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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%8F%AC%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B0" title="쿼츠 컴포지터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿼츠 컴포지터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Extreme" title="Quartz Extreme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Quartz Extreme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Quartz Compositor" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1591372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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rendering system used in macOS</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">Display server</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">Compositing window manager</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a> under <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">EULA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322043623/https://developer.apple.com/technologies/mac/graphics-and-animation.html">web<wbr />.archive<wbr />.org<wbr />/web<wbr />/20150322043623<wbr />/https:<wbr />//developer<wbr />.apple<wbr />.com<wbr />/technologies<wbr />/mac<wbr />/graphics-and-animation<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#AADDBB"><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">macOS<br />graphics model</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccffcc"> Rendering</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_2D" title="Quartz 2D">Quartz 2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal (API)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccffcc"> Compositing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartz Compositor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_graphics_model" title="Template:MacOS graphics model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_graphics_model" title="Template talk:MacOS graphics model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_graphics_model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS graphics model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quartz Compositor</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">display server</a> (and at the same time the <a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">compositing window manager</a>) in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. It is responsible for presenting and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Raster_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Raster Graphics">rasterized</a>, rendered graphics from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Core_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Core Graphics">Core Graphics</a> framework and other renderers in the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz technologies</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bitmap output from <a href="/wiki/Quartz_2D" title="Quartz 2D">Quartz 2D</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a>, or other process is written to a specific memory location, or <i>backing store</i>. The Compositor then reads the data from the backing stores and assembles each into one image for the display, writing that image to the frame buffer memory of the graphics card. Quartz Compositor only accepts raster data, and is the only process that can directly access the graphics frame buffer.<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In managing individual windows, Quartz Compositor accepts a <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">bitmap</a> image of the window's contents from its renderer, along with its position. The choice of the renderer is up to the individual application, although most use Quartz 2D. Quartz Compositor then acts as a "visual mixing board," by adding the given window to the whole scene for the display. </p><p>In its role as window manager, Quartz Compositor also has an <a href="/wiki/Event_queue" class="mw-redirect" title="Event queue">event queue</a> which receives events, such as key strokes and mouse clicks. The Quartz Compositor takes the events from the queue, determines which process owns the window where the event occurred, and passes the event on to the process.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quartz_Extreme">Quartz Extreme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quartz Extreme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.2">Mac OS X v10.2</a> introduced Quartz Extreme: graphics processor (GPU) acceleration for the Quartz Compositor. With Quartz Extreme, far fewer central processing unit (CPU) cycles are needed for scene composition. Instead, the Quartz Compositor encapsulates each rendered backing store in an OpenGL texture map or surface. It then directs the GPU to compose the surfaces and maps to provide the final image, which is delivered to the frame buffer. </p><p>Quartz Extreme only uses OpenGL commands, and requires a graphics card connected to an <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a> 2X or faster bus (including AGP 4X, 8X, and <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a>), supporting textures and maps of arbitrary size, since many of the renderers have no size limitation (Quartz 2D for example).<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a>, it is automatically enabled on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Mac</a> systems with one of the following types of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">AMD (ATI) Radeon</a>, AGP-based, 16 MB VRAM minimum, or better</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeForce_2_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 2 Series">NVIDIA GeForce2 MX</a>, 16 MB VRAM minimum, or better</li></ul> <p>As of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a>, Quartz Extreme is enabled on all supported Macs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="QuartzGL">QuartzGL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: QuartzGL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>QuartzGL (called Quartz 2D Extreme when it was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a>) is GPU acceleration for the Quartz 2D API. With QuartzGL enabled, all Quartz drawing commands are translated to OpenGL commands and executed on the GPU. This differs from Quartz Extreme, which still executes Quartz drawing commands on the CPU but performs final composition using the GPU. </p><p>As of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a>, QuartzGL is still not enabled by default. However, it is possible to enable it using the Quartz Debug application included in the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Apple Developer Tools</a>. QuartzGL will be disabled once again upon quitting the Quartz Debug utility. A workaround is to force quit the Quartz Debug application, which will leave QuartzGL enabled system-wide. </p><p>All graphics cards capable of supporting <a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a> also support QuartzGL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">Compositing window manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland (display server protocol)">Wayland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DXGI" class="mw-redirect" title="DXGI">DXGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Russell2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussell2005" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Matthew (October 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527151142/http://oreilly.com/pub/a/mac/2005/10/11/what-is-quartz.html">"What Is Quartz (or Why Can't Windows Do That)"</a>. <i>O'Reilly Mac DevCenter</i>. O'Reilly Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/pub/a/mac/2005/10/11/what-is-quartz.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Reilly+Mac+DevCenter&rft.atitle=What+Is+Quartz+%28or+Why+Can%27t+Windows+Do+That%29&rft.date=2005-10-11&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foreilly.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Fmac%2F2005%2F10%2F11%2Fwhat-is-quartz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+Compositor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTechnica1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArsTechnica1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2005" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (2005-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2005/04/macosx-10-4.ars/13">"Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ArsTechnica" class="mw-redirect" title="ArsTechnica">ArsTechnica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArsTechnica&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+10.4+Tiger&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2Freviews%2F2005%2F04%2Fmacosx-10-4.ars%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+Compositor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/SystemTechnology/chapter_4_section_3.html">"Apple - Developer - Mac OS X Technology Overview: Graphics, Imaging, and Multimedia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=301347">the original</a> on 2012-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+-+Mac+OS+X+10.4%3A+Requirements+for+Quartz+Extreme+and+Core+Image+graphics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.info.apple.com%2Farticle.html%3Fartnum%3D301347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+Compositor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_Compositor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925095929/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/COnceptual/SystemOverview/SystemArchitecture/chapter_3_section_4.html">The Graphics and Windowing Environment (archived)</a> –  Apple Developer Documentation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coregraphics/quartz_display_services">Quartz Display Services</a>  –  Apple Developer Documentation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS" title="Template:MacOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS" title="Template talk:MacOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_Pane" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference Pane">Preference Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#macOS" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakable_items" title="Speakable items">Speakable items</a></li> <li><a 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