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Loss Function | Deepgram
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MuiButton-colorSecondary MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textSecondary MuiButton-sizeSmall MuiButton-textSizeSmall MuiButton-colorSecondary sc-d74559df-0 fqnlbI sc-6e03a9e4-0 iumJHL sc-3618c394-0 gxydGy css-6n9fb7" tabindex="0" type="button" __typename="ComponentCallToActionRecord" id="Xho9X9_YQj2HBRVr87BG0g" href="/learn?type=Article&page=1&category=Announcements"><span class="sc-b323b31-0 fcPowg button-label" display="inline-flex"><span>View more</span></span><style data-emotion="css kcxyz4">.css-kcxyz4{display:inherit;margin-right:-2px;margin-left:8px;}.css-kcxyz4>*:nth-of-type(1){font-size:18px;}</style><span class="MuiButton-icon MuiButton-endIcon MuiButton-iconSizeSmall css-kcxyz4"><div width="fit-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 ddioGD"><span display="inline-flex" class="sc-b323b31-0 bZmEHx"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></span></div></span></a></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gzWdaa"><a rel="" target="" display="-webkit-box" height="100%" width="100%" class="sc-e69ac761-0 ecplwP sc-2850a57f-3 cPKdIq" href="/learn/introducing-nova-3-speech-to-text-api"><div width="100%" height="100%" id="e1wy33mNTlGk8-WqDH28_Q" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-2850a57f-1 fJWxEy ggobuO"><div width="100%" height="150px" class="sc-6293d692-0 eWcIvK"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="Introducing Nova-3: Setting a New Standard for AI-Driven Speech-to-Text" loading="lazy" width="590" height="259" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-2850a57f-2 dSsmQU" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=1200&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=1200&q=75"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 biWqHE"><span font-weight="semiBold" class="sc-b323b31-0 iNRMrC"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 320 512" color="#ffffff" class="sc-2850a57f-0 Tcnof" style="color:#ffffff" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg>Introducing Nova-3: Setting a New Standard for AI-Driven Speech-to-Text</span><span class="sc-b323b31-0 jUNaqu">Published on 02/12/25</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></li><li height="fit-content" width="100%" tabindex="0" class="sc-6293d692-0 hEIHLV"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 gbwWMz"><div height="fit-content" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 caCSrG"><span font-size="textXl" font-weight="medium" display="block" cursor="pointer" width="100%" class="sc-b323b31-0 kzoxAi">Solutions</span><div transform="rotateX(0deg)" class="sc-ace17a57-0 fxtsZN"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#A9A9AD" style="color:#A9A9AD" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div pointer-events="none" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-610ba7e0-0 fqJJID gkvAJG"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 iIvmda"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fXUJvn"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 jbARwL"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gYFcFc"><span display="block" width="auto" class="sc-b323b31-0 gIJLbd">Use Cases</span></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/contact-centers"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" 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guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Medical Transcription</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/deepgram-for-voicebots-and-chatbots"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060265-conversational-ai.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Conversational AI</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/speech-analytics"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060282-speech-analytics.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Speech Analytics</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/media-transcription"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060298-media.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Media Transcription</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 bcBFEg"><a rel="" target="" class="sc-e69ac761-0 bkHGsI sc-3618c394-11 cTfqJK" href="/customers"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldePaW"><div width="28px" height="28px" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-3618c394-1 ipShUF kXFUqt"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="Customers" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" 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class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">AI Glossary</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/about"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060599-speech-bubble.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">About</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 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loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3618c394-8 jzJMzZ" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060670-grid.svg"/></div></div><span font-size="textSm" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-15 fmcyDO gpxdfo">AI Apps</span></div></a><a href="https://www.aiminds.com/subscribe" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" class="sc-e69ac761-0 bkHGsI sc-3618c394-11 cTfqJK"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldePaW"><div width="28px" height="28px" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-3618c394-1 ipShUF kXFUqt"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="AI Minds" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3618c394-8 jzJMzZ" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728570215-ai-minds-icon-green-duotone.svg"/></div></div><span font-size="textSm" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-15 fmcyDO gpxdfo">AI Minds</span></div></a><a rel="" target="" class="sc-e69ac761-0 bkHGsI sc-3618c394-11 cTfqJK" href="/ai-voice-generator"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldePaW"><div width="28px" height="28px" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-3618c394-1 ipShUF kXFUqt"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="AI Voice Generator" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3618c394-8 jzJMzZ" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060689-podcast.svg"/></div></div><span font-size="textSm" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-15 fmcyDO gpxdfo">AI Voice Generator</span></div></a><a rel="" target="" class="sc-e69ac761-0 bkHGsI sc-3618c394-11 cTfqJK" href="/free-transcription"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldePaW"><div width="28px" height="28px" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-3618c394-1 ipShUF kXFUqt"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="Transcription Tool" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3618c394-8 jzJMzZ" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060712-transcription.svg"/></div></div><span font-size="textSm" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-15 fmcyDO gpxdfo">Transcription Tool</span></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></li><li height="fit-content" width="100%" tabindex="0" class="sc-6293d692-0 hEIHLV"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 gbwWMz"><div height="fit-content" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 caCSrG"><span font-size="textXl" font-weight="medium" display="block" cursor="pointer" width="100%" class="sc-b323b31-0 kzoxAi">Developers</span><div transform="rotateX(0deg)" class="sc-ace17a57-0 fxtsZN"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#A9A9AD" style="color:#A9A9AD" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div pointer-events="none" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-610ba7e0-0 fqJJID gkvAJG"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 iIvmda"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fXUJvn"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 jbARwL"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://developers.deepgram.com/documentation/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060846-documentation.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Documentation</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/learn?type=Article&page=1&category=Tutorials"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060860-tutorials.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Tutorials</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://status.deepgram.com/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060872-status.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Status</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/changelog"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060899-changelog.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Changelog</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 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class="sc-6293d692-0 csGpzP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 hhtFqm glossary-content-wrapper"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 btkfVN"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-a48d0877-0 dJCIVv zIKHU"><h1 font-size="displaySm" letter-spacing="neg2" font-weight="semiBold" font-family="primaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 JYZsj">Loss Function</h1><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fJkbQy"><p font-family="bodyFont" class="sc-5159831f-0 GBftN">This article will dive into the essence of loss functions, their historical background, operational mechanics, and their indispensable role in algorithm optimization. </p></div></div></div><!--$--><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-4e888a2-0 hfDdWp cifBqP"><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Have you ever wondered how machine learning models get better with time, much like a fine wine? Imagine this: every prediction a model makes is a step toward its improvement, guided by a seemingly invisible force. This force, known as the "loss function," plays a pivotal role in the development and optimization of machine learning algorithms. </p><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Interestingly, the concept dates back to the mid-20th century, introduced by Abraham Wald, emphasizing its deep-rooted significance in statistical and decision theory. With machine learning becoming ubiquitous, from powering search engine algorithms to making self-driving cars a reality, understanding the mechanics behind loss functions is more relevant than ever. </p><p class="sc-5159831f-0">This article will dive into the essence of loss functions, their historical background, operational mechanics, and their indispensable role in algorithm optimization. Ready to uncover how a simple mathematical formula can be the key to unlocking the full potential of machine learning models?</p><h2 id="what-is-the-loss-function" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg">What is the Loss Function</h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldWHw component-img-wrapper" id="Sb44XYpCTIaRSeOE07GZ1Q"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iLvNR kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content" display="flex"><img alt="" title="" loading="lazy" width="1416" height="416" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3ec8aa52-0 jTMTOn desktop-image" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain;background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1416 416'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='/deepgram.jpg'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 810px, 100vw" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png&w=3840&q=75"/></div><div font-size="textSm" font-style="italic" class="sc-6293d692-0 jgEMAk"><!--$--><!--/$--></div></div></p><p class="sc-5159831f-0">A loss function stands at the core of machine learning, acting as a compass that guides models towards accuracy and reliability. It quantifies the difference between the model's predictions and the actual observed data, offering a numerical representation of "error" or "loss." Here's how it fundamentally works:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Historical Context</span>: The reintroduction of the loss function concept by Abraham Wald highlighted its importance in statistical theory, particularly in parameter estimation. This historical milestone underscores the enduring relevance of loss functions in statistical analysis and machine learning.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Operational Mechanics</span>: According to DataRobot Blog, loss functions operate on a simple yet powerful principle — outputting higher numbers for incorrect predictions and lower numbers for accurate ones. This mechanism allows machine learning models to 'learn' from their mistakes, steering them closer to accurate predictions with each iteration.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Significance in Optimization</span>: The primary significance of loss functions lies in their ability to optimize algorithms. By providing a clear metric for error, they help ensure that algorithms accurately model datasets, continually improving their performance.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Custom Loss Functions</span>: Towards Data Science outlines the importance of custom loss functions, which must only include two arguments: the target value (y_true) and the predicted value (y_pred). This customization enables developers to tailor loss functions to the specific needs of their models, enhancing model accuracy in unique scenarios.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Beyond Machine Learning</span>: The applications of loss functions extend far beyond the realm of machine learning. They find utility in decision theory, business management, and various scenarios where performance optimization is crucial.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Understanding loss functions is akin to unlocking a toolbox for machine learning model improvement. With each prediction error, a model equipped with the right loss function edges closer to perfection, much like a sculptor chiseling towards the ideal form.</p><h2 id="types-of-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg">Types of Loss Functions</h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-e61620d4-3 AtfTn dShruM"><div id="HapdIyXHTGKw9JBuL3X9_A" width="100%" height="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-e61620d4-2 gzXpTI emlDnZ"><div display="flex" width="96px" height="96px" transform="translate(-50%, -50%)" cursor="pointer" opacity="1" class="sc-ace17a57-0 jaZmRB"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#fff" style="color:#fff" height="32" width="32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M424.4 214.7L72.4 6.6C43.8-10.3 0 6.1 0 47.9V464c0 37.5 40.7 60.1 72.4 41.3l352-208c31.4-18.5 31.5-64.1 0-82.6z"></path></svg></div><div width="100%" height="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-e61620d4-1 cMdsen hNlWwm"><!--$--><!--/$--></div></div></div></p><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In the realm of machine learning, loss functions serve as the foundational pillars that guide models towards accuracy. They are categorized into two main types: regression loss functions and classification loss functions. Each type addresses distinct machine learning tasks, offering a framework for evaluating model performance.</p><h3 id="regression-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Regression Loss Functions</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Regression loss functions are pivotal when predicting continuous values. They quantify the deviation between the actual and predicted values, thus guiding models to minimize this discrepancy.</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Mean Squared Error (MSE)</span>: MSE is a staple in regression analysis, capturing the squared difference between actual and predicted values. Its widespread acceptance stems from its simplicity and the clear interpretability of its results. By penalizing larger errors more severely, MSE ensures that models focus on reducing bigger inaccuracies.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Mean Absolute Error (MAE)</span>: MAE measures the absolute difference between actual and predicted values. Unlike MSE, it treats all errors equally, providing a more straightforward assessment of average error magnitude. This characteristic makes MAE particularly useful in scenarios where outliers are expected, but not necessarily critical to address.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="classification-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Classification Loss Functions</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Classification tasks, where the goal is to categorize inputs into discrete classes, rely on classification loss functions. These functions evaluate the model's ability to correctly classify instances.</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Binary Cross-Entropy</span>: This function is crucial for binary classification problems. It assesses the distance between the model's predicted probabilities and the actual binary outcomes, effectively guiding models to improve their classification accuracy.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Categorical Cross-Entropy</span>: Extending the principles of binary cross-entropy, categorical cross-entropy applies to multi-class classification tasks. It evaluates the model's performance across multiple categories, emphasizing the importance of accurately predicting the correct class out of many possible options.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="specialized-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Specialized Loss Functions</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Certain loss functions are designed to address specific challenges in machine learning tasks, offering unique advantages.</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Hinge Loss</span>: Predominantly used in Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Hinge Loss is designed to maximize the margin between data points of different classes. It's particularly effective in classification tasks that require a clear decision boundary between categories.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Huber Loss</span>: A hybrid approach that combines elements of MSE and MAE, Huber Loss is less sensitive to outliers than MSE, making it robust in the presence of anomalies in the data. This loss function automatically adjusts its behavior based on the size of the error, providing a balanced approach to error penalization.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="choosing-the-right-loss-function" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Choosing the Right Loss Function</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Selecting the appropriate loss function is a decision that can significantly influence a model's performance. It's not merely a technical choice but a strategic one that aligns with the specific characteristics and challenges of the machine learning task at hand.</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The choice between MSE and MAE hinges on the specific requirements regarding outlier sensitivity and error penalization.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In classification tasks, the decision between binary or categorical cross-entropy depends on the nature of the output variable (binary vs. multi-class).</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">For applications where decision boundaries are crucial or where robustness to outliers is a priority, specialized loss functions like Hinge Loss or Huber Loss may offer distinct advantages.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Ultimately, the effectiveness of a loss function is measured by its ability to steer the model towards ever-greater accuracy, making the careful selection of a loss function an essential step in the development of competent and reliable machine learning models.</p><h2 id="role-of-loss-function-in-machine-learning" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg">Role of Loss Function in Machine Learning</h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The journey of machine learning (ML) models from naïveté to expertise is a path defined by a strategic guide—the loss function. This guide not only instructs the model on the difference between its current state and perfection but also illuminates the pathway to achieving unparalleled accuracy. Let's delve into the multifaceted role of loss functions in the training and performance of ML models.</p><h3 id="the-objective-of-minimization" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">The Objective of Minimization</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">At its core, the loss function serves as the north star for ML models, steering them towards the ultimate goal of error minimization. This function quantifies how far off a model's predictions are from the actual target values, providing a concrete objective for the training process to minimize. The beauty of this setup lies in its simplicity; by reducing the loss, a model inherently increases its accuracy, aligning its predictions more closely with reality.</p><h3 id="backpropagation-the-path-to-optimization" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Backpropagation: The Path to Optimization</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Adjusting Model Parameters</span>: The process of backpropagation stands as a cornerstone in the training of neural networks, leveraging the gradient of the loss function to fine-tune the model's parameters. This iterative adjustment process is akin to finding the lowest point in a valley—a task accomplished by taking steps proportional to the steepness of the slope, as indicated by the loss function's gradient.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Gradient Descent</span>: At each iteration, backpropagation calculates the gradient of the loss function with respect to each parameter, guiding the model on how to alter these parameters to reduce loss. This method ensures that the model's journey towards optimization is both directed and efficient, avoiding aimless wandering in the parameter space.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="evaluating-and-enhancing-model-performance" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Evaluating and Enhancing Model Performance</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Quantifiable Measure of Accuracy</span>: The loss function provides a numeric gauge of model performance, both during training and after. This quantification is invaluable, not only for comparing the efficacy of different models but also for tuning hyperparameters and making informed decisions about which algorithms to deploy.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Preventing Overfitting</span>: Incorporating regularization terms into the loss function is a strategy employed to prevent overfitting—a scenario where a model performs well on training data but poorly on unseen data. Regularization terms penalize complexity, encouraging the model to learn generalized patterns rather than memorizing the training data.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="guiding-algorithm-selection-and-model-adaptation" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Guiding Algorithm Selection and Model Adaptation</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Algorithm Selection</span>: The choice of loss function has a profound impact on the model's learning algorithm, influencing which patterns are learned and how quickly. For instance, models tasked with regression problems might favor MSE or MAE as their loss function, while classification tasks might lean towards cross-entropy loss.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Adaptation in Complex Scenarios</span>: Advanced ML tasks, such as multi-class classification or structured prediction, necessitate the adaptation of loss functions to accommodate the intricacies of these problems. These adaptations ensure that the loss function accurately reflects the challenges unique to each task, guiding the model towards effective problem-solving strategies.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="the-loss-functions-role-in-machine-learning-a-keystone-of-model-training" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">The Loss Function's Role in Machine Learning: A Keystone of Model Training</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In the grand scheme of machine learning, the loss function emerges not merely as a tool for evaluation but as the linchpin of model training and performance. Through the processes of backpropagation and regularization, it shapes the learning trajectory of models, ensuring that they evolve in a direction that enhances their accuracy and generalization capabilities. The careful selection and adaptation of loss functions, tailored to the specific demands of the task at hand, underscore their indispensable role in the development of robust, effective machine learning models.</p><h2 id="applications-of-active-learning" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg">Applications of Active Learning</h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Active learning, a subset of machine learning, transforms the traditional model training paradigm by actively selecting the data from which it learns. This approach is particularly influential in scenarios where labeled data is scarce or labeling is costly, both in terms of resources and time. The strategic use of loss functions within active learning frameworks serves to identify the most informative data points, thus optimizing the learning process with a minimal yet effective dataset.</p><h3 id="defining-active-learning-and-its-reliance-on-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Defining Active Learning and Its Reliance on Loss Functions</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Active learning stands out by its method of iteratively querying a user or an oracle (such as an expert system) to label new data points with the highest perceived value. Loss functions play a pivotal role in this process by quantifying the uncertainty or the potential information gain from unlabeled instances. Essentially, the loss function measures how much the model's performance could improve if it knew the true label of an instance. This measurement guides the active learning algorithm in selecting which data points to label next.</p><h3 id="optimizing-learning-with-fewer-labeled-instances" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Optimizing Learning with Fewer Labeled Instances</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Quantifying Uncertainty</span>: Loss functions can effectively quantify the uncertainty associated with each unlabeled sample. High uncertainty implies that the model is less confident about its predictions for that sample, signaling potential for significant learning from its labeling.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Selective Labeling</span>: By focusing on samples with high uncertainty, active learning ensures that the model receives the most informative examples. This selective process drastically reduces the need for a large volume of labeled data, thereby conserving resources.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="active-learning-in-datascarce-domains" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Active Learning in Data-Scarce Domains</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Medical Imaging</span>: In medical imaging, acquiring labeled data can be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, as it requires expert analysis. Active learning has been instrumental in reducing the amount of labeled data needed for training models without compromising the models' diagnostic accuracy.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Natural Language Processing (NLP)</span>: NLP tasks, such as sentiment analysis or language translation, benefit from active learning by using loss functions to identify the text samples that are likely to provide the most value if labeled, thus enhancing model performance with fewer data points.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="impactful-examples-of-active-learning" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Impactful Examples of Active Learning</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Reduced Dataset Requirements</span>: In fields such as medical imaging, active learning has enabled the development of high-performing diagnostic models with significantly fewer labeled examples. This reduction in dataset size has not only cut costs but also accelerated the development cycle of life-saving technologies.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Improved Model Performance</span>: In NLP tasks, active learning strategies have demonstrated the ability to maintain or even improve model performance by focusing on the ambiguity and informativeness of the samples selected for labeling.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="active-learning-in-semisupervised-models" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Active Learning in Semi-Supervised Models</h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Active learning finds a natural application in semi-supervised learning models, which can operate with both labeled and unlabeled data. Here, the loss function determines the confidence level of predictions for unlabeled data:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Iterative Labeling and Learning</span>: As the model trains, it iteratively labels the most informative unlabeled samples based on the loss function. This process enriches the labeled dataset, allowing the model to learn more nuanced patterns over time.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Confidence-based Selection</span>: The model uses the loss function to assess its confidence in its predictions. Samples with low confidence scores—indicating high uncertainty—are prioritized for labeling, ensuring that the model learns from the most challenging instances.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Active learning exemplifies the dynamic interaction between machine learning models and the data they learn from. By leveraging loss functions to discern the most informative data points, active learning strategies not only optimize the efficiency of the learning process but also open new avenues for applying machine learning in scenarios where data is a premium. This symbiotic relationship between loss functions and active learning underscores the evolving nature of machine learning, continually pushing the boundaries of what's possible with less.</p><h2 id="practical-implementation-of-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg">Practical Implementation of Loss Functions</h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The implementation of loss functions in machine learning projects goes beyond selecting an off-the-shelf option. It involves a deep dive into the customization, debugging, and optimization processes, particularly when using frameworks like TensorFlow and Keras. These frameworks offer the flexibility needed for tailoring models to address specific problems effectively, as highlighted by Towards Data Science.</p><h3 id="customization-of-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Customization of Loss Functions</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Framework Support</span>: Both TensorFlow and Keras support the customization of loss functions, allowing developers to craft solutions that align closely with their project's objectives.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Problem Specificity</span>: By customizing loss functions, one can directly address the unique challenges of their dataset or problem statement. For example, a highly imbalanced dataset might benefit from a custom loss function that penalizes false negatives more severely than false positives.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Implementation Tips</span>: Begin by defining the loss function in the framework's syntax, ensuring it accepts the two required arguments: the true values (<span font-family="secondaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-42818e5a-4 hqcSqI jpHeYz">y_true</span>) and the model's predictions (<span font-family="secondaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-42818e5a-4 hqcSqI jpHeYz">y_pred</span>). Then, integrate the function into the model's compilation step.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="debugging-and-optimizing-custom-loss-functions" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Debugging and Optimizing Custom Loss Functions</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Monitoring for Unexpected Behavior</span>: Keep an eye on the loss value during training. Anomalies such as a sudden increase or failure to decrease indicate issues that need addressing.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Gradient Checking</span>: To ensure that your custom loss function works as intended, employ gradient checking. This process involves comparing the gradients provided by your function with numerically estimated gradients.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Optimization Techniques</span>: Experiment with different optimization algorithms. Some loss functions may converge faster or more reliably with specific optimizers.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="understanding-mathematical-properties" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Understanding Mathematical Properties</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Avoiding Non-Convexity</span>: Knowledge of the mathematical properties of loss functions can prevent common pitfalls. Non-convex loss functions, for instance, may lead the optimization process to get stuck in local minima.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Smoothness and Continuity</span>: Ideally, a loss function should be smooth and continuous, providing a clear path for the optimizer to follow towards the global minimum.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="best-practices-for-experimentation" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg">Best Practices for Experimentation</h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Iterative Approach</span>: The development of machine learning models is inherently iterative. Testing different loss functions can reveal which one yields the best performance for a specific task.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Empirical Evaluation</span>: Besides theoretical considerations, the empirical performance of a loss function on a validation set provides critical feedback. This approach helps in fine-tuning the loss function to the peculiarities of the dataset.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Balancing Complexity and Performance</span>: While it's tempting to increase the complexity of a loss function for minor performance gains, consider the trade-off in terms of understandability and computational efficiency.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The strategic implementation of loss functions transcends their mathematical formulation. It encompasses a comprehensive process involving customization to the problem at hand, vigilant debugging during training, and a deep understanding of their mathematical underpinnings. 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kmKRMV">Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/reproducibility-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Reproducibility in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/restricted-boltzmann-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Restricted Boltzmann Machines</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semi-supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semi-Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/support-vector-machines-svm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Support Vector Machines (SVM)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/topic-modeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Topic Modeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/uncertainty-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Uncertainty in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/vanishing-and-exploding-gradients" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Vanishing and Exploding Gradients</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-labeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Labeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inference-engine" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Inference Engine</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/probabilistic-models-in-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Probabilistic Models in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f1-score-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">F1 Score in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/expectation-maximization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Expectation Maximization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/beam-search-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Beam Search Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/embedding-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Embedding Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/differential-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Differential Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-poisoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Poisoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/causal-inference" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Causal Inference</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/capsule-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Capsule Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/attention-mechanisms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Attention Mechanisms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/domain-adaptation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Domain Adaptation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/evolutionary-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Evolutionary Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/contrastive-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Contrastive Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/explainable-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Explainable AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/affective-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Affective AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semantic Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-augmentation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Augmentation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/convolutional-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Convolutional Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Cognitive Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/end-to-end-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">End-to-end Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/double-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Double Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Model Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-radiance-fields" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Radiance Fields</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/regularization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Regularization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-querying" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Querying (NLQ)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/foundation-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Foundation Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/forward-propagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Forward Propagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f2-score" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">F2 Score</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-ethics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Ethics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/transfer-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Transfer Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-alignment" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Alignment</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/whisper-v3" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Whisper v3</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/whisper-v2" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Whisper v2</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semi-structured-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semi-structured data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-hallucinations" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Hallucinations</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/emergent-behavior" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Emergent Behavior</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/matplotlib" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Matplotlib</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/numpy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">NumPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/scikit-learn" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Scikit-learn</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/scipy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">SciPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keras" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Keras</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/tensorflow" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">TensorFlow</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/seaborn-python-package" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Seaborn Python Package</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pytorch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">PyTorch</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-toolkit-nltk" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pandas" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Pandas</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ego-4d" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Ego 4D</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/the-pile" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">The Pile</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/common-crawl-datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Common Crawl Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/squad" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">SQuAD</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/intelligent-document-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Intelligent Document Processing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameter-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hyperparameter Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/Markov-decision-process" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Markov Decision Process</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graph-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Graph Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-architecture-search" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Architecture Search</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ablation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Ablation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-distillation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Knowledge Distillation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Model Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/out-of-distribution-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Out-of-Distribution Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/recurrent-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Recurrent Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/active-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Active Learning (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imbalanced-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Imbalanced Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/loss-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 iUnKGS">Loss Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/unsupervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Unsupervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-big-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI and Big Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/adagrad" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AdaGrad</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Clustering Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/parametric-neural-networks%C2%A0" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Parametric Neural Networks </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/acoustic-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Acoustic Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/articulatory-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Articulatory Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/concatenative-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Concatenative Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-g2p" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion (G2P)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/homograph-disambiguation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Homograph Disambiguation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-text-to-speech-ntts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Text-to-Speech (NTTS)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/voice-cloning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Voice Cloning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/autoregressive-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Autoregressive Model</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/candidate-sampling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Candidate Sampling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-algorithmic-trading" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning in Algorithmic Trading</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-creativity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Creativity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/context-aware-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Context-Aware Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-emotion-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Emotion Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Knowledge Representation and Reasoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metacognitive-learning-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Metacognitive Learning Models </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/synthetic-data-for-ai-training" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Synthetic Data for AI Training</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-speech-enhancement" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Speech Enhancement</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/counterfactual-explanations-in-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Counterfactual Explanations in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/eco-friendly-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Eco-friendly AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-store-for-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Feature Store for Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-teaching-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Generative Teaching Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-centered-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Human-centered AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metaheuristic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Metaheuristic Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/statistical-relational-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Statistical Relational Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-architectures" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Cognitive Architectures</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-phenotyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Phenotyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/continuous-learning-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Continuous Learning Systems</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deepfake-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Deepfake Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/one-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">One-Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/quantum-machine-learning-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/self-healing-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Self-healing AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-search-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semantic Search Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/artificial-super-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Artificial Super Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-guardrails" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Guardrails</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/limited-memory-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Limited Memory AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatbots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Chatbots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Diffusion</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hidden Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/instruction-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Instruction Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/objective-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Objective Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pretraining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Pretraining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/symbolic-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Symbolic AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/auto-classification" 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary sc-d74559df-0 iotBFW css-ak4akz" tabindex="0" type="button" href="" target="_self"><span class="sc-b323b31-0 btXZGI button-label" display="inline-flex">B</span></button></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 goWpow"><style data-emotion="css q0kznr">.css-q0kznr{font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary sc-d74559df-0 iotBFW css-ak4akz" tabindex="0" type="button" href="" target="_self"><span class="sc-b323b31-0 btXZGI button-label" display="inline-flex">C</span></button></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 goWpow"><style data-emotion="css q0kznr">.css-q0kznr{font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-education" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI and Education</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-medicine" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI and Medicine</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-voice-transfer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Voice Transfer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/approximate-dynamic-programming" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Approximate Dynamic Programming</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/adversarial-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Adversarial Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/alphago-zero" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AlphaGo Zero</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-hardware" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Hardware</a><a 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class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Lifecycle Management</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-literacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Literacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-monitoring" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Monitoring</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-oversight" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Oversight</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-prototyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Prototyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-regulation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Regulation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-resilience" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Resilience</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/attention-mechanisms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Attention Mechanisms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/affective-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Affective AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-ethics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Ethics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-alignment" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Alignment</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-hallucinations" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Hallucinations</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ablation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ablation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/active-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Active Learning (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-big-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI and Big Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/adagrad" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AdaGrad</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/acoustic-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Acoustic Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/articulatory-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Articulatory Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/autoregressive-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Autoregressive Model</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-emotion-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Emotion Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-speech-enhancement" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Speech Enhancement</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/artificial-super-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Artificial Super Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-guardrails" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Guardrails</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/auto-classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Auto Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/association-rule-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Association Rule Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/autoencoder" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Autoencoder</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/accuracy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Accuracy in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-robustness" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Robustness</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-safety" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Safety</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-scalability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Scalability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-simulation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Simulation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-standards" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Standards</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-steering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Steering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-transparency" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Transparency</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/augmented-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Augmented Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/applications" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Applications</a></li><li data-letter="B" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">B</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/benchmarking" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Benchmarking</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/batch-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Batch Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/backpropagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Backpropagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bayesian-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Bayesian Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bert" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">BERT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/binary-classification-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Binary Classification AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/beam-search-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Beam Search Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bias-variance-tradeoff" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Bias-Variance Tradeoff</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/boosting" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Boosting in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="C" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">C</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chess-bots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Chess bots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatgpt" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">ChatGPT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cure-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">CURE Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/curse-of-dimensionality" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Curse of Dimensionality</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-map" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Map</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/central-processing-unit-cpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Central Processing Unit (CPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conditional-variational-autoencoders" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Conditional Variational Autoencoders</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conversational-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Conversational AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/causal-inference" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Causal Inference</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/capsule-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Capsule Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/contrastive-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Contrastive Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/convolutional-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Convolutional Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/common-crawl-datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Common Crawl Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Clustering Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/concatenative-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Concatenative Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/candidate-sampling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Candidate Sampling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-creativity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Creativity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/context-aware-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Context-Aware Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/counterfactual-explanations-in-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Counterfactual Explanations in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-architectures" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Architectures</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-phenotyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Phenotyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/continuous-learning-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Continuous Learning Systems</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatbots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Chatbots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/composite-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Composite AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-lingustics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Linguistics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-semantics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Semantics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/collaborative-filtering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Collaborative Filtering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/corpus" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Corpus in NLP</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/confirmation-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Confirmation Bias in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/confidence-intervals" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Confidence Intervals in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cross-validation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cross Validation in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Clustering in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="D" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">D</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/dall-e" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Dall-E</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/distilbert" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">DistilBERT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/dimensionality-reduction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Dimensionality Reduction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-reinforcement-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deep Reinforcement Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Diffusion Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-labeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Labeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/differential-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Differential Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-poisoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Poisoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/domain-adaptation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Domain Adaptation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-augmentation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Augmentation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/double-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Double Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deepfake-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deepfake Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Diffusion</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-scarcity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Scarcity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/decision-tree" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Decision Tree</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/decision-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Decision Intelligence</a></li><li data-letter="E" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">E</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/expectation-maximization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Expectation Maximization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/embedding-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Embedding Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/evolutionary-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Evolutionary Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/explainable-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Explainable AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/end-to-end-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">End-to-end Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/emergent-behavior" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Emergent Behavior</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ego-4d" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ego 4D</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/eco-friendly-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Eco-friendly AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ensemble-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ensemble Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/entropy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Entropy in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/epoch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Epoch in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ethical-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ethical AI</a></li><li data-letter="F" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">F</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/flajolet-martin-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Flajolet-Martin Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feedforward-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feedforward Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fine-tuning-deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Fine Tuning in Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fundamentals" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Fundamentals</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f1-score-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">F1 Score in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/foundation-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Foundation Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/forward-propagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Forward Propagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f2-score" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">F2 Score</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-store-for-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Store for Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/few-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Few Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/federated-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Federated Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-selection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Selection</a></li><li data-letter="G" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">G</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-clipping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gradient Clipping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-adversarial-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gaussian-processes" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gaussian Processes</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gated-recurrent-unit" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gated Recurrent Unit</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grounding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Grounding</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-boosting-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graphics-processing-unit-gpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/google-bard" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Google's Bard</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-scaling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gradient Scaling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graph-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Graph Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-g2p" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion (G2P)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-teaching-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative Teaching Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/genetic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Genetic Algorithms in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ground-truth" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ground Truth in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="H" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">H</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameters" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hyperparameters</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-markov-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hooke-jeeves-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hooke-Jeeves Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameter-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hyperparameter Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/homograph-disambiguation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Homograph Disambiguation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-centered-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human-centered AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hidden Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-in-the-loop-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human-in-the-Loop AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hybrid-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hybrid AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-augmentation-with-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human Augmentation with AI</a></li><li data-letter="I" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">I</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inference-engine" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Inference Engine</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/intelligent-document-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Intelligent Document Processing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imbalanced-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Imbalanced Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/instruction-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Instruction Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/incremental-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Incremental Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/information-retrieval" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Information Retrieval</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/image-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Image Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imagenet" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">ImageNet</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inductive-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Inductive Bias</a></li><li data-letter="K" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">K</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/k-shingles" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">k-Shingles</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keyphrase-extraction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Keyphrase Extraction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keras" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Keras</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-distillation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Knowledge Distillation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Knowledge Representation and Reasoning</a></li><li data-letter="L" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 fvIpti">L</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llama-2" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Llama 2</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llm-collection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">LLM Collection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/latent-dirichlet-allocation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/large-language-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Large Language Model (LLM)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/loss-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 ezFGlW">Loss Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/limited-memory-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Limited Memory AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/learning-rate" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Learning Rate</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/learning-to-rank" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Learning To Rank</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/logits" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Logits</a></li><li data-letter="M" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">M</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/midjourney-image-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Midjourney (Image Generation)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mistral" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mistral</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mixture-of-experts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mixture of Experts</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-aI-models-and-modalities" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal AI Models and Modalities</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mamba" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mamba</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Bias</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-life-cycle-management" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Life Cycle Management</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-translation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Translation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mlops" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">MLOps</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/monte-carlo-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Monte Carlo Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-task-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multi-task Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-neuron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Neuron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-preprocessing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Preprocessing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Model Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/matplotlib" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Matplotlib</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/Markov-decision-process" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Markov Decision Process</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Model Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-algorithmic-trading" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning in Algorithmic Trading</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metacognitive-learning-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Metacognitive Learning Models </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metaheuristic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Metaheuristic Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multitask-prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multitask Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-agent-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multi-Agent Systems</a></li><li data-letter="N" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">N</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Processing (NLP)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Generation (NLG)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-understanding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Understanding (NLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuralink" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neuralink</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/naive-bayes-classifier" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Naive Bayes Classifier</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-radiance-fields" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Radiance Fields</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-querying" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Querying (NLQ)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/numpy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">NumPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-toolkit-nltk" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-architecture-search" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Architecture Search</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-text-to-speech-ntts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Text-to-Speech (NTTS)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/named-entity-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Named Entity Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-style-transfer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Style Transfer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuroevolution" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neuroevolution</a></li><li data-letter="O" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">O</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/online-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Online Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/overfitting-underfitting" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Overfitting and Underfitting</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-whisper" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">OpenAI Whisper</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-sora" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">OpenAI Sora</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/out-of-distribution-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Out-of-Distribution Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/one-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">One-Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/objective-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Objective Function</a></li><li data-letter="P" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">P</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-engineering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Engineering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-chaining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Chaining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/perceptron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Perceptron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/precision-and-recall" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Precision and Recall</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/packages-glossary" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Packages</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pooling-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pooling (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/principal-component-analysis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Principal Component Analysis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/probabilistic-models-in-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Probabilistic Models in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pytorch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">PyTorch</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pandas" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pandas</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/parametric-neural-networks%C2%A0" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Parametric Neural Networks </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pretraining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pretraining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/part-of-speech-tagging" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Part-of-Speech Tagging</a></li><li data-letter="Q" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">Q</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/quantum-machine-learning-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms</a></li><li data-letter="R" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" 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Deepgram</span></div></div></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"slug":["loss-function"],"pageData":{"templateGlossary":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryRecord","id":"TCgbbGYSQFSDEGIXssxdUA","seo":null,"slug":"loss-function","title":"Loss Function","categoryPage":false,"excerpt":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryModelExcerptField","value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This article will dive into the essence of loss functions, their historical background, operational mechanics, and their indispensable role in algorithm optimization. "}]}]}}},"body":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryModelBodyField","blocks":[],"links":[{"__typename":"ComponentImageRecord","id":"Sb44XYpCTIaRSeOE07GZ1Q","caption":"Loss function examples. ([Source](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-of-commonly-used-loss-functions-in-machine-learning_tbl1_343355071))","imageDesktop":{"__typename":"FileField","id":"J8jYn-snS7yCieQpfUUyTQ","title":null,"filename":"screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png","size":202198,"alt":null,"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1712769854-screen-shot-2024-04-10-at-10-24-08-am.png","width":1416,"height":416},"imageMobile":null,"link":""},{"__typename":"ComponentVideoRecord","id":"HapdIyXHTGKw9JBuL3X9_A","internalName":"Stanford University Lecture on Loss Functions","title":"Stanford University Lecture on Loss Functions","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7iBpEHGVNc","showOnResourceHub":false,"thumbnail":null,"videoFile":null,"autoPlay":false,"hasAudio":false,"callToActionPrimary":null},{"__typename":"ComponentImageRecord","id":"OcUPVLYOTdiOH90vXDPFbA","caption":"Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a method that presents an efficient approach to dramatically increasing a model’s capabilities without introducing a proportional amount of computational overhead. To learn more, check out [this guide](https://deepgram.com/learn/mixture-of-experts-ml-model-guide)!","imageDesktop":{"__typename":"FileField","id":"cnmz5FWiQv2S--QFhqNL-g","title":null,"filename":"screen-shot-2024-06-16-at-2-06-22-am.png","size":2233720,"alt":null,"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1718528786-screen-shot-2024-06-16-at-2-06-22-am.png","width":1512,"height":788},"imageMobile":null,"link":""}],"value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Have you ever wondered how machine learning models get better with time, much like a fine wine? Imagine this: every prediction a model makes is a step toward its improvement, guided by a seemingly invisible force. This force, known as the \"loss function,\" plays a pivotal role in the development and optimization of machine learning algorithms. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Interestingly, the concept dates back to the mid-20th century, introduced by Abraham Wald, emphasizing its deep-rooted significance in statistical and decision theory. With machine learning becoming ubiquitous, from powering search engine algorithms to making self-driving cars a reality, understanding the mechanics behind loss functions is more relevant than ever. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This article will dive into the essence of loss functions, their historical background, operational mechanics, and their indispensable role in algorithm optimization. Ready to uncover how a simple mathematical formula can be the key to unlocking the full potential of machine learning models?"}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is the Loss Function"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"Sb44XYpCTIaRSeOE07GZ1Q","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A loss function stands at the core of machine learning, acting as a compass that guides models towards accuracy and reliability. It quantifies the difference between the model's predictions and the actual observed data, offering a numerical representation of \"error\" or \"loss.\" Here's how it fundamentally works:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Historical Context"},{"type":"span","value":": The reintroduction of the loss function concept by Abraham Wald highlighted its importance in statistical theory, particularly in parameter estimation. This historical milestone underscores the enduring relevance of loss functions in statistical analysis and machine learning."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Operational Mechanics"},{"type":"span","value":": According to DataRobot Blog, loss functions operate on a simple yet powerful principle — outputting higher numbers for incorrect predictions and lower numbers for accurate ones. This mechanism allows machine learning models to 'learn' from their mistakes, steering them closer to accurate predictions with each iteration."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Significance in Optimization"},{"type":"span","value":": The primary significance of loss functions lies in their ability to optimize algorithms. By providing a clear metric for error, they help ensure that algorithms accurately model datasets, continually improving their performance."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Custom Loss Functions"},{"type":"span","value":": Towards Data Science outlines the importance of custom loss functions, which must only include two arguments: the target value (y_true) and the predicted value (y_pred). This customization enables developers to tailor loss functions to the specific needs of their models, enhancing model accuracy in unique scenarios."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Beyond Machine Learning"},{"type":"span","value":": The applications of loss functions extend far beyond the realm of machine learning. They find utility in decision theory, business management, and various scenarios where performance optimization is crucial."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Understanding loss functions is akin to unlocking a toolbox for machine learning model improvement. With each prediction error, a model equipped with the right loss function edges closer to perfection, much like a sculptor chiseling towards the ideal form."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Types of Loss Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"HapdIyXHTGKw9JBuL3X9_A","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the realm of machine learning, loss functions serve as the foundational pillars that guide models towards accuracy. They are categorized into two main types: regression loss functions and classification loss functions. Each type addresses distinct machine learning tasks, offering a framework for evaluating model performance."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Regression Loss Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Regression loss functions are pivotal when predicting continuous values. They quantify the deviation between the actual and predicted values, thus guiding models to minimize this discrepancy."}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Mean Squared Error (MSE)"},{"type":"span","value":": MSE is a staple in regression analysis, capturing the squared difference between actual and predicted values. Its widespread acceptance stems from its simplicity and the clear interpretability of its results. By penalizing larger errors more severely, MSE ensures that models focus on reducing bigger inaccuracies."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Mean Absolute Error (MAE)"},{"type":"span","value":": MAE measures the absolute difference between actual and predicted values. Unlike MSE, it treats all errors equally, providing a more straightforward assessment of average error magnitude. This characteristic makes MAE particularly useful in scenarios where outliers are expected, but not necessarily critical to address."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Classification Loss Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Classification tasks, where the goal is to categorize inputs into discrete classes, rely on classification loss functions. These functions evaluate the model's ability to correctly classify instances."}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Binary Cross-Entropy"},{"type":"span","value":": This function is crucial for binary classification problems. It assesses the distance between the model's predicted probabilities and the actual binary outcomes, effectively guiding models to improve their classification accuracy."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Categorical Cross-Entropy"},{"type":"span","value":": Extending the principles of binary cross-entropy, categorical cross-entropy applies to multi-class classification tasks. It evaluates the model's performance across multiple categories, emphasizing the importance of accurately predicting the correct class out of many possible options."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Specialized Loss Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Certain loss functions are designed to address specific challenges in machine learning tasks, offering unique advantages."}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Hinge Loss"},{"type":"span","value":": Predominantly used in Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Hinge Loss is designed to maximize the margin between data points of different classes. It's particularly effective in classification tasks that require a clear decision boundary between categories."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Huber Loss"},{"type":"span","value":": A hybrid approach that combines elements of MSE and MAE, Huber Loss is less sensitive to outliers than MSE, making it robust in the presence of anomalies in the data. This loss function automatically adjusts its behavior based on the size of the error, providing a balanced approach to error penalization."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Choosing the Right Loss Function"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Selecting the appropriate loss function is a decision that can significantly influence a model's performance. It's not merely a technical choice but a strategic one that aligns with the specific characteristics and challenges of the machine learning task at hand."}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The choice between MSE and MAE hinges on the specific requirements regarding outlier sensitivity and error penalization."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In classification tasks, the decision between binary or categorical cross-entropy depends on the nature of the output variable (binary vs. multi-class)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For applications where decision boundaries are crucial or where robustness to outliers is a priority, specialized loss functions like Hinge Loss or Huber Loss may offer distinct advantages."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Ultimately, the effectiveness of a loss function is measured by its ability to steer the model towards ever-greater accuracy, making the careful selection of a loss function an essential step in the development of competent and reliable machine learning models."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Role of Loss Function in Machine Learning"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The journey of machine learning (ML) models from naïveté to expertise is a path defined by a strategic guide—the loss function. This guide not only instructs the model on the difference between its current state and perfection but also illuminates the pathway to achieving unparalleled accuracy. Let's delve into the multifaceted role of loss functions in the training and performance of ML models."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"The Objective of Minimization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"At its core, the loss function serves as the north star for ML models, steering them towards the ultimate goal of error minimization. This function quantifies how far off a model's predictions are from the actual target values, providing a concrete objective for the training process to minimize. The beauty of this setup lies in its simplicity; by reducing the loss, a model inherently increases its accuracy, aligning its predictions more closely with reality."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Backpropagation: The Path to Optimization"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Adjusting Model Parameters"},{"type":"span","value":": The process of backpropagation stands as a cornerstone in the training of neural networks, leveraging the gradient of the loss function to fine-tune the model's parameters. This iterative adjustment process is akin to finding the lowest point in a valley—a task accomplished by taking steps proportional to the steepness of the slope, as indicated by the loss function's gradient."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Gradient Descent"},{"type":"span","value":": At each iteration, backpropagation calculates the gradient of the loss function with respect to each parameter, guiding the model on how to alter these parameters to reduce loss. This method ensures that the model's journey towards optimization is both directed and efficient, avoiding aimless wandering in the parameter space."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Evaluating and Enhancing Model Performance"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Quantifiable Measure of Accuracy"},{"type":"span","value":": The loss function provides a numeric gauge of model performance, both during training and after. This quantification is invaluable, not only for comparing the efficacy of different models but also for tuning hyperparameters and making informed decisions about which algorithms to deploy."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Preventing Overfitting"},{"type":"span","value":": Incorporating regularization terms into the loss function is a strategy employed to prevent overfitting—a scenario where a model performs well on training data but poorly on unseen data. Regularization terms penalize complexity, encouraging the model to learn generalized patterns rather than memorizing the training data."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Guiding Algorithm Selection and Model Adaptation"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Algorithm Selection"},{"type":"span","value":": The choice of loss function has a profound impact on the model's learning algorithm, influencing which patterns are learned and how quickly. For instance, models tasked with regression problems might favor MSE or MAE as their loss function, while classification tasks might lean towards cross-entropy loss."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Adaptation in Complex Scenarios"},{"type":"span","value":": Advanced ML tasks, such as multi-class classification or structured prediction, necessitate the adaptation of loss functions to accommodate the intricacies of these problems. These adaptations ensure that the loss function accurately reflects the challenges unique to each task, guiding the model towards effective problem-solving strategies."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"The Loss Function's Role in Machine Learning: A Keystone of Model Training"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the grand scheme of machine learning, the loss function emerges not merely as a tool for evaluation but as the linchpin of model training and performance. Through the processes of backpropagation and regularization, it shapes the learning trajectory of models, ensuring that they evolve in a direction that enhances their accuracy and generalization capabilities. 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