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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medeltidens filosofi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 58 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="فلسفة القرون الوسطى – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة القرون الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_medieval" title="Filosofía medieval – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía medieval" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C6%8Fsrl%C9%99r_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="Orta Əsrlər fəlsəfəsi – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta Əsrlər fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মধ্যযুগীয় দর্শন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যযুগীয় দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Урта быуат фәлсәфәһе – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урта быуат фәлсәфәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Средновековна философия – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средновековна философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_filozofija" title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_medieval" title="Filosofia medieval – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia medieval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk%C3%A1_filozofie" title="Středověká filozofie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středověká filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi_i_middelalderen" title="Filosofi i middelalderen – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filosofi i middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_des_Mittelalters" title="Philosophie des Mittelalters – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie des Mittelalters" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaja_filosoofia" title="Keskaja filosoofia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskaja filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Medieval philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_medieval" title="Filosofía medieval – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía medieval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio_de_Mezepoko" title="Filozofio de Mezepoko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio de Mezepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdi_Aroko_filosofia" title="Erdi Aroko filosofia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdi Aroko filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="فلسفه قرون وسطی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Philosophie médiévale – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie médiévale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_medieval" title="Filosofía medieval – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía medieval" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="중세철학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafar_zamani" title="Falsafar zamani – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Falsafar zamani" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջնադարյան փիլիսոփայություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնադարյան փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_filozofija" title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_abad_pertengahan" title="Filsafat abad pertengahan – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat abad pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_medieval" title="Philosophia medieval – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philosophia medieval" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0aldaheimspeki" title="Miðaldaheimspeki – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðaldaheimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_medievale" title="Filosofia medievale – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פילוסופיית ימי הביניים – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיית ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ортағасыр философиясы – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ортағасыр философиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi_m%C3%A9dy%C3%A9val" title="Filozofi médyéval – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi médyéval" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_mediaevalis" title="Philosophia mediaevalis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia mediaevalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEi%C5%B3_filosofija" title="Viduramžių filosofija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduramžių filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_eda_medieval" title="Filosofia de la eda medieval – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filosofia de la eda medieval" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkori_filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Középkori filozófia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középkori filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средновековна филозофија – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средновековна филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeuwse_filosofie" title="Middeleeuwse filosofie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middeleeuwse filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中世哲学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中世哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderens_filosofi" title="Middelalderens filosofi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelalderens filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د منځنیو پېړیو فلسفه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د منځنیو پېړیو فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midiival_filasafi" title="Midiival filasafi – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Midiival filasafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_%C5%9Bredniowieczna" title="Filozofia średniowieczna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia średniowieczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_medieval" title="Filosofia medieval – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia medieval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie_medieval%C4%83" title="Filosofie medievală – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filosofie medievală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Средневековая философия – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средневековая философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_mesjetare" title="Filozofia mesjetare – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia mesjetare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medieval philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredovek%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Stredoveká filozofia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredoveká filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فەلسەفەی سەدەکانی ناوەڕاست – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی سەدەکانی ناوەڕاست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средњовековна филозофија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средњовековна филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_filozofija" title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskiajan_filosofia" title="Keskiajan filosofia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskiajan filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மத்திய கால மெய்யியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மத்திய கால மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C3%87a%C4%9F_felsefesi" title="Orta Çağ felsefesi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Çağ felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Філософія Середньовіччя – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософія Середньовіччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="قرون وسطی کا فلسفہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرون وسطی کا فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boethius_initial_consolation_philosophy.jpg/375px-Boethius_initial_consolation_philosophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boethius_initial_consolation_philosophy.jpg/500px-Boethius_initial_consolation_philosophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> undervisar sina studenter (initial 1385 av ett italienskt manuskript "Consolation of Philosophy".)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Medeltidens <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a></b> är den <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltida</a> epoken i filosofins historia, och börjar med <a href="/wiki/Romarriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Romarriket">Romarrikets</a> fall och slutar med <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssans" class="mw-redirect" title="Renässans">renässansens</a> födelse. </p><p>Medeltidens filosofi utmärks av en <a href="/wiki/Nyplatonism" title="Nyplatonism">nyplatonsk</a> strömning, i <a href="/wiki/Plotinos" title="Plotinos">Plotinos</a> efterföljd, av auktoritär <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">aristotelism</a>, och en platonsk realism. <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastiken</a> är den strömning som är mest framträdande i västerlandet, och under inflytande av detta pågick <a href="/wiki/Universaliestriden" title="Universaliestriden">universaliestriden</a> som fick konsekvenser, bland annat för <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">epistemologin</a> och vetenskapsteorin. Inom rätts- och politisk filosofi var den primära frågan om huruvida en <a href="/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati">teokrati</a> eller en <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a> var det rätta styrelseskicket. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Från_antiken_till_medeltiden"><span id="Fr.C3.A5n_antiken_till_medeltiden"></span>Från antiken till medeltiden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Från antiken till medeltiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Från antiken till medeltiden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den antika kulturen genomgick genomgripande förändringar under 300-talet. Den nästan tusen år långa epoken mellan det östromerska och det västromerska rikets sammanbrott sammanfaller i stort sett med den tiden som vi kallar för medeltiden. Ett datum som är symboliskt datum för övergången från antiken till det kristna och medeltida tänkandet på området filosofi är år 529, den dag då kejsaren <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a> lät stänga den platonska akademin. Den första stora klosterbrödraorden, <a href="/wiki/Benediktinerorden" class="mw-redirect" title="Benediktinerorden">benediktinerorden</a> grundades samma år. Detta inledde den era då klostren var Europas andliga centra och viktigaste lärosäten. Under medeltidens start spred sig kristendomen över hela Europa. I de allra största städerna fanns det redan en del kristna församlingar sedan länge. De hade dock inte spelat någon större roll i samhället. Fyra årtionden efter 300-talets början fick man ett påbud från kejsaren <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_den_store" title="Konstantin den store">Konstantin den store</a> som gjorde att kristendomen erhållit en jämbördig ställning med den <a href="/wiki/Hednisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hednisk">hedniska</a> romerska religionen vilket gjorde att kristendomen blev den rådande statsreligionen. I och med kristendomens spridning omvandlades filosofin. Förhållandet mellan vetande och tro var den grundläggande frågeställningen i filosofin. Den kristna filosofin skulle försvara den kristna basläran. Filosofin under medeltiden innebar trots detta inte någon fullständig brytning med filosofin under antiken.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fallet av det romerska riket medförde att de olika territorierna <a href="/wiki/Ockupera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockupera">ockuperades</a> och översvämmades av massa andra styrkor. Många av dem var hedniska horder som ofta krigade med varandra. Den grekiska, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistisk">hellenistiska</a> och den romerska kulturen var nu den klassiska <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation">civilisationen</a> och lades i ruiner. De följdes även av en period som brukar benämnas som de mörka århundraden. Det var ungefär åren mellan 600 och 1000 e.Kr. som Europa gick igenom denna mörka tid. Samtidigt växte och blomstrade högre kulturer runt om i världen. I det som varit <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> rike dominerade islam över hela den östra delen och därifrån även hela vägen över Spanien till Nordafrika. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den islamiska världen under denna tid bevarade en hel del av den klassiska antikens kultur. Inom filosofin är det mest slående exemplet av en klassisk antik användning där <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> verk. Under de mörka århundradena i Europa var det endast en av Aristoteles skrifter som överlevde och det var hans skrifter i logik. <sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_Magee_sida_54_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_Magee_sida_54-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofer_under_medeltiden">Filosofer under medeltiden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Filosofer under medeltiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Filosofer under medeltiden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den viktigaste filosofen under övergången från senantiken till medeltiden var <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Augustinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelius Augustinus">Aurelius Augustinus</a>. Platons och <a href="/wiki/Nyplatonism" title="Nyplatonism">nyplatonikernas</a> idéer var prägeln på hans tänkande.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustinus levde från år 354 till år 430. Han var först lärare i <a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">retorik</a> men slutade som det. Han genomgick sedan en omvändelse till kristendomen efter en period av inre oro. En av hans berömda skrifter heter <i>Confessiones</i> (bekännelser) och i den beskriver han att det som befriade honom från hans sökande var en gudomlig <a href="/wiki/Kallelse_(religion)" title="Kallelse (religion)">kallelse</a> som sedan ledde honom till den tron som var rätt. Han ägnade sig åt kristliga och filosofiska frågor efter detta möte med Gud. För att förena (ny)platonismens tänkande med den kristna trosläran med sitt arbete lade han grunden till hela den medeltida kristna filosofin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En stor filosof under de mörka århundradena var <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Erigena" title="Johannes Scotus Erigena">Johannes Scotus Erigena</a>. Han hävdade att ett riktigt resonemang inte kan leda till felaktiga och falska slutsatser. På så sätt kan det aldrig egentligen uppstå en konflikt mellan den gudomliga uppgörelsen och förnuftet. De båda är giltiga och två oberoende sätt att få fram sanningen. Erigena gav sig därför på att försöka förnuftsmässigt bevisa alla sanningar i den kristna tron. Hans tänk var nyplatonismens och hans argument stod högre än Augustinus och hans resonemang går djupare eftersom han var en skarpare tänkare. En av hans kända argument har under senare <a href="/wiki/Sekel" title="Sekel">sekel</a> blivit en tes som lyder att det är omöjligt för varje levande varelse på jorden- inte bara för Gud- att förstå sin egen natur. Mellan filosoferna Augustinus och Boethius var Erigena den ende store systematiske filosofen i västerlandet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> var den siste store filosofen på senantiken.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans kändaste verk är den tröstfilosofi som heter <i>De Consolatione Philosophiae</i>. Den skrev han troligen medan han satt i <a href="/wiki/Husarrest" title="Husarrest">husarrest</a> eller när han satt i fängelse i väntan på sin avrättning. Hans livslånga projekt var dock ett avsiktligt försök att bevara gamla klassiska kunskaper, särskilt filosofi. I detta arbete blev det en dialog mellan sig själv och filosofin som då är personifierad som kvinna. Trots att det finns en uppenbar jämlikhet i världen hävdar boken att det finns en högre makt och att allt till det är Guds försyn och är sekundärt. Flera av hans <a href="/wiki/Handskrift" title="Handskrift">manuskript</a> levde kvar och blev översatta och tryckta under det sena 1500-talet och lite senare i Europa. Att omsätta alla verk av de antika filosoferna <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> och Aristoteles från den grekiska ursprungliga i latin var något han tänkte göra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citat">Citat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Citat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Citat"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"En person är en individuell <a href="/wiki/Substans" title="Substans">substans</a> med förnuftsnatur" säger filosofen Boethius.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_Magee_sida_54_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_Magee_sida_54-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Herre, gör mig <a href="/wiki/Kysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kysk">kysk</a> men inte än" säger <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Själen ger sig tillkänna i sina handlingar" säger filosofen <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Thomas av Aquino</a>. Han var en av de första filosofer som i det kristna tänkandet införde Aristoteles verk. Av Thomas verk är det mest berömda två <a href="/wiki/Kompendier" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompendier">kompendier</a> för studerande. De har varit i bruk ända sedan de för längesedan skrevs. Den ena är "<i>Summa Contra Gentiles</i>" (kompendium mot hedningarna) och det andra är "<i>Summa Theologiae</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Teologisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Teologisk">teologiskt</a> <a href="/wiki/Kompendium" title="Kompendium">kompendium</a>). De är svårlästa i motsats till Augustinus skrifter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Filosofins historia-Från antiken till idag" av Christoph Delius, Matthias Gatzemeier, Deniz Sertcan och Kathleen Wünscher. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Köln 2000.</li> <li>"Filosofi-Från antikens naturfilosofer till dagens moderna tänkande". Albert Bonniers Förlag AB, Stockholm 1999.</li> <li>NE online.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Delius, Gatzemeier, Sertcan, Wünscher sida 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Magee sida 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan_Magee_sida_54-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_Magee_sida_54_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_Magee_sida_54_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Bryan Magee sida 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Delius, Gatzemeier, Sertcan, Wünscher sida 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Magee sida 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Nationalencyklopedin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Magee sida 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Magee sida 59</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medeltidens_filosofi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/">Medieval Philosophy</a> från <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060408170648/http://www.smrphil.org/">Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy</a>, Nordamerikas största organisation för forskning kring medeltidens filosofi</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Mall:Medeltidens_filosofer" title="Mall:Medeltidens filosofer"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Medeltidens_filosofer&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medeltidens filosofer</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristna filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Romanus" title="Ægidius Romanus">Ægidius Romanus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_av_Hales" title="Alexander av Hales">Alexander av Hales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Anselm_av_Canterbury" title="Anselm av Canterbury">Anselm av Canterbury</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Silvestris" title="Bernardus Silvestris">Bernardus Silvestris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_av_Clairvaux" title="Bernhard av Clairvaux">Bernhard av Clairvaux</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius_de_Dacia" title="Boëthius de Dacia">Boëthius de Dacia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura" title="Bonaventura">Bonaventura</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley" title="Walter Burley">Walter Burley</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Duns_Scotus" title="Johannes Duns Scotus">Johannes Duns Scotus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand_(filosof)" title="Guillaume Durand (filosof)">Guillaume Durand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eckhart_von_Hochheim" title="Eckhart von Hochheim">Eckhart von Hochheim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Gemistos_Plethon" title="Georgios Gemistos Plethon">Georgios Gemistos Plethon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_av_Fontaines" title="Godfrey av Fontaines">Godfrey av Fontaines</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_av_Gent" title="Henrik av Gent">Henrik av Gent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_av_Bingen" title="Hildegard av Bingen">Hildegard av Bingen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_av_Sankt_Victor" title="Hugo av Sankt Victor">Hugo av Sankt Victor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joakim_av_Floris" title="Joakim av Floris">Joakim av Floris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bessarion" title="Johannes Bessarion">Johannes Bessarion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Philoponos" title="Johannes Philoponos">Johannes Philoponos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_av_Salisbury" title="Johannes av Salisbury">Johannes av Salisbury</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Erigena" title="Johannes Scotus Erigena">Johannes Scotus Erigena</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_av_Padua" title="Marsilius av Padua">Marsilius av Padua</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mechthild_av_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild av Magdeburg">Mechthild av Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_fr%C3%A5n_Autrecourt" title="Nicolaus från Autrecourt">Nicolaus från Autrecourt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham">William Ockham</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oresme" title="Nicolas Oresme">Nicolas Oresme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Radulphus_Brito" title="Radulphus Brito">Radulphus Brito</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Raimundus_Lullus" title="Raimundus Lullus">Ramon Llull (Raimundus Lullus)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_av_Sankt_Victor" title="Richard av Sankt Victor">Richard av Sankt Victor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roscelin_av_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Roscelin av Compiègne">Roscelin av Compiègne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Thomas av Aquino</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Auvergne" title="Vilhelm av Auvergne">Vilhelm av Auvergne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Champeaux" title="Vilhelm av Champeaux">Vilhelm av Champeaux</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_av_Conches" title="Vilhelm av Conches">Vilhelm av Conches</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas av Aquino (1225-1274)"><img alt="Thomas av Aquino (1225-1274)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/75px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/113px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/150px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Judisk_filosofi" title="Judisk filosofi">Judiska filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamiska filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ABs" title="Averroës">Averroës</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-din_Rumi" title="Jalal al-din Rumi">Jalal al-din Rumi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazali" title="Mohammad Ghazali">Mohammad Ghazali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Razi" title="Razi">Razi (Rhazes)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="background:#ceecee;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Filosofi_navigation" title="Mall:Filosofi navigation"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Filosofi_navigation&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">Filosofi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Allmänt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">Filosofi</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">Österländsk</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia" title="Filosofins historia">Historia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokratisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia#Antikens_filosofi" title="Filosofins historia">Antiken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medeltiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansens_filosofi" title="Renässansens filosofi">Renässansen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/1600-talets_filosofi" title="1600-talets filosofi">1600-talet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Upplysningstidens_filosofi" title="Upplysningstidens filosofi">Upplysningstiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer" title="Kategori:Filosofer">Filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Sortering efter: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_epok" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter epok">epok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_nationalitet" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter nationalitet">nationalitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_religion" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter religion">religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_tradition" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter tradition">tradition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_verksamhetsomr%C3%A5de" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter verksamhetsområde">verksamhetsområde</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grenar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Traditionella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axiologi" title="Axiologi">Axiologi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik">Estetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">Etik</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">Epistemologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">Logik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik">Metafysik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">Ontologi</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Filosofi om…</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Filosofin_kring_artificiell_intelligens" title="Filosofin kring artificiell intelligens">Artificiell intelligens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bioetik" title="Bioetik">Bioetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feminism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Handlingsteori" title="Handlingsteori">Handling</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historiefilosofi" title="Historiefilosofi">Historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Krigsfilosofi" title="Krigsfilosofi">Krig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Matematikfilosofi" title="Matematikfilosofi">Matematik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medicinsk_filosofi" title="Medicinsk filosofi">Medicin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medvetandefilosofi" title="Medvetandefilosofi">Medvetande</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafilosofi" title="Metafilosofi">Meta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">Natur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogikens_filosofi" title="Pedagogikens filosofi">Pedagogik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rätt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialfilosofi" title="Socialfilosofi">Social</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Religionsfilosofi" title="Religionsfilosofi">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsteori" title="Vetenskapsteori">Vetenskap</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Skolor</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia#Antikens_filosofi" title="Filosofins historia">Antiken</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_filosofi" title="Kinesisk filosofi">Kinesisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(kinesisk_filosofi)" title="Legalism (kinesisk filosofi)">Legalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Namnskolan" title="Namnskolan">Namnskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">Taoism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yin-yang-skolan" title="Yin-yang-skolan">Yin-yang-skolan</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grekisk-romersk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelism" title="Aristotelism">Aristotelism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eleaterna" title="Eleaterna">Eleaterna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epikurism" title="Epikurism">Epikurism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokrater</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/De_joniska_naturfilosoferna" title="De joniska naturfilosoferna">Joniska skolan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efesiska_skolan" title="Efesiska skolan">Efesiska skolan</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyniska_skolan" title="Kyniska skolan">Kyniska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrenaiker" title="Kyrenaiker">Kyrenaiker</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peripatetiska_skolan" title="Peripatetiska skolan">Peripatetiska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nyplatonism" title="Nyplatonism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pythagor%C3%A9erna" title="Pythagoréerna">Pytagoreism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nypytagoreism" title="Nypytagoreism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Indisk_filosofi" title="Indisk filosofi">Indisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra">Yoga sutra</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medeltiden</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssanshumanism" title="Renässanshumanism">Renässanshumanism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamisk</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">österländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Advaita" title="Advaita">Advaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">Neokonfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Allmänt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentism" title="Fundamentism">Fundamentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(filosofi_och_historia)" title="Historicism (filosofi och historia)">Historicism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kollektivism" title="Kollektivism">Kollektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Kontraktualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(filosofi)" title="Naturalism (filosofi)">Naturalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nykantianism" title="Nykantianism">Nykantianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyskolastik" title="Nyskolastik">Nyskolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism">Utilitarism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_marxism" title="Analytisk marxism">Analytisk marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Experimentell_filosofi" title="Experimentell filosofi">Experimentell filosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_kvietism" title="Filosofisk kvietism">Filosofisk kvietism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Internalism_och_externalism" title="Internalism och externalism">Internalism och externalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koherentism" title="Koherentism">Koherentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konsekventialism" title="Konsekventialism">Konsekventialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivism" title="Logisk positivism">Logisk positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metaetik" title="Metaetik">Metaetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Normativ_etik" title="Normativ etik">Normativ etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttspositivism" title="Rättspositivism">Rättspositivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_etik" title="Tillämpad etik">Tillämpad etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vardagsspr%C3%A5ksfilosofi" title="Vardagsspråksfilosofi">Vardagsspråksfilosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaplig_skepticism" title="Vetenskaplig skepticism">Vetenskaplig skepticism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rderealism" title="Värderealism">Värderealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wienkretsen" title="Wienkretsen">Wienkretsen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinental</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dekonstruktion" title="Dekonstruktion">Dekonstruktion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtskolan" title="Frankfurtskolan">Frankfurtskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik">Hermeneutik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymarxism" title="Nymarxism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism">Västerländsk</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialkonstruktivism" title="Socialkonstruktivism">Socialkonstruktivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Strukturalism" title="Strukturalism">Strukturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalism" title="Poststrukturalism">Post</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" 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