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Disponibil în 71 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ليون كوبر – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليون كوبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ليون كوبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليون كوبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لئون نیل کوپر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئون نیل کوپر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Нейл Купер – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леон Нейл Купер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Лион Купър – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лион Купър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="লিয়ন কুপার – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিয়ন কুপার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1" title="لیۆن کووپەر – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆن کووپەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Λέον Νιλ Κούπερ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέον Νιλ Κούπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_N._Cooper" title="Leon N. Cooper – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leon N. Cooper" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_N._Cooper" title="Leon N. Cooper – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leon N. Cooper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لئون نیل کوپر – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئون نیل کوپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="לאון קופר – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאון קופר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="लीयों नील कूपर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीयों नील कूपर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեոն Կուպեր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոն Կուպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC" title="レオン・クーパー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオン・クーパー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Купер – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Леон Купер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EC%BF%A0%ED%8D%BC" title="리언 쿠퍼 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리언 쿠퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_N._Cooper" title="Leon N. Cooper – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Leon N. Cooper" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Neil_Cooper" title="Leo Neil Cooper – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leons_K%C5%ABpers" title="Leons Kūpers – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leons Kūpers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Купер – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леон Купер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="लेओन कूपर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेओन कूपर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لئون نیل کوپر – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئون نیل کوپر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="लीयों नील कूपर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लीयों नील कूपर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لیون نیل کوپر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیون نیل کوپر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Купер, Леон – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Купер, Леон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="लीयों नील कूपर – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लीयों नील कूपर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Купер – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леон Купер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="லியோன் கூப்பர் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோன் கூப்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Купер – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Леон Купер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леон Купер – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леон Купер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لیون کوپر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیون کوپر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leon Neil Cooper" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E7%8F%80" title="利昂·库珀 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利昂·库珀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E7%8F%80" title="利昂·库珀 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利昂·库珀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leon Cooper" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82563#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Leon Neil Cooper</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg/220px-Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg/330px-Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg/440px-Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1659" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="en">Leon N. Kupchik</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1930-02-28"><a href="/wiki/28_februarie" title="28 februarie">28 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-91c9085040a8c654c21bc1b233673616_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91c9085040a8c654c21bc1b233673616-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-38600e8d92ebe59c632cdfe346dc7f99_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38600e8d92ebe59c632cdfe346dc7f99-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-e7948fbdc81cbc70a10b1968538cb44a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e7948fbdc81cbc70a10b1968538cb44a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-32d2df6a20ccadaa2878553e713d4da0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32d2df6a20ccadaa2878553e713d4da0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-36a531cb109a254c990c50b9b4ad44cc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36a531cb109a254c990c50b9b4ad44cc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_(ora%C8%99)" title="New York (oraș)">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(stat)" title="New York (stat)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a><sup id="cite_ref-3a42b38c3e2a1fa7b1481ca392a3095d_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3a42b38c3e2a1fa7b1481ca392a3095d-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-ef7cfe0fe475b92862d4088c8d85288f_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ef7cfe0fe475b92862d4088c8d85288f-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="2024-10-23"><a href="/wiki/23_octombrie" title="23 octombrie">23 octombrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a></time> (94 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-146337e548f9aaf4fd68841a9f790e14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146337e548f9aaf4fd68841a9f790e14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Q1622272">cadru didactic universitar</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadru_didactic_universitar_(persoan%C4%83_care_pred%C4%83_la_o_universitare)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadru didactic universitar (persoană care predă la o universitare) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Domeniu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_teoretic%C4%83" title="Fizică teoretică">fizică teoretică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizică</a><sup id="cite_ref-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Supraconductibilitate" title="Supraconductibilitate">supraconductibilitate</a><sup id="cite_ref-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P101" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Număr Erdős</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">5  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P2021" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Instituție</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Brown" title="Universitatea Brown">Universitatea Brown</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Illinois,_Urbana-Champaign" title="Universitatea Illinois, Urbana-Champaign">Universitatea Illinois</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P108" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Alma Mater</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia">Universitatea Columbia</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751612" class="extiw" title="d:Q751612"><span lang="en">The Bronx High School of Science</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">The Bronx High School of Science</span> (specialized high school in New York City)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Organizații</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270794" class="extiw" title="d:Q270794">Academia Națională de Științe a Statelor Unite ale Americii</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_a_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii_(science_branch_of_the_United_States_National_Academies)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Națională de Științe a Statelor Unite ale Americii (science branch of the United States National Academies) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">Societatea Americană de Fizică</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">Academia Americană de Arte și Științe</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_American%C4%83_de_Arte_%C8%99i_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_(United_States_honorary_society_and_policy_research_center)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Americană de Arte și Științe (United States honorary society and policy research center) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466089" class="extiw" title="d:Q466089"><span lang="en">American Philosophical Society</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">American Philosophical Society</span> (American scholarly organization and learned society)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40358" class="extiw" title="d:Q40358">Asociația Americană pentru Progresul Științei</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocia%C8%9Bia_American%C4%83_pentru_Progresul_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bei_(international_non-profit_organization_promoting_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asociația Americană pentru Progresul Științei (international non-profit organization promoting science) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-efc57c45e81d8c648693709308ced31f_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efc57c45e81d8c648693709308ced31f-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P463" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Conducător de doctorat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385071" class="extiw" title="d:Q1385071"><span lang="en">Robert Serber</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Robert Serber</span> (American physicist (1909–1997))|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P184" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Doctoranzi</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102165990" class="extiw" title="d:Q102165990"><span lang="en">Elie Lucien Bienenstock</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Elie Lucien Bienenstock</span> (Ph.D. Brown University 1980)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102166046" class="extiw" title="d:Q102166046"><span lang="en">Alan Bruce Saul</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Alan Bruce Saul</span> (Ph.D. Brown University 1986)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102166095" class="extiw" title="d:Q102166095"><span lang="en">Nathan Intrator</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Nathan Intrator</span> (Ph.D. Brown University 1991)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102248192" class="extiw" title="d:Q102248192"><span lang="en">Michael Peter Perrone</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Michael Peter Perrone</span> (Ph.D. Brown University 1993)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109984138" class="extiw" title="d:Q109984138"><span lang="en">Brian S. Blais</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Brian S. Blais</span> (computational neuroscientist)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P185" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cunoscut pentru</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620057" class="extiw" title="d:Q620057"><span lang="en">Cooper pair</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Cooper pair</span> (pair of electrons or other fermions bound together at low temperature allowing for superconductivity)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4835208" class="extiw" title="d:Q4835208"><span lang="en">BCM theory</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">BCM theory</span> (physical theory of learning in the visual cortex)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722131" class="extiw" title="d:Q722131"><span lang="en">BCS theory</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">BCS theory</span> (theory describing superconductivity as a microscopic effect caused by a condensation of Cooper pairs into a boson-like state)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P800" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316544" class="extiw" title="d:Q1316544">Bursă Guggenheim</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burs%C4%83_Guggenheim_(grant_in_the_arts,_awarded_annually)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bursă Guggenheim (grant in the arts, awarded annually) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><small> (<time datetime="1965">1965</time>)</small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122821" class="extiw" title="d:Q1122821"><span lang="en">Comstock Prize in Physics</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Comstock Prize in Physics</span> (award conferred by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences)|]]</span><small> (<time datetime="1968">1968</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-e30c598409ef8dc74854773301ba5e7c_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e30c598409ef8dc74854773301ba5e7c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_fizic%C4%83" title="Premiul Nobel pentru fizică">Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică</a><small> (<time datetime="1972">1972</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-eb98d4edbdf5cfa697505d2f0bc1a45a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb98d4edbdf5cfa697505d2f0bc1a45a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-91c19d4c91029da67eaa235c60a1c1fb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91c19d4c91029da67eaa235c60a1c1fb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41955909" class="extiw" title="d:Q41955909"><span lang="en">Fellow of the American Physical Society</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Fellow of the American Physical Society</span> (fellowship of the American Physical Society)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16850529" class="extiw" title="d:Q16850529"><span lang="en">John Jay Award</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">John Jay Award</span> (award for Columbia College alumni)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82563" class="extiw" title="d:Q82563">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Neil_Cooper&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Om_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medalia Premiului Nobel"><img alt="Medalia Premiului Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/15px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/23px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Medalia Premiului Nobel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Leon Neil Cooper</b> (n. <time datetime="1930-02-28"><a href="/wiki/28_februarie" title="28 februarie">28 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(ora%C8%99)" title="New York (oraș)">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(stat)" title="New York (stat)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a> – d. <time datetime="2024-10-23"><a href="/wiki/23_octombrie" title="23 octombrie">23 octombrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a>) a fost un <a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a> <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">american</a>, laureat, în <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică">Premiului Nobel pentru Fizică</a>, împreună cu <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> și <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a>, pentru rolul său în dezvoltarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_BCS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria BCS — pagină inexistentă">teoriei BCS</a> (numită astfel de la inițialele celor trei) a <a href="/wiki/Superconductivitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductivitate">superconductivității</a>. Conceptul de <a href="/wiki/Pereche_de_electroni" title="Pereche de electroni">pereche de electroni</a> Cooper își trage, de asemenea, numele de la el. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Neil_Cooper&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Neil_Cooper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fdab81a13c919ff15070edfd7bbe371f_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autority.nkp.cz/"><i><span lang="en">Czech National Authority Database</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-11-03">3 noiembrie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3ECzech+National+Authority+Database%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautority.nkp.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efc57c45e81d8c648693709308ced31f-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-efc57c45e81d8c648693709308ced31f_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com"><i>Notable Names Database</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Names+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathgenealogy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e30c598409ef8dc74854773301ba5e7c-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e30c598409ef8dc74854773301ba5e7c_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/comstock-prize-in-physics.html"><i><span lang="en">About the Comstock Prize in Physics</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-10-07">7 octombrie 2018</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EAbout+the+Comstock+Prize+in+Physics%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2Fcomstock-prize-in-physics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb98d4edbdf5cfa697505d2f0bc1a45a-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb98d4edbdf5cfa697505d2f0bc1a45a_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf"><i>Table showing prize amounts</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (în engleză), <a href="/wiki/Funda%C8%9Bia_Nobel" title="Fundația Nobel">Fundația Nobel</a>, aprilie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2021-02-03">3 februarie 2021</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Table+showing+prize+amounts&rft.pub=Funda%C8%9Bia+Nobel&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2Fprize-amounts-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91c19d4c91029da67eaa235c60a1c1fb-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91c19d4c91029da67eaa235c60a1c1fb_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/summary/"><i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972</i></a> (în engleză), <span lang="en">nobelprize.org</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2021-02-03">3 februarie 2021</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1972&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3Enobelprize.org%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1972%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91c9085040a8c654c21bc1b233673616-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91c9085040a8c654c21bc1b233673616_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brockhaus.de/"><i>Leon Neil Cooper</i></a>, <span lang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Neil+Cooper&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EBrockhaus+Enzyklop%C3%A4die%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brockhaus.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38600e8d92ebe59c632cdfe346dc7f99-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38600e8d92ebe59c632cdfe346dc7f99_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/query?query.id=query-00"><i>Leon N. Cooper</i></a>, <span lang="de">Munzinger Personen</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+N.+Cooper&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EMunzinger+Personen%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.munzinger.de%2Fsearch%2Fquery%3Fquery.id%3Dquery-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e7948fbdc81cbc70a10b1968538cb44a-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e7948fbdc81cbc70a10b1968538cb44a_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/"><i>Leon Cooper</i></a>, SNAC<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Cooper&rft.pub=SNAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32d2df6a20ccadaa2878553e713d4da0-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32d2df6a20ccadaa2878553e713d4da0_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/"><i>Leon N. Cooper</i></a>, <span lang="en">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+N.+Cooper&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36a531cb109a254c990c50b9b4ad44cc-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36a531cb109a254c990c50b9b4ad44cc_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proleksis.lzmk.hr"><i>Leon Neil Cooper</i></a>, <span lang="hr">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Neil+Cooper&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hr%22%3EOp%C4%87a+i+nacionalna+enciklopedija%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproleksis.lzmk.hr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3a42b38c3e2a1fa7b1481ca392a3095d-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3a42b38c3e2a1fa7b1481ca392a3095d_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com"><i><span lang="en">Who's who</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EWho%27s+who%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ef7cfe0fe475b92862d4088c8d85288f-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ef7cfe0fe475b92862d4088c8d85288f_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i>Купер Леон</i>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17378135" class="extiw" title="d:Q17378135">Marea Enciclopedie Sovietică (1969–1978)</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Marea_Enciclopedie_Sovietic%C4%83_(1969%E2%80%931978)_(edi%C8%9Bia_a_3-a_a_Enciclopediei_universale_Sovietice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marea Enciclopedie Sovietică (1969–1978) (ediția a 3-a a Enciclopediei universale Sovietice)"></a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.pub=Marea+Enciclopedie+Sovietic%C4%83+%281969%E2%80%931978%29%3Cabbr+title%3D%27Articolul+%C3%AEnc%C4%83+nu+exist%C4%83+%C3%AEn+acest+wiki%27%3E%5B%2A%5D%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%238203%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146337e548f9aaf4fd68841a9f790e14-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146337e548f9aaf4fd68841a9f790e14_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/science/leon-cooper-dead.html"><i>Leon Cooper Dies at 94; Nobelist Unlocked Secrets of Superconductivity</i></a> (în engleză), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-10-26">26 octombrie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Cooper+Dies+at+94%3B+Nobelist+Unlocked+Secrets+of+Superconductivity&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F10%2F25%2Fscience%2Fleon-cooper-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Neil+Cooper" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83" title="Format:Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică">Laureații Premiului Nobel pentru Fizică </a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">1901–1925 </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P.Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M.Curie</a> (1903) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1904) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a> (1906) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> (1909) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a> (1910) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> (1911) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> (1912) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a> (1914) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L.Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H.Bragg</a> (1915) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> (1917) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> (1919) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> (1920) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N.Bohr</a> (1922) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Manne Siegbahn">M.Siegbahn</a> (1924) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a> (1925)</span> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">1926–1950 </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a> (1926) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.Wilson</a> (1927) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.Richardson</a> (1928) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> (1929) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a> (1930) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C.D.Anderson</a> (1936) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a> (1937) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> (1944) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> (1946) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> (1947) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a> (1948) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> (1949) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a> (1950)</span> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">1951–1975 </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> (1951) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> (1952) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> (1953) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> (1954) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> (1955) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a> (1956) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D.Lee</a> (1957) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexeevici_Cerenkov" title="Pavel Alexeevici Cerenkov">Cerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Frank" title="Ilia Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> (1958) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1959) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Basov" title="Nikolai Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Mihailovici_Prohorov" title="Alexandr Mihailovici Prohorov">Prohorov</a> (1964) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a> (1970) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A.Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</span> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">1976—2000 </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a> (1976) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P.W.Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a> (1977) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kapi%C8%9Ba" title="Piotr Kapița">Kapița</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.Wilson</a> (1978) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Siegbahn">K.Siegbahn</a> (1981) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Geddes_Wilson" title="Kenneth Geddes Wilson">K.Wilson</a> (1982) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a> (1984) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a> (1987) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a> (1993) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> (1994) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/David_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lee">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.Richardson</a> (1996) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus J. G. 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David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. 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Smith">Smith</a> (2009) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novosiolov" title="Konstantin Novosiolov">Novosiolov</a> (2010) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._Schmidt" title="Brian P. Schmidt">B. Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_G._Riess" title="Adam G. Riess">Riess</a> (2011) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. 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Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Kosterlitz" title="John M. Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> (2016) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_C._Barish" title="Barry C. Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_S._Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip S. 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title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> (2021) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> (2022) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> (2023) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a> (2024)</span> 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