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<div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Fasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ispezione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ispezione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ispezione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ispezione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palpazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palpazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Palpazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palpazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percussione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percussione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Percussione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percussione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auscultazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auscultazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Auscultazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auscultazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modalità_di_indagine_e_interpretazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modalità_di_indagine_e_interpretazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modalità di indagine e interpretazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modalità_di_indagine_e_interpretazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esame obiettivo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 38 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_fisica" title="Exploración fisica - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Exploración fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B5_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A" title="فحص جسمي - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحص جسمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esploraci%C3%B3n_f%C3%ADsica" title="Esploración física - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esploración física" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klini%C4%8Dki_pregled" title="Klinički pregled - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klinički pregled" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3_f%C3%ADsica" title="Exploració física - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exploració física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_vy%C5%A1et%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Fyzikální vyšetření - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzikální vyšetření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rperliche_Untersuchung" title="Körperliche Untersuchung - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Körperliche Untersuchung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physical examination" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpa_ekzameno" title="Korpa ekzameno - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korpa ekzameno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_f%C3%ADsica" title="Exploración física - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exploración física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaketa_fisiko" title="Miaketa fisiko - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miaketa fisiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معاینه بالینی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معاینه بالینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliininen_status" title="Kliininen status - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kliininen status" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examen_clinique" title="Examen clinique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Examen clinique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exame_m%C3%A9dico" title="Exame médico - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exame médico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בדיקה גופנית - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיקה גופנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematski_pregled" title="Sistematski pregled - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sistematski pregled" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ֆիզիկական զննում - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկական զննում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeriksaan_fisik" title="Pemeriksaan fisik - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemeriksaan fisik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%BA%E5%AF%9F" title="診察 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="診察" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%B2%B4%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC" title="신체검사 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신체검사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8" title="ശാരീരിക പരിശോധന - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാരീരിക പരിശോധന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeriksaan_fizikal" title="Pemeriksaan fizikal - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemeriksaan fizikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichamelijk_onderzoek" title="Lichamelijk onderzoek - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichamelijk onderzoek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badanie_fizykalne" title="Badanie fizykalne - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Badanie fizykalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87" title="فيزيکي کتنه - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فيزيکي کتنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exame_m%C3%A9dico" title="Exame médico - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exame médico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Физические методы медицинской диагностики - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физические методы медицинской диагностики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik%C3%A1lne_vy%C5%A1etrenie" title="Fyzikálne vyšetrenie - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzikálne vyšetrenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klini%C4%8Dki_pregled" title="Klinički pregled - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Klinički pregled" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinsk_unders%C3%B6kning" title="Medicinsk undersökning - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medicinsk undersökning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="การตรวจร่างกายทางการแพทย์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตรวจร่างกายทางการแพทย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik_muayene" title="Fizik muayene - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizik muayene" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Фізикальне обстеження - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізикальне обстеження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1m_s%E1%BB%A9c_kh%E1%BB%8Fe" title="Khám sức khỏe - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khám sức khỏe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="体格检查 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="体格检查" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" title="理學檢查 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理學檢查" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E8%BA%AB" title="驗身 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="驗身" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q835153#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica 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data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disclaimer_medico" title="Wikipedia:Disclaimer medico">leggi le avvertenze</a>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143194400">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:-0.8em 0 0 0;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«Ci sono ancora molte ragioni per promuovere l'insegnamento delle abilità diagnostiche al letto del paziente. Tra queste ci sono il rapporto costo/efficacia, la possibilità di fare osservazioni seriali non costose, il rilievo precoce di reperti critici, la selezione intelligente e ben guidata di tecnologie diagnostiche costose e il valore terapeutico del contatto fisico tra medico e paziente» </p> </div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> S. Mangione, LZ. Nieman; E. Gracely; D. Kaye, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00009"><span style="font-style:italic;">The teaching and practice of cardiac auscultation during internal medicine and cardiology training. A nationwide survey.</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Ann Intern Med</span>, vol. 119, n. 1, Jul 1993, pp. 47-54, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00009">10.7326/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00009</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8498764">8498764</a>.</cite>)</p></div> <div style="border:1px solid #808080; background:#fcfcfc; font-size:90%; text-align:center; float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <p><small><a href="/wiki/Semeiotica" title="Semeiotica">Semeiotica</a></small><br /> <b>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esame obiettivo</a>"</b><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ispezione_(medicina)" title="Ispezione (medicina)">Ispezione</a><br /> <b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Palpazione" title="Palpazione">Palpazione</a><br /> <b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Percussione_(medicina)" title="Percussione (medicina)">Percussione</a><br /> <b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Auscultazione" title="Auscultazione">Auscultazione</a><br /> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg/220px-Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg/330px-Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg/440px-Physical_exam_of_child_with_stethoscope_on_chest.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Auscultazione con lo stetoscopio del torace di un bambino di 15 mesi</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>esame obiettivo</b> è il secondo dei tre processi (insieme ad <a href="/wiki/Anamnesi_(medicina)" title="Anamnesi (medicina)">anamnesi</a> e esami strumentali) utilizzati nella fase analitica del <a href="/wiki/Diagnostica" title="Diagnostica">processo diagnostico</a>. </p><p>Per esame obiettivo (generalmente abbreviato "e.o.") si intende l'insieme di manovre diagnostiche effettuate dal medico per verificare la presenza o assenza, nel paziente, dei <a href="/wiki/Segno_(medicina)" title="Segno (medicina)">segni</a> indicativi di una deviazione dalla condizione di normalità fisiologica. </p><p>Il medico, dopo aver raccolto i <a href="/wiki/Sintomatologia" title="Sintomatologia">sintomi</a> (sensazioni riferite dal paziente sulla sua condizione di salute) tramite l'<a href="/wiki/Anamnesi_(medicina)" title="Anamnesi (medicina)">anamnesi</a>, e i segni tramite l'esame obiettivo, può cominciare a sospettare la presenza o assenza di determinate patologie e quindi orientarsi nel prescrivere gli accertamenti adeguati per giungere alla diagnosi. </p><p>Nella sua prima fase, consiste nell'osservare il paziente per raccogliere informazioni sulla mobilità (postura, andatura, modo di sedersi e di alzarsi, eventuale difficoltà a svestirsi) o sul <a href="/wiki/Decubito" title="Decubito">decubito</a>, sulla presenza di possibili atteggiamenti <a href="/wiki/Antalgici" class="mw-redirect" title="Antalgici">antalgici</a>, e sullo stato generale. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fasi">Fasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Fasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Fasi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'esame obiettivo si compone generalmente di quattro fasi (a seconda delle porzioni anatomiche analizzate e delle caratteristiche di queste ultime in alcuni casi qualche fase può mancare), che possono essere ricondotte all'utilizzo, da parte del clinico, dei sensi quali vista, tatto e udito: ispezione, palpazione, percussione e auscultazione. </p><p>L'ordine in cui queste fasi si succedono deve essere rigorosamente quello sopra riportato in quanto seguendo questa progressione si possono verificare alcune alterazioni riscontrate nelle fasi precedenti, tranne nell'esame obiettivo dell'addome, in cui l'auscultazione precede sia la palpazione sia la percussione, manovre che potrebbero falsare intensità e frequenza dei suoni intestinali. </p><p>Secondo <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> per diventare competente in queste metodiche, lo studente deve "insegnare agli <a href="/wiki/Occhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Occhi">occhi</a> a osservare, alle <a href="/wiki/Dita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dita">dita</a> a palpare e alle <a href="/wiki/Orecchie" class="mw-redirect" title="Orecchie">orecchie</a> ad ascoltare". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ispezione">Ispezione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Ispezione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ispezione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Ispezione_(medicina)" title="Ispezione (medicina)">Ispezione (medicina)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il medico, con il solo ausilio della vista, ricerca alterazioni dei parametri fisiologici, per esempio torace ingrandito, ingrossamento del collo (in alcuni casi le alterazioni possono comunque rientrare in una situazione non patologica) e lesioni come <a href="/wiki/Cicatrice" title="Cicatrice">cicatrici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ematoma" title="Ematoma">ematomi</a>, che possono essere utili a rinforzare il sospetto clinico o a delineare la storia clinica del paziente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palpazione">Palpazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Palpazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Palpazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Palpazione" title="Palpazione">Palpazione</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Viene effettuata tramite la palpazione di una regione anatomica (per esempio la mammella o l'addome). Nel caso dell'addome la palpazione si suddivide in superficiale (alla ricerca del cosiddetto "risentimento peritoneale", ovvero la contrazione da parte del paziente dei muscoli addominali, frequente per esempio nei casi di <a href="/wiki/Appendicite" title="Appendicite">appendicite</a>) e profonda (effettuabile solo in assenza di risentimento peritoneale, alla ricerca di alterazioni a livello addominale). Nella palpazione rientra l'esame del <a href="/wiki/Polso_arterioso" title="Polso arterioso">polso arterioso</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussione">Percussione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Percussione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Percussione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Percussione_(medicina)" title="Percussione (medicina)">Percussione (medicina)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Viene effettuata con l'ausilio di un dito (o più dita, dipende dalla comodità del medico) <a href="/wiki/Plessimetro" title="Plessimetro">plessimetro</a> (che viene poggiato su una determinata zona anatomica) e un dito (o più dita) plessore (che percuote il dito plessimetro). L'effetto è quello di provocare, tramite la percussione, un suono che rifletterà la natura della zona sottostante: ovvero il suono si propagherà meglio se il dito plessimetro verrà poggiato in corrispondenza di zone meno dense (in cui la presenza di parenchima è minore: per esempio il polmone) dando origine a un suono definito "chiaro", si propagherà meno, invece, nelle zone in cui la presenza di parenchima è maggiore, dando origine a un suono definito "ottuso" (per esempio nell'addome). Il sospetto clinico nasce nel momento in cui si riscontra un suono diverso da quello che ci si sarebbe aspettati (per esempio se si riscontra un suono ottuso in corrispondenza del polmone, dove ci si aspetterebbe un suono chiaro). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auscultazione">Auscultazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Auscultazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Auscultazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Auscultazione" title="Auscultazione">Auscultazione</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Si effettua tramite un <a href="/wiki/Stetofonendoscopio" title="Stetofonendoscopio">fonendoscopio</a> che viene poggiato sulla cute, in corrispondenza della zona di cui si vuole sentire i vari suoni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modalità_di_indagine_e_interpretazione"><span id="Modalit.C3.A0_di_indagine_e_interpretazione"></span>Modalità di indagine e interpretazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Modalità di indagine e interpretazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Modalità di indagine e interpretazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anche se molti clinici hanno diversi approcci nella sequenza di parti del corpo da esaminare, un esame sistematico generalmente comincia nella <a href="/wiki/Testa" title="Testa">testa</a> e finisce agli <a href="/wiki/Arti_inferiori" class="mw-redirect" title="Arti inferiori">arti inferiori</a>. Dopo che i principali organi, linfoghiandole, arterie e vene sono stati investigati dalla <a href="/wiki/Ispezione_(medicina)" title="Ispezione (medicina)">ispezione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palpazione" title="Palpazione">palpazione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percussione_(medicina)" title="Percussione (medicina)">percussione</a> e <a href="/wiki/Auscultazione" title="Auscultazione">auscultazione</a>, possono seguire dei test più specifici (come alcuni test neurologici, indagini <a href="/wiki/Ortopedia" title="Ortopedia">ortopediche</a>) o test specifici quando si sospettano particolari malattie (ad es. esplicitando il <a href="/wiki/Segno_di_tetania_latente_di_Trousseau" title="Segno di tetania latente di Trousseau">segno di Trousseau</a> per la <a href="/wiki/Tetania" title="Tetania">tetania</a> latente nell'<a href="/wiki/Ipocalcemia" title="Ipocalcemia">ipocalcemia</a>). </p><p>Partendo dagli interrogativi sorti durante la raccolta dell'<a href="/wiki/Anamnesi_(medicina)" title="Anamnesi (medicina)">anamnesi</a> (la storia clinica) e dall'esame obiettivo (esame fisico) l'operatore sanitario può allora formulare una <a href="/wiki/Diagnosi_differenziale" title="Diagnosi differenziale">diagnosi differenziale</a>, una lista di potenziali cause dei sintomi. Test diagnostici specifici (oppure occasionalmente, o in casi di grave emergenza e pericolo di vita, la <a href="/wiki/Terapia_empirica" title="Terapia empirica">terapia empirica</a>) generalmente conferma la causa, o permette di mettere a fuoco altre possibili cause, spesso trascurate perché poco probabili statisticamente, o perché si presentano in modo ambiguo. </p><p>Mentre le modalità dell'esame come elencato sono quelle che si insegnano e si domandano agli studenti, uno specialista si concentrerà nel particolare campo e nella natura del problema descritto dal paziente. Dunque di routine un cardiologo non eseguirà gli aspetti neurologici dell'esame obiettivo, con l'eccezione di osservare e annotare che il paziente è capace di utilizzare tutti e quattro gli arti entrando nella stanza di visita, e durante il consulto si renderà conto dello stato del suo udito, vista e favella. A suo modo, un <a href="/wiki/Chirurgo_ortopedico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirurgo ortopedico">chirurgo ortopedico</a> esaminerà la giuntura lesa, ma soltanto molto brevemente ausculterà i <a href="/wiki/Toni_cardiaci" title="Toni cardiaci">toni cardiaci</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Torace" title="Torace">torace</a> per assicurarsi che non vi sia alcuna tra le controindicazioni alla chirurgia poste dall'<a href="/wiki/Anestesista" class="mw-redirect" title="Anestesista">anestesista</a>. </p><p>Un esame fisico completo include la valutazione dell'aspetto generale del paziente e di specifici sistemi d'organo. Viene conservato nel registro medico in una modalità standard che facilita la lettura successiva da parte di medici in altri centri. In pratica i parametri vitali della misura della <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_corporea" title="Temperatura corporea">temperatura corporea</a>, del <a href="/wiki/Polso" title="Polso">polso</a> <a href="/wiki/Arteria_radiale" title="Arteria radiale">radiale</a> (e altri polsi) e della <a href="/wiki/Pressione_del_sangue" title="Pressione del sangue">pressione del sangue</a> sono spesso misurati per primi. </p><p>Molti degli elementi dell'esame fisico tradizionale non sono stati sottoposti a revisione critica scientifica tramite <a href="/wiki/Trial_clinico" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial clinico">trial clinico</a> controllato per testare la loro utilità nell'identificazione dei segni di malattia. Uno studio del 2003, su pazienti ospedalizzati stabilì che circa un quarto di essi avevano segni ben identificabili sull'esame obiettivo che in seguito sono stati rilevanti per la diagnosi e terapia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Reilly BM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14464-9"><span style="font-style:italic;">Physical examination in the care of medical inpatients: an observational study</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Lancet</span>, vol. 362, n. 9390, ottobre 2003, pp. 1100–5, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2914464-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14464-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550696">14550696</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Bhangu A., Horton-Szar D., Spencer J., <span style="font-style:italic;">OSCE's in medicine and surgery</span>, Mosby, 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7234-3406-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7234-3406-1">978-0-7234-3406-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J., <span style="font-style:italic;">Harrison's principles of internal medicine (17th ed.).</span>, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2008, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-07-146633-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-07-146633-2">978-0-07-146633-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Claudio Rugarli, <span style="font-style:italic;">Medicina interna sistematica</span>, Elsevier, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-214-2792-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-214-2792-7">88-214-2792-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Joseph C. Sengen, <span style="font-style:italic;">Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine</span>, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-386-3917-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-386-3917-3">978-88-386-3917-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Douglas M. Anderson, A. Elliot Michelle, <span style="font-style:italic;">Mosby’s medical, nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary sesta edizione</span>, New York, Piccin, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-299-1716-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-299-1716-8">88-299-1716-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Harrison, <span style="font-style:italic;">Principi di Medicina Interna (il manuale - 16ª edizione)</span>, New York - Milano, McGraw-Hill, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-386-2459-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-386-2459-3">88-386-2459-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Eugene Braunwald, <span style="font-style:italic;">Malattie del cuore (7ª edizione)</span>, Milano, Elsevier Masson, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-214-2987-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-214-2987-3">978-88-214-2987-3</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesi_(medicina)" title="Anamnesi (medicina)">Anamnesi (medicina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsia" title="Autopsia">Autopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatologia" title="Dermatologia">Dermatologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosi" title="Diagnosi">Diagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">Medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storia_della_medicina" title="Storia della medicina">Storia della medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facies_(medicina)" title="Facies (medicina)">Facies (medicina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esame_obiettivo_del_torace" title="Esame obiettivo del torace">Esame obiettivo del torace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esame_obiettivo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; 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font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/physical-examination"><span style="font-style:italic;">physical examination</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835153#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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