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href="#Logarithm_paper,_radial_planimeter,_and_marine_propeller_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Logarithm paper, radial planimeter, and marine propeller research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logarithm_paper,_radial_planimeter,_and_marine_propeller_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanford_(1904–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanford_(1904–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stanford (1904–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanford_(1904–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_NACA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_NACA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The NACA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_NACA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_from_Stanford,_ASME,_Bureau_of_Standards,_U.S._Naval_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_from_Stanford,_ASME,_Bureau_of_Standards,_U.S._Naval_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Retirement from Stanford, ASME, Bureau of Standards, U.S. Naval Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_from_Stanford,_ASME,_Bureau_of_Standards,_U.S._Naval_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morrow_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morrow_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Morrow Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morrow_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guggenheim_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guggenheim_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Guggenheim Fund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guggenheim_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propeller_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propeller_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Propeller research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propeller_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorado_River,_Special_Committee_on_Airships," class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado_River,_Special_Committee_on_Airships,"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Colorado River, Special Committee on Airships,</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado_River,_Special_Committee_on_Airships,-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Ship stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William F. Durand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ویلیام فورد دوراند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام فورد دوراند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" title="William Frederick Durand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Frederick Durand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ویلیام اف دوراند 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American naval officer and mechanical engineer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"William Durand" redirects here. For the medieval canon lawyer, see <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand" title="Guillaume Durand">Guillaume Durand</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Frederick Durand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Durand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/220px-William_Durand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/330px-William_Durand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_Durand.jpg/440px-William_Durand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-03-05</span>)</span>March 5, 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Beacon Falls">Beacon Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 9, 1958<span style="display:none">(1958-08-09)</span> (aged 99)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">pioneering research in aeronautics and propellers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Guggenheim_Medal" title="Daniel Guggenheim Medal">Daniel Guggenheim Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASME_Medal" title="ASME Medal">ASME Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Merit" title="Medal for Merit">Medal for Merit</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Bureau of Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcat.lafayette.edu/record=b1323358">Graphical representation of optical laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1888)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1876–1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Assistant Engineer</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the NACA</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1916–1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Scriven" title="George P. Scriven">George P. Scriven</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Freeman">John R. Freeman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Frederick Durand</b> (March 5, 1859 – August 9, 1958) was a United States naval officer and pioneer <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineer">mechanical engineer</a>. He contributed significantly to the development of aircraft propellers. He was the first civilian chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a>, the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A native of Connecticut, he was a member of the first graduating class of Birmingham High School in <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut" title="Derby, Connecticut">Derby, Connecticut</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Derby_High_School_(Connecticut)" title="Derby High School (Connecticut)">Derby High School</a>) in 1877. He graduated second in his class at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> at Annapolis and received his Ph.D. from <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a>. He went on to teach at the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan State College">Michigan State College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, teaching that school's first course in aeronautics, the second offered by any school in the country (the first was offered by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>). He helped rebuild Stanford after the 1906 earthquake, and the department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering building bears his name. A memorial there reads: "His first professional assignment in 1880 was on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(1865)" title="USS Tennessee (1865)">USS <i>Tennessee</i></a>, a full rigged wooden ship with auxiliary steam power. His last, 1942–46 was as chairman of the National Aeronautical Commission for the development of jet propulsion for aircraft." He died in 1958 at the age of 99. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Frederick Durand was born on March 5, 1859, in <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Falls,_Connecticut" title="Beacon Falls, Connecticut">Beacon Falls, Connecticut</a>. He was the fourth and youngest child and second son to William Leavenworth Durand and Ruth née Coe. When Durand was one year old his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut" title="Derby, Connecticut">Derby, Connecticut</a>. During high school Durand showed an aptitude towards mathematics, and took extra curricular studies from the principal in analytic geometry and worked as a surveyor's assistant. Durand's brother strongly recommended that he take engineering at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>. The Academy's entrance exams at the time tested for familiarization with machine tools, so Durand dropped attendance in the spring semester of high school in 1876 to work in the tool room of a factory in <a href="/wiki/Ansonia,_Connecticut" title="Ansonia, Connecticut">Ansonia, Connecticut</a>. Durand was one of five to graduate from the first high school graduating class.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further prepare for the Navy Academy entrance exams, Durand attended a summer course at the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Agricultural College">Maryland Agricultural College</a> taught by a retired <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> naval veteran. Travelling to Maryland for the classes, Durand stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss steam engine</a> made a lifelong impression.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876 Durand was one of 80 applicants testing for 25 openings at the academy. His first examination was in elementary mechanics, presided over by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="A. A. Michelson">A. A. Michelson</a>. Durand placed tenth in the exams and was admitted into the academy. During summers Durand cruised on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Mayflower_(1866)" title="USS Mayflower (1866)">USS <i>Mayflower</i></a>. </p><p>At the time graduates of the U. S. Naval Academy did not receive commission upon graduation but were required to serve two years of sea duty before being eligible. Durand graduated in 1880 from the academy with the rank of cadet engineer and was assigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(1865)" title="USS Tennessee (1865)">USS <i>Tennessee</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Squadron" title="North Atlantic Squadron">North Atlantic Squadron</a>. Also assigned to <i>Tennessee</i> was Durand's classmate <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a> <a href="/wiki/W._S._Sims" class="mw-redirect" title="W. S. Sims">W. S. Sims</a>. After two years at sea Durand was given a week-long oral exam by the Naval Examining Board. Durand passed the exam and was commissioned as Assistant Engineer. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Tennessee_(1865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg/200px-USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg/300px-USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg/400px-USS_Tennessee_%281865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption><i>Tennessee</i> at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> in 1875.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durand continued to serve on <i>Tennessee</i> until June 1883, when he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Steam_Engineering" title="Bureau of Steam Engineering">Bureau of Steam Engineering</a>. There Durand was assigned to work on the design of the engines for <a href="/wiki/USS_Chicago_(1885)" title="USS Chicago (1885)">USS <i>Chicago</i></a>. While there an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> titled "<a href="/wiki/To_Promote_a_Knowledge_of_Steam_Engineering_and_Iron_Shipbuilding_Act" title="To Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act">To Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act</a>" provided officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as instructors to scientific and technical institutions in the United States. Durand requested a tour of duty at <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton, Pennsylvania</a>. While there Durand married Charlotte Kneen on October 23, 1883, and had a son on June 14, 1885. Durand earned a Ph.D. in engineering from Lafayette while there.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In autumn 1885 Durand was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Iron_Works" title="Morgan Iron Works">Morgan Iron Works</a> as an inspector on the engines for <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS <i>Boston</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1884)" title="USS Atlanta (1884)">USS <i>Atlanta</i></a>. In November 1885 Durand received a telegram ordering him to the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> to participate in sea trials of <a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(PG-24)" title="USS Dolphin (PG-24)">USS <i>Dolphin</i></a>. The recently completed <i>Dolphin</i> had received an adverse report from the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey" title="Board of Inspection and Survey">Board of Inspection and Survey</a>. Among the findings was a claim of structural weakness. Captain R. W. Meade suggested to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/William_C._Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Whitney">William C. Whitney</a> that he take <i>Dolphin</i> to sea in search of a storm. <i>Dolphin</i> was outfitted at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, and in late November the ship sailed for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>, where a storm of strong wind and heavy seas was known to be. The test plan consisted of: two hours of steaming under full power directly into the storm, two hours steaming with the wind 45 degrees off the bow, two hours with the wind amidships, two hours off the quarter, and two hours with the storm astern. <i>Dolphin</i> passed the storm test and sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Navy Yard">Norfolk Navy Yard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand requested and received duty as a naval engineering instructor at <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, arriving in March 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> (1918)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1921)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LL.D. (Honorary) <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> (1924)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LL.D. (Honorary) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> (1934)<sup id="cite_ref-ASME_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Guggenheim_Medal" title="Daniel Guggenheim Medal">Daniel Guggenheim Medal</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1938)</li> <li>D.Eng. (Honorary) <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a> (1938)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-Carty_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASME_Medal" title="ASME Medal">American Society of Mechanical Engineering Medal</a> (1945)</li> <li>Presidential <a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Merit" title="Medal for Merit">Medal for Merit</a> (1946)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Memorial_Trophy" title="Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy">Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy</a> (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Durand Building at Stanford University</li> <li>Durand Road near <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-streetnames_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-streetnames-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michigan_State_and_Cornell">Michigan State and Cornell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Michigan State and Cornell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in Worcester Durand was approached by a member of the board of trustees of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan State College">Michigan State College</a>. Michigan State was looking for someone to create and head a mechanical engineering program. Durand accepted the position and resigned his commission with the US Navy effective 15 September 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-NHC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand worked at Michigan State in <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, for four years, creating the Department of Mechanical Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late Spring 1891 Durand accepted the chair of mechanical engineering at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>. Later in the summer Durand learned that <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Thurston" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Thurston">Robert H. Thurston</a>, Director of <a href="/wiki/Sibley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibley College">Sibley College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, was looking for someone to lead a planned post-graduate school of the College in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. Thurston agreed to hire Durand, and the administrators at Purdue agreed to let him go if he could find a suitable replacement for Purdue. Professor John Joseph Flather of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> accepted the position at Purdue, and Durand went to Cornell. Shortly after arriving Durand became the secretary of the Sibley faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892 Durand was elected a member of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a>, an engineering honors fraternity that started at Cornell in 1886. Durand would later become National President of the Society in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logarithm_paper,_radial_planimeter,_and_marine_propeller_research"><span id="Logarithm_paper.2C_radial_planimeter.2C_and_marine_propeller_research"></span>Logarithm paper, radial planimeter, and marine propeller research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Logarithm paper, radial planimeter, and marine propeller research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three accomplishments Durand thought noteworthy during his years at Cornell were the development of logarithmic paper, developing theoretically and mechanically an averaging radial planimeter, and research on marine propellers. </p><p>In 1893 Durand developed and introduced <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_graph_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithmic graph paper">Logarithmic graph paper</a>, where the logarithmic scale is marked off in distances proportional to the logarithms of the values being represented. <a href="/wiki/Keuffel_and_Esser" title="Keuffel and Esser">Keuffel and Esser Company</a> listed logarithmic paper in their general catalog as "Durand's Logarithmic Paper" as late as 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Terman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893 Durand published a paper mathematically describing a radial <a href="/wiki/Planimeter" title="Planimeter">planimeter</a> for averaging values plotted in <a href="/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system" title="Polar coordinate system">polar coordinates</a>. Originally a radial planimeter was of academic interest only, but ten years later clock driven recording instruments started being used. Durand created working device based on his theory. He patented the device and received royalties from a scientific instrument company making the devices until the patent expired.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand conducted research on the theory of operation of marine screw propellers while at Cornell. Using funding from the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institute</a>, a concrete canal was built in the Hydraulic Laboratory for the study of <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(marine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (marine)">propellers</a>. Approximately forty-nine twelve inch diameter model propellers with varying pitch and proportion were tested over the course of several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 1903, Robert Thurston died and Durand became acting Director of Sibley College while Cornell searched for a permanent replacement. When A. W. Smith of Stanford University became Director <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a>, president of Stanford, offered Durand a position at Stanford to replace the vacancy created by the leaving of Smith. Durand accepted the offer and moved to Stanford in August 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanford_(1904–1917)"><span id="Stanford_.281904.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Stanford (1904–1917)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stanford (1904–1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg/200px-Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg/300px-Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg/400px-Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A statue of geologist Louis Agassiz was toppled from a Stanford University facade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durand was the director of the mechanical engineering department and acting director of the electrical engineering department. Durand recruited H. J. Ryan from Cornell to be director of electrical engineering, a position Ryan held from 1905 until his death in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 5:20 AM on April 20, 1906, Durand was awakened by the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>. A marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> fell headfirst, piercing the concrete sidewalk. University president Jordan commented "Agassiz was always a hard-headed scientist." Durand was appointed to a Board of Engineers tasked with clearing the ruins and making temporary repairs allowing the university to reopen in the fall. Stanford reopened in September for fall semester, and reconstruction was not completed until 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912 Durand chaired the Committee of Management in preparation for the Engineering Congress held in conjunction with the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a> was Honorary President of the Congress. Afterwards Durand compiled and edited the papers read before the congress into 18 volumes, mailing them to subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_NACA">The NACA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The NACA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/200px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/300px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg/400px-First_Meeting_of_the_NACA_1915_-_GPN-2000-001571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The first meeting of the NACA in 1915. Durand is seated far left</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914 Durand attended a conference convened by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a>, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in Washington, D.C., for the purpose of stimulating interest in aeronautic science, and its relation to the U. S. government. The conference led to an act of congress organizing an Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a>) "to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution."<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This committee was composed of twelve members, two each from the Army and Navy, one each representing the Smithsonian Institution, the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Bureau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Bureau of Standards</a>. Five additional members were chosen "who shall be acquainted with the needs of aeronautical science, either civil or military, or skilled in aeronautical engineering or its allied sciences." Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_P._Scriven" title="George P. Scriven">George P. Scriven</a>, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, was chairman of the committee, Walcott was elected chairman of the Executive Committee. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> appointed Durand as one of the civilian members of the Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand became Chairman of the NACA in the fall of 1916 at the second meeting of the full committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand proposed to the NACA the need for research on <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">aircraft propellers</a>, modeled on the work he had done on marine propellers at Cornell. The Committee agreed and Stanford University was contracted to perform the testing. Working with Professor E. P. Lesley, Durand conducted the air propeller research for the following twelve or fifteen years. Test results were published to the Committee and annually in reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">declared war on Germany</a> in April, 1917. Durand obtained a leave of absence from Stanford to devote working full-time at the NACA. The United States concentrated on developing training, reconnaissance, and bomber airplanes while relying on the British and French for fighters. The NACA directed the development of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty aeronautical engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An impediment early in the war to rapidly improving aircraft were concerns about aircraft patents. To address this a conference of the leaders of the aircraft industry was convened. After several sessions a <a href="/wiki/Cross-licensing" title="Cross-licensing">cross-license agreement</a> was arranged calling for the common use of all important aircraft patents for the duration of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand worked to create aviation ground schools at between six and ten universities for the creation of aviation ground schools. The ground school curricula included aircraft control, flight theory, science, and meteorology.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durand first flew in an airplane in 1917. That year the Italian government was showcasing a large triplane built in the city of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> to U. S. Government officials hoping for sales. A party of four or five officials took a trip from <a href="/wiki/Langley_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Field">Langley Field</a> to Washington, D.C., a distance of 120 miles, lasting over an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917 Durand, metallurgist Dr. Henry M. Howe, and Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a>, Chief Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> were elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> to form the nucleus of an engineering section of the academy.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In autumn of 1917 Durand initiated the development of the airplane <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbosuperchargers</a>. The NACA had received incomplete reports that a French engineer named <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rateau" title="Auguste Rateau">Auguste Rateau</a> was attempting to develop engines for high altitudes using a turbo-driven air compressor. Remembering a graduate student named <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Alexander_Moss" title="Sanford Alexander Moss">Sanford A. Moss</a> who worked on gas driven turbo engines twenty years earlier at Cornell before starting a career at the <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> division of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, Durand wrote to the president of GE, Mr. E. W. Rice requesting Dr. Moss' services. After this turbochargers became Moss' life work.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 11, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson signed an Executive Order creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>, the working arm of the National Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durand was appointed head of the Engineering Division. Both the NACA and the NRC had offices in the <a href="/wiki/Munsey_Trust_Building" title="Munsey Trust Building">Munsey Trust Building</a> in Washington separated by two floors. Durand climbed stairs or rode the elevator several times a day between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1917 Durand, accompanied by his chief assistant <a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl T. Compton</a> and two others, traveled to Paris maintain continuous and close contact with developments in the applications of science in warfare. Upon arriving Durand was given the title <a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Scientific Attaché</a> to the U. S. Embassy, though he worked independently of Ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_Graves_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Graves Sharp">William Graves Sharp</a>. He did take advantage of the embassy's <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">diplomatic bag</a> to send reports back to Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1918 Durand experienced the shelling of Paris by the German <a href="/wiki/Paris_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris gun">Paris gun</a>. After an early morning air raid alarm was sounded Durand walked to the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> to witness the raid. Upon arriving at the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor Obelisk">obelisk</a> he heard an explosion but was unable to see any airplanes. While searching the sky another explosion occurred. The bombardment continued throughout the day, with a shell landing every 15 to 20 minutes. One landed quite close to Durand, hitting the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1918 Durand traveled from Paris to London to give the annual <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society#Wilbur_.26_Orville_Wright_Named_Lecture" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Wilbur & Orville Wright Named Lecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a>. Before an audience of 2000 people Durand give a lecture addressing the problems of aircraft design, construction and operation as factors in a war effort. On the occasion of his talk Durand was elected a Fellow of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/First_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="First Armistice at Compiègne">Armistice</a> World War I ended on November 11, 1918. Durand returned to Stanford on February 22, 1919, and resumed teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement_from_Stanford,_ASME,_Bureau_of_Standards,_U.S._Naval_Academy"><span id="Retirement_from_Stanford.2C_ASME.2C_Bureau_of_Standards.2C_U.S._Naval_Academy"></span>Retirement from Stanford, ASME, Bureau of Standards, U.S. Naval Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retirement from Stanford, ASME, Bureau of Standards, U.S. Naval Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924 Durand reached Stanford's mandatory retirement age of 65 and became <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus#Retired_faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a>. Durand continued testing model aircraft propellers, research that had begun under the NACA in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fall 1924 Durand was elected to a one-year term as President of the <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> for 1925-26. Durand had been a continuous member of the society since joining while serving on board the USS Tennessee in 1883. To be near the society headquarters, Durand lived in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, during his term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 10, 1924 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> asked Durand to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of Visitors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">Bureau of Standards</a>. The board visited the Bureau several times over the course of a year to confer and advise the Director and be a conduit between the Bureau and outside entities. Durand was a member of the board for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring of 1925 Durand was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to the Board of Visitors of the United States Naval Academy. The board visits the academy to attend classes, attend classes, observe drills and exercises and observe the overall performance of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morrow_Board">Morrow Board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morrow Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 3, 1925, the US Navy <a href="/wiki/Dirigible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigible">dirigible</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)" title="USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)">USS <i>Shenandoah</i></a> crashed in southeastern Ohio. US Army general <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> accused the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Departments</a> of causing the accident through "criminal negligence." The army brought <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial in the United States">court-martial</a> charges against Mitchell. Due to public pressure President Coolidge created a Board of Aeronautic Inquiry chaired by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow" title="Dwight Morrow">Dwight Morrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimble_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimble-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 11, 1925, Durand learned over the radio that Coolidge had appointed him to the board. The board was tasked to study aeronautics in relation to national defense and advise the president on policy to develop aircraft in time of war. The board was composed of Morrow as chairman, U. S. Judge <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Carter_Denison" title="Arthur Carter Denison">Arthur C. Denison</a> as vice chairman, Durand as secretary, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Hiram Bingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">James S. Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Carl Vinson</a>, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord">James G. Harbord</a> (ret.), Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frank_Friday_Fletcher" title="Frank Friday Fletcher">Frank F. Fletcher</a> (ret.), and <a href="/wiki/Howard_E._Coffin" title="Howard E. Coffin">Howard E. Coffin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first meeting of the board was held at the White House where Durand was chosen to be secretary of the board. After weeks of meetings receiving expert testimony and conferring the board submitted a report to the President recommending a near term development plan for military and naval aircraft. The report further recommended the creation of the offices of Assistant Secretary for Military and for Naval aircraft within the War and Navy Departments.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guggenheim_Fund">Guggenheim Fund</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Guggenheim Fund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926 or 1927 Durand was invited by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Guggenheim" title="Daniel Guggenheim">Daniel Guggenheim</a> to join the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Guggenheim_Fund_for_the_Promotion_of_Aeronautics" title="Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics">Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics</a>. The board asked Durand to make recommendations on the proposal of creating an encyclopedia of aeronautics. Durand determined quickly that the overall field of aeronautics was still developing very rapidly and an encyclopedic overview would rapidly become obsolete. He recommended instead that fluid mechanics theory and its application to aeronautics was mature and stable enough for an encyclopedia. The board agreed, tasking Durand to direct and supervise the effort. Durand worked on the encyclopedia full-time for the next six years. He sailed to Europe and met <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a> of <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">Aachen University</a> to find the best qualified authors. Twenty five authors wrote twenty divisions in six volumes for a total of 2200 pages. No American publisher was willing to print the encyclopedia due to concern of the number of potential sales. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer & Co.</a> of Berlin agreed to publish the volumes in English.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final volume was published in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II there was renewed demand for the encyclopedia and a second printing was made by <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">photo-offset printing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propeller_research">Propeller research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Propeller research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926 Durand and E. P. Leslie reported on comparisons of <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propeller</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_efficiency" title="Mechanical efficiency">efficiency</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> versus free flight.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie tested seven propellers with a <a href="/wiki/VE-7" class="mw-redirect" title="VE-7">VE-7</a>. Durand's wind tunnel model showed similar efficiency to Leslie's measurements, but lagged by 6% to 10% in thrust developed and power absorbed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado_River,_Special_Committee_on_Airships,"><span id="Colorado_River.2C_Special_Committee_on_Airships.2C"></span>Colorado River, Special Committee on Airships,</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colorado River, Special Committee on Airships,"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927 Durand became a member of a board of advisers to the Secretary of Work of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. The board was tasked to survey the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> to find solutions to annual flooding, silting, the development of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a>, and water usage for irrigation and by cities such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 February 1935 The US Navy rigid <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)" title="USS Macon (ZRS-5)">USS <i>Macon</i></a> crashed in a storm off <a href="/wiki/Point_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Sur">Point Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Investigations were conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Board_of_Inquiry" title="Naval Board of Inquiry">Naval Board of Inquiry</a> and a scientific review board.<sup id="cite_ref-Giants_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giants-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science Advisory Board Chairman <a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl T. Compton</a> appointed a Special Committee on Airships at the request of Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude Swanson</a>. Members of the committee were <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a> of Caltech, <a href="/wiki/William_Hovgaard" title="William Hovgaard">William Hovgaard</a> of M.I.T., Durand and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephen Timoshenko</a> of Stanford, <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett" title="Frank B. Jewett">Frank B. Jewett</a> of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a> of General Motors. Durand was the chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Edson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_stabilization">Ship stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ship stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon request of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> established a committee chaired by Durand to investigate anti-rolling devices on ships. The ability to <a href="/wiki/Ship_stability" title="Ship stability">stabilize a ship</a> such as an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> would be extremely useful during the landing of airplanes. The committee established an experimental laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Minorsky" title="Nicolas Minorsky">Nicolas Minorsky</a> worked on roll stabilization of ships for the navy from 1934 to 1940, designing in 1938 an activated-tank stabilization system into a 5-ton model ship.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full-scale version of the system was tested in <a href="/wiki/USS_Hamilton_(DD-141)" title="USS Hamilton (DD-141)">USS <i>Hamilton</i></a> but exhibited control stability problems. Very promising results were beginning to appear when the outbreak of the Second World War interrupted further development as the Hamilton was called to active duty and the 5 ton model was put into storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1941 Chairman of the NACA <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> asked the then 82-year-old Durand to head a committee to study and develop <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet propulsion</a> for aircraft. The committee was composed of members from General Electric, <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allis-Chalmers" title="Allis-Chalmers">Allis-Chalmers</a>. The committee agreed early that the three companies would work separately developing jet engines to promote diversity in design.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief of the Air Corp <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a> obtained a <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1" title="Power Jets W.1">Whittle jet engine</a> from England which was turned over to the gas turbine division of GE in <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn, Massachusetts</a>, for test and copy. General Electric developed this into the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J31" title="General Electric J31">J31</a>. Durand witnessed a static test of the engine in Lynn, Massachusetts on July 13, 1942, alongside <a href="/wiki/Sanford_A._Moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanford A. Moss">Sanford A. Moss</a>, the engineer Durand had requested from General Electric for the development of turbosuperchargers during World War I. Moss had retired from GE but worked as a consultant on the jet engine. Durand and Moss spoke to each other of the early development of the turbosupercharger as the manager of the facility recorded their conversation. On October 2, 1941, Durand witnessed the first official flight of the J31 equipped <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">Bell P-59 Airacomet</a> at Muroc Army Air Field (today, <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>). Westinghouse developed the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_J30" title="Westinghouse J30">J30</a> engine from this effort. Durand led the jet engine effort from April 2, 1941, to July 7, 1945, at which time Durand was 86 years old<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also beginning in early spring 1941 Durand chaired the Engineering Division of the National Research Council. Durand split his work days, mornings at the NACA, afternoons at the NRC. Durand was greatly helped by the NRC Division Executive Secretary William H. Kenerson of <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stanford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2003/july23/fasthistory-723.html">"From Durand to Hoff: The making of a pioneering Aero/Astro Department"</a>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Durand+to+Hoff%3A+The+making+of+a+pioneering+Aero%2FAstro+Department&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-service.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fjuly23%2Ffasthistory-723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durand-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durand_2-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand1953" class="citation book cs1">Durand, William (1953). <i>Adventures; In the Navy, In Education, Science, Engineering, and in War; A Life Story</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+and+Place+Names+Around+Moffett+Federal+Airfield&rft.pub=NASA+Ames+History+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricproperties.arc.nasa.gov%2Fdownloads%2Fmfa_streetnames.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHC_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan2006" class="citation web cs1">Callahan (7 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180950/http://www.history.navy.mil/books/callahan/reg-usn-d.htm">"Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900"</a>. 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(2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeromechunsakerr00trim/page/224"><i>Jerome C. Hunsaker and the rise of American aeronautics</i></a></span>. Smithsonian Institution. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeromechunsakerr00trim/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58834-006-6"><bdi>1-58834-006-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerome+C.+Hunsaker+and+the+rise+of+American+aeronautics&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58834-006-6&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeromechunsakerr00trim%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrow-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._President's_Aircraft_Board1925" class="citation book cs1">United States. President's Aircraft Board (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrEAGwAACAAJ"><i>Hearings Before the President's Aircraft Board</i></a>. U.S. Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings+Before+the+President%27s+Aircraft+Board&rft.pub=U.S.+Government&rft.date=1925&rft.au=United+States.+President%27s+Aircraft+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrEAGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.F. Durand, editor (1934) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgf8CAAAQBAJ">Aerodynamic Theory: A General Review of Progress</a> including Mathematical Aids, Fluid Mechanics I & Fluid Mechanics II by Max M. Monk, and Historical Sketch by R. Giacomelli and E. Pistolesi, via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W .F. Durand & E. P. Leslie (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19930091287">Comparison of tests on air propellers in flight with wind tunnel model tests on similar forms</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> # 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giants-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giants_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppingBrothers2000" class="citation book cs1">Topping, Dale; Brothers, Eric (2000). <i>When Giants Roamed the Sky - Karl Arnstein and the Rise of Airships from Zeppelin to Goodyear</i>. University of Akron Press. pp. 198–200, 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884836704" title="Special:BookSources/1884836704"><bdi>1884836704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Giants+Roamed+the+Sky+-+Karl+Arnstein+and+the+Rise+of+Airships+from+Zeppelin+to+Goodyear&rft.pages=198-200%2C+208&rft.pub=University+of+Akron+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1884836704&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Brothers%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_KármánEdson1967" class="citation book cs1">von Kármán, T.; Edson, L. (1967). <i>The Wind and Beyond — T. von Kármán Pioneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space</i>. Little Brown. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316907537" title="Special:BookSources/0316907537"><bdi>0316907537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wind+and+Beyond+%E2%80%94+T.+von+K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n+Pioneer+in+Aviation+and+Pathfinder+in+Space&rft.pages=165-168&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0316907537&rft.aulast=von+K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Edson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ship Stabilizer: Navy Is Testing Tank Device To Reduce Craft's Roll". <i>New York Times</i>. 25 June 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ship+Stabilizer%3A+Navy+Is+Testing+Tank+Device+To+Reduce+Craft%27s+Roll&rft.date=1950-06-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Durand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_resources">Research resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf600004t7">Dams, Papers Concerning Design and Construction, 1903-1956</a> (3 linear ft.) are housed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html">Department of Special Collections and University Archives</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/">Stanford University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8x0nb3r0">William F. Durand Papers, 1893-1979</a> (1.25 linear ft.) are housed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html">Department of Special Collections and University Archives</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/">Stanford University Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Durand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/durand-william.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usna.edu/Library/sca/man-findingaids/MS_348.EAD.xml">William Frederick Durand U.S.S. Mayflower Journal of Practice Cruise, 1879 MS 348</a> held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6890259">William Frederick Durand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_ASME_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_ASME_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/ASME_Medal" title="ASME Medal">ASME Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_G._Carlson" title="Hjalmar G. Carlson">Hjalmar G. Carlson</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Halsey" title="Frederick A. Halsey">Frederick A. Halsey</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/John_R._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Freeman">John R. Freeman</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Lewis" title="Wilfred Lewis">Wilfred Lewis</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Kennedy" title="Julian Kennedy">Julian Kennedy</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/W._L._R._Emmet" class="mw-redirect" title="W. L. R. Emmet">W. L. R. Emmet</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kingsbury" title="Albert Kingsbury">Albert Kingsbury</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Main" title="Charles T. Main">Charles T. Main</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bausch" title="Edward Bausch">Edward Bausch</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Bullard_Jr." title="Edward P. Bullard Jr.">Edward P. Bullard Jr.</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Pigott" title="Stephen J. Pigott">Stephen J. Pigott</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Gleason" title="James E. Gleason">James E. Gleason</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Ervin_G._Bailey" title="Ervin G. Bailey">Ervin G. Bailey</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_K._Sillcox" title="Lewis K. Sillcox">Lewis K. Sillcox</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Budd" title="Edward G. Budd">Edward G. Budd</a></li> <li>1945: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William F. Durand</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Morris_E._Leeds" title="Morris E. Leeds">Morris E. Leeds</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Kiefer" title="Paul W. Kiefer">Paul W. Kiefer</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Keyes" title="Frederick G. Keyes">Frederick G. Keyes</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Dornbrook" title="Fred L. Dornbrook">Fred L. Dornbrook</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_C._Knowles" title="Harvey C. Knowles">Harvey C. Knowles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Nevin_E._Funk" title="Nevin E. Funk">Nevin E. Funk</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Crosby_Field" title="Crosby Field">Crosby Field</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/E._Burnley_Powell" title="E. Burnley Powell">E. Burnley Powell</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Granville_M._Read" title="Granville M. Read">Granville M. Read</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Vickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry F. Vickers">Harry F. Vickers</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_M._K._Boelter" title="Llewellyn M. K. Boelter">Llewellyn M. K. Boelter</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_H._Armacost" title="Wilbur H. Armacost">Wilbur H. Armacost</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frisch" title="Martin Frisch">Martin Frisch</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/C._Richard_Soderberg" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Richard Soderberg">C. Richard Soderberg</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Howard_(engineer)" title="Alan Howard (engineer)">Alan Howard</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Burgers" title="Jan Burgers">Jan Burgers</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Mayo_D._Hersey" title="Mayo D. Hersey">Mayo D. Hersey</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel C. Collins">Samuel C. Collins</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_H._Donnell" title="Lloyd H. Donnell">Lloyd H. Donnell</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Smart_Beattie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Smart Beattie (page does not exist)">Horace Smart Beattie</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Waloddi_Weibull" title="Waloddi Weibull">Waloddi Weibull</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Christopher C. Kraft Jr.</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Hoff" title="Nicholas J. Hoff">Nicholas J. Hoff</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Maxime_A._Faget" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxime A. Faget">Maxime A. Faget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Mann (page does not exist)">Robert W. Mann</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pieter_Den_Hartog" title="Jacob Pieter Den Hartog">Jacob P. Den Hartog</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Soichiro_Honda" title="Soichiro Honda">Soichiro Honda</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. Hahn (page does not exist)">Robert S. Hahn</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_N._Binns_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack N. Binns Sr. (page does not exist)">Jack N. Binns Sr.</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cohen_(Deputy_NASA_administrator)" title="Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)">Aaron Cohen</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_C._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton C. Shaw (page does not exist)">Milton C. Shaw</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlan_W._Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlan W. Boston (page does not exist)">Orlan W. Boston</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Philip_G._Hodge" title="Philip G. Hodge">Philip G. Hodge</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Reissner" title="Eric Reissner">Eric Reissner</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/William_R._Sears" title="William R. Sears">William R. Sears</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Harley_A._Wilhelm" title="Harley A. Wilhelm">Harley A. Wilhelm</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Gallagher" title="Richard H. Gallagher">Richard H. Gallagher</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_C._Dean_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert C. Dean Jr. (page does not exist)">Robert C. Dean Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Budiansky" title="Bernard Budiansky">Bernard Budiansky</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/H._Norman_Abramson" title="H. Norman Abramson">H. Norman Abramson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_E._Bergles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur E. Bergles (page does not exist)">Arthur E. Bergles</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_M._Rohsenow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren M. Rohsenow (page does not exist)">Warren M. Rohsenow</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Leroy_S._Fletcher" title="Leroy S. Fletcher">Leroy S. Fletcher</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Norman R. Augustine</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_W._Parkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford W. Parkinson">Bradford W. Parkinson</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Uhrig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Uhrig (page does not exist)">Robert E. Uhrig</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Goldstein (page does not exist)">Richard J. Goldstein</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Dean_L._Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean L. Kamen">Dean L. Kamen</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Talke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Talke (page does not exist)">Frank E. Talke</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Suh_Nam-pyo" title="Suh Nam-pyo">Nam-pyo Suh</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/John_Abele" title="John Abele">John Abele</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/C._Daniel_Mote,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="C. Daniel Mote, Jr.">C. Daniel Mote, Jr.</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siavouche_Nemat-Nasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siavouche Nemat-Nasser (page does not exist)">Siavouche Nemat-Nasser</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Van_C._Mow" title="Van C. Mow">Van C. Mow</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/James_R._Rice" title="James R. Rice">James R. Rice</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/J._N._Reddy_(engineer)" title="J. N. Reddy (engineer)">J. N. Reddy</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zd%C4%9Bnek_P._Ba%C5%BEant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zděnek P. Bažant (page does not exist)">Zděnek P. Bažant</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J.R._Hughes" title="Thomas J.R. Hughes">Thomas J.R. Hughes</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_I._Vachon" title="Reginald I. Vachon">Reginald I. Vachon</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol_D._Spanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pol D. Spanos (page does not exist)">Pol D. Spanos</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Katepalli_R._Sreenivasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Katepalli R. Sreenivasan">Katepalli R. Sreenivasan</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Huajian_Gao" title="Huajian Gao">Huajian Gao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1904 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2020 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2023 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asad_M._Madni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asad M. Madni (page does not exist)">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Thurston" title="Robert Henry Thurston">Robert H. Thurston</a> (1880–1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_Leavitt_Jr." title="Erasmus Darwin Leavitt Jr.">Erasmus D. Leavitt</a> (1883–1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John E. Sweet</a> (1884–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius_Holloway" title="Josephus Flavius Holloway">Josephus F. Holloway</a> (1885–1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Sellers_II" title="Coleman Sellers II">Coleman Sellers II</a> (1886–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Herman_Babcock" title="George Herman Babcock">George H. Babcock</a> (1887–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_See" title="Horace See">Horace See</a> (1888–1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Towne" title="Henry R. Towne">Henry R. Towne</a> (1889–1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Smith" title="Oberlin Smith">Oberlin Smith</a> (1890–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hunt" title="Robert W. Hunt">Robert W. Hunt</a> (1891–1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Loring" title="Charles Harding Loring">Charles H. Loring</a> (1892–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eckley_Brinton_Coxe" title="Eckley Brinton Coxe">Eckley B. Coxe</a> (1893–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._C._Davis" title="Edward F. C. Davis">Edward F. C. Davis</a> (1894–1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Billings" title="Charles E. Billings">Charles E. Billings</a> (1895–1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a> (1896–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Reed_Warner" title="Worcester Reed Warner">Worcester R. Warner</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wallace_Hunt" title="Charles Wallace Hunt">Charles W. Hunt</a> (1898–1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">George W. Melville</a> (1899–1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1919</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill_Morgan" title="Charles Hill Morgan">Charles H. Morgan</a> (1900–1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Wellman" title="Samuel T. Wellman">Samuel T. Wellman</a> (1901–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Reynolds_(engineer)" title="Edwin Reynolds (engineer)">Edwin Reynolds</a> (1902–1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Mapes_Dodge" title="James Mapes Dodge">James M. Dodge</a> (1903–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a> (1904–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John R. Freeman</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick W. Taylor</a> (1906–1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Remsen_Hutton" title="Frederick Remsen Hutton">Frederick R. Hutton</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minard_Lafever_Holman" title="Minard Lafever Holman">Minard L. Holman</a> (1908–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Merrick_Smith" title="Jesse Merrick Smith">Jesse M. Smith</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Meier" title="Edward Daniel Meier">Edward D. Meier</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crombie_Humphreys" title="Alexander Crombie Humphreys">Alexander C. Humphreys</a> (1912–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Myrick_Goss" title="William Freeman Myrick Goss">William F. M. Goss</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">James Hartness</a> (1914–1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brashear" title="John Brashear">John Brashear</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Schenk_Jacobus" title="David Schenk Jacobus">David S. Jacobus</a> (1916–1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Nelson_Hollis" title="Ira Nelson Hollis">Ira N. Hollis</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Main" title="Charles T. Main">Charles T. Main</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Elwyn_Cooley" title="Mortimer Elwyn Cooley">Mortimer E. Cooley</a> (1919–1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920–1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_J._Miller" title="Fred J. Miller">Fred J. Miller</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Salisbury_Carman" title="Edwin Salisbury Carman">Edwin S. Carman</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_S._Kimball" title="Dexter S. Kimball">Dexter S. Kimball</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Harrington" title="John L. Harrington">John L. Harrington</a> (1923–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Low" title="Fred R. Low">Fred R. Low</a> (1924–1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William F. Durand</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Abbott" title="William L. Abbott">William L. Abbott</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dow" title="Alex Dow">Alex Dow</a> (1928–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer A. Sperry</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Piez" title="Charles Piez">Charles Piez</a> (1930–1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_V._Wright" title="Roy V. Wright">Roy V. Wright</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_N._Lauer" title="Conrad N. Lauer">Conrad N. Lauer</a> (1932–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Abraham_Potter" title="Andrey Abraham Potter">A. A. Potter</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Aaron_Langevin_Doty" title="Paul Aaron Langevin Doty">Paul Doty</a> (1934–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph E. Flanders</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Loren_Batt" title="William Loren Batt">William L. Batt</a> (1936–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hervey_Herron" title="James Hervey Herron">James H. Herron</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_N._Davis" title="Harvey N. Davis">Harvey N. Davis</a> (1938–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Christie" title="Alexander Graham Christie">Alexander G. Christie</a> (1939–1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Horton_McBryde" title="Warren Horton McBryde">Warren H. McBryde</a> (1940–1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hanley" title="William A. Hanley">William A. Hanley</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wentworth_Parker" title="James Wentworth Parker">James W. Parker</a> (1942–1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_V._Coes" title="Harold V. Coes">Harold V. Coes</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarland_Gates" title="Robert McFarland Gates">Robert M. Gates</a> (1944–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Davison_Bailey" title="Alex Davison Bailey">Alex D. Bailey</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._Robert_Yarnall" title="D. Robert Yarnall">David R. Yarnall</a> (1946–1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._O%27Brien" title="Eugene W. O'Brien">Eugene W. O'Brien</a> (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ervin_G._Bailey" title="Ervin G. Bailey">Ervin G. Bailey</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Todd" title="James M. Todd">James M. Todd</a> (1949–1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Cunningham" title="James D. Cunningham">James D. Cunningham</a> (1950–1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Calvin_Brown" title="J. Calvin Brown">J. Calvin Brown</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_J._S._Pigott" title="Reginald J. S. Pigott">Reginald J. Pigott</a> (1952–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele_Blackall_Jr." title="Frederick Steele Blackall Jr.">Frederick S. Blackall Jr.</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_K._Sillcox" title="Lewis K. Sillcox">Lewis K. Sillcox</a> (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_William_Rowsen_Morgan" title="David William Rowsen Morgan">David W. Morgan</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Barker" title="Joseph Warren Barker">Joseph W. Barker</a> (1956–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Ryan_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Ryan (engineer) (page does not exist)">William F. Ryan</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Nobel_Landis" title="James Nobel Landis">James N. Landis</a> (1958–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a> (1959–1960)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lee_Cisler" title="Walker Lee Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a> (1960–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Bryne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Bryne (page does not exist)">William H. Bryne</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Harold_Shumaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Harold Shumaker (page does not exist)">Clifford H. Shumaker</a> (1962–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_B._Smith" title="Ronald B. Smith">Ronald B. Smith</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Otto_Bergman" title="Elmer Otto Bergman">Elmer O. Bergman</a> (1964–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_N._Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry N. Muller (page does not exist)">Henry N. Muller</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Harlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Harlow (page does not exist)">James H. Harlow</a> (1966–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N._Rowley_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis N. Rowley Jr. (page does not exist)">Louis N. Rowley Jr.</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Habach" title="George F. Habach">George F. Habach</a> (1968–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Edward_Marlowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Edward Marlowe (page does not exist)">Donald E. Marlowe</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Franklin_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Franklin Rhodes (page does not exist)">Allen F. Rhodes</a> (1970–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Andrew_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Andrew Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a> (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Folsom" title="Richard G. Folsom">Richard G. Folsom</a> (1972–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a> (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Robertson (page does not exist)">Richard B. Robertson</a> (1974–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Tutt_III" title="Charles L. Tutt III">Charles L. Tutt III</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earle_C._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earle C. Miller (page does not exist)">Earle C. Miller</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stothe_Peter_Kezios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stothe Peter Kezios (page does not exist)">Stothe P. Kezios</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orval_Leroy_Lewis" title="Orval Leroy Lewis">Orval L. Lewis</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Nelson_Zwiep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Nelson Zwiep (page does not exist)">Donald N. Zwiep</a> (1979–1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Jones_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Jones (engineer) (page does not exist)">Charles E. Jones</a> (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Gaither" title="Robert B. Gaither">Robert B. Gaither</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a> (1982–1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_M._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M. Scott (page does not exist)">Frank M. Scott</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kotnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kotnick (page does not exist)">George Kotnick</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_S._Fletcher" title="Leroy S. Fletcher">Leroy S. Fletcher</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Deloye_Fitzroy" title="Nancy Deloye Fitzroy">Nancy D. Fitzroy</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rosenberg_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Rosenberg (engineer) (page does not exist)">Richard Rosenberg</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Daman" title="Ernest L. Daman">Ernest L. Daman</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Velzy" title="Charles O. Velzy">Charles O. Velzy</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_E._Bergles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur E. Bergles (page does not exist)">Arthur E. Bergles</a> (1990–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_H._Hurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan H. Hurt (page does not exist)">Nathan H. Hurt</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Falcon" title="Joseph A. Falcon">Joseph A. Falcon</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Fernandes (page does not exist)">John H. Fernandes</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Torpey" title="Paul J. Torpey">Paul J. Torpey</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_T._Koenig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel T. Koenig (page does not exist)">Daniel T. Koenig</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Goldstein (page does not exist)">Richard J. Goldstein</a> (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_B._Thayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith B. Thayer (page does not exist)">Keith B. Thayer</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfred_M._Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winfred M. Phillips (page does not exist)">Winfred M. Phillips</a> (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Nickell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Nickell (page does not exist)">Robert E. Nickell</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Parker (page does not exist)">John R. Parker</a> (2000–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Weiblen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Weiblen (page does not exist)">William A. Weiblen</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Skemp" title="Susan Skemp">Susan H. Skemp</a> (2002–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_I._Vachon" title="Reginald I. Vachon">Reginald I. Vachon</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Armen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Armen (page does not exist)">Harry Armen</a> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Feigel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Feigel (page does not exist)">Richard E. Feigel</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_E._Shoup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry E. Shoup (page does not exist)">Terry E. Shoup</a> (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Y._Zamrik" title="Sam Y. Zamrik">Sam Y. Zamrik</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M._Barlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas M. Barlow (page does not exist)">Thomas M. Barlow</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_E._Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos E. Holt (page does not exist)">Amos E. Holt</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert T. Simmons (page does not exist)">Robert T. Simmons</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rockwell" title="Victoria Rockwell">Victoria Rockwell</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Goldsmith" title="Marc Goldsmith">Marc Goldsmith</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madiha_Kotb" title="Madiha Kotb">Madiha Kotb</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Sims" title="J. Robert Sims">J. Robert Sims</a> (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_C._Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio C. Guerrero (page does not exist)">Julio C. Guerrero</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Keith_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Keith Roe (page does not exist)">K. Keith Roe</a> (2016–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charla_Wise" title="Charla Wise">Charla K. Wise</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Jahanmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Jahanmir (page does not exist)">Said Jahanmir</a> (2018–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Laudenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Laudenat (page does not exist)">Richard Laudenat</a> (2019–2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">2020–present</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_A._Erler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan A. Erler (page does not exist)">Bryan A. Erler</a> (2020–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahantesh_Hiremath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahantesh Hiremath (page does not exist)">Mahantesh Hiremath</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ohland" title="Karen Ohland">Karen Ohland</a> (2022-2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Kurfess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas R. Kurfess (page does not exist)">Thomas R. Kurfess</a> (2023–2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Ipri-Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Ipri-Brown (page does not exist)">Susan Ipri-Brown</a> (2024–2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157697#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055357796">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67255462">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/136231/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp4kyypG3ChCTqYpBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118174908">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84805173">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0039941&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p262412241">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007460932805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:durand.william-frederick">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/129624691">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sq93bb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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