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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_significance_of_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_significance_of_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Legal significance of authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_significance_of_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_views_of_the_nature_of_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_views_of_the_nature_of_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophical views of the nature of authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_views_of_the_nature_of_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_publisher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_publisher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with publisher</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_publisher-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with publisher subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_publisher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Self-publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Traditional publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanity_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanity_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Vanity publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanity_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Author</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outeur_(skrywer)" title="Outeur (skrywer) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Outeur (skrywer)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2" title="ደራሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደራሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81" title="مؤلف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤلف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99llif" title="Müəllif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müəllif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аўтар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аўтар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdur" title="Awdur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awdur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfatter" title="Forfatter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forfatter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtoro" title="Aŭtoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autore" title="Autore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81_(%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="مؤلف (پدیدآور) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤلف (پدیدآور)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rith%C3%B8vundur" title="Rithøvundur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rithøvundur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Auteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughtar" title="Ughtar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ughtar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%95" title="સર્જક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સર્જક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EA%B0%80" title="작가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հեղինակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեղինակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साहित्यकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्यकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoro" title="Autoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarang" title="Pengarang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autore" title="Autore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8" title="מחבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%95" title="ಲೇಖಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೇಖಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ავტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autors" title="Autors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%A4%C3%B6r" title="Autäör – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Autäör" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerz%C5%91" title="Szerző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81" title="مؤلف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مؤلف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD" title="ကဝိ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကဝိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87" title="Зохиолч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зохиолч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साहित्यकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साहित्यकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="作家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfatter" title="Forfatter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forfatter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfattar" title="Forfattar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forfattar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muallif" title="Muallif – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muallif" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%95" title="ਲੇਖਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੇਖਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwaqi" title="Ruwaqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruwaqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" title="Author – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Author" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autori" title="Autori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" title="Author – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Author" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99" title="ڪتاب لکندڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتاب لکندڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtor" title="Avtor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Аутор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekij%C3%A4_(tekij%C3%A4noikeus)" title="Tekijä (tekijänoikeus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekijä (tekijänoikeus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Författare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="ஆசிரியர் (படைப்பு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசிரியர் (படைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Муаллиф – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муаллиф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D9%81" title="مۇئەللىف – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇئەللىف" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor" title="Autor – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Autor" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c_gi%E1%BA%A3" title="Tác giả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tác giả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oteur" title="Oteur – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oteur" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schryver" title="Schryver – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schryver" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="作者" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%B9k%E1%BB%8D%CC%80w%C3%A9" title="Olùkọ̀wé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Olùkọ̀wé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="作者" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="作者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Author" title="Special:EditPage/Author">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Author" title="Talk:Author">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Author" title="Special:EditPage/Author">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Author%22">"Author"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Author%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Author%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Author%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Author%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Author%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In legal discourse, an <b>author</b> is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium.<sup id="cite_ref-LII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of such a work is an act of <b>authorship</b>. Thus, a <a href="/wiki/Sculptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptor">sculptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Painter">painter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, is an author of their respective sculptures, paintings, or compositions, even though in common parlance, an author is often thought of as the <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Written_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Written work">written work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>, the employer or commissioning party is considered the author of the work, even if they did not write or otherwise create the work, but merely instructed another individual to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-LII_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, the first owner of a <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> is the person who created the work, i.e. the author. If more than one person created the work, then a case of <a href="/wiki/Joint_authorship" title="Joint authorship">joint authorship</a> takes place. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">Copyright laws</a> differ around the world. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>, for example, defines copyright as "a form of protection provided by the laws of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (title 17, U.S. Code) to authors of 'original works of authorship.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some works are considered to be authorless. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">monkey selfie copyright dispute</a> in the 2010s involved photographs taken by <a href="/wiki/Celebes_crested_macaque" title="Celebes crested macaque">Celebes crested macaques</a> using equipment belonging to a nature photographer. The <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographer</a> asserted authorship of the photographs, which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> denied, stating: "To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being".<sup id="cite_ref-Compendium313.2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compendium313.2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, questions have arisen as to whether images or text created by a <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">generative artificial intelligence</a> have an author. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_significance_of_authorship">Legal significance of authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal significance of authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holding the title of "author" over any "literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, [or] certain other intellectual works" gives rights to this person, the owner of the copyright, especially the exclusive right to engage in or authorize any production or distribution of their work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any person or entity wishing to use intellectual property held under copyright must receive permission from the copyright holder to use this work, and often will be asked to pay for the use of copyrighted material.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The copyrights on intellectual work expire after a certain time. It enters the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, where it can be used without limit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyright laws in many jurisdictions – mostly following the lead of the United States, in which the entertainment and publishing industries have very strong <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> power – have been amended repeatedly since their inception, to extend the length of this fixed period where the work is exclusively controlled by the copyright holder. Technically, someone owns their work from the time it's created. A notable aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another, upon one's death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, but has access to the same legal benefits. </p><p>Intellectual property laws are complex. Works of fiction involve <a href="/wiki/Trademark_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademark law">trademark law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Likeness_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Likeness rights">likeness rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> rights held by the public (including the right to <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satirize" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirize">satirize</a>), and many other interacting complications.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors may portion out the different rights that they hold to different parties at different times, and for different purposes or uses, such as the right to adapt a plot into a film, television series, or video game. If another party chooses to adapt the work, they may have to alter plot elements or character names in order to avoid infringing previous adaptations. An author may also not have rights when working under contract that they would otherwise have, such as when creating a <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a> (e.g., hired to write a city tour guide by a municipal government that totally owns the copyright to the finished work), or when writing material using intellectual property owned by others (such as when writing a novel or screenplay that is a new installment in an already established media franchise). </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8, Clause 8</a>) provides the Congress with the power of "securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries".<sup id="cite_ref-crs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language regarding authors was derived from proposals by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a>, "to secure to authors exclusive rights for a limited time", and by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, "to secure to literary authors their copyrights for a limited time", or, in the alternative, "to encourage, by proper premiums & Provisions, the advancement of useful knowledge and discoveries".<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Patry_1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Patry_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both proposals were referred to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a>, which reported back a proposal containing the final language, which was incorporated into the Constitution by unanimous agreement of the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Patry_1994_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Patry_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views_of_the_nature_of_authorship">Philosophical views of the nature of authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical views of the nature of authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: information about any theories of authorship other than postmodern ones. What do other philosophers think of authorship?. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig,_1915_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg/149px-James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg/225px-James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg/299px-James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig%2C_1915_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> was a prominent Irish novelist, poet and literary critic during the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In literary theory, critics find complications in the term <i>author</i> beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting. In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern literature</a>, critics such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a literary text. </p><p>Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author. He writes, in his essay "Death of the Author" (1968), that "it is language which speaks, not the author."<sup id="cite_ref-barthes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, and not someone possessing legal responsibility for the process of its production. Every line of written text is a mere reflection of references from any of a multitude of traditions, or, as Barthes puts it, "the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centers of culture"; it is never original.<sup id="cite_ref-barthes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The explanation and meaning of a work does not have to be sought in the one who produced it, "as if it were always in the end, through the more or less transparent allegory of the fiction, the voice of a single person, the author 'confiding' in us."<sup id="cite_ref-barthes_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a written work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak, rather than author. </p><p>Michel Foucault argues in his essay "What is an author?" (1969) that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that "a private letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author."<sup id="cite_ref-Foucault_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foucault-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of "the author function."<sup id="cite_ref-Foucault_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foucault-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault's author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a written work, a part of its structure, but not necessarily part of the interpretive process. The author's name "indicates the status of the discourse within a society and culture," and at one time was used as an anchor for interpreting a text, a practice which Barthes would argue is not a particularly relevant or valid endeavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Foucault_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foucault-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expanding upon Foucault's position, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nehamas" title="Alexander Nehamas">Alexander Nehamas</a> writes that Foucault suggests "an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it," not necessarily who penned the text.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this distinction between producing a written work and producing the interpretation or meaning in a written work that both Barthes and Foucault are interested in. Foucault warns of the risks of keeping the author's name in mind during interpretation, because it could affect the value and meaning with which one handles an interpretation. </p><p>Literary critics Barthes and Foucault suggest that readers should not rely on or look for the notion of one overarching voice when interpreting a written work, because of the complications inherent with a writer's title of "author." They warn of the dangers interpretations could suffer from when associating the subject of inherently meaningful words and language with the personality of one authorial voice. Instead, readers should allow a text to be interpreted in terms of the language as "author." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_publisher">Relationship with publisher</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with publisher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Self-publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></div> <p>Self-publishing is a model where the author takes full responsibility and control of arranging financing, editing, printing, and distribution of their own work. In other words, the author also acts as the publisher of their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_publishing">Traditional publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With commissioned publishing, the publisher makes all the publication arrangements and the author covers all expenses. </p><p>The author of a work may receive a percentage calculated on a wholesale or a specific price or a fixed amount on each book sold. Publishers, at times, reduced the risk of this type of arrangement, by agreeing only to pay this after a certain number of copies had sold. In Canada, this practice occurred during the 1890s, but was not commonplace until the 1920s. Established and successful authors may receive advance payments, set against future royalties, but this is no longer common practice. Most independent publishers pay royalties as a percentage of net receipts – how net receipts are calculated varies from publisher to publisher. Under this arrangement, the author does not pay anything towards the expense of publication. The costs and <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risk</a> are all carried by the publisher, who will then take the greatest percentage of the receipts. See Compensation for more.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanity_publishing">Vanity publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vanity publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">Vanity press</a></div> <p>Vanity publishers normally charge a flat fee for arranging publication, offer a platform for selling, and then take a percentage of the sale of every copy of a book.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_VANITY_PRESS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_VANITY_PRESS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author receives the rest of the money made.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_VANITY_PRESS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_VANITY_PRESS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most materials published this way are for niche groups and not for large audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanity publishing, or subsidy publishing,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is stigmatized in the professional world. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Henderson_(publisher)" title="Bill Henderson (publisher)">Bill Henderson</a> defined vanity publishers as people who would "publish anything for which an author will pay, usually at a loss for the author and a nice profit for the publisher."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsidy publishing, the book sales are not the publishers' main source of income, but instead the fees that the authors are charged to initially produce the book are. Because of this, the vanity publishers need not invest in making books marketable as much as other publishers need to.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to low quality books being introduced to the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_editor">Relationship with editor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between the author and the <a href="/wiki/Book_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Book editor">editor</a>, often the author's only liaison to the publishing company, is typically characterized as the site of tension. For the author to reach their audience, often through publication, the work usually must attract the attention of the editor. The idea of the author as the sole meaning-maker of necessity changes to include the influences of the editor and the publisher to engage the audience in writing as a social act. </p><p>There are three principal kinds of editing: </p> <ul><li>Proofing (checking the grammar and spelling, looking for typographical errors),</li> <li>Story (potentially an area of deep angst for both author and publisher), and</li> <li>Layout (the <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> needed to ready a work for publishing often requires minor text changes, so a layout editor is employed to ensure that these do not alter the sense of the text).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>'s essay "The Field of Cultural Production" depicts the publishing industry as a "space of literary or artistic position-takings," also called the "field of struggles," which is defined by the tension and movement inherent among the various positions in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourdieu claims that the "field of position-takings [...] is not the product of coherence-seeking intention or objective consensus," meaning that an industry characterized by position-takings is not one of harmony and neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular for the writer, their authorship in their work makes their work part of their identity, and there is much at stake personally over the negotiation of authority over that identity. However, it is the editor who has "the power to impose the dominant definition of the writer and therefore to delimit the population of those entitled to take part in the struggle to define the writer".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As "cultural investors," publishers rely on the editor position to identify a good investment in "cultural capital" which may grow to yield economic capital across all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the studies of James Curran, the system of shared values among editors in Britain has generated a pressure among authors to write to fit the editors' expectations, removing the focus from the reader-audience and putting a strain on the relationship between authors and editors and on writing as a social act. Even the book review by the editors has more significance than the readership's reception.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compensation">Compensation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authors rely on advance fees, royalty payments, adaptation of work to a screenplay, and fees collected from giving speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-byliner_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byliner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A standard contract for an author will usually include provision for payment in the form of an advance and royalties. </p> <ul><li>Advance: a lump sum paid before publication. An advance must be earned out before royalties are payable. It may be paid in two lump sums: the first payment on contract signing, and the second on delivery of the completed manuscript or on publication.</li></ul> <ul><li>Royalty payment: the sum paid to authors for each copy of a book sold and is traditionally around 10–12%, but self-published authors can earn about 40% – 60% royalties per each book sale.<sup id="cite_ref-byliner_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byliner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An author's contract may specify, for example, that they will earn 10% of the retail price of each book sold. Some contracts specify a scale of royalties payable (for example, where royalties start at 10% for the first 10,000 sales, but then increase to a higher percentage rate at higher sale thresholds).</li></ul> <p>Usually, an author's book must earn the advance before any further royalties are paid. For example, if an author is paid a modest advance of $2000, and their royalty rate is 10% of a book priced at $20 – that is, $2 per book – the book will need to sell 1000 copies before any further payment will be made. Publishers typically withhold payment of a percentage of royalties earned against returns. </p><p>In some countries, authors also earn income from a government scheme such as the ELR (educational lending right) and PLR (public lending right) schemes in Australia. Under these schemes, authors are paid a fee for the number of copies of their books in educational and/or public libraries. </p><p>These days, many authors supplement their income from book sales with public speaking engagements, school visits, residencies, grants, and teaching positions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters</a>, technical writers, and textbooks writers are typically paid in a different way: usually a set fee or a per word rate rather than on a percentage of sales. </p><p>In the year 2016, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 130,000 people worked in the country as authors, making an average of $61,240 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-byliner_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byliner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_author" title="Lead author">Lead author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship" title="Academic authorship">Academic authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_editing" title="Author editing">Authors' editor</a></li> <li>Writing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_writing" title="Distributive writing">Distributive writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_writing" title="Professional writing">Professional writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition (language)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li>Poet</li> <li>Novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_surrogate" title="Author surrogate">Author surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Lists of writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of poets">Lists of poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novelists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of novelists">List of novelists</a></li> <li>Lesser-known authors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Author&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LII_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LII_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book-publishing_process" title="Template talk:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_publishing_process" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Book publishing process</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">Copy</a> preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Submission</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Publisher%27s_reader" title="Publisher's reader">Publisher's reader</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contract negotiation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> rates, format, etc.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">Literary editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_editor" title="Commissioning editor">Commissioning editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Developmental_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental editor">Developmental editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors' editor">Authors' editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Book editor">Book editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prepress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003982-1">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autorin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4258697-5">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053309-8">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Authors"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009793">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936327s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936327s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526944">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050246&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295742005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638820">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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