-recognize-ethiopia-as-ally-promise-to-release-country-from.html">"BRITISH RECOGNIZE ETHIOPIA AS ALLY; Promise to Release Country From Italian Domination if the War Is Won BACK HAILE SELASSIE RULE Army Heads in East Africa Seek to Coordinate Efforts of Tribal Chiefs for Attack Reversal of 1938 Position 200,000 Ethiopian Fighters Ready"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BRITISH+RECOGNIZE+ETHIOPIA+AS+ALLY%3B+Promise+to+Release+Country+From+Italian+Domination+if+the+War+Is+Won+BACK+HAILE+SELASSIE+RULE+Army+Heads+in+East+Africa+Seek+to+Coordinate+Efforts+of+Tribal+Chiefs+for+Attack+Reversal+of+1938+Position+200%2C000+Ethiopian+Fighters+Ready&rft.date=1940-07-13&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F07%2F13%2Farchives%2Fbritish-recognize-ethiopia-as-ally-promise-to-release-country-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Person of the Year". <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Person+of+the+Year&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/136286/">"The Emperor returns to Addis Ababa"</a>. British Pathe. 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Pathe&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+returns+to+Addis+Ababa&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fasset%2F136286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelassieCousinsDanielFrederick1972" class="citation web cs1">Selassie, Haile; Cousins, Norman; Daniel, Clifton; Frederick, Pauline; Freudenheim, Milton; Spivak, Lawrence (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/meet-the-press-sunday-october-6-1963-with-guest-his-imperial-majesty-haile-selassie-i-emperor-of-ethiopia/oclc/60342669">"Meet the press : Sunday, October 6, 1963 with guest His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat&rft.atitle=Meet+the+press+%3A+Sunday%2C+October+6%2C+1963+with+guest+His+Imperial+Majesty%2C+Haile+Selassie+I%2C+Emperor+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Selassie&rft.aufirst=Haile&rft.au=Cousins%2C+Norman&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Clifton&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Freudenheim%2C+Milton&rft.au=Spivak%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fmeet-the-press-sunday-october-6-1963-with-guest-his-imperial-majesty-haile-selassie-i-emperor-of-ethiopia%2Foclc%2F60342669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/04/archives/tv-a-question-of-taste-nbc-documentary-comes-close-to-ridiculing.html">"TV: A Question of Taste; N.B.C. Documentary Comes Close to Ridiculing Selassie's 1963 State Visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 4 March 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TV%3A+A+Question+of+Taste%3B+N.B.C.+Documentary+Comes+Close+to+Ridiculing+Selassie%27s+1963+State+Visit&rft.date=1964-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F03%2F04%2Farchives%2Ftv-a-question-of-taste-nbc-documentary-comes-close-to-ridiculing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vestal, Theodore M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828908">"The Lion of Judah at Camelot: U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Ethiopia as Reflected in the Second State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie to the United States"</a>. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 4 (1/2): 135–152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828908">27828908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Lion+of+Judah+at+Camelot%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Towards+Ethiopia+as+Reflected+in+the+Second+State+Visit+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+to+the+United+States&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=135-152&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1965" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Percy (August 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/haile-selassie-i-the-conquering-lion-by-leonard-mosley-london-weidenfeld-nicolson-1964-pp-iv-279-36s/9266620775A8FF0BB364A78B9DCC364F">"Haile Selassie I: the Conquering Lion by Leonard Mosley London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson"</a>. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 3 (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 314–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X0002382X">10.1017/S0022278X0002382X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+I%3A+the+Conquering+Lion+by+Leonard+Mosley+London%2C+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314-315&rft.date=1965-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X0002382X&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-modern-african-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhaile-selassie-i-the-conquering-lion-by-leonard-mosley-london-weidenfeld-nicolson-1964-pp-iv-279-36s%2F9266620775A8FF0BB364A78B9DCC364F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1955" class="citation book cs1">David, Talbot (1955). Haile Selassie I: Silver Jubilee. Ethiopia: W.P. van Stockum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9793619-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9793619-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9793619-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie+I%3A+Silver+Jubilee&rft.place=Ethiopia&rft.pub=W.P.+van+Stockum&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-9793619-3-7&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Keller, Edmond J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/Constitutionalism_2010.pdf">"Constitutionalism, Citizenship and Political Transitions In Ethiopia: Historic and Contemporary Process"</a> (PDF). UCLA World Press: 66–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+World+Press&rft.atitle=Constitutionalism%2C+Citizenship+and+Political+Transitions+In+Ethiopia%3A+Historic+and+Contemporary+Process&rft.pages=66-67&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Edmond+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Ffaculty%2Fkeller%2Fpapers%2FSelectedPub%2FConstitutionalism_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellucci2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bellucci, Stefano (18 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/622235/pdf">"The 1974 Ethiopian Revolution at 40: Social, Economic, and Political Legacies"</a>. Northeast African Studies. 16 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fnortafristud.16.1.0001">10.14321/nortafristud.16.1.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148384238">148384238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1974+Ethiopian+Revolution+at+40%3A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+Legacies&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2022-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fnortafristud.16.1.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148384238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bellucci&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F622235%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Pearce, Jeff, 1963- (18 July 2017). Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1865-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1865-4">978-1-5107-1865-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/954669620">954669620</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20200515-revisited-the-last-emperor-of-ethiopia-haile-selassie-s-legacy-remains-divisive">"The last emperor of Ethiopia: Haile Selassie's legacy remains divisive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=The+last+emperor+of+Ethiopia%3A+Haile+Selassie%27s+legacy+remains+divisive&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20200515-revisited-the-last-emperor-of-ethiopia-haile-selassie-s-legacy-remains-divisive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615192031/https://www.dw.com/en/haile-selassie-ethiopias-lion-of-judah/a-44009647">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+-+Ethiopia%27s+%27Lion+of+Judah%27&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhaile-selassie-ethiopias-lion-of-judah%2Fa-44009647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2046285,00.html">"Top 25 Political Icons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time 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href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0b63mc9">"Documentary puts focus on close relatives of Ethiopia's last emperor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Documentary+puts+focus+on+close+relatives+of+Ethiopia%27s+last+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp0b63mc9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriel2023" class="citation news cs1">Friel, Mikhaila (3 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/yeshi-kassa-grandpa-was-an-emperor-documentary-queen-elizabeth-2023-6">"Yeshi Kassa, the great-granddaughter of Ethiopia's last emperor, said the late Queen Elizabeth privately 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Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-8944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-8944-5"><bdi>978-981-19-8944-5</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 2 January 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFከበደ1993" class="citation book cs1">ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. 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Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%84+%E1%8A%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4+%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD&rft.place=Addis+Ababa&rft.pages=899&rft.pub=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD+%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%AB+%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5&rft.date=1993-09-21&rft.aulast=%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%A0%E1%8B%B0&rft.aufirst=%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%88%81%E1%8A%95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFከበደ1993" class="citation book cs1">ከበደ, በሪሁን (21 September 1993). የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ. 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Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892998-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-892998-00-9">1-892998-00-9</a>. p.119 </li> <li id="cite_note-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261-414">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261_414-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261_414-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consolidated_Laws_Vol._I_p._261_414-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwingAbdi1972" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I. 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Retrieved op 17 January 2017"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+London+Gazette%2C+Issue%3A+43567+Page%3A+1235.+Retrieved+op+17+January+2017.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F43567%2Fpage%2F1235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copley_p._195-416"><a href="#cite_ref-Copley_p._195_416-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopley1998" class="citation book cs1">Copley, Gregory R. (1998). Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892998-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-892998-00-9"><bdi>1-892998-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+Reaches+Her+Hand+unto+God%3A+Imperial+Ethiopia%27s+Unique+Symbols%2C+Structures+and+Role+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Defense+%26+Foreign+Affairs%2C+part+of+the+International+Strategic+Studies+Association&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-892998-00-9&rft.aulast=Copley&rft.aufirst=Gregory+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/02/ethiopia-queen-elizabeth-1965-royal-visit">"Ethiopia welcomes the Queen: Archive, 2 February 1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+welcomes+the+Queen%3A+Archive%2C+2+February+1965&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F02%2Fethiopia-queen-elizabeth-1965-royal-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsserate" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asfa-Wossen_Asserate" title="Asfa-Wossen Asserate">Asserate, Asfa-Wossen</a> (15 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pd2ktb">King of Kings: The Triumph and Tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia</a>, Haus Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-64-5"><bdi>978-1-910376-64-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pd2ktb">j.ctt1pd2ktb</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+Kings%3A+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1pd2ktb%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-910376-64-5&rft.aulast=Asserate&rft.aufirst=Asfa-Wossen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1pd2ktb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1971" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (1971). Rape of Ethiopia, 1936. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6"><bdi>978-0-345-02462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape+of+Ethiopia%2C+1936&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-345-02462-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934705279611">10.1177/0021934705279611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40034350">40034350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145012190">145012190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Differences+and+Similarities+Between+the+Rastafari+Movement+and+the+Nation+of+Islam&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=873-893&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145012190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40034350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934705279611&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedasse2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bedasse, Monique (2010). "Rasta Evolution: The Theology of the Twelve Tribes of Israel". Journal of Black Studies. 40 (5): 960–973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934708320135">10.1177/0021934708320135</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40648616">40648616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145344807">145344807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Rasta+Evolution%3A+The+Theology+of+the+Twelve+Tribes+of+Israel&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=960-973&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145344807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40648616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934708320135&rft.aulast=Bedasse&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1986" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B. (1986). Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement. New Religious Movements Series. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85030-428-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85030-428-2"><bdi>978-0-85030-428-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Paradise%3A+The+Rastafarian+Movement&rft.place=Wellingborough&rft.series=New+Religious+Movements+Series&rft.pub=The+Aquarian+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85030-428-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtri" class="citation book cs2">Coltri, Marzia A (March 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299728407">Beyond RastafarI: An historical and theological introduction</a>, Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0959-2"><bdi>978-3-0343-0959-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+RastafarI%3A+An+historical+and+theological+introduction&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+AG%2C+Internationaler+Verlag+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=2015-03&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0959-2&rft.aulast=Coltri&rft.aufirst=Marzia+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299728407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime1937" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524112010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html">"Distressed Negus"</a>. Time Magazine. 15 November 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Distressed+Negus&rft.date=1937-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C758326%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2012" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Ennis B. (2012). Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958452-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958452-9"><bdi>978-0-19-958452-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rastafari%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958452-9&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Ennis+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvey" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey, Marcus</a> (2 May 2019), Emancipated From Mental Slavery, The Mhotep Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0960-1330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0960-1330-3"><bdi>978-1-0960-1330-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emancipated+From+Mental+Slavery&rft.pub=The+Mhotep+Corporation&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1-0960-1330-3&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999" class="citation cs2">Haile Selassie I (1999), My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Edward Ullendorff</a>, New York: Frontline Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1"><bdi>978-0-948390-40-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+and+Ethiopia%27s+Progress%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-948390-40-1&rft.au=Haile+Selassie+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaile_Selassie_2000" class="citation book cs2">Haile Selassie I (2000), Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, 1918-1967, One Drop Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5007-1943-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5007-1943-2"><bdi>978-1-5007-1943-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Speeches+of+His+Imperial+Majesty+Haile+Selassie+I%2C+1918-1967&rft.pub=One+Drop+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-5007-1943-2&rft.au=Haile+Selassie+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris_&_Ullendorff" class="citation book cs2">Harris, Brice; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Ullendorff, Edward</a> (February 1977), The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I: "My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1"><bdi>978-0-948390-40-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Emperor+Haile+Sellassie+I%3A+%22My+Life+and+Ethiopia%27s+Progress&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977-02&rft.isbn=978-0-948390-40-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Brice&rft.au=Ullendorff%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">Jackson, John G.</a> (2020), Ethiopia and the origin of civilization, BN Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-592-43884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-592-43884-9"><bdi>978-0-592-43884-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+origin+of+civilization&rft.pub=BN+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-592-43884-9&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus" class="citation book cs2">Marcus, Harold G. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc">A History of Ethiopia</a>, London: University of California Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc/page/316">316</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22479-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22479-7&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofethiopi00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockler" class="citation book cs2">Mockler, Anthony (2003), Haile Selassie's War, Signal Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-53-3"><bdi>978-1-902669-53-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+War&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-53-3&rft.aulast=Mockler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrell" class="citation book cs2">Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel; Spencer, William David; McFarlane, Adrian Anthony (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse">Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader</a>, Temple University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-584-7"><bdi>978-1-56639-584-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanting+Down+Babylon%3A+The+Rastafari+Reader&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-584-7&rft.aulast=Murrell&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Samuel&rft.au=Spencer%2C+William+David&rft.au=McFarlane%2C+Adrian+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchantingdownbaby0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce" class="citation book cs2">Pearce, Jeff (18 July 2017), Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941, <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1865-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1865-4"><bdi>978-1-5107-1865-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prevail+%3A+the+inspiring+story+of+ethiopia%27s+victory+over+Mussolini%27s+invasion%2C+1935%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-1865-4&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiver" class="citation book cs2">River, Charles (16 May 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45889080-haile-selassie">Haile Selassie : the life and legacy of the Ethiopian emperor revered as the Messiah by Rastafarians</a>, Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0990-5388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0990-5388-7"><bdi>978-1-0990-5388-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie+%3A+the+life+and+legacy+of+the+Ethiopian+emperor+revered+as+the+Messiah+by+Rastafarians&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+Kdp&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.isbn=978-1-0990-5388-7&rft.aulast=River&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F45889080-haile-selassie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Roberts" title="Andrew D. Roberts">Roberts, Andrew Dunlop</a> (1986), The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940, vol. 7, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22505-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22505-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22505-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+From+1905+to+1940&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22505-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Dunlop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire" class="citation cs2">Safire, William (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi">Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History</a>, W.W. Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04005-0"><bdi>978-0-393-04005-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lend+Me+Your+Ears%3A+Great+Speeches+in+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04005-0&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flendmeyourearsgr00safi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn" class="citation book cs2">Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004), Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6566-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6566-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6566-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6566-2&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+Hamilton&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot" class="citation journal cs2">Talbot, David Abner (2 April 1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/32/2/243/2689777">"Haile Selassie I Silver Jubilee"</a>, International Affairs, 32 (2): 243–244, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2625882">10.2307/2625882</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2625882">2625882</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie+I+Silver+Jubilee&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-244&rft.date=1956-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2625882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2625882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=David+Abner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fia%2Farticle-abstract%2F32%2F2%2F243%2F2689777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal" class="citation book cs2">De Waal, Alexander (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf">Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia</a> (PDF), Human Rights Watch, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-038-4"><bdi>978-1-56432-038-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+Days%3A+Thirty+Years+of+War+and+Famine+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-038-4&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2FEthiopia919.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_White_(writer)" title="Timothy White (writer)">White, Timothy</a>, ed. (2006), Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley, Henry Holt & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8086-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-8086-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catch+a+Fire%3A+The+Life+of+Bob+Marley&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8086-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahudah" class="citation book cs2">Yahudah, Abba (2 July 2014), A journey to the roots of Rastafari : the Essene Nazarite link, <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-3316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-3316-6"><bdi>978-1-4907-3316-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+journey+to+the+roots+of+Rastafari+%3A+the+Essene+Nazarite+link&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-3316-6&rft.aulast=Yahudah&rft.aufirst=Abba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuajah" class="citation book cs2">Yuajah, Empress (8 July 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31166804-jah-rastafari-prayers?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=jPsn9gxSIS&rank=1">Jah Rastafari : Rasta prayers & healing scriptures</a>, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5333-7905-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5333-7905-4"><bdi>978-1-5333-7905-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jah+Rastafari+%3A+Rasta+prayers+%26+healing+scriptures&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-5333-7905-4&rft.aulast=Yuajah&rft.aufirst=Empress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F31166804-jah-rastafari-prayers%3Ffrom_search%3Dtrue%26from_srp%3Dtrue%26qid%3DjPsn9gxSIS%26rank%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel2004" class="citation cs2">Nathaniel, Ras (2004), 50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I First Visit to the United States, Trafford Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-3702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-3702-0"><bdi>978-1-4120-3702-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50th+Anniversary+of+His+Imperial+Majesty+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I+First+Visit+to+the+United+States&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-3702-0&rft.aulast=Nathaniel&rft.aufirst=Ras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88229-342-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88229-342-7">0-88229-342-7</a></li> <li>Haile Selassie's war: the Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-54222-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-54222-3">0-394-54222-3</a></li> <li>Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in Ethiopia, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38620-6">978-0-313-38620-6</a></li> <li>The Lion of Judah in the New World, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-14-0">978-1-910376-14-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mosley" title="Leonard Mosley">Mosley, Leonard</a>, Haile Selassie: The Conquering Lion. Prentice Hall 1965 LCCN 65-11882</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%3A+The+Conquering+Lion.+Prentice+Hall+1965+LCCN+65-11882&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaile+Selassie" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Haile Selassie I</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Haile_Selassie" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie I</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haile_Selassie" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/selassie.htm">Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Haile Selassie I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethiopiancrown.org/">Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm">Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022190043/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (full text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0">Rare and Unseen: Haile Selassie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230840/http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0">Archived</a> 13 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm">BBC article, memories of his personal servants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524042052/http://www.black-king.net/haile%20selassie%20library.htm">Haile Selassie I Speaks -Text & Audio-</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00091603/00003/allvolumes2">Collection by Martin Rikli in 1935–1936, including photos of Haile Selassie</a>, open access through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/permissions">University of Florida Digital Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kimI1Y0QO0C&pg=PT24">The Emperor's Clothes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jX7-0ROBfyIC&pg=PA56">A History of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006961">Newspaper clippings about Haile Selassie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27449931/">Grandpa Was an Emperor</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output 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data-mwtitle="Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav/Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav/Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_Spoken.wav" title="File:Haile Selassie Spoken.wav">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 20 January 2024 (2024-01-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Haile Selassie </div><div><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">House of Solomon</a></div>Born: 23 July 1892 Died: 27 August 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zewditu_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zewditu I">Zewditu I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Monarchy abolished</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Loss of title <div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Communist take-over</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> 12 September 1974 – 27 August 1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Crown Prince Amha Selassie</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperors of Ethiopia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia#Family_tree" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> (1270–1632)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon" title="Yagbe'u Seyon">Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Yagbe%27u_Seyon" title="Sons of Yagbe'u Seyon">Sons</a>: Senfa Ared IV</li> <li>Hezba Asgad</li> <li>Qedma Asgad</li> <li>Jin Asgad</li> <li>Saba Asgad</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedem_Arad" title="Wedem Arad">Wedem Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaya_Krestos" title="Newaya Krestos">Newaya Krestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaya_Maryam" title="Newaya Maryam">Newaya Maryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewodros_I" title="Tewodros I">Tewodros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I" title="Yeshaq I">Yeshaq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreyas" title="Andreyas">Andreyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takla_Maryam" title="Takla Maryam">Takla Maryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarwe_Iyasus" title="Sarwe Iyasus">Sarwe Iyasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amda_Iyasus" title="Amda Iyasus">Amda Iyasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeda_Maryam_I" title="Baeda Maryam I">Baeda Maryam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskender" title="Eskender">Eskender (Kwestantinos II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_II" title="Amda Seyon II">Amda Seyon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27od" title="Na'od">Na'od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menas_of_Ethiopia" title="Menas of Ethiopia">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsa_Dengel" title="Sarsa Dengel">Sarsa Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqob" title="Yaqob">Yaqob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za_Dengel" title="Za Dengel">Za Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqob" title="Yaqob">Yaqob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susenyos_I" title="Susenyos I">Susenyos I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a> (1632–1769)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_I" title="Yohannes I">Yohannes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyasu_I" title="Iyasu I">Iyasu the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot_I" title="Tekle Haymanot I">Tekle Haymanot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewoflos" title="Tewoflos">Tewoflos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yostos" title="Yostos">Yostos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawit_III" title="Dawit III">Dawit III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakaffa" title="Bakaffa">Bakaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyasu_II" title="Iyasu II">Iyasu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyoas_I" title="Iyoas I">Iyoas I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Era of the Princes</a> (1769–1855)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_II" title="Yohannes II">Yohannes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot_II" title="Tekle Haymanot II">Tekle Haymanot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susenyos_II" title="Susenyos II">Susenyos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot_II" title="Tekle Haymanot II">Tekle Haymanot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_II" title="Salomon II">Salomon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyasu_III" title="Iyasu III">Iyasu III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezqeyas" title="Hezqeyas">Hezqeyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeda_Maryam_II" title="Baeda Maryam II">Baeda Maryam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_III" title="Salomon III">Salomon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonas" title="Yonas">Yonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_III" title="Salomon III">Salomon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetros" title="Demetros">Demetros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I" title="Tekle Giyorgis I">Tekle Giyorgis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetros" title="Demetros">Demetros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwale_Seyon" title="Egwale Seyon">Egwale Seyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyoas_II" title="Iyoas II">Iyoas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigar" title="Gigar">Gigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeda_Maryam_III" title="Baeda Maryam III">Baeda Maryam III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigar" title="Gigar">Gigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyasu_IV" title="Iyasu IV">Iyasu IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebre_Krestos" title="Gebre Krestos">Gebre Krestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahle_Dengel" title="Sahle Dengel">Sahle Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebre_Krestos" title="Gebre Krestos">Gebre Krestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahle_Dengel" title="Sahle Dengel">Sahle Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_III" title="Yohannes III">Yohannes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahle_Dengel" title="Sahle Dengel">Sahle Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_III" title="Yohannes III">Yohannes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahle_Dengel" title="Sahle Dengel">Sahle Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_III" title="Yohannes III">Yohannes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahle_Dengel" title="Sahle Dengel">Sahle Dengel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia#Modern_era" title="History of Ethiopia">Modern Ethiopia</a> (1855–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_II" title="Tekle Giyorgis II">Tekle Giyorgis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu" title="Lij Iyasu">Lij Iyasu</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haile Selassie</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Amha Selassie</a>1 3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Never <a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Africa#Ethiopia" title="Coronations in Africa">crowned</a>.</li> <li>2 Between <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">1936–1941</a>, Haile Selassie went into exile following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>. During that time, the imperial title was claimed by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Italian King</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>.</li> <li>3 Emperor-in-exile.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_ministers_(1909–1943)_/_Prime_ministers_of_Ethiopia_(since_1943)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_ministers_(1909–1943)_/_Prime_ministers_of_Ethiopia_(since_1943)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">Chief ministers (1909–1943) / Prime ministers of Ethiopia (since 1943)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (1270–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habte_Giyorgis_Dinagde" title="Habte Giyorgis Dinagde">Habte Giyorgis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tafari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolde_Tzaddick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolde Tzaddick (page does not exist)">Wolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonnen_Endelkachew" title="Makonnen Endelkachew">Makonnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abebe_Aregai" title="Abebe Aregai">Abebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Imru" title="Mikael Imru">Mikael</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Flag of the Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975%E2%80%931987).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Derg"><img alt="Flag of the Derg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1987%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1991%E2%80%931996).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia</a> (1974–1987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>post abolished</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (1987–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikre_Selassie_Wogderess" title="Fikre Selassie Wogderess">Fikre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_Yimenu" title="Hailu Yimenu">Hailu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesfaye_Dinka" title="Tesfaye Dinka">Tesfaye</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Transitional Government of Ethiopia">Transitional Government of Ethiopia</a> (1991–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamrat_Layne" title="Tamrat Layne">Tamrat</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (since 1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>‡ Interim</li> <li>* Acting</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template talk:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation of African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rastafari" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rastafari" title="Template:Rastafari"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rastafari" title="Template talk:Rastafari"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rastafari" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rastafari"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rastafari" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis#Rastafari" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadlocks" title="Dreadlocks">Dreadlocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livity_(spiritual_concept)" title="Livity (spiritual concept)">Livity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A green, gold, and red vertical tricolor with a lion in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/85px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/128px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haile Selassie I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Menen Asfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_and_Ethiopia%27s_Progress" title="My Life and Ethiopia's Progress">My Life and Ethiopia's Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promised_Key" title="The Promised Key">The Promised Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Piby" title="Holy Piby">Holy Piby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parchment_Scroll_of_Black_Supremacy" title="Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy">Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansions_of_Rastafari" title="Mansions of Rastafari">Mansions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_Ashanti" title="Bobo Ashanti">Bobo Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabinghi_(Mansion_of_Rastafari)" title="Nyabinghi (Mansion of Rastafari)">Nyabinghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel_(Rastafari)" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari)">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounation_Day" title="Grounation Day">Grounation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement#Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Reasoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Howell" title="Leonard Howell">Leonard Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert" title="Joseph Hibbert">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dunkley" title="Archibald Dunkley">Archibald Dunkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Planno" title="Mortimer Planno">Mortimer Planno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Carrington" title="Vernon Carrington">Vernon Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edwards_(Rastafari)" title="Charles Edwards (Rastafari)">Charles Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tosh" title="Peter Tosh">Peter Tosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Rastafari" title="Judaism and Rastafari">Relation to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">In the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rastafari" title="Category:Rastafari">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ites_Gold_and_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Ites Gold and Green">Ites Gold and Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41178#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41178#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41178#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109102298">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66475642">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34121/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWTXfTb4m3YFVqGFcMfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118700758">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043431">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973730w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973730w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620780">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV132613">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35677375">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2007416169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1117917">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX963431">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069482837">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90087973">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000213438&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=285581">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbfkbgj50wxb7m">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567451505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/254151">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262369305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509578906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10223158?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9a5480fe-1243-45f0-9986-3f8a4e2daecd">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1038301">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118700758.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118700758">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027764656">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580589">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6348t1j">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/21px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/32px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/42px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Somerset_shield.png/15px-Somerset_shield.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Somerset_shield.png/23px-Somerset_shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Somerset_shield.png/31px-Somerset_shield.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1288" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somerset" title="Portal:Somerset">Somerset</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&oldid=1259990975">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&oldid=1259990975</a>"</div></div> 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[\"CITEREFBridgette2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColtri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrewe1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Waal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Waal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Waal1991b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Boca2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimbleby1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimbleby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElleray1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwingAbdi1972\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEyre2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeener2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortune2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiorgis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuardia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGérard_PrunierÉloi_Ficquet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaile_Selassie_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris_\u0026amp;_Ullendorff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenze2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuurne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsRothmanBenedictCassidy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKELLER1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamalakaran2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasuka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushkush2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavers2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenser2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslau1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoimeier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMammo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarc2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley,_Rita2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall,_S._L._A.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbuthia2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPartlin1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetaferia1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilkias2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMockler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohr1974\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMosley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuehlenbeck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeguede2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolas1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien_Chang,_KevinChen,_Wayne1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmelee1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulauTamcke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaut2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPétridès1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReston1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRey1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiste2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinkowska2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvano2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchollerBrietzke1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScourfield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelassie1976\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFSelassieCousinsDanielFrederick1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinnOfcansky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSira2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffansonStarret1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffansonStarrett1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwenson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUtah_Stories2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVestal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVestal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbBraunYohannes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWogderess2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolde_Mariam1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWondimuCortezLawrence2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahudah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuajah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZewde1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFከበደ1993\"] = 6,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"African Union chairpersons\"] = 1,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Br separated entries\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 56,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Copy edit section\"] = 1,\n [\"Country study\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Emperors of Ethiopia\"] = 1,\n [\"EthiopianPMs\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 21,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 58,\n [\"Infobox manner of address\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 12,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"P.\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Pan-Africanism\"] = 1,\n [\"Peacock inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Rastafari\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 6,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-pre\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"S-tul\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 27,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","28.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","11.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","2.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.3"],["[others]","500","19.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-kbqlk","timestamp":"20241130105820","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haile_Selassie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41178","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41178","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-27T13:48:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T05:41:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974"}</script> </body> </html>