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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Câteva_explicări_teoretice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Câteva_explicări_teoretice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Câteva explicări teoretice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Câteva_explicări_teoretice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicații" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicații"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aplicații</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descoperiri_recente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperiri_recente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descoperiri recente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperiri_recente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Superfluid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 62 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ميوعة فائقة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميوعة فائقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidez" title="Superfluidez – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Superfluidez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0frat_ax%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="İfrat axıcılıq – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İfrat axıcılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Звышцякучасць – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Звышцякучасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свръхфлуидност – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свръхфлуидност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अती तरलता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अती तरलता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অতিতারল্য – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিতারল্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid" title="Superfluid – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Superfluid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid" title="Superfluid – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Superfluid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="شلگازی باڵا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شلگازی باڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratekutost" title="Supratekutost – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Supratekutost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Вышкайсăр юхаслăх – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вышкайсăр юхаслăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafluidit%C3%A4t" title="Suprafluidität – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suprafluidität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Superfluidity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluideco" title="Superfluideco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Superfluideco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidez" title="Superfluidez – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Superfluidez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clivoolavus" title="Ülivoolavus – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülivoolavus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluido" title="Superfluido – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Superfluido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ابرشارگی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرشارگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraneste" title="Supraneste – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Supraneste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidit%C3%A9" title="Superfluidité – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Superfluidité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forshreabhacht" title="Forshreabhacht – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Forshreabhacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidez" title="Superfluidez – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Superfluidez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="נוזל-על – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוזל-על" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अति तरलता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अति तरलता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprateku%C4%87ina" title="Supratekućina – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supratekućina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuperfoly%C3%A9konys%C3%A1g" title="Szuperfolyékonyság – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuperfolyékonyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերհոսունություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերհոսունություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluida" title="Superfluida – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Superfluida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidit%C3%A0" title="Superfluidità – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Superfluidità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="超流動 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超流動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Асқын аққыштық – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асқын аққыштық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸೂಪರ್ ಫ್ಲೂಯಿಡಿಟಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂಪರ್ ಫ್ಲೂಯಿಡಿಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="초유체 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초유체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidum" title="Superfluidum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Superfluidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidit%C3%A0" title="Superfluidità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Superfluidità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Суперфлуидност – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суперфлуидност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അതിദ്രാവകം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിദ്രാവകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Супер шингэн – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Супер шингэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebendaliran_lampau" title="Kebendaliran lampau – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebendaliran lampau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafluidit%C3%A4t" title="Suprafluidität – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Suprafluidität" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superflu%C3%AFditeit" title="Superfluïditeit – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superfluïditeit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluiditet" title="Superfluiditet – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Superfluiditet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluiditet" title="Superfluiditet – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Superfluiditet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadciek%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Nadciekłość – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadciekłość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidez" title="Superfluidez – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Superfluidez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Сверхтекучесть – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сверхтекучесть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid" title="Superfluid – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Superfluid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Superfluidity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratekut%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Supratekutá látka – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Supratekutá látka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superteko%C4%8Dnost" title="Supertekočnost – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Supertekočnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superrrjedhshm%C3%ABria" title="Superrrjedhshmëria – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Superrrjedhshmëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Суперфлуиди – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суперфлуиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafluiditet" title="Suprafluiditet – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suprafluiditet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மீப்பாய்மத்தன்மை – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீப்பாய்மத்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ของไหลยวดยิ่ง – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ของไหลยวดยิ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCperak%C4%B1%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1k" title="Süperakışkanlık – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süperakışkanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Надплинність – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надплинність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_l%E1%BB%8Fng" title="Siêu lỏng – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu lỏng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超流体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超流体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超流體 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="超流體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106667#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Superfluid" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Superfluid&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Superfluid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Superfluid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Superfluid" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Superfluid" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&oldid=16455345" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Superfluid&id=16455345&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSuperfluid"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSuperfluid"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Superfluid"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Superfluid&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Superfluidity" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106667" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Helium-II-creep.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/230px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/345px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/460px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Heliul II se va "strecura" de-a lungul suprafețelor, în scopul de a găsi propriul nivel. După o scurtă perioadă de timp, nivelurile în cele două containere se vor egaliza. "Filmul Rollin" astfel creat acoperă, de asemenea interiorul containerului mai mare; în cazul în care nu au fost sigilate, heliul II s-ar strecura și ar ieși în afara containerelor.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Superfluiditatea</b> este o <a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">fază</a> a <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">materiei</a> în care anumite fluide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprar%C4%83cire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprarăcire — pagină inexistentă">suprarăcite</a>, în special <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a> și <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a>-3, manifestă un comportament straniu, ca și când forțele de atracție și frecare interne nu ar exista, fenomen accentuat până la un punct, cunoscut ca "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punctul_lambda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punctul lambda — pagină inexistentă">punctul lambda</a>", pentru <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a>, la care <a href="/wiki/Viscozitate" title="Viscozitate">viscozitatea</a> lichidului devine zero. </p><p>Această proprietate reprezintă un interes major în domeniul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrodinamicii_cuantice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrodinamicii cuantice — pagină inexistentă">hidrodinamicii cuantice</a>, a fost descoperită de <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kapi%C8%9Ba" title="Piotr Kapița">Piotr Kapița</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Allen — pagină inexistentă">John F. Allen</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Misener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Misener — pagină inexistentă">Don Misener</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> și a fost descrisă prin intermediul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenomenologie_(%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenomenologie (știință) — pagină inexistentă">fenomenologiei</a> și a teorilor macroscopice. În anii 1950, Hall și Vinen au întreprins experimente pentru a demonstra existența <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liniilor_discrete_de_vorticitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liniilor discrete de vorticitate — pagină inexistentă">liniilor discrete de vorticitate</a>. În anii 1960, Rayfield și Reif au demonstrat existența inelelor discrete de vorticitate. Packard a observat intersecția liniilor de vorticitate cu suprafața liberă a fluidului, iar Avenel și Varoquaux au studiat <a href="/wiki/Efectul_Josephson" title="Efectul Josephson">efectul Josephson</a> la superfluide <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Câteva_explicări_teoretice"><span id="C.C3.A2teva_explic.C4.83ri_teoretice"></span>Câteva explicări teoretice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Câteva explicări teoretice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Câteva explicări teoretice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teoria fenomenologică și semi-microscopică a lui <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> în superfluiditatea <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopului</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a> i-a adus <a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică">Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică</a> în 1964. Presupunând că undele sonore sunt cele mai importante excitații ale <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopului</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a> la temperaturi scăzute, el a arătat că curgerea <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopului</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a> printr-un perete nu ar crea în mod spontan excitații dacă viteza de curgere este mai mică decât viteza sunetului. În acest model, viteza sunetului este "viteza critică" peste care, dacă este depășită, este distrusă superfluiditatea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii"></span>Aplicații</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satelitul Astronomic Infraroșu IRAS, lansat în ianuarie 1983 pentru a aduna date infraroșii a fost răcit cu 720 de litri de <a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">heliu-4</a> superfluid, menținând o <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">temperatură</a> de 1,6 K (-271.4 ° C). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heliu-4" title="Heliu-4">Heliul-4</a> superfluid este utilizat în sistemul de răcire al acceleratorului de particule <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> de la <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descoperiri_recente">Descoperiri recente</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperiri recente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperiri recente"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fizicienii au creat recent un condensat fermionic din perechi de atomi fermionici ultra-reci. </p><p>În anumite condiții, perechile fermionice formează molecule diatomice și se supun condensării <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>. Pe de altă parte, fermionii (mai ales electronii supraconductoari) formează perechi Cooper, care, de asemenea, manifestă superfluiditate. </p><p>Acest lucru recent cu gazele atomice ultra-reci a permis oamenilor de știință să studieze regiunea dintre aceste două extreme, cunoscută sub numele de crossover BEC-BCS. În plus, supersolidele au fost, de asemenea, descoperite în 2004 de către fizicienii de la Universitatea de Stat din <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Când heliul 4 este răcit la temperaturi de sub 200 mK sub presiuni ridicate, un procent de aproximativ 1% din solid pare să devină superfluid. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdiamagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdiamagnetism — pagină inexistentă">Superdiamagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bose-Einstein_condensate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bose-Einstein condensate — pagină inexistentă">Condensatul Bose-Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superconductivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superconductivity — pagină inexistentă">Superconductibilitate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_vortex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum vortex — pagină inexistentă">Vortex cuantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superfluid film — pagină inexistentă">Peliculă superfluidă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas D. Osheroff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_low-temperature_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of low-temperature technology — pagină inexistentă">Timeline of low-temperature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_sound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second sound — pagină inexistentă">Second sound</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kapitza, P. (<time datetime="1938">1938</time>). „Viscosity of Liquid Helium Below the λ-Point”. <i>Nature</i>. <b>141</b> (3558): 74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938Natur.141...74K">1938Natur.141...74K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F141074a0">10.1038/141074a0</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Viscosity+of+Liquid+Helium+Below+the+%CE%BB-Point&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3558&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F141074a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938Natur.141...74K&rft.aulast=Kapitza&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfluid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allen, J. F.; Misener, A. D. (<time datetime="1938">1938</time>). „Flow of Liquid Helium II”. <i>Nature</i>. <b>142</b> (3597): 643. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938Natur.142..643A">1938Natur.142..643A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F142643a0">10.1038/142643a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Flow+of+Liquid+Helium+II&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3597&rft.pages=643&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F142643a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938Natur.142..643A&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.au=Misener%2C+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfluid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> 2008 JINST 3 S08001 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Moses Chan's Research Group. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.psu.edu/~chan/index_files/Page526.htm">Supersolid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408065008/http://www.phys.psu.edu/~chan/index_files/Page526.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-04-08">8 aprilie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.." <i>Penn State University,</i> 2004.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>London, F. Superfluids (Wiley, New York, 1950).</li> <li>D.R. Tilley and J. Tilley, ``Superfluidity and Superconductivity,<i> (IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, 1990). </i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_Kleinert" title="Hagen Kleinert">Hagen Kleinert</a>, <i>Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter</i>, Vol. I, "SUPERFLOW AND VORTEX LINES", pp. 1–742, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/0356.htm">World Scientific (Singapore, 1989)</a>; Paperback <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9971502100" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9971-5-0210-0</a> (also available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents1.html">here</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfluid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z6UJbwxBZI&feature=related">Video including superfluid helium's strange behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltl.tkk.fi/research/theory/helium.html">Superfluid phases of helium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.html">Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics</a> - Superfluid helium-3 research group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aip.org/png/html/helium3.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313075351/http://www.aip.org/png/html/helium3.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-03-13">13 martie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-54/iss-2/p31.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060408121158/http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-54/iss-2/p31.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-04-08">8 aprilie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/matter.html">[3]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/6/3/1">[4]</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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