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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Yurok_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Yurok_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>New Yurok Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Yurok_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense_and_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense_and_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tense and aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense_and_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Basic syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yurok language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yurok" title="Idioma yurok – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma yurok" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Юрок (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юрок (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yourokeg" title="Yourokeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yourokeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yurok" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(Sprache)" title="Yurok (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yurok (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juroki_keel" title="Juroki keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juroki keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yurok" title="Idioma yurok – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma yurok" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="زبان یورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yurok" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yurok" title="Lingua yurok – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua yurok" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Yurok" title="Yaren Yurok – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Yurok" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitspekan" title="Weitspekan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Weitspekan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yurok" title="Bahasa Yurok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yurok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yurok" title="Lingua yurok – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua yurok" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Yurok" title="Lingua Yurok – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Yurok" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(taal)" title="Yurok (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yurok (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="ユロック語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユロック語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Yurok (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yurok (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yurok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_yurok" title="Lenga yurok – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga yurok" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_yurok" title="Język yurok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język yurok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_yurok" title="Língua yurok – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua yurok" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Юрок (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юрок (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitspekan" title="Weitspekan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Weitspekan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yurok" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok%C3%A7a" title="Yurokça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yurokça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34685#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Yurok</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">Pueleekla’</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Instructor_teaching_the_Yurok_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Instructor_teaching_the_Yurok_Language.jpg/200px-Instructor_teaching_the_Yurok_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Instructor_teaching_the_Yurok_Language.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="201" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Instructor teaching Yurok with the Yurok Language Program</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Northwestern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2013, with the death of <a href="/wiki/Archie_Thompson_(Yurok)" title="Archie Thompson (Yurok)">Archie Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-romney_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">350 with some knowledge, 35 fluent <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2 speakers</a> as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-romney_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Yurok</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unifon" title="Unifon">Unifon</a> (historically)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yur" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yur">yur</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yuro1248">yuro1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1041">Yurok</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redwood_Highway_(Yurok_welcome_sign),_Redwood_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg/220px-Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg/330px-Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg/440px-Redwood_Highway_%28Yurok_welcome_sign%29%2C_Redwood_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Welcome sign with Yurok greeting, "Aiy-yu-kwee'"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yurok</b> (also <b>Chillula</b>, <b>Mita</b>, <b>Pekwan</b>, <b>Rikwa</b>, <b>Sugon</b>, <b>Weitspek</b>, <b>Weitspekan</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the traditional language of the <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt County</a> on the far north coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, most of whom now speak <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. The last known native speaker, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Thompson_(Yurok)" title="Archie Thompson (Yurok)">Archie Thompson</a>, died in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-romney_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, Yurok language classes were taught to high school students, and other <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalization</a> efforts were expected to increase the population of speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard reference on the Yurok language grammar is by <a href="/wiki/R._H._Robins" title="R. H. Robins">R. H. Robins</a> (1958).<sup id="cite_ref-robins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerning the etymology of <i>Yurok</i> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Weitspekan</i>), this below is from Campbell (1997): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Yurok</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a> <span title="Karok-language text"><i lang="kyh">yúruk</i></span> meaning literally 'downriver'. The Yurok traditional name for themselves is <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">Puliklah</i></span> (Hinton 1994:157), from <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">pulik</i></span> 'downstream' + <i>-la</i> 'people of', thus equivalent in meaning to the Karuk name by which they came to be known in English (Victor Golla, personal communication).<cite>(Campbell 1997:401, notes #131 & 132)</cite></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decline of the language began during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>, due to the influx of new settlers and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">the diseases they brought with them</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American boarding schools">Native American boarding schools</a> initiated by the United States government with the intent of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">incorporating the native populations</a> of America into mainstream American society increased the rate of decline of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The program to revive Yurok has been lauded as the most successful language revitalization program in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leeromney_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeromney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, there are six schools in Northern California that teach Yurok - four high schools and two elementary schools. Rick Jordan, principal of Eureka High School, one of the schools with a Yurok Language Program, remarks on the impact that schools can have on the vitality of a language, "A hundred years ago, it was our organizations that were beating the language out of folks, and now we're trying to re-instill it – a little piece of something that is much larger than us".<sup id="cite_ref-Onishi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onishi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last known native, active speaker of Yurok, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Thompson_(Yurok)" title="Archie Thompson (Yurok)">Archie Thompson</a>, died March 26, 2013. "He was also the last of about 20 elders who helped revitalize the language over the last few decades, after academics in the 1990s predicted it would be extinct by 2010. He made recordings of the language that were archived by UC Berkeley linguists and the tribe, spent hours helping to teach Yurok in community and school classrooms, and welcomed apprentice speakers to probe his knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-romney_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguists at <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> began the Yurok Language Project in 2001. Professor Andrew Garrett and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Blevins" title="Juliette Blevins">Juliette Blevins</a> collaborated with tribal elders on a Yurok dictionary that has been hailed as a national model.<sup id="cite_ref-leeromney_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeromney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yurok Language Project has gone much more in depth than just a printed lexicon, however. The dictionary is available online and fully searchable. It is also possible to search an audio dictionary – a repository of audio clips of words and short phrases. For a more in-depth study, there is a database of compiled texts where words and phrases can be viewed as part of a larger context.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of February 2013, there are over 300 basic Yurok speakers, 60 with intermediate skills, 37 who are advanced, and 17 who are considered conversationally fluent.<sup id="cite_ref-leeromney_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeromney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, nine people are certified to teach Yurok in schools. Since Yurok, like many other Native American languages, uses a master-apprentice system to train up speakers in the language, having even nine certified teachers would not be possible without a piece of legislation passed in 2009 in the state of California that allows indigenous tribes the power to appoint their own language teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Onishi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onishi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowels are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">i iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">u uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ɔ ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">a aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonants are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀm</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀn</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀl</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀɻ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀj</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀw</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notable is the lack of plain <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. </p><p>Yurok has an anticipatory vowel harmony system where underlying non-high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> are realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span> if they precede an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yurok has front-, central-, and back-closing diphthongs. The second element of the diphthongs is considered a consonant or semivowel. This is because Yurok diphthongs are falling diphthongs and behave similarly to nasal and approximates following a vowel and preceding a pause or voiceless non-glottalized consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-robins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Yurok syllables begin with a consonant and contain at least one vowel. Here are some examples of the different kinds of syllable structure:<sup id="cite_ref-robins_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>CV</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ki</span></td> <td>will, can </td></tr> <tr> <td>CV:</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hoː</span></td> <td>to go </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kuʂ</span></td> <td>when? how? </td></tr> <tr> <td>CV:C</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kiːɬ</span></td> <td>redwood tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVCC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mekʷt͜ʃ</span></td> <td>snail </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVCCC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">taʔanojʔɬ</span></td> <td>it is hot (weather) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CV:CC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hoːkʷʼt͜ʃʼ</span></td> <td>he gambles </td></tr> <tr> <td>CV:CCC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">noːjt͜ʃʼkʷ</span></td> <td>he eats as a guest </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͜ʃpi</span></td> <td>only </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV:</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ploːlikin</span></td> <td>wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCVC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬkeɬ</span></td> <td>earth </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV:C</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͜ʃpaːk</span></td> <td>late </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCVCC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">plaʔʂ</span></td> <td>stick for measuring net meshes </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV:CC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬkoːʔm</span></td> <td>they take </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCVC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬkjoɻkʷekʼ</span></td> <td>I look </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCVCCC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͜ʃkʷaʔɻkʼ</span></td> <td>near </td></tr> <tr> <td>CV:VC</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂoːol</span></td> <td>yew </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV:V</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">knuːu</span></td> <td>hawk </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>V:V can only be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːo/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uːu/</span> and is signaled by a change in pitch between the vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif/220px-Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif/330px-Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif/440px-Unifon_alphabet_-_adaptation_to_Yurok_language.gif 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>The Unifon alphabet for Yurok</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020, Yurok is written in the New Yurok Alphabet, using Latin characters. Previously, Yurok was written in the Yurok <a href="/wiki/Unifon" title="Unifon">Unifon</a>; some books cited in the Yurok Language Project contain Yurok written in the Unifon script, though due to practicality in writing, typing, and reading, the Latin characters are now preferred. Currently, there is a spelling reform occurring to streamline the spelling of words; thus, some letters may differ between spellings. Currently, this is the alphabet as taught at various schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (April 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Yurok_Alphabet">New Yurok Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Yurok Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">lap-sew</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lapʂej/</span>)</li> <li>Aa aa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ː</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">aa-wok</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːwɔk/</span>)</li> <li>Aw aw <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">tee'-naw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tiːʔnaw/</span>)</li> <li>Ay/Aiy ay/aiy <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">aiy'-ye-kweee</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ajʔjekʷiː/</span>. Spelling is currently being reformed.)</li> <li>Ch ch <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">chee-mos</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃimɔʂ/</span>)</li> <li>Ch' ch' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ʼ</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ch'-ee-shah</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ‘iʃah/</span>)</li> <li>E e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ne-chek</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/net͡ʃek/</span>)</li> <li>Ee ee <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">chee-nos</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃinɔʂ/</span>)</li> <li>Eee eee <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ː</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">cheeek</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃiːk/</span>)</li> <li>Er er <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">er-plers</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚplɚʂ/</span>)</li> <li>Err err <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚ<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ː</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">errhl-ker</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚːɬkɚ/</span>)</li> <li>Ery ery <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚj/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">cher'-ery</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃɚʔɚj/</span>)</li> <li>Erw erw <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɚw/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">mer-terw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɚtɚw/</span>)</li> <li>Ew ew <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ew/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">pop-sew</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔpʂew/</span>)</li> <li>Ey ey <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ej/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ey-lekw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ejlekʷ/</span>)</li> <li>Eyr eyr <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ejɻ/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">neyr-es</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nejɻeʂ/</span>)</li> <li>G g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">pey-gerk</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pejɣɚk/</span>)</li> <li>H h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">herhl-ker</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hɚɬkɚ/</span>)</li> <li>Hl hl <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">hlkehl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬkeɬ/</span>)</li> <li>K k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ne'-kue-chos</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/neʔkut͡ʃɔʂ/</span>)</li> <li>K' k' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ʼ</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">k'-ooy</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k’ɔːj/</span>)</li> <li>Kw kw <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span>~kʷ<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">’</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">kwerhl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷɚɬ/</span>)</li> <li>L l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>l/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">lo-chom'</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɔt͡ʃɔmʔ/</span>)</li> <li>M m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>m/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">mey-wo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mejwɔ/</span>)</li> <li>N n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>n/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">neyp-sech</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nejpʂet͡ʃ/</span>)</li> <li>O o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ohl-kuem</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɬkum/</span>)</li> <li>Oo oo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ː</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">oohl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːɬ/</span>)</li> <li>Ow <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔw/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">kow-wey</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔwwej/</span>)</li> <li>Owr <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔwɻ/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">mey-wee-mowr</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mejwimɔwɻ/</span>)</li> <li>Oy oy <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔj/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">koy-poh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔjpɔh/</span>)</li> <li>P p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ple-tew</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pletew/</span>)</li> <li>P' p' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ʼ</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">plop'</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plɔp’/</span>)</li> <li>R r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>ɻ/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">rek'-woy</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻekʷ’ɔj/</span>)</li> <li>S s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">sa-'ahl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂaʔaɬ/</span>)</li> <li>Sh sh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">pre-go-neesh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɻeɣɔniʃ/</span>)</li> <li>T t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">te-seer</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tesɚ/</span>)</li> <li>T' t' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ʼ</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">t'ot-'ohl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t’ɔt’oɬ/</span>)</li> <li>Ue ue <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">wo-nue</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɔnu/</span>)</li> <li>Uue uue <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ː</a></span>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">chuue'</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃuː/</span>)</li> <li>Uy uy <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uj/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ne-puy</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nepuj/</span>)</li> <li>W w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>w/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">wo-news-le-pah</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɔnewʂlepah/</span>)</li> <li>X x <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">'wa-'a-lox</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔwaʔalɔx/</span>)</li> <li>Y y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀ</a></span>j/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ye-gom</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jeɣɔm/</span>)</li> <li>' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> (as in <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">chpok-sek'</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃpɔkʂekʔ/</span>)</li></ul> <p>Some books have been written partially in Yurok. One such example is the graphic novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldiers_Unknown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldiers Unknown (page does not exist)">Soldiers Unknown</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chag_Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chag Lowry (page does not exist)">Chag Lowry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yurok text in <i>Soldiers Unknown</i> was translated by Yurok language teacher James Gensaw, and the graphic novel was illustrated by Rahsan Ekedal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yurok morphological processes include prefixation, infixation, inflection, vowel harmony, ablaut, consonantal alternation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and reduplication.<sup id="cite_ref-robins_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prefixation and infixation occur in nominals and verbals, and occasionally in other classes, although infixation occurs most frequently in verbals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a> occurs for prefixes, infixes, and inflections, depending on the vocalic and consonantal structure of the word stem. Internal vocalic alternation involves three alternating pairs: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/~/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/~/iʔi/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/~/u/</span>. </p><p>Reduplication occurs mostly on verb stems but occasionally for nouns and can connote repetition, plurality, etc. Reduplication occurs on the first syllable, and sometimes a part of the second syllable: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Stem</th> <th colspan="2">Reduplicated form </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kelomen</span></td> <td>to turn (trans.)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kekelomen</span></td> <td>to turn several things </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ketʼul</span></td> <td>there is a lake</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ketʼketʼul</span></td> <td>there is a series of lakes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kneweʔlon</span></td> <td>to be long</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kokoneweʔlon</span></td> <td>to be long (of things) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬkɻʔmɻkɬkin</span></td> <td>to tie a knot.</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬkɻʔmɬkɻʔmɻkɻɬkin</span></td> <td>to tie up in knots </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂjaːɬk</span></td> <td>to kick</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂjaʔʂjaːɬk</span></td> <td>to kick repeatedly </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tekʷʂ</span></td> <td>to cut</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tekʷtekʷʂ</span></td> <td>to cut up </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tikʷohʂ</span></td> <td>to break (trans.)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tikʷtikʷohʂ</span></td> <td>to break in pieces </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Nouns </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mɻkʷɻɬ</span></td> <td>peak</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mɻkʷɻmɻkʷɻɬ</span></td> <td>series of peaks </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂlekʷoh</span></td> <td>shirt</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂlekʷʂlekʷ</span></td> <td>clothes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerals and adjectives can be classified according to the noun grammatically associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numerals </th> <th>Common root frame: /n - hks-/ </th></tr> <tr> <td>Human beings </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahkseyl/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Animals and birds </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nrhksrʔrʔy/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Round things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nrhksrʔrʔy/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tools </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksoh/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plants other than trees </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksek'woʔn/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trees and sticks </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahkseʔr/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Body parts and clothes </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahkseʔn/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Long things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksek'/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flat things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksok's/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Houses </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahkseʔli/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boats </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksey/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Days </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksemoyt/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm's lengths (depth measurements) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksemrys/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finger joint lengths (length measurement of dentalium shells) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksepir/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Times </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nahksemi/</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Adjectives </th> <th>(to be) red </th> <th>(to be) big </th></tr> <tr> <td>Human beings </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prkaryrʔry(-)/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Animals and birds </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prkryrʔry(-)/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plrʔry-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Round things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prkryrh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ploh/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plohkeloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tools </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plants other than trees </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ploh/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plohkeloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trees and sticks </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyeʔr/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peloy-/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plep-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Body parts and clothes </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plep-/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plohkeloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Long things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plep-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flat things </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoks-/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ploks-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Houses </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pleʔloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boats </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyoh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pleyteloy-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yur-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pekoyop-/</span> </td> <td>--- </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tense_and_aspect">Tense and aspect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tense and aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in many indigenous languages of the Americas, Yurok verbs do not code <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a> through inflection. The time when an action takes place is inferred through both linguistic and nonlinguistic context. </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> is prevalent in Yurok verbs, being indicated by preverbal particles. These occur either directly or indirectly before a verb. These can combine with verbs and other particles to indicate time and many other aspects. </p><p>Some preverbal particles include: <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">ho</i></span> (completed action in the past); <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">kic</i></span> (past but with ongoing effects); <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">wo</i></span> (past after a negative, or in "unreal conditions"); <span title="Yurok-language text"><i lang="yur">?ap</i></span> (past with the implication of starting some action).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_syntax">Basic syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basic syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of sentence structure consists of a Nominal + Verbal. Indeed, most other, seemingly more complex sentence structures can be viewed as expanding on this fundamental type.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">helomey</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be dancing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">nek helomey -ek</p><p style="display: none;">I {be dancing} -1sg</p><p style="clear: left;">"I am dancing."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pu:k</p><p style="margin: 0px;">deer</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">roʔop'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">run</p></div><p style="display: none;">pu:k roʔop'</p><p style="display: none;">deer run</p><p style="clear: left;">"The deer is running."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Sentences can also be equational, consisting of two nominals or nominal groups: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wok</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">let</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sister</p></div><p style="display: none;">wok ne- let</p><p style="display: none;">3SG.PRO SG.POSS- sister</p><p style="clear: left;">"That is my sister."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">woʔot</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tmi:gomin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hunter</p></div><p style="display: none;">woʔot ku tmi:gomin</p><p style="display: none;">3SG.PRO ART hunter</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is the hunter."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Sentences can also be composed of one or more verbals without nominals as explicit arguments. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tmo:l</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to shoot</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ok'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inflection" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INFL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">tmo:l -ok'</p><p style="display: none;">{to shoot} -1SG.INFL</p><p style="clear: left;">"I am shooting."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoʔop'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">build a fire</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-es</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inflection" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INFL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">hoʔop' -es</p><p style="display: none;">{build a fire} -2SG.IMP.INFL</p><p style="clear: left;">"Build a fire!"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The same is true for nominals and nominal groups, which can stand alone as complete sentences, following a similar pattern to the equational sentences already mentioned. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwesi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="adverb(ial)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">twegoh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">raccoon</p></div><p style="display: none;">kwesi twegoh</p><p style="display: none;">ADV raccoon</p><p style="clear: left;">"And it was the raccoon."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Complex sentences are formed along similar principles to these, but with expanded verbals or nominals, or verbals and/or nominals connected by coordinators. </p><p>Word order is sometimes used to distinguish between the categories of subject and object. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pegək</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noʔp'eʔn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to chase</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mewiɬ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">elk</p></div><p style="display: none;">ku pegək noʔp'eʔn mewiɬ</p><p style="display: none;">the man {to chase} elk</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man chased the elk."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, if the morphological inflections are sufficiently unambiguous, it is not necessary to maintain a strict word order. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nekac</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">new</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ohpeʔn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inflection" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INFL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wencokws</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><p style="display: none;">nekac new -ohpeʔn ku wencokws</p><p style="display: none;">1SG.OBJ {to see} -3SG.INFL ART woman</p><p style="clear: left;">"The woman saw me."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the sentences composed of a subject and a verb, the two are often interchangeable. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">helom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to dance</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-eʔy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inflection" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INFL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pegək</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><p style="display: none;">helom -eʔy ku pegək</p><p style="display: none;">{to dance} -3SG.INFL ART man</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man dances."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pegək</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">helom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to dance</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yur" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-eʔy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inflection" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INFL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ku pegək helom -eʔy</p><p style="display: none;">ART man {to dance} -3SG.INFL</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man dances."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-romney-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romney_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romney_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romney_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romney_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomney,_Lee2013" class="citation news cs1">Romney, Lee (April 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-archie-thompson-20130407,0,1929379.story">"Archie Thompson dies at 93: Yurok elder kept tribal tongue alive"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408191940/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-archie-thompson-20130407,0,1929379.story">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 15. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yurok+Language%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Lexicon&rft.series=University+of+California+Publications+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_yur_book-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYurok+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1913" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir, Edward</a> (1913). "Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin languages of California". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 617–646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1913.15.4.02a00040">10.1525/aa.1913.15.4.02a00040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/659722">659722</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Wiyot+and+Yurok%2C+Algonkin+languages+of+California&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=617-646&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1913.15.4.02a00040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F659722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYurok+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1915a" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, Edward (1915a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1915.17.1.02a00270">"Algonkin languages of California: A reply"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 188–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1915.17.1.02a00270">10.1525/aa.1915.17.1.02a00270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/660169">660169</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Algonkin+languages+of+California%3A+A+reply&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=188-198&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1915.17.1.02a00270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F660169%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1915.17.1.02a00270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYurok+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1915b" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, Edward (1915b). "Epilogue". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>17</b>: 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Epilogue&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=198&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYurok+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yuroktribe.org/departments/education/Yurok_Tribe_Language_Program/language.htm">Yurok Tribe Language Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/">Yurok Language Project</a> at the University of California, Berkeley, with sound files and a searchable dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/yurok.php">Yurok language</a> overview at the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/yur">OLAC resources in and about the Yurok language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cla.berkeley.edu/language/3?tab=items&drestriction=none">Yurok language resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527030713/http://cla.berkeley.edu/language/3?tab=items&drestriction=none">Archived</a> May 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the California Language Archive</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_yur_swadesh-1">"Yurok Swadesh List"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yurok+Swadesh+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_yur_swadesh-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYurok+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtBz5NPzaDtAo94CyrHZA_Q">"Yurok Language Program"</a> Youtube channel, run by a fluent teacher</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin" title="Massachusett Pidgin">Massachusett Pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin_English" title="Massachusett Pidgin English">Massachusett Pidgin English</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delawaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohican_language" title="Mohican language">Mahican</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nanticockan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet–Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berens_River_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Berens River Ojibwe dialect">Berens River Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Lakes_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Border Lakes Ojibwe dialect">Border Lakes Ojibwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Broken Oghibbeway">Broken Oghibbeway</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ojibwa_language" title="Central Ojibwa language">Central Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Nipissing Ojibwe dialect">Nipissing Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Superior_Ojibwe_dialect" title="North of Superior Ojibwe dialect">North of Superior Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ojibwa" title="Northwestern Ojibwa">Northwestern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic_language" title="Proto-Algic language">Proto-Algic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> language •  <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_California" title="Template talk:Languages of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi language">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34685#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17918835p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17918835p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534269805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&oldid=1259715180">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yurok_language&oldid=1259715180</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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