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id="toc-Social_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolutism_on_the_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolutism_on_the_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Absolutism on the rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolutism_on_the_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_heretics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_heretics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Persecution of heretics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_heretics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_arts:_the_Renaissance_in_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_arts:_the_Renaissance_in_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_arts:_the_Renaissance_in_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsk%C3%A1_reformace" title="Švýcarská reformace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švýcarská reformace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_und_Gegenreformation_in_der_Schweiz" title="Reformation und Gegenreformation in der Schweiz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reformation und Gegenreformation in der Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_protestante_en_Suiza" title="Reforma protestante en Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reforma protestante en Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante_en_Suisse" title="Réforme protestante en Suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réforme protestante en Suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81" title="스위스 종교개혁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스 종교개혁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan_di_Swiss" title="Reformasi Protestan di Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi Protestan di Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformacija_%C5%A0veicarijoje" title="Reformacija Šveicarijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reformacija Šveicarijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="スイスの宗教改革 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイスの宗教改革" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasjonen_i_Sveits" title="Reformasjonen i Sveits – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reformasjonen i Sveits" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Reforma Suíça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reforma Suíça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Реформация в Швейцарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реформация в Швейцарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonpuhdistus_Sveitsiss%C3%A4" title="Uskonpuhdistus Sveitsissä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonpuhdistus Sveitsissä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Реформація у 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland" title="Category:History of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of <span class="fn org label">Switzerland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faden,_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets."><img alt="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/150px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/225px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/300px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10159" data-file-height="7685" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Early history of Switzerland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a> (200 BC – AD 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Kingdom">Burgundy</a> (400–900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (900–1300)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a> (1291–1516)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformation</a> (1516–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a> (1648–1798)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Transitional period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (1798–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Restoration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a> (1814–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Regeneration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration</a> (1830–1847)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World Wars</a> (1914–1945)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Switzerland" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png/290px-Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png/435px-Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png/580px-Struktur_Eidgen_1530.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption>Map of the thirteen cantons of the Swiss confederacy in 1530 (green) with their separate subject territories (light green), condominiums (grey) and associates (brown)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg/290px-Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg/435px-Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg/580px-Eidtgenoschafft_1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2683" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Swiss Confederacy by Sebastian Münster (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Protestant Reformation in Switzerland</b> was promoted initially by <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, who gained the support of the magistrate, Mark Reust, and the population of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> in the 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich and spread to several other <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. Seven cantons remained <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, however, which led to intercantonal wars known as the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a>. After the victory of the Catholic cantons in 1531, they proceeded to institute <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> policies in some regions. The schism and distrust between the Catholic and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> cantons defined their interior politics and paralysed any common <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> until well into the 18th century. </p><p>Despite their religious differences and an exclusively Catholic defence alliance of the seven cantons (<i>Goldener Bund</i>), no other major armed conflicts directly between the cantons occurred. Soldiers from both sides fought in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dreizehn_Orte" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreizehn Orte">thirteen cantons</a> managed to maintain their neutrality, partly because all major powers in Europe depended on <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> and would not let Switzerland fall into the hands of one of their rivals. The Three Leagues (<i>Drei Bünde</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Grisons</a> were not yet a member of the Confederacy but were involved in the war from 1620 onward, which led to their loss of the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> from 1623 to 1639. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Protestantism">Development of Protestantism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the violent conflicts of the late 15th century, the Swiss cantons had had a generation of relative political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of their struggle for independence, they had already in the 15th century sought to limit the influence of the Church on their political sovereignty. Many <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> had already come under secular supervision, and the administration of schools was in the hands of the cantons, although the teachers generally still were priests. </p><p>Nevertheless, many of the problems of the Church also existed in the Swiss Confederacy. Many a cleric, as well as the Church as a whole, enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle in stark contrast to the conditions of the large majority of the population; this luxury was financed by high church taxes and abundant sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>. Many priests were poorly educated, and spiritual Church doctrines were often disregarded. Many priests did not live in celibacy but in <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>. The new reformatory ideas thus fell on fertile ground. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg/180px-Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg/270px-Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg/360px-Ulrich_Zwingli_by_Hans_Asper_1531_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Huldrych Zwingli (woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asper" title="Hans Asper">Hans Asper</a>, 1531).</figcaption></figure> <p>The main proponent of the Reformation in Switzerland was <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, whose actions during the <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Sausages" title="Affair of the Sausages">Affair of the Sausages</a> are now considered to be the start of the Reformation in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Janz2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janz2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His own studies, in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">renaissance humanist</a> tradition, had led him to preach against injustices and hierarchies in the Church already in 1516 while he was still a priest in <a href="/wiki/Einsiedeln,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsiedeln, Switzerland">Einsiedeln</a>. When he was called to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, he expanded his criticism also onto political topics and in particular condemned the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">mercenary</a> business. His ideas were received favorably, especially by entrepreneurs, businessmen, and the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. The first disputation of Zürich of 1523 was the breakthrough: the city council decided to implement his reformatory plans and to convert to Protestantism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg/260px-Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg/390px-Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg/520px-Destruction_of_icons_in_Zurich_1524.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a> in Zurich, 1524.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the following two years, profound changes took place in Zürich. The Church was thoroughly secularised. Priests were relieved from celibacy and the opulent decorations in the churches were thrown out. The state assumed the administration of Church properties, financing the social works (which up to then were managed entirely by the Church), and also paid the priests. The last abbess of the <a href="/wiki/Fraum%C3%BCnster" title="Fraumünster">Fraumünster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Zimmern" title="Katharina von Zimmern">Katharina von Zimmern</a>, turned over the convent including all of its rights and possessions to the city authorities on 30 November 1524. She even married the next year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Calvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Calvin.jpg/180px-John_Calvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/John_Calvin.jpg/270px-John_Calvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/John_Calvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>John Calvin</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the next few years, the cities of <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienne">Bienne</a>, Mulhouse, and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> all followed the example set by Zürich. Bern was the first to follow Zürich, in 1528, when the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Bern_Disputation" title="Bern Disputation">Bern Disputation</a> officially pronounced Bern as the second Protestant Swiss canton.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their subject territories were converted to Protestantism by decree. In Basel, reformer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a> was active, in St. Gallen, the Reformation was adopted by the mayor <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vadian" title="Joachim Vadian">Joachim Vadian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, which all three had a more republican structure, individual communes decided for or against the Reformation. In the French-speaking parts, reformers like <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a> had been preaching the new faith under Bernese protection since the 1520s, but only in 1536, just before <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> arrived there, did the city of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> convert to Protestantism. The same year, Bern conquered the hitherto <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoyard</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> and also instituted Protestantism there. </p><p>Despite their conversion to Protestantism, the citizens of Geneva were not ready to adopt <a href="/wiki/Calvinist_rule_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist rule of Geneva">Calvin's new strict Church order</a> and banned him and Farel from the city in 1538. Three years later, following the election of a new city council, Calvin was called back. Step by step he implemented his strict program. A counter-revolt in 1555 failed, and many established families left the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_search_of_a_common_theology">In search of a common theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In search of a common theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></div> <p>Zwingli, who had studied in Basel at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, had arrived at a more radical renewal than <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> and his ideas differed from the latter in several points. A reconciliation attempt at the <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a> in 1529 failed. Although the two charismatic leaders found a consensus on fourteen points, they kept differing on the last one on the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>: Luther maintained that through <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a> the bread and wine in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Lord's Supper</a> became truly the flesh and blood of Christ, whereas Zwingli considered the bread and wine only symbols. This <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> and the defeat of Zürich in the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Kappel" title="Second War of Kappel">Second War of Kappel</a> in 1531, where Zwingli was killed on the battlefield, were a serious setback, ultimately limiting Zwinglianism to parts of the Swiss confederacy and preventing its adoption in areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg/180px-Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg/270px-Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg/360px-Heinrich_Bullinger_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Heinrich Bullinger</figcaption></figure> <p>After Zwingli's death, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> took over his post in Zürich. Reformers in Switzerland continued for the next decades to reform the Church and to improve its acceptance by the common people. Bullinger in particular also tried bridging the differences between <a href="/wiki/Zwinglianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinglianism">Zwinglianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. He was instrumental in establishing the <i>Consensus Tigurinus</i> of 1549 with John Calvin and the <i><a href="/wiki/Confessio_Helvetica_posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessio Helvetica posterior">Confessio Helvetica posterior</a></i> of 1566, which finally included all Protestant cantons and associates of the confederacy. The <i>Confessio</i> was also accepted in other European Protestant regions in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and together with the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> of 1563, where Bullinger also played an important role, and the <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dordrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of Dordrecht">Canons of Dordrecht</a> of 1619 it would become the theological foundation of Protestantism of the Calvinist strain. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_civil_war">Religious civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Reformation in Zürich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png/350px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png/525px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png/700px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1536_-_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1536 showing the religious division</figcaption></figure> <p>The success of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Reformation in Zürich</a> and its rapid territorial expansion definitely made this religious renewal a political issue and a major source of conflict between the thirteen cantons. The alpine cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a> remained staunchly Catholic. Their opposition was not uniquely a question of faith; economic reasons also played a role. Besides on agriculture, their economy depended to a large degree on the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> services and the financial recompensations for the same. They could not afford to lose this source of income, which was a major target of reformatory criticism. In contrast, the cities' economies were more diversified, including strong crafts and guilds as well as a budding industrial sector. <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a> also remained Catholic. </p><p>The five alpine cantons perceived the Reformation as a threat early on; already in 1524 they formed the "League of the Five Cantons" (<i>Bund der fünf Orte</i>) to combat the spreading of the new faith. Both sides tried to strengthen their positions by concluding defensive alliances with third parties: the Protestant cantons formed a city alliance, including the Protestant cities of <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<i>Christliches <a href="/wiki/Burgrecht" title="Burgrecht">Burgrecht</a></i>), translated variously as Cristian Civic Union, Christian Co-burghery, Christian Confederation and Christian Federation (in Latin Zwingli called it Civitas Christiana or Christian State); the Catholic ones entered a pact with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand of Austria</a>. </p><p>In the tense atmosphere, small incidents could easily escalate. Conflicts arose especially over the situation in the common territories, where the administration changed bi-annually among cantons and thus switched between Catholic and Protestant rules. Several mediation attempts failed such as the disputation of <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> in 1526. </p><p>After numerous minor incidents and provocations from both sides, a Protestant pastor was burned on the stake in Schwyz in 1529, and in retaliation Zürich declared war. By mediation of the other cantons, open war (known as the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Kappel" title="First War of Kappel">First War of Kappel</a>) was barely avoided, but the peace agreement (<i>Erster <a href="/wiki/Landfriede" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfriede">Landfriede</a></i>) was not exactly favourable for the Catholic party, who had to dissolve its alliance with the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>. The tensions remained essentially unresolved. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/350px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/525px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/700px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The forces of Zürich are defeated in the battle of Kappel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Second_war_of_Kappel" class="mw-redirect" title="Second war of Kappel">second war of Kappel</a> broke out. Zürich was taking the refusal of the Catholic cantons to help the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Musso_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Musso war">Musso war</a> as a pretext, but on 11 October 1531, the Catholic cantons decisively defeated the forces of Zürich in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Kappel_am_Albis" title="Kappel am Albis">Kappel am Albis</a>. Zwingli was killed on the battlefield. The Protestant cantons had to agree to a peace treaty, the so-called <i>Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede</i>, which forced the dissolution of the Protestant alliance (<i>Christliches Burgrecht</i>). It gave Catholicism the priority in the common territories, but allowed communes that had already converted to remain Protestant. Only strategically important places such as the <a href="/wiki/Freie_%C3%84mter" title="Freie Ämter">Freiamt</a> or those along the route from Schwyz to the Rhine valley at <a href="/wiki/Sargans" title="Sargans">Sargans</a> (and thus to the Alpine passes in the Grisons) were forcibly re-Catholicised. In their own territories, the cantons remained free to implement one or the other religion. The peace thus prescribed the <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>-principle that would also be adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">peace of Augsburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1555. Politically, this gave the Catholic cantons a majority in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i>, the federal <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a> of the confederacy. </p><p>When their Protestant city alliance was dissolved, Zürich and the southern German cities joined the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>, but in the German religious wars of 1546/47, Zürich and the other Swiss Protestant cantons remained strictly neutral. With the victory of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> the previously close relations to the <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> Protestant cities in the Holy Roman Empire were severed: many cities, like Konstanz, were re-Catholicised and many were placed under a strictly aristocratic rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Counter-Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/350px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/525px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/700px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>Religious division of the Old Confederacy during the 17th and 18th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>While the official Church remained passive during the beginnings of the Reformation, the Swiss Catholic cantons took measures early on to keep the new movement at bay. They assumed judicial and financial powers over the clergy, laid down firm rules of conduct for the priests, outlawed <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, and reserved the right to nominate priests in the first place, who previously had been assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishoprics</a>. They also banned printing, distributing, and possessing Reformist tracts; and banned the study of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (to put an end to the independent study of biblical sources). Overall, these measures were successful: not only did they prevent the spreading of the Reformation into the Catholic cantons but also they made the Church dependent on the state and generally strengthened the power of the civil authorities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/180px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/270px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/360px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Carlo Borromeo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic cantons also maintained their domination of the Catholic Church after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545 to 1563), although they had accepted its positions. They opposed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Cardinal Borromeo</a>'s plans for the creation of a new bishopric in central Switzerland. However, they did participate in the education program of Trent. In 1574, the first <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> school was founded in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>. Others soon followed, and in 1579, a Catholic university for Swiss priests, the <i>Collegio helvetico</i>, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. In 1586, a <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nunciature</a> was opened in Lucerne. The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> were also called to help; a Capuchin cloister was founded in 1581 in <a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>. </p><p>Parallel to these efforts to reform the Catholic Church, the Catholic cantons also proceeded to re-Catholicize regions that had converted to Protestantism. Besides reconversions in the common territories, the Catholic cantons in 1560 first tried to undo the Reformation in <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, where the Catholics were a minority. </p><p>The five Catholic cantons formed a military alliance with the Pope and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, and had the support of <a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Tschudi" title="Aegidius Tschudi">Aegidius Tschudi</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Landammann" title="Landammann">Landammann</a></i> (chief magistrate) of Glarus. But due to lack of money, they could not intervene in Glarus by force. In 1564, they settled for a treaty which prescribed the separation of religions in Glarus. There were henceforth <i>two</i> legislative assemblies (<i><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></i>) in the canton, a Catholic and a Protestant one, and Glarus would send one Catholic and one Protestant representative each to the <i>Tagsatzung</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops of Basel">Bishop of Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Christoph_Blarer_von_Wartensee" title="Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee">Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee</a>, moved his seat to <a href="/wiki/Porrentruy" title="Porrentruy">Porrentruy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jura_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura mountains">Jura mountains</a> in 1529, when Basel became Protestant. In 1581, the bishopric regained the <a href="/wiki/Birs" title="Birs">Birs</a> valley lying southwest of Basel. In <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>, where both confessions coexisted more or less peacefully, the counter-reformatory activities beginning with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin friars">Capuchin friars</a> resulted in a split of the canton in 1597 into the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Ausserrhoden</a>, which both had one vote in the <i>Tagsatzung</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_in_the_west">Developments in the west</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developments in the west"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Savoy">Dukes of Savoy</a> had tried already for centuries to gain sovereignty over the city of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, surrounded by Savoyard territory, for the <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> in the north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> belonged to the duchy. The Reformation prompted the conflicts to escalate once more. Geneva exiled its bishop, who was backed by Savoy, in 1533 to <a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>. Bern and the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> took advantage of the duke's involvement in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and his opposition to France. When <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a> died in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1534, the duke's troops were bound by the French engagement there, and Bern promptly conquered the Vaud and, together with the Valais, also territories south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> in 1536. </p><p>The alliance of 1560 of the Catholic cantons with Savoy encouraged duke <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert</a> to raise claims on the territories his father <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of Savoy">Charles III</a> had lost in 1536. After the treaty of <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> of 1564, Bern had to return the <a href="/wiki/Chablais" title="Chablais">Chablais</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Pays de Gex</a> (between Geneva and <a href="/wiki/Nyon" title="Nyon">Nyon</a>) to Savoy in 1567, and the Valais returned the territories west of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gingolph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gingolph">Saint Gingolph</a> two years later in the treaty of <a href="/wiki/Thonon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thonon">Thonon</a>. Geneva was thus a Protestant <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within the Catholic territories of Savoy again and as a result intensified its relations with the Swiss confederacy and Bern and Zürich in particular. Its plea for full acceptance into the confederation—the city was an associate state only—was rejected by the Catholic majority of cantons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldenerBund_1586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GoldenerBund_1586.jpg/260px-GoldenerBund_1586.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/GoldenerBund_1586.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><i>Goldener Bund</i> of 1586</figcaption></figure> <p>Mercenaries of the Swiss cantons participated in the <a href="/wiki/French_wars_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="French wars of religion">French wars of religion</a> on all sides. Those from Protestant cantons fought on the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a>, while the Catholic troops fought for king <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a>. In 1586, the seven Catholic cantons (the five alpine cantons, plus Fribourg and Solothurn) formed an exclusively Catholic alliance called the "Golden League" (<i>Goldener Bund</i>, named after the golden initials on the document) and sided with the <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Guise">Guises</a>, who were also supported by Spain. In 1589, Henry III was assassinated and Henry of Navarre succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, and thus the Protestant mercenaries now fought for the king. </p><p>Since 1586, the duke of Savoy, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy">Charles Emmanuel I</a>, had placed Geneva under an embargo. With the new situation of 1589, the city now got support not only from Bern but also from the French king, and it went to war. The war between Geneva and Savoy continued even after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins" title="Peace of Vervins">Peace of Vervins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in 1598, which ended the wars in France proper. In the night from 11 to 12 December 1602, the duke's troops unsuccessfully tried to storm the city, which definitely maintained its independence from Savoy in the peace of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-en-Genevois" title="Saint-Julien-en-Genevois">Saint Julien</a>, concluded in the following summer. The rebuttal of this attack, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Escalade" title="L'Escalade">L'Escalade</a></i>, is still commemorated in Geneva today. </p><p>Also in 1586, a Catholic <i>coup d'état</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, an associate of the confederacy, prompted the military intervention of the Protestant cantons, which quickly restored the old Protestant order. <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, another Protestant city, wanted to join the confederacy in 1588, but like Geneva some twenty years earlier, it was rejected by the Catholic cantons. In the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, the Reformation had had some success especially in the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> valley. However, in 1603 the Catholic cantons intervened, and with their support re-Catholicisation succeeded and the Protestant families had to emigrate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirty_Years'_War"><span id="Thirty_Years.27_War"></span>Thirty Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thirty Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohentwiel_1641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hohentwiel_1641.jpg/330px-Hohentwiel_1641.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Hohentwiel_1641.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Siege of the <a href="/wiki/Hohentwiel" title="Hohentwiel">Hohentwiel</a> fort in 1641.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (<a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Grimmelshausen</a>) in war-torn Europe. The cantons had concluded numerous <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss mercenary">mercenary</a> contracts and defence alliances with partners on all sides. Some of these contracts neutralized each other, which allowed the confederation to remain neutral. Politically, the neighbouring powers all tried to take influence, by way of mercenary commanders such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Jenatsch" title="Jörg Jenatsch">Jörg Jenatsch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Wettstein" title="Johann Rudolf Wettstein">Johann Rudolf Wettstein</a>. </p><p>Despite the cantons' religious differences, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i> developed a strong consensus against any direct military involvement. The confederacy did not allow any foreign army to cross its territory: the alpine passes remained closed for Spain, just as an alliance offer of the Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav Adolph</a> was rejected. The sole exception was the permission for the French army of <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Rohan">Henri de Rohan</a> to march through the Protestant cantons to the Grisons. A common defence was mounted only in 1647 when the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> armies reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> again. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> had no such luck. The <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> were a loose federation of 48 individual communes that were largely independent; their common assembly held no real powers. While this had helped avoid major religious wars during and following the Reformation, feuds between leading clans (e.g. between the <i>von Planta</i> and the <i>von Salis</i>) were common. When such a feud spilled over into the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> in 1619, a subject territory of the Three Leagues, the population there responded in kind, killing the Protestant rulers in 1620 and calling <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Spain for help. For the next twenty years, the Grisons was ravaged by a war known as the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren" title="Bündner Wirren">Confusion of the Leagues</a>. For the Habsburgs, the Grisons was a strategically important connection between <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. The Valtellina became Spanish, and other parts in the north-east of the Grisons were occupied and re-Catholicised by Austria. </p><p>France intervened a first time in 1624, but succeeded to drive the Spanish out of the Grisons only in 1636. However, Henri de Rohan's French army had to withdraw following the political intrigues of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Jenatsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jürg Jenatsch">Jürg Jenatsch</a>, who managed to play the French off against the Spaniards. Until 1639, the Three Leagues had re-acquired their whole territory, buying back the parts occupied by Austria. They even were restituted their subject territories in the south (Valtellina, <a href="/wiki/Bormio" title="Bormio">Bormio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiavenna" title="Chiavenna">Chiavenna</a>), yet these had to remain Catholic under the protection of Milan. </p><p>The mayor of Basel, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Wettstein" title="Johann Rudolf Wettstein">Johann Rudolf Wettstein</a>, lobbied for a formal recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss confederacy</a> as an independent state in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">peace of Westphalia</a>. Although <i>de facto</i> independent since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a> in 1499, the confederacy was still officially a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Longueville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville">Henri II d'Orléans</a>, who was also prince of <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> and the head of the French delegation, he succeeded to get the formal exemption from the empire for all cantons and associates of the confederacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_developments">Social developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohlbein_Totentanz_1538.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Hohlbein_Totentanz_1538.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>A sheet of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Totentanz</a></i>, 1538.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians count 13 (<a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>) or 14 (<a href="/wiki/St_Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="St Gallen">St Gallen</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a> surges in Switzerland between 1500 and 1640, accounting for 31 plague years, and since 1580, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> outbreaks with an especially high mortality rate (80–90<a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">%</a>) amongst children under the age of five occurred every four to five years. Nevertheless, the population in Switzerland grew in the 16th century from about 800,000 to roughly 1.1 million, i.e. by more than 35%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolutism_on_the_rise">Absolutism on the rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Absolutism on the rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This population growth caused significant changes in a <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial society</a> that could no longer significantly expand its territory. The dependence of the confederation on imports increased, and prices soared. In the countryside, settlements of estates increasingly led to smaller and smaller properties insufficient to sustain a family, and a new class of daytalers (<i>Tauner</i>) grew disproportionally. In the cities, too, the number of poor rose. At the same time, rural subject territories became more and more (financially) dependent on the cities. The political power was concentrated in a few rich families, that over time came to consider their offices as hereditary and tried to limit them to their own exclusive circle. This solicited the response of both peasants and free citizens, who resented such curtailing of their democratic rights, and around 1523/25, also fuelled by the reformatory spirit, revolts broke out in many cantons, both rural and urban. The main objective of the insurgents was the restitution of common rights of old, not the institution of a new order. Although commonly called the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">Peasants' War</a>, the movement also included the free citizens, who saw their rights restricted in the cities, too. Contrary to the development in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, where the hostilities escalated and the rebellion was put down by force, there were only isolated armed conflicts in the confederation. The authorities, already involved in reformatory or counter-reformatory activities, managed to subdue these uprisings only by granting concessions. Yet the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> tendencies kept slowly transforming the democrat cantons into <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a>. By 1650, the absolutist order was firmly established and would prevail for another 150 years as the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime of Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_heretics">Persecution of heretics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persecution of heretics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The generally widespread intolerance of the time, as witnessed by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, amplified by the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, left no place for dissenters. <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>, who took the idea of deriving new societal rules from the direct study of Biblical sources even further than the Protestant reformers only into conflict not only with the established Churches over the question of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> but also with the civil authorities because, not having found any Biblical justification, they refused to pay taxes or to accept any authority. Both Catholic and Protestant cantons persecuted them with all their might. Following the forced <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a> of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Limmat" title="Limmat">Limmat</a> in Zürich in 1527, many Anabaptists emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antitrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrinitarian">Antitrinitarians</a> fared no better; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Miguel Servet</a> was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by burning">burned at the stake</a> in Geneva on 27 October 1553. </p><p>There was no individual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> in Switzerland—or indeed all of Europe—at that time anyway. The maxim of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i> ("whose region, his religion") meant that subjects had to adopt the faith of their rulers. Dissenters who didn't want to convert typically had to (but also were allowed to) emigrate elsewhere, into a region where their faith <i>was</i> the state religion. The Bullinger family, for instance, had to move from <a href="/wiki/Bremgarten,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremgarten, Switzerland">Bremgarten</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Freiamt" title="Freiamt">Freiamt</a>, which was re-Catholicised after the second war of Kappel, to the Protestant city of Zürich. </p><p>The 16th century also saw the height of <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunts</a> in Europe, and Switzerland was no exception. Beginning about 1530, culminating around 1600, and then slowly diminishing, numerous <a href="/wiki/Witch_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trial">witch trials</a> were held in both Protestant and Catholic cantons. These often ended with death sentences (usually burning) for the accused, who typically were elderly women, crippled persons, or other social outcasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_arts:_the_Renaissance_in_Switzerland">Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweizkarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schweizkarte.jpg/350px-Schweizkarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schweizkarte.jpg/525px-Schweizkarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schweizkarte.jpg/700px-Schweizkarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>The Old Swiss Confederacy on a map included in the "Topographia Helvetiae" by Matthäus Merian 1652</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> led to new advances in science and the arts. <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein <i>the Younger</i></a> worked until 1526 in Basel; his high renaissance style had a profound influence on Swiss painters. Conrad Gessner in Zürich did studies in systematic <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, and the geographic maps and city views produced e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a> show the beginning of a scientific <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>. In 1601, an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a> was invented in Zürich and promptly used to triangulate the city. Basel and Geneva became important printing centres, with an output equal to that of e.g. Strasbourg or Lyon. Their printing reformatory tracts greatly furthered the dissemination of these ideas. First newspapers appeared towards the end of the 16th century, but disappeared soon again due to the censorship of the absolutist authorities. In architecture, there was a strong Italian and especially <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">florentine</a> influence, visible in many a rich magistrate's town house. Famed <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a> was born 1599 in the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> and other Protestant refugees from all over Europe fled to Basel, Geneva, and Neuchâtel. Geneva under Calvin and his successor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> demanded their naturalisation and strict adherence to the Calvinist doctrine, whereas Basel, where the university had re-opened in 1532, became a center of intellectual freedom. Many of these immigrants were skilled craftsmen or businessmen and contributed greatly to the development of banking and the watch industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/28px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/56px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Grisons">History of the Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Toggenburg War</a> (or Second War of Villmergen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Zeinenger" title="Otto Zeinenger">Otto Zeinenger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main sources used are </p> <ul><li>Im Hof, U.: <i>Geschichte der Schweiz</i>, 7th ed. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1974/2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1">3-17-017051-1</a>.</li> <li>Schwabe & Co.: <i>Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer</i>, Schwabe & Co 1986/2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7965-2067-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7965-2067-7">3-7965-2067-7</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other sources: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Norman Birnbaum.</i> The Zwinglian Reformation in Zurich // Past and Present, No.15 (Apr. 1959), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janz2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janz2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Janz2008" class="citation book cs1">Denis Janz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJWyDNATVwcC&pg=PA183"><i>A Reformation reader: primary texts with introductions</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6310-0"><bdi>978-0-8006-6310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reformation+reader%3A+primary+texts+with+introductions&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6310-0&rft.au=Denis+Janz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJWyDNATVwcC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8/hcc8.iv.iv.ii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII: Modern Christianity. The Swiss Reformation - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VIII%3A+Modern+Christianity.+The+Swiss+Reformation+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc8%2Fhcc8.iv.iv.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gordon, Bruce. <i>The Swiss Reformation</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Manchester Press">University of Manchester Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5118-0">978-0-7190-5118-0</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Andrew. <i>Miller's Church History</i>. 1880. Chapter 41.</li> <li>Gilbert, W.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/index.html">Renaissance and Reformation</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, Lawrence, Kansas: Carrie, 1998.</li> <li>Luck, James M.: <i>A History of Switzerland / The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present</i>, Society for the Promotion of Science & Scholarship, Palo Alto 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930664-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-930664-06-X">0-930664-06-X</a>.</li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2021) "The 500th Anniversary of the Swiss Reformation: How Zwingli changed and continues to impact Switzerland today," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Vol. 57: No. 1. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol57/iss1/3">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol57/iss1/3</a></li> <li>Ranan, David. <i>Double Cross – The Code of the Catholic Church</i>. Theo Press Ltd, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554133-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554133-0-8">978-0-9554133-0-8</a></li> <li>Burnett, Amy Nelson and Campi, Emidio (eds.). <i>A Companion to the Swiss Reformation</i>, Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30102-3">978-90-04-30102-3</a></li> <li>Guerra, C, <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Harich-Schwarzbauer" title="Henriette Harich-Schwarzbauer">Harich-Schwarzbauer, H</a>, and Hindermann, Judith <i>Johannes Atrocianus – Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar</i>. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-4874225-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-4874225-5-8">978-3-4874225-5-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious_divisions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious divisions">The Period of Religious Divisions and French Influence – up to 1814</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/reformation-switzerland-calvin.html">Reformation in Switzerland</a> by Markus Jud. In English, also available in French and German.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissworld.org/eng/index.html?siteSect=805&sid=4097103&rubricId=16050">Reformation in Switzerland</a> by "Presence Switzerland", an official body of the Swiss Confederation. (In English, available also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissworld.org/eng/index.html?siteSect=800">many other languages</a>.)</li> <li><i>Bauernkrieg (1525)</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D16525.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1525) in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F16525.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1525) in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I16525.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1525) in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compagniede1602.ch/histo/english_txt.htm">The <i>Escalade</i></a> in Geneva in 1602.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/creeds/helvetic.htm">The <i>Confessio Helvetica posterior</i></a> (English transcription).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.unibe.ch/studi-sites/kappeler_landfrieden/inhaltsverzeichnis.html"><i>Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede</i></a>, in German.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" 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