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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Frankish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_continued_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_continued_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism of continued use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_continued_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_pennies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_pennies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of pennies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_pennies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penny</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Пені – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пені" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Пэні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penic" title="Penic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pence" title="Pence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(M%C3%BCnze)" title="Penny (Münze) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Penny (Münze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn" title="Penn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Penn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penique" title="Penique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penco" title="Penco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Penco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C_(%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84)" title="پنی (یکای پول) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنی (یکای پول)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingin" title="Pingin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pingin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88" title="페니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensas" title="Pensas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pensas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(munt)" title="Penny (munt) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Penny (munt)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ペニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens" title="Pens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAni" title="Pêni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pêni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенни – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пенни" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peni" title="Peni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penni" title="Penni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பென்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பென்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="เพนนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพนนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peni" title="Peni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Пенні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny" title="Penny – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Penny" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פעני – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E5%A3%AB" title="便士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="便士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234129#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of currency in various countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the coin. For other uses of "penny" or "pennies", see <a href="/wiki/Penny_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Penny (disambiguation)">Penny (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pence" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pence (disambiguation)">Pence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1911 Australian penny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg/200px-1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg/300px-1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/1911-Australian-Penny-Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin of Eric Bloodaxe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg/300px-Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg/400px-Coin_of_Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="489" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A 1911 <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Australian_coin)" title="Penny (Australian coin)">Australian penny</a> (top). Coin of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (bottom) with legend reading <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Eric Rex</i></span> ("King Eric")</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>penny</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>pennies</b>) or a unit of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>pence</b>) in various countries. Borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance#Carolingian_currency" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">denarius</a> (hence its former abbreviation <b>d.</b>), it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. At present, it is the formal name of the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British decimal coin)">British penny</a> (<small><abbr title="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr></small> <b>p</b>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> name of the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">American one-cent coin</a> (<small>abbr.</small> <b>¢</b>) as well as the informal Irish designation of the <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1 euro cent coin</a> (<small>abbr.</small> <b>c</b>). Due to <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, pennies have lost virtually all their <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> and are often viewed as an expensive burden to merchants, banks, government <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mints</a> and the public in general. </p><p><i>Penny</i> is also the informal name of the cent <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">unit of account</a> in Canada, although <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Canadian_coin)" title="Penny (Canadian coin)">one-cent coins</a> were <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_low-denomination_coins" title="Withdrawal of low-denomination coins">removed from circulation</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>penny</i> is also used in reference to various historical currencies, also derived from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian system">Carolingian system</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Denier_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denier (coin)">denier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">pfennig</a>. It may also be informally used to refer to any similar smallest-denomination coin, such as the <a href="/wiki/Euro_cent" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro cent">euro cent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fen">Chinese fen</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">Carolingian penny</a> was originally a 0.940-fine <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> coin, weighing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">240</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#French_livre" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a>. It was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> and other English kings and remained the principal currency in Europe over the next few centuries, until repeated debasements necessitated the development of more valuable coins. The <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">British penny</a> remained a silver coin until the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> prompted the use of <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> in 1797. Despite the decimalization of currencies in the United States and, later, throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>, the name remains in informal use. </p><p>No penny is currently formally subdivided, although <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(British_coin)" title="Farthing (British coin)">farthings</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>d), <a href="/wiki/Half_penny_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Half penny (disambiguation)">halfpennies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Half_cent_(United_States_coin)" title="Half cent (United States coin)">half cents</a> have previously been minted and the <a href="/wiki/Mill_(currency)" title="Mill (currency)">mill</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span>¢) remains in use as a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">unit of account</a> in some contexts. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A penny depicting King Offa of Mercia, who is credited with widespread adoption of pennyweight silver coins, 240 of which were counted as a pound." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg/150px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg/225px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg/300px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="348" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 1929 South African penny, featuring King George V." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg/150px-South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg/225px-South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg/300px-South_Africa-Penny-1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_One_Cent_Obv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 2013 one-cent coin from the United States (valued at 1/100 of a dollar), known colloquially as a penny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/US_One_Cent_Obv.png/150px-US_One_Cent_Obv.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/US_One_Cent_Obv.png/225px-US_One_Cent_Obv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/US_One_Cent_Obv.png/300px-US_One_Cent_Obv.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top to bottom: a penny depicting King <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a>; a 1929 South African penny; a 2013 one-cent coin from the United States (colloquially called a penny). Worth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> of 1 USD (US dollar). As a decimal, it is written as $0.01.</div></div></div></div> <p><i>Penny</i> is first attested in a 1394 <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> text,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variant of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">peni</i></span>, a development of numerous variations including <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pennig</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">penning</i></span>, and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pending</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggest a base *<i>pan-</i>, *<i>pann-</i>, or *<i>pand-</i> with the individualizing suffix <i>-ing</i>. Common suggestions include that it was originally *<i>panding</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">pfant</i></span> "pawn" (in the sense of a pledge or debt, as in a <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawnbroker</a> putting up collateral as a pledge for repayment of loans); *<i>panning</i> as a form of the West Germanic word for "<a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">frying pan</a>", presumably owing to its shape; and *<i>ponding</i> as a very early borrowing of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pondus</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Pound_(currency)" title="Pound (currency)">pound</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, it has been proposed that it may represent an early borrowing of <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> <span title="Punic-language text"><i lang="xpu">pn</i></span> (<i>Pane</i> or <i>Pene</i>, "Face"), as the face of <a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Carthaginian goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a> was represented on nearly all <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian currency">Carthaginian currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">decimalization</a>, the British and Irish coins were marked "new penny" until 1982 and 1985, respectively. </p><p>From the 16th century, the regular plural <i>pennies</i> fell out of use in England, when referring to a sum of money (e.g. "That costs tenpence."), but continued to be used to refer to more than one penny coin ("Here you are, a sixpence and four pennies."). It remains common in Scottish English, and is standard for all senses in American English,<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, however, the informal "penny" is typically only used of the coins in any case, values being expressed in "cents".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The informal name for the American cent seems to have spread from <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uscent_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscent-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, prior to decimalization, values from two to eleven pence were often written, and spoken as a single word, as <i>twopence</i> or <i>tuppence</i>, <i>threepence</i> or <i>thruppence</i>, etc. (Other values were usually expressed in terms of shillings and pence or written as two words, which might or might not be hyphenated.) Where a single coin represented a number of pence, it was treated as a single noun, as <i>a sixpence</i>. Thus, "a threepence" (but more usually "a threepenny bit") would be a single coin of that value whereas "three pence" would be its value, and "three pennies" would be three penny coins. In British English, divisions of a penny were added to such combinations without a conjunction, as <i>sixpence-farthing</i>, and such constructions were also treated as single nouns. Adjectival use of such coins used the ending -penny, as <i>sixpenny</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British abbreviation <b>d.</b> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i></span>. It followed the amount, e.g. "11d". It has been replaced since decimalization by <b>p</b>, usually written without a space or <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a>. From this abbreviation, it is common to speak of pennies and values in pence as "p".<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, it is common to abbreviate cents with the <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">currency symbol</a> <b><a href="/wiki/%C2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="¢">¢</a></b>. Elsewhere, it is usually written with a simple <b>c</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Drachma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Drachma (page does not exist)">Drachma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a></div> <p>The medieval silver penny was modeled on similar coins in antiquity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Greek drachma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian currency">Carthaginian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>. Forms of these seem to have reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britain</a>, seems to have fallen off after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman withdrawal from Britain">Roman withdrawal</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Saxon_invasions_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon invasions of England">Saxon invasions</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Silver_penny"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_Empire">Frankish Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">French denier</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s father <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> instituted a <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance#Carolingian_currency" title="Carolingian Renaissance">major currency reform</a> around <span class="nowrap">AD 755,</span><sup id="cite_ref-surfingwiththeallen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surfingwiththeallen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aiming to reorganize <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>'s previous <a href="/wiki/Silver_standard" title="Silver standard">silver standard</a> with a standardized .940-fine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">denier</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i>) weighing <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>240</sub> <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution#Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">pound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chown_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_pound" title="Carolingian pound">Carolingian pound</a> seems to have been about 489.5 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1974"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnfsFPrla1QECpgPA328_Pound]"_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1974"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnfsFPrla1QECpgPA328_Pound]"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideLk6CgAAQBAJpgPT31_31]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideLk6CgAAQBAJpgPT31_31]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each penny weighed about 2 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>.) Around 790, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> introduced a new .950 or .960-fine penny with a smaller diameter. Surviving specimens have an average weight of <span class="nowrap">1.70 grams,</span> although some estimate the original ideal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> mass at <span class="nowrap">1.76 grams.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECipolla1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ3zCJ_sN6K0CpgPA129_129]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipolla1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ3zCJ_sN6K0CpgPA129_129]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyW-GfElbafQCpgPA131_131]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyW-GfElbafQCpgPA131_131]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENBB2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENBB2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But despite the purity and quality of these pennies, they were often rejected by traders throughout the Carolingian period, in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere; this led to repeated legislation against such refusal, to accept the king's currency.<sup id="cite_ref-stannis_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stannis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="English penny">English penny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_penny" title="Gold penny">Gold penny</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_halfpenny" title="History of the halfpenny">History of the halfpenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(English_coin)" title="Farthing (English coin)">Farthing (English coin)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maundy_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundy money">Maundy money</a></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:left; clear:left; margin:0.3em 1em 0.3em 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:4px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg/150px-Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg/225px-Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg/300px-Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethelred_rev2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aethelred_rev2.jpg/150px-Aethelred_rev2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aethelred_rev2.jpg/225px-Aethelred_rev2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aethelred_rev2.jpg/300px-Aethelred_rev2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:150px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O:</a></b> Draped bust of Aethelred left. <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">+ÆĐELRED REX ANGLOR[UM]</span></span> </td> <td style="width:150px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R:</a></b> Long cross. <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">+EADǷOLD MO CÆNT</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:304px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> silver "Long Cross" penny of <a href="/wiki/Aethelred_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethelred II">Aethelred II</a>, moneyer Eadwold, Canterbury, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 997</span>–1003. The cross made cutting the coin into half-pennies or <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(British_coin)" title="Farthing (British coin)">farthings</a> (quarter-pennies) easier. (Note spelling <i>Eadƿold</i> in inscription, using Anglo-Saxon letter <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> in place of modern <i>w</i>.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms initially copied the <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a>, the late Roman <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a>; at the time, however, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was so rare and valuable that even the smallest coins had such a great value that they could only be used in very large transactions and were sometimes not available at all. Around 641–670, there seems to have been a movement to use coins with lower gold content. This decreased their value and may have increased the number that could be minted, but these paler coins do not seem to have solved the problem of the value and scarcity of the currency. The miscellaneous <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Sceattas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceattas">sceattas</a> minted in <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> after around 680 were probably known as "pennies" at the time. (The misnomer is based on a probable misreading of the Anglo-Saxon legal codes.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth_&_al_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth_&_al-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their purity varied and their weight fluctuated from about 0.8 to about 1.3 grams. They continued to be minted in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Beonna" title="Beonna">Beonna</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> as late as the mid-9th century. </p><p>The first Carolingian-style pennies were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Mercia">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 757–796), modeled on Pepin's system. His first series was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">240</span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon pound">Saxon pound</a> of <span class="nowrap">5400 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(350 grams)</span>, giving a <a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">pennyweight</a> of about <span class="nowrap">1.46 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>.</span> His queen <a href="/wiki/Cynethryth" title="Cynethryth">Cynethryth</a> also minted these coins under her own name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1986277_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1986277-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of his reign, Offa minted his coins in imitation of Charlemagne's reformed pennies. Offa's coins were imitated by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, as well as by two <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1986277_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_&_al.1986277-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the Frankish Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-chown_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all these pennies were notionally fractions of <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a></i></span>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)#France" title="Solidus (coin)">sol</a></i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Libra_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libra (weight)">librae</a></i></span>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a></i></span>) but during this period neither larger unit was minted. Instead, they functioned only as notional <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">units of account</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeary2005xxii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeary2005xxii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For instance, a "shilling" or "solidus" of grain was a measure equivalent to the amount of grain that 12 pennies could purchase.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott196440_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott196440-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English currency was notionally .925-fine <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, but the weight and value of the silver penny steadily declined from 1300 onwards. </p><p>In 1257, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> minted a <a href="/wiki/Gold_penny" title="Gold penny">gold penny</a> which had the nominal value of 1 shilling 8 pence (i.e. 20 <i>d.</i>). At first, the coin proved unpopular because it was overvalued for its weight; by 1265 it was so undervalued—the <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> value of its gold being worth 2 shillings (i.e. 24 <i>d.</i>) by then—that the coins still in circulation were almost entirely melted down for the value of their gold. Only eight gold pennies are known to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the reign of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></span> that the <a href="/wiki/Florin_(English_coin)" title="Florin (English coin)">florin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noble_(English_coin)" title="Noble (English coin)">noble</a> established a common gold currency in England. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_coin,_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_(FindID_505636).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg/220px-Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg/330px-Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg/440px-Medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Henry_V_-VI_%28FindID_505636%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>A worn medieval penny, probably dating from the reigns of Henry VI–VII, AD 1413–1461</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_halfpenny" title="History of the halfpenny">halfpenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(English_coin)" title="Farthing (English coin)">farthing</a> (¼<i>d.</i>) found date from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. The need for small change was also sometimes met by simply cutting a full penny into halves or quarters. In 1527, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/Tower_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower pound">Tower pound</a> of 5400 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>, replacing it with the <a href="/wiki/Troy_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy pound">Troy pound</a> of 5760 grains (making a penny 5760/240 = 24 grains) and establishing a new <a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">pennyweight</a> of 1.56 grams, although, confusingly, the penny coin by then weighed about 8 grains, and had never weighed as much as this 24 grains. The last silver pence for general circulation were minted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> around 1660. Since then, they have only been coined for issue as <a href="/wiki/Maundy_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundy money">Maundy money</a>, royal <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">alms</a> given to the elderly on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">Predecimal British penny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">Predecimal British halfpenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(British_coin)" title="Farthing (British coin)">British farthing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British decimal coin)">British penny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British decimal coin)">British halfpenny</a></div> <p>Throughout the 18th century, the British government did not mint pennies for general circulation and the <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> value of the existing silver pennies caused them to be withdrawn from circulation. Merchants and mining companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parys_Mountain" title="Parys Mountain">Parys Mining Co.</a>, began to issue their own <a href="/wiki/Conder_token" title="Conder token">copper tokens</a> to fill the need for small change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelgin2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAbe9PdbVaECpgPR16_16]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelgin2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAbe9PdbVaECpgPR16_16]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, amid the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the government authorized <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> to mint copper pennies and twopences at <a href="/wiki/Soho_Mint" title="Soho Mint">Soho Mint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, 1 lb. of copper produced 24 pennies. In 1860, the copper penny was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> one (95% copper, 4% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>). Each pound of bronze was coined into 48 pennies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">Penny (United States coin)</a></div> <p>The United States' cent, popularly known as the "penny" since the early 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-uscent_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscent-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began with the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_cent" title="Chain cent">chain cent</a> in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham Lincoln was the first historical figure to appear on a U.S. coin when he was portrayed on the one-cent coin to commemorate his 100th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>The penny that was brought to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>) was a large coin—36 mm in diameter, 3.3 mm thick, and 1 oz (28 g)—and the twopence was correspondingly larger at 41 mm in diameter, 5 mm thick and 2 oz (57 g). On them was <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> in her hand. The English called this coin the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_penny_(1714%E2%80%931901)" title="History of the British penny (1714–1901)">Cartwheel penny</a> due to its large size and raised rim,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Capetonians</a> referred to it as the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>'s Penny as they assumed that only the Devil used a trident.<sup id="cite_ref-samint_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samint-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins were very unpopular due to their large weight and size.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 June 1825, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Somerset" title="Lord Charles Somerset">Lord Charles Somerset</a>, the governor, issued a <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamation</a> that only <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British Sterling</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (colonial <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>). The new British coins (which were introduced in England in 1816), among them being the shilling, six-pence of silver, the penny, half-penny, and quarter-penny in copper, were introduced to the Cape. Later two-shilling, four-penny, and three-penny coins were added to the coinage. The size and <a href="/wiki/Denomination_(currency)" title="Denomination (currency)">denomination</a> of the 1816 British coins, with the exception of the four-penny coins, were used in South Africa until 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-samint_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samint-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_continued_use">Criticism of continued use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_low-denomination_coins" title="Withdrawal of low-denomination coins">Withdrawal of low-denomination coins</a></div> <p>Handling and counting penny coins entail <a href="/wiki/Transaction_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Transaction costs">transaction costs</a> that may be higher than a penny. It has been claimed that, for <a href="/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micropayments</a>, the mental arithmetic costs more than the penny. Changes in the market prices of metals, combined with currency inflation, have caused the metal value of penny coins to exceed their face value.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada adopted 5¢ as its lowest denomination in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several nations have stopped minting equivalent value coins, and efforts have been made to end the routine use of pennies in several countries.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, since 1992, one- and two-penny coins have been made from copper-plated steel (making them magnetic) instead of bronze. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Idioms"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>In British and American culture, finding a penny is traditionally considered <a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">lucky</a>. A proverbial expression of this is "Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A penny for your thoughts" is an idiomatic way of asking someone what they are thinking about. It is first attested in <a href="/wiki/John_Heywood" title="John Heywood">John Heywood</a>'s 1547 <i>Dialogue Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Corrado_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corrado-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when the penny was still a sterling silver coin.</li> <li>"In for a penny, in for a pound," is a common expression used to express someone's intention to see an undertaking through, however much time, effort, or money this entails.</li> <li>To "give (one's) tuppence/tuppenny/two'penneth (worth)", is a commonwealth saying that uses the words for two pence to share one's opinion, idea, or point of view, regardless of whether or not others want to hear it. A similar expression using the US term of cents is <a href="/wiki/My_two_cents" title="My two cents">my two cents</a>.</li> <li>In British English, to "spend a penny" means to urinate. Its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is literal: coin-operated <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public toilets</a> commonly charged a pre-decimal penny, beginning with <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">the Great Exhibition</a> of 1851.</li> <li>"Tuppence" - Old British slang word for ‘vagina’.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1936 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker">shoemaker</a> <a href="/wiki/G.H._Bass_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="G.H. Bass & Co.">G.H. Bass & Co.</a> introduced its "Weejuns" <a href="/wiki/Slip-on_shoe" title="Slip-on shoe">penny loafers</a>. Other companies followed with similar products.</li> <li>A common myth is that a penny dropped from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> would kill a person or crack the sidewalk. However, a penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a> after falling about 50 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_pennies">List of pennies</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Australian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny (Australian)">penny</a> (1911–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>: <span title="Bosnian-language text"><i lang="bs"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_pfenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina pfenig">pfenig</a></i></span> (1998–present)</li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Canadian_coin)" title="Penny (Canadian coin)">cent</a> (1858–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_penning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish penning (page does not exist)">penning</a></i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 830</span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–a. 1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">penny</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 785</span>–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mark" title="Estonian mark">penn</a></i></span> (1918–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_pound" title="Falkland Islands pound">Falkland Islands penny</a> (1974–present)</li> <li>Finland: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_penni" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish penni">penni</a></i></span> (1861–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">denier</a></i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 755</span>–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Various German states</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">Pfennig</a></i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 755</span>–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar penny</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, as an 8-<i>double</i> coin ("Guernsey penny", 1830–1921) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">240</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> (1921–71) and 1/100 of a Guernsey pound (1971–present)</li> <li>Ireland: penny, as <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Irish_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (Irish pre-decimal coin)">1/240 Irish pound</a> (1928–68) and as <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Irish_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (Irish decimal coin)">1/100 Irish pound</a> (1971–2002), and <a href="/wiki/1_cent_euro_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="1 cent euro coin">euro cent</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manx_pound" title="Manx pound">Manx penny</a> (1668–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey penny</a> (1841–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands_penny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netherlands penny (page does not exist)">penning</a> (8th–16th centuries)</li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand penny">penny</a> (1940–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_marka" title="Polish marka">fenig</a></i></span> (1917–1918) and (1918–1924) during <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_penning" title="Norwegian penning">penning</a></i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena penny</a> (1984–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penny_Scots" title="Penny Scots">Penny Scots</a>/<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">peighinn</i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1130</span>–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_penning" title="Swedish penning">penning</a></i></span> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150</span>–1548)</li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_penny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African penny (page does not exist)">penny</a> (1923–<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1961</span>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_cent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African cent (page does not exist)">cent</a> (1961–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal penny">penny</a> (1892–1900)</li> <li>United Kingdom: penny, as <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">240</span></span> British pound</a> (1707–1971) and as <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British decimal coin)">1/100 British pound</a> (1971–present)</li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">cent</a> (1793–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a>: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Ceiniog" title="Ceiniog">ceiniog</a></i></span> (10th–13th centuries)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/28px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/42px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/56px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coins of the pound sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elongated_coin" title="Elongated coin">Elongated coin</a> (pressed penny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_eliminate_the_penny_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to eliminate the penny in the United States">Efforts to eliminate the penny in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(c._600_%E2%80%93_1066)" title="History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)">History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Modernization_Act" title="Legal Tender Modernization Act">Legal Tender Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-cent_coin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="One-cent coin (disambiguation)">One-cent coin (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)#United_States_penny_sizes" title="Nail (fastener)">Penny sizes of nails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">Pennyweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen#History" title="Japanese yen">Sen</a>, equivalent in Japan used between the 19th century and 1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prutah" title="Prutah">Prutah</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He sal haf a penny til his noynsankys..."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> notes two families of variants, one comprising <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pæning</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pending</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">peninc</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">penincg</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pening</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">peningc</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">penning</i></span> and the other <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">peneg</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pennig</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pænig</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">penig</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">penug</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">pæni</i></span>, and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">peni</i></span>, the later of which gave rise to the modern form.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germanic cognates of <i>penny</i> include <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">penning</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Pfennig</i> in reference to the coin and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i lang="is">peningur</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">pengar</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">penge</i> in reference to "money". <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, however, has <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">skatts</i></span>) for the occurrence of "denarius" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δηνάριος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dēnários</i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This may be the source or a development of the "See a pin and pick it up, all the day you'll have good luck" recorded in a mid-19th century edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/canada-s-last-penny-minted-1.1134670">"Canada's Last Penny Minted"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904122048/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2012/05/04/mb-canada-last-penny-mint.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Last+Penny+Minted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fcanada-s-last-penny-minted-1.1134670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1952" class="citation cs2">Slater, J. (1952), <i>Early Scots Texts</i>, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Scots+Texts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"penny, <i>n.</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i>, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=penny%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennemann2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_Vennemann" title="Theo Vennemann">Vennemann, Theo</a> (2013). "Ne'er-a-Face: A Note on the Etymology of <i>Penny</i>, with an Appendix on the Etymology of <i>Pane</i>". In Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mYryQ5yiR4C&pg=PA467"><i>Germania Semitica</i></a>. <i>Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs</i>, No. 259. Walter de Gruyter. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030109-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030109-0"><bdi>978-3-11-030109-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225223406/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mYryQ5yiR4C&pg=PA467">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ne%27er-a-Face%3A+A+Note+on+the+Etymology+of+Penny%2C+with+an+Appendix+on+the+Etymology+of+Pane&rft.btitle=Germania+Semitica&rft.series=%27%27Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Studies+and+Monographs%27%27%2C+No.+259&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-030109-0&rft.aulast=Vennemann&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mYryQ5yiR4C%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The New Statesman</i>, London: Statesman Publishing, 16 December 1966, p. 896</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-surfingwiththeallen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2009">Allen (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chown-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chown_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chown_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChown1994">Chown (1994)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4OGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1974"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnfsFPrla1QECpgPA328_Pound]"-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1974"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnfsFPrla1QECpgPA328_Pound]"_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson1974">Ferguson (1974)</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC&pg=PA328">Pound</a>".</span> </li> 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1911"><i>EB</i> (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/index.cfm?action=timeline">"Timeline"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/"><i>Historian's Corner</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/US_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="US Mint">US Mint</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225085720/http://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/">archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft.btitle=Historian%27s+Corner&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fhistorianscorner%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3Dtimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennies.org/index.php/penny-history">"Penny History - Americans for Common Cents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penny+History+-+Americans+for+Common+Cents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennies.org%2Findex.php%2Fpenny-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevern_Internet_Services_–_www.severninternet.co.uk" class="citation web cs1">Severn Internet Services – www.severninternet.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1969N780">"Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery Information Centre"</a>. 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href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-a-penny-dropped-off/">"Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Could+a+Penny+Dropped+off+a+Skyscraper+Actually+Kill+You%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fcould-a-penny-dropped-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/15/what-would-happen-if-you-were-hit-penny-falling-skyscraper/99160982/">"What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=What+would+happen+if+you+were+hit+by+a+penny+falling+from+a+skyscraper%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2017%2F03%2F15%2Fwhat-would-happen-if-you-were-hit-penny-falling-skyscraper%2F99160982%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullbekk2014" class="citation 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(2014), "Vestfold: A Monetary Perspective on the Viking Age", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zgXBgAAQBAJ"><i>Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn</i></a>, Studies in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Farnham: Ashgate, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">343</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409456681" title="Special:BookSources/9781409456681"><bdi>9781409456681</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175206/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zgXBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vestfold%3A+A+Monetary+Perspective+on+the+Viking+Age&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Monetary+History%3A+Studies+in+Memory+of+Mark+Blackburn&rft.place=Farnham&rft.series=Studies+in+Early+Medieval+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781409456681&rft.aulast=Gullbekk&rft.aufirst=Svein+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zgXBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation cs2">Allen, Larry (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC&pg=PA59">"Carolingian Reform"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Money</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Sta. 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(1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3zCJ_sN6K0C"><i>Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203695128" title="Special:BookSources/9780203695128"><bdi>9780203695128</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Industrial+Revolution%3A+European+Society+and+Economy%2C+1000%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780203695128&rft.aulast=Cipolla&rft.aufirst=Carlo+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3zCJ_sN6K0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1974" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Wallace K. (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC&pg=PA311">"Money and Coinage of the Age of Erasmus: An Historical and Analytical Glossary with Particular Reference to France, the Low Countries, England, the Rhineland, and Italy"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC"><i>The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141: 1484 to 1500</i></a>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 311–349, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1981-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-1981-1"><bdi>0-8020-1981-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Money+and+Coinage+of+the+Age+of+Erasmus%3A+An+Historical+and+Analytical+Glossary+with+Particular+Reference+to+France%2C+the+Low+Countries%2C+England%2C+the+Rhineland%2C+and+Italy&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus%3A+Letters+1+to+141%3A+1484+to+1500&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=311-349&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8020-1981-1&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Wallace+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfsFPrla1QEC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2003" class="citation cs2">Frassetto, Michael (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC"><i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i></a>, Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072639" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072639"><bdi>9781576072639</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Barbarian+Europe%3A+Society+in+Transformation&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576072639&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW-GfElbafQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeary2005" class="citation cs2">Keary, Charles Francis (2005), <i>A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series, </i>Vol. I<i><span></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+English+Coins+in+the+British+Museum%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Series%2C+Vol.+I&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Keary&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2012" class="citation cs2">Munro, John H. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">"The Technology and Economics of Coinage Debasements in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: With Special Reference to the Low Countries and England"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ"><i>Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements, and Coin Substitutes</i></a>, Pickering & Chatto, republished 2016 by Routledge, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">30 ff</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-230-2"><bdi>978-1-84893-230-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Technology+and+Economics+of+Coinage+Debasements+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Low+Countries+and+England&rft.btitle=Money+in+the+Pre-Industrial+World%3A+Bullion%2C+Debasements%2C+and+Coin+Substitutes&rft.pages=30+ff&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto%2C+republished+2016+by+Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84893-230-2&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLk6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1964" class="citation cs2">Scott, Martin (1964), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievaleurope0000scot"><i>Medieval Europe</i></a></span>, New York: Dorset Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-115-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-115-X"><bdi>0-88029-115-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-88029-115-X&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievaleurope0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNBB2006" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbbmuseum.be/2006/11/islam.htm"><i>Islam and the Carolingian Penny</i></a>, National Bank of Belgium Museum, November 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Carolingian+Penny&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Belgium+Museum&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbbmuseum.be%2F2006%2F11%2Fislam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelgin2008" class="citation cs2">Selgin, George A. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAbe9PdbVaEC"><i>Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginnings of Modern Coinage, 1775–1821</i></a>, University of Michigan Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11631-7"><bdi>978-0-472-11631-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Money%3A+Birmingham+Button+Makers%2C+the+Royal+Mint%2C+and+the+Beginnings+of+Modern+Coinage%2C+1775%E2%80%931821&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11631-7&rft.aulast=Selgin&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAbe9PdbVaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchodolski1983" class="citation cs2">Suchodolski, Stanislaw (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147">"On the Rejection of Good Coin in Carolingian Europe"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Studies in Numismatic Method: Presented to Philip Grierson</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147">147–152</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22503-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22503-5"><bdi>0-521-22503-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Rejection+of+Good+Coin+in+Carolingian+Europe&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Numismatic+Method%3A+Presented+to+Philip+Grierson&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=147-152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-22503-5&rft.aulast=Suchodolski&rft.aufirst=Stanislaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Ag9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penny" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Penny">Penny</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Penny" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Penny">Penny</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surviveourcollapse.com/saving-pre-1982-copper-pennies-investing-or-staving-an-economic-tumble/">Copper Penny Importance</a> – Blog post & video covering the importance of retaining copper pennies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kokogiak.com/megapenny/default.asp">The MegaPenny Project</a> – A visualisation of what exponential numbers of pennies would look like.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukcoinpics.co.uk/pen1.html">Silver Pennies</a> – Pictures of English silver pennies from Anglo-Saxon times to the present.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukcoinpics.co.uk/pen2.html">Copper Pennies</a> – Pictures of English copper pennies from 1797 to 1860.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4649">US Lincoln Penny</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Planet Mars</a> – <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity Rover">Curiosity Rover</a> (September 10, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Penny"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Penny">"Penny" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penny&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Penny"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Penny">"Penny" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penny&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superstition" title="Template:Superstition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superstition" title="Template talk:Superstition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superstition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talismans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions" title="List of superstitions">List of superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions" title="Sailors' superstitions">Sailors' superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Ethiopia" title="Superstition in Ethiopia">Superstition in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_child" title="Sleeping child">Sleeping child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascalapha_odorata" title="Ascalapha odorata">Ascalapha odorata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carranca" title="Carranca">Carranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooties" title="Cooties">Cooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_love_curse" title="Oscar love curse">Oscar love curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">Susto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstition in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Pakistan" title="Superstition in Pakistan">Superstition in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_the_Philippines" title="Superstition in the Philippines">Superstition in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_superstitions" title="Japanese superstitions">Japanese superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Korea" title="Superstition in Korea">Superstition in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)"><i>Bhoot</i> (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture" title="Kuai Kuai culture">Kuai Kuai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_battu" title="Nazar battu">Nazar battu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">Puppy pregnancy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiagari-koboshi" title="Okiagari-koboshi">Okiagari-koboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">Albularyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Barang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulam">Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihi" title="Lihi">Lihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtatawas" title="Pagtatawas">Pagtatawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma">Pasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usog" title="Usog">Usog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_Thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuman Thong">Kuman Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chan" title="Jin Chan">Jin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Numbers in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_curse" title="August curse">August curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern-luck" title="Bayern-luck">Bayern-luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodman%27s_Croft" title="The Goodman's Croft">The Goodman's Croft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himmelsbrief" title="Himmelsbrief">Himmelsbrief</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_magical_staves" title="Icelandic magical staves">Icelandic magical staves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_bocca_al_lupo" title="In bocca al lupo">In bocca al lupo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncalf" title="Mooncalf">Mooncalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Need-fire" title="Need-fire">Need-fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_painted_pebbles" title="Scottish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_of_sympathy" title="Powder of sympathy">Powder of sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_rabbit_rabbit" title="Rabbit rabbit rabbit">Rabbit rabbit rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">Ravens of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstition in Britain">Superstition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Serbia" title="Superstition in Serbia">Superstition in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_water_for_luck" title="Spilling water for luck">Spilling water for luck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_days" title="Tycho Brahe days">Tycho Brahe days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_post" title="Witch post">Witch post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfssegen" title="Wolfssegen">Wolfssegen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">Ace of spades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_match" title="Three on a match">Three on a match</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">tetraphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11:11_(numerology)" title="11:11 (numerology)">11:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_(number)#Luck" title="13 (number)">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Club" title="The Thirteen Club">The Thirteen Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth floor">thirteenth floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_(number)#In_other_fields" title="17 (number)">17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heptadecaphobia" title="Heptadecaphobia">Heptadecaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_(number)" title="27 (number)">27</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_(number)" title="39 (number)">39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_of_39" title="Curse of 39">Curse of 39</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> (<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_dates" title="Auspicious wedding dates">Auspicious wedding dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_superstition" title="Baseball superstition">Baseball superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginner%27s_luck" title="Beginner's luck">Beginner's luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_(superstition)" title="Bread and butter (superstition)">Bread and butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">Break a leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">Chain letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp-ring" title="Cramp-ring">Cramp-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-the-day_betting_effect" title="End-of-the-day betting effect">End-of-the-day betting effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_frogs" title="Fear of frogs">Fear of frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">Fertility rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">First-foot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_eleven_forty-four" title="Four eleven forty-four">Four eleven forty-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_conceit" title="Gambler's conceit">Gambler's conceit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_on_wood" title="Knocking on wood">Knocking on wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literomancy" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">Lock of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_impression" title="Maternal impression">Maternal impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(cricket)" title="Nelson (cricket)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerophobia" title="Numerophobia">Numerophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">Ship sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table" title="Shoes on a table">Shoes on a table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Sign of the horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_old" title="Something old">Something old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_salt" title="Spilling salt">Spilling salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_rubbing" title="Statue rubbing">Statue rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(door)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold (door)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_toi_toi" title="Toi toi toi">Toi toi toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well" title="Wishing well">Wishing well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_science" title="Astrology and science">Astrology and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Superstition in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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