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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-classical Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-classical_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources of supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy_and_banditry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_and_banditry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Piracy and banditry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_and_banditry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status of slaves</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_slaves-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status of slaves subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slaves_in_Gortyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaves_in_Gortyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Slaves in Gortyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaves_in_Gortyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_bondage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_bondage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Debt bondage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_bondage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manumission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manumission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Manumission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manumission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spartan_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spartan_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Spartan slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spartan_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athenian_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athenian_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Athenian slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athenian_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natal_alienation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natal_alienation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Natal alienation</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natal_alienation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Permanence</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_dishonor,_domination_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_dishonor,_domination_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>General dishonor, domination and violence</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_dishonor,_domination_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Slavery conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_Greek_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_Greek_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Views of Greek slavery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_of_Greek_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views of Greek slavery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_of_Greek_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery in ancient Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="العبودية لدى الإغريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العبودية لدى الإغريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud_a_l%27antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Esclavitud a l'antiga Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud a l'antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei_im_antiken_Griechenland" title="Sklaverei im antiken Griechenland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei im antiken Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Δουλεία στην αρχαία Ελλάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεία στην αρχαία Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud_en_la_Antigua_Grecia" title="Esclavitud en la Antigua Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud en la Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklabotza_Antzinako_Grezian" title="Esklabotza Antzinako Grezian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklabotza Antzinako Grezian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage_en_Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Esclavage en Grèce antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage en Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravitude_na_Grecia_antiga" title="Escravitude na Grecia antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escravitude na Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropstvo_u_staroj_Gr%C4%8Dkoj" title="Ropstvo u staroj Grčkoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ropstvo u staroj Grčkoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan_di_Yunani_Kuno" title="Perbudakan di Yunani Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan di Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald_%C3%AD_Grikklandi_hinu_forna" title="Þrælahald í Grikklandi hinu forna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrælahald í Grikklandi hinu forna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavit%C3%B9_nell%27antica_Grecia" title="Schiavitù nell'antica Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavitù nell'antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="עבדות ביוון העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות ביוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batur_tukon_ing_Yunani_kuna" title="Batur tukon ing Yunani kuna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batur tukon ing Yunani kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ропство во Стара Грција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ропство во Стара Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij_in_het_oude_Griekenland" title="Slavernij in het oude Griekenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavernij in het oude Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="古代ギリシアの奴隷制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシアの奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri_i_antikkens_Hellas" title="Slaveri i antikkens Hellas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaveri i antikkens Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravid%C3%A3o_na_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Escravidão na Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravidão na Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavia_%C3%AEn_Grecia_antic%C4%83" title="Sclavia în Grecia antică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclavia în Grecia antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22">"Slavery in ancient Greece"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Slavery+in+ancient+Greece%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg/220px-Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg/330px-Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg/440px-Stele_Mnesarete_Glyptothek_Munich_491_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>Funerary <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> of Mnesarete, daughter of Socrates; a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, c. 380 BC. (<a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was a widely accepted practice in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, as it was in contemporaneous societies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal use of slaves was in agriculture, but they were also used in stone quarries or mines, as domestic servants, or even as a public utility, as with the <i><a href="/wiki/Demosioi" title="Demosioi">demosioi</a></i> of Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> practice distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a> slavery (where the slave was regarded as a piece of property, as opposed to a member of human society) and land-bonded groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Penestai" title="Penestai"><i>penestae</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a>, who were more like medieval <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> (an enhancement to real estate).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chattel slave is an individual deprived of liberty and forced to submit to an owner, who may buy, sell, or lease them like any other chattel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The academic study of <b>slavery in ancient Greece</b> is beset by significant methodological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documentation is disjointed and very fragmented, focusing primarily on the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. No treatises are specifically devoted to the subject, and jurisprudence was interested in slavery only as much as it provided a source of revenue. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Greek comedies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">tragedies</a> represented <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> made no substantial differentiation between slaves and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/220px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/330px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg/440px-Phlyax_scene_Louvre_CA7249.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>A master (right) and his slave (left) in a <a href="/wiki/Phlyax_play" title="Phlyax play">phlyax play</a>, Silician red-figured calyx-krater, c. 350 BC–340 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The ancient Greeks had several words to indicate slaves, which leads to textual ambiguity when they are studied out of their proper context. In the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a>, the slave was called δμώς (<i>dmōs</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has a general meaning but refers particularly to war prisoners taken as <a href="/wiki/War_looting" class="mw-redirect" title="War looting">booty</a> (in other words, property). During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical period (Greece)">classical period</a>, the Greeks frequently used ἀνδράποδον (<i>andrapodon</i>), (literally, "one with the feet of a man") as opposed to τετράποδον (<i>tetrapodon</i>), "quadruped" or livestock. The most common word for slaves is δοῦλος (<i>doulos</i>), used in opposition to "free man" (ἐλεύθερος, <i>eleútheros</i>); an earlier form of the former appears in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> inscriptions as <i>do-e-ro</i>, "male slave" (or "servant", "bondman"; Linear B: 𐀈𐀁𐀫), or <i>do-e-ra</i>, "female slave" (or "maid-servant", "bondwoman").<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> δουλεὐω (which survives in Modern Greek, meaning "work") can be used metaphorically for other forms of dominion, as of one city over another or parents over their children. Finally, the term οἰκέτης (<i>oiketēs</i>) was used, as meaning "one who lives in house", referring to household servants. Anagnostes (ἀναγνώστης; plural anagnostae, ἀναγνῶσται) was a term used for an educated slave whose task was to read books out aloud for his or her master.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms used to indicate slaves were less precise and required context: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>θεράπων (<i>therapōn</i>) – At the time of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, the word meant "companion" (<a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> was referred to as the <i>therapōn</i> of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a> that of <a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a>); but during the classical age, it meant "servant".</li> <li>ἀκόλουθος (<i>akolouthos</i>) – literally, "the follower" or "the one who accompanies". Also, the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> ἀκολουθίσκος, used for <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a> boys.</li> <li>παῖς (<i>pais</i>) – literally "child", used in the same way as "<a href="/wiki/Houseboy" title="Houseboy">houseboy</a>", also used in a derogatory way to call adult slaves.</li> <li>σῶμα (<i>sōma</i>) – literally "body", used in the context of emancipation.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-classical_Greece">Pre-classical Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-classical Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg/220px-Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg/330px-Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg/440px-Aias_Kassandra_Louvre_G458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Women as plunder of war: <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a> taking <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, tondo of a <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">red-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodros_Painter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodros Painter (page does not exist)">Kodros Painter</a>, c. 440–430 BC, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slaves were present through the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a>, as documented in numerous tablets unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> 140. Two legal categories can be distinguished: "slaves (εοιο)" and "slaves of the god (θεοιο)", the god in this case probably being <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. Slaves of the god are always mentioned by name and own their own land; their legal status is close to that of freemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature and origin of their bond to the divinity is unclear. The names of common slaves show that some of them came from <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> and were probably enslaved as a result of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The tablets indicate that unions between slaves and freemen were common and that slaves could work and own land. It appears that the major division in Mycenaean civilization was not between a free individual and a slave but rather if the individual was in the palace or not. </p><p>There is no continuity between the Mycenaean era and the time of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, where social structures reflected those of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_dark_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek dark ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. The terminology differs: the slave is no longer <i>do-e-ro</i> (doulos) but <i>dmōs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, slaves are mainly women taken as booty of war, while men were either ransomed or killed on the battlefield. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, the slaves also seem to be mostly women. These slaves were servants and sometimes are concubines. </p><p>There were some male slaves, especially in the <i>Odyssey</i>, a prime example being the <a href="/wiki/Swineherd" title="Swineherd">swineherd</a> <a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a>. The slave was distinctive in being a member of the core part of the <i>oikos</i> ("family unit", "household"): <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a> eats and drinks with his servants; in the winter, he sleeps in their company. Eumaeus, the "divine" swineherd, bears the same <a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">Homeric epithet</a> as the Greek heroes. Slavery remained, however, a disgrace: Eumaeus declares, "Zeus, of the far-borne voice, takes away the half of a man's virtue, when the day of slavery comes upon him". </p><p>It is difficult to determine when slave trading began in the archaic period. In <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> (8th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> owns numerous <i>dmōes</i> although their exact status is unclear. The presence of <i>douloi</i> is confirmed by lyric poets such as <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a>. According to epigraphic evidence, the homicide law of <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 620 BC) mentioned slaves. Draco, the first Athenian lawgiver, allowed a wide space for private violence against the slave.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 594–593 BC) forbade slaves from practising gymnastics and pederasty. By the end of the period, references become more common. Slavery becomes prevalent at the very moment when Solon establishes the basis for Athenian democracy. Classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a> likewise remarks that Chios, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a>, was the first city to organize a slave trade, also enjoyed an early democratic process (in the 6th century BC). He concludes that "one aspect of Greek history, in short, is the advance hand in hand, of freedom <i>and</i> slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_role">Economic role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy of ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/250px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/375px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/500px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of ancient Greece">Agriculture</a>, a common use for slaves, <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neck_amphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck amphora">neck-amphora</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Antimenes_Painter" title="Antimenes Painter">Antimenes Painter</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All activities were open to slaves with the exception of politics. For the Greeks, politics was the only occupation worthy of a citizen, the rest being relegated wherever possible to non-citizens. It was status that was of importance, not occupation. </p><p>The principal use of slavery was in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of ancient Greece">agriculture</a>, the foundation of the Greek economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some small landowners might own one slave, or even two. An abundant literature of manuals for landowners (such as the <a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus"><i>Economy</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> or that of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudo-Aristotle</a>) confirms the presence of dozens of slaves on the larger estates; they could be common labourers or foremen. The extent to which slaves were used as a labour force in farming is disputed. It is certain that rural slavery was very common in Athens, and that ancient Greece did not have the immense slave populations found on the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mines_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/220px-Mines_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/330px-Mines_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/440px-Mines_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Corinthian black-figure terra-cotta votive tablet of slaves working in a mine, dated to the late seventh century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Slave labour was prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a>, which had large slave populations, often leased out by rich private citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> leased a thousand slaves to the silver <a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Laurion" title="Mines of Laurion">mines of Laurion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>; Hipponicos, 600; and Philomidès, 300. Xenophon indicates that they received one <a href="/wiki/Obolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Obolus">obolus</a> per slave per day, amounting to 60 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> per year. This was one of the most prized investments for Athenians. The number of slaves working in the Laurion mines or in the mills processing ore has been estimated at 30,000. Xenophon suggested that the city buy a large number of slaves, up to three state slaves per citizen, so that their leasing would assure the upkeep of all the citizens. </p><p>Slaves were also used as craftsmen and <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">tradespersons</a>. As in agriculture, they were used for labour that was beyond the capability of the family. The slave population was greatest in workshops: the shield factory of <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> employed 120 slaves, and the father of <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> owned 32 cutlers and 20 bedmakers. </p><p>Ownership of domestic slaves was common, the domestic male slave's main role being to stand in for his master at his trade and to accompany him on trips. In time of war he was <a href="/wiki/Batman_(military)" title="Batman (military)">batman</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a>. The female slave carried out domestic tasks, in particular bread baking and textile making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in ancient Greece">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg/220px-NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg/330px-NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg/440px-NAMA_Cheval_%26_esclave_%C3%A9thiopien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> slave attempts to break in a horse, date unknown, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure><p>It is difficult to estimate the number of slaves in ancient Greece, given the lack of a precise census and variations in definitions during that era. It seems certain that Athens had the largest slave population, with as many as 80,000 in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, on average three or four slaves per household. In the 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> remarked on the desertion of 20,890 slaves during the <a href="/wiki/Decelea" title="Decelea">war of Decelea</a>, mostly tradesmen. The lowest estimate, of 20,000 slaves, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, corresponds to one slave per family. Between 317 BC and 307 BC, the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Phalereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Phalereus">Demetrius Phalereus</a> ordered a general census of Attica, which arrived at the following figures: 21,000 citizens, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">metics</a> and 400,000 slaves. However, some researchers doubt the accuracy of the figure, asserting that thirteen slaves per free man appear unlikely in a state where a dozen slaves were a sign of wealth, nor is the population stated consistent with the known figures for bread production and import. The orator <a href="/wiki/Hypereides" title="Hypereides">Hypereides</a>, in his <i>Against Areistogiton</i>, recalls that the effort to enlist 15,000 male slaves of military age led to the defeat of the Southern Greeks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)</a>, which corresponds to the figures of <a href="/wiki/Ctesicles" title="Ctesicles">Ctesicles</a>. </p><p>According to the literature, it appears that the majority of free Athenians owned at least one slave. <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)">Plutus</a></i>, portrays poor peasants who have several slaves; Aristotle defines a house as containing freemen and slaves. Conversely, not owning even one slave was a clear sign of poverty. In the celebrated discourse of <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> <i>For the Invalid</i>, a cripple pleading for a pension explains "my income is very small and now I'm required to do these things myself and do not even have the means to purchase a slave who can do these things for me." However, the huge individual slave holdings of the wealthiest Romans were unknown in ancient Greece. When Athenaeus cites the case of <a href="/wiki/Mnason_of_Phocis" title="Mnason of Phocis">Mnason</a>, a friend of Aristotle and owner of a thousand slaves, this appears to be exceptional. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> estimates that the isle of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> had proportionally the largest number of slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_supply">Sources of supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources of supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">CSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_China" title="Human trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Human trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">... in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">... in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysaesthesia_aethiopica" title="Dysaesthesia aethiopica">Dysaesthesia aethiopica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiatrix" title="Gladiatrix">Gladiatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(slavery)" title="Seasoning (slavery)">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">Slavocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">Voluntary slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">proslavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haruwa-charuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-charuwa">Haruwa-charuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawi_system" title="Bawi system">Bawi system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">Nobi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were four primary sources of slaves: war, in which the defeated would become slaves to the victorious unless a more objective outcome was reached; <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> (at sea); banditry (on land); and international trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War">War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the rules of war of the period, the victor possessed absolute rights over the vanquished, whether they were soldiers or not. Enslavement, while not systematic, was common practice. <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> recalls that 7,000 inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Carini" title="Carini">Hyccara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> were taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> and sold for 120 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a> in the neighbouring village of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>. Likewise in 348 BC the population of <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a> was reduced to slavery, as was that of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> in 335 BC by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Mantineia" title="Mantineia">Mantineia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>. </p><p>The existence of Greek slaves was a constant source of discomfort for Greek citizens. The enslavement of cities was also a controversial practice. Some generals refused, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callicratidas" title="Callicratidas">Callicratidas</a>. Some cities passed accords to forbid the practice: in the middle of the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> agreed not to reduce any free <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossian</a> to slavery, and vice versa. Conversely, the emancipation by ransom of a city that had been entirely reduced to slavery carried great prestige: <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, in 316 BC, restored Thebes. Before him, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> enslaved and then emancipated <a href="/wiki/Stageira" class="mw-redirect" title="Stageira">Stageira</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piracy_and_banditry">Piracy and banditry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Piracy and banditry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a> and banditry provided a significant and consistent supply of slaves, though the significance of this source varied according to era and region. Pirates and brigands would demand ransom whenever the status of their catch warranted it. Whenever ransom was not paid or not warranted, captives would be sold to a trafficker. In certain areas, piracy was practically a national specialty, described by Thucydides as "the old-fashioned" way of life. Such was the case in <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>. Outside of Greece, this was also the case with <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicians</a> and the mountain peoples from the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> could also be added to the list. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> explains the popularity of the practice among the Cilicians by its profitability; <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, not far away, allowed for "moving myriad slaves daily". The growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, a large consumer of slaves, led to development of the market and an aggravation of piracy. In the 1st century BC, however, the Romans largely eradicated piracy to protect the Mediterranean trade routes. </p><p>Slave raids were a specific form of banditry that was a primary method of gathering slaves. In regions such as Thrace and the eastern Aegean, natives, or <i>barbaroi,</i> captured in slave raids were the primary source of slaves, rather than prisoners of war. As described by Xenophon, and Menander in <i><a href="/wiki/Aspis_(Menander)" title="Aspis (Menander)">Aspis</a>,</i> after the slaves were captured in raids, their actual enslavement took place when they were resold through slave-dealers to Athenians and other slaveowners throughout Greece. After the slaves were captured, they were sold in slave markets. From the 6th century BC on, the vast majority of slaves were bought in these slave markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was slave trade between kingdoms and states of the wider region. The fragmentary list of slaves confiscated from the property of the mutilators of the <i><a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">Hermai</a></i> mentions 32 slaves whose origins have been ascertained: 13 came from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, 7 from <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, and the others came from <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilyria">Ilyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. Local professionals sold their own people to Greek slave merchants. The principal centres of the slave trade appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, and even faraway <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>. Some "barbarian" slaves were victims of war or localised piracy, but others were sold by their parents. </p><p>There is a lack of direct evidence of slave traffic, but corroborating evidence exists. Firstly, certain nationalities are consistently and significantly represented in the slave population, such as the corps of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a> employed by Athens as a police force—originally 300, but eventually nearly a thousand. Secondly, the names given to slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedies</a> often had a geographical link; thus <i>Thratta</i>, used by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wasps" title="The Wasps">The Wasps</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Acharnians" title="The Acharnians">The Acharnians</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_(play)" title="Peace (play)">Peace</a></i>, simply meant <i>a Thracian woman</i>. Finally, the nationality of a slave was a significant criterion for major purchasers: Ancient practice was avoid a concentration of too many slaves of the same ethnic origin in the same place, in order to limit the risk of revolt. It is also probable that, as with the Romans, certain nationalities were considered more productive as slaves than others. </p><p>The price of slaves varied in accordance with their ability. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> valued a Laurion miner at 180 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> (i.e. about 775 grams of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>); while a workman at major works was paid one <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a> per day. Demosthenes' father's cutlers were valued at 500 to 600 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> each. Price was also a function of the quantity of slaves available; in the 4th century BC they were abundant and it was thus a buyer's market. A tax on sale revenues was levied by the market cities. For instance, a large helot market was organized during the festivities at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a>. The Acarnanian League, which was in charge of the logistics, received half of the tax proceeds, the other half going to the city of Anactorion, of which Actium was a part. </p><p>Buyers enjoyed a guarantee against <a href="/wiki/Latent_defect" title="Latent defect">latent defects</a>: The transaction could be invalidated if the purchased slave turned out to be crippled and the buyer had not been warned about it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_slaves">Status of slaves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greeks had many degrees of enslavement. There was a multitude of categories, ranging from free citizen to chattel slave, and including <a href="/wiki/Penestai" title="Penestai">penestae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a>, disenfranchised citizens, freedmen, bastards, and <a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">metics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common ground was the deprivation of civic rights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a> proposed a set of criteria for different degrees of enslavement: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Right to own property</li> <li>Authority over the work of another</li> <li>Power of punishment over another</li> <li>Legal rights and duties (liability to arrest and/or arbitrary punishment, or to litigate)</li> <li>Familial rights and privileges (marriage, inheritance, etc.)</li> <li>Possibility of social mobility (manumission or emancipation, access to citizen rights)</li> <li>Religious rights and obligations</li> <li>Military rights and obligations (military service as servant, heavy or light soldier, or sailor).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/220px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/330px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/440px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Funerary <a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">loutrophoros</a>; on the right, a bearded slave carries his master's shield and helm, 380–370 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Athenian slaves were the property of their master (or of the state). Masters could dispose of their slaves as they saw fit by selling or renting them, or by granting them freedom. Slaves could have a spouse and children, but slave familial relationships were not recognized by the state, and the master could scatter the family members at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slaves had fewer judicial rights than citizens and were represented by their masters in all judicial proceedings. A misdemeanor that would result in a fine for the free man would result in a flogging for the slave; the ratio seems to have been one lash for one drachma. With several minor exceptions, the testimony of a slave was not admissible except under torture.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves were tortured in trials because they often remained loyal to their masters.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous example of a trusty slave was <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>'s Persian slave <a href="/wiki/Sicinnus" title="Sicinnus">Sicinnus</a> (the counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Ephialtes_of_Trachis" title="Ephialtes of Trachis">Ephialtes of Trachis</a>), who, despite his Persian origin, betrayed <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a> and helped Athenians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>. Despite torture in trials, the Athenian slave was protected in an indirect way: if he was mistreated, the master could initiate litigation for damages and interest (δίκη βλάβης / <i>dikē blabēs</i>). Conversely, a master who excessively mistreated a slave could be prosecuted by any citizen (γραφὴ ὕβρεως / <i>graphē hybreōs</i>); this was not enacted for the sake of the slave, but to avoid violent excess (ὕβρις / <i><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> claimed that "not even the most worthless slave can be put to death without trial"; the master's power over his slave was not absolute. <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a>'s law apparently punished with death the murder of a slave; the underlying principle was: "was the crime such that, if it became more widespread, it would do serious harm to society?" The suit that could be brought against a slave's killer was not a suit for damages, as would be the case for the killing of cattle, but a δίκη φονική (<i>dikē phonikē</i>), demanding punishment for the religious pollution brought by the shedding of blood. In the 4th century BC, the suspect was judged by the <a href="/wiki/Palladion" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladion">Palladion</a>, a court which had jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Unintentional_homicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintentional homicide">unintentional homicide</a>; the imposed penalty seems to have been more than a fine but less than death—maybe exile, as was the case in the murder of a <a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">Metic</a>. However, slaves did belong to their master's household. A newly bought slave was welcomed with nuts and fruits, just like a newly-wed wife. Slaves took part in most of the civic and family cults; they were expressly invited to join the banquet of the <i>Choes</i>, the second day of the <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>, and were allowed initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. A slave could claim asylum in a temple or at an altar, just like a free man. The slaves shared the gods of their masters and could keep their own religious customs if any. </p><p>Slaves could not own property, but their masters often let them save up to purchase their freedom, and records survive of slaves operating businesses by themselves, making only a fixed tax-payment to their masters. Athens also had a law forbidding the striking of slaves: if a person struck what appeared to be a slave in Athens, that person might find himself hitting a fellow citizen because many citizens dressed no better. It astonished other Greeks that Athenians tolerated back-chat from slaves. Athenian slaves fought together with Athenian freemen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">battle of Marathon</a>, and the monuments memorialize them. It was formally decreed before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> that the citizens should "save themselves, their women, children, and slaves". </p><p>Slaves had special sexual restrictions and obligations. For example, a slave could not engage free boys in <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederastic</a> relationships ("A slave shall not be the lover of a free boy nor follow after him, or else he shall receive fifty blows of the public lash."), and they were forbidden from the <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestrae</a> ("A slave shall not take exercise or anoint himself in the wrestling-schools."). Both laws are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>. </p><p>The sons of vanquished foes would be enslaved and often forced to work in male brothels, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a>, who at the request of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> was bought and freed from such an enterprise by the philosopher's rich friends. On the other hand, it is attested in sources that the rape of slaves was prosecuted, at least occasionally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaves_in_Gortyn">Slaves in Gortyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slaves in Gortyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Gortyn_code" title="Gortyn code">Gortyn code</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, in Crete, according to a <a href="/wiki/Gortyn_code" title="Gortyn code">code</a> engraved in stone dating to the 3rd century BC, slaves (<i>doulos</i> or <i>oikeus</i>) found themselves in a state of great dependence. Their children belonged to the master. The master was responsible for all their offences, and, inversely, he received amends for crimes committed against his slaves by others. In the Gortyn code, where all punishment was monetary, fines were doubled for slaves committing a misdemeanour or felony. Conversely, an offence committed against a slave was much less expensive than an offence committed against a free person. As an example, the rape of a free woman by a slave was punishable by a fine of 200 <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">staters</a> (400 <a href="/wiki/Drachm" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachm">drachms</a>), while the rape of a non-virgin slave by another slave brought a fine of only one obolus (a sixth of a drachm). </p><p>Slaves did have the right to possess a house and livestock, which could be transmitted to descendants, as could clothing and household furnishings. Their family was recognized by law: they could marry, divorce, write a testament and inherit just like free men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_bondage">Debt bondage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Debt bondage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debt, especially in the agricultural field, was a very common occurrence in ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of the Greek population was composed of peasants, of varying degrees of freedom, who survived on subsistence farming.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, lending and borrowing, and consequently incurring debts, was central to peasant life. Peasants could incur debt for a number of reasons. First, given the nature of their agricultural labor, they often borrowed tools, livestock, or sowing material, and these debts could roll over to the next day. As soon as debts surpassed day-to-day reciprocity, it became more and more difficult for peasants to pay off their loans. Thus, the laborer became indebted to the owner of the land they were working on, becoming indebted to the creditor. Soon after, the debtor might have had to give his property, and eventually his wife, children, and ultimately himself, over to the creditor, thus becoming entirely dependent and virtually enslaved to the creditor.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to its interdiction by <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, Athenians practiced debt enslavement: a citizen incapable of paying his debts became "enslaved" to the creditor. Debt bondage primarily concerned peasants known as <i>hektēmoroi</i> who, unable to pay their rents, worked land owned by rich landowners. In theory, debt bondage slaves would be liberated when their original debts were repaid.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solon put an end to debt bondage with the σεισάχθεια / <i><a href="/wiki/Seisachtheia" title="Seisachtheia">seisachtheia</a></i>, literally "the shaking off of burdens", or liberation of debts, which prevented all claim to the person by the debtor and forbade the sale of free Athenians, including by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars believe that Solon got the idea for the cancellation of debts from Mesopotamian law.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> quotes one of Solon's poems:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>And many a man whom fraud or law had sold<br /> Far from his god-built land, an outcast slave,<br /> I brought again to Athens; yea, and some,<br /> Exiles from home through debt’s oppressive load,<br /> Speaking no more the dear Athenian tongue,<br /> But wandering far and wide, I brought again;<br /> And those that here in vilest slavery (<i>douleia</i>)<br /> Crouched 'neath a master's (<i>despōtes</i>) frown, I set them free. </p> </blockquote> <p>Though much of Solon's poem is reminiscent of "traditional" slavery, debt bondage slavery was different in that the enslaved Athenian remained an Athenian, dependent on another Athenian, in his place of birth. It is in these lines that Solon put an end to debt bondage. This measure, which received much praise in antiquity, was merely a cancellation of debts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Seisachtheia" title="Seisachtheia">seisachtheia</a></i> were not intended to free all Greek slaves but only those enslaved by debt. The reforms of Solon left two exceptions: the guardian of an unmarried woman who had lost her virginity had the right to sell her as a slave, and a citizen could "expose" (abandon) unwanted newborn children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manumission">Manumission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manumission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in ancient Greece">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The practice of <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> is confirmed to have existed in <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> from the 6th century BC. It probably dates back to an earlier period, as it was an oral procedure. Informal emancipations are also confirmed in the classical period. It was sufficient to have witnesses, who would escort the citizen to a public emancipation of his slave, either at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Ancient_Greece#Theatre_Structure_and_Layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Ancient Greece">theatre</a> or before a public tribunal. This practice was outlawed in Athens in the middle of the 6th century BC to avoid public disorder. </p><p>The practice became more common in the 4th century BC and gave rise to inscriptions in stone which have been recovered from shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>. They primarily date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and the 1st century AD. Collective manumission was possible; an example is known from the 2nd century BC in the island of <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>. It probably took place during a period of war as a reward for the slaves' loyalty, but in most cases the documentation deals with a voluntary act on the part of the master (predominantly male, but in the Hellenistic period also female). </p><p>The slave was often required to pay for himself an amount at least equivalent to his market value. To this end they could use their savings or take a so-called "friendly" loan (ἔρανος / <i>eranos</i>) from their master, a friend or a client like the <a href="/wiki/Hetaera" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetaera">hetaera</a> <a href="/wiki/Neaira_(hetaera)" title="Neaira (hetaera)">Neaira</a> did. </p><p>Emancipation was often of a religious nature, where the slave was considered to be "sold" to a deity, often <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>an <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, or was consecrated after his emancipation. The temple would receive a portion of the monetary transaction and would guarantee the contract. The manumission could also be entirely civil, in which case the magistrate played the role of the deity. </p><p>The slave’s freedom could be either total or partial, at the master’s whim. In the former, the emancipated slave was legally protected against all attempts at re-enslavement—for instance, on the part of the former master’s inheritors. In the latter case, the emancipated slave could be liable to a number of obligations to the former master. The most restrictive contract was the <i>paramone</i>, a type of enslavement of limited duration during which time the master retained practically absolute rights. If a former master sued the former slave for not fulfilling a duty, however, and the slave was found innocent, the latter gained complete freedom from all duties toward the former. Some inscriptions imply a mock process of that type could be used for a master to grant his slave complete freedom in a legally binding manner. </p><p>In regard to the city, the emancipated slave was far from equal to a citizen by birth. He was liable to all types of obligations, as one can see from the proposals of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">The Laws</a></i>: presentation three times monthly at the home of the former master, forbidden to become richer than him, etc. In fact, the status of emancipated slaves was similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">metics</a>, the residing foreigners, who were free but did not enjoy a citizen’s rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spartan_slaves">Spartan slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spartan slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in ancient Greece">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta">"Spartan slaves" Slaves in Sparta</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spartan+slaves%22+Slaves+in+Sparta&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> citizens used <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">helots</a>, an enslaved group (that formed the majority of the population) collectively owned by the state. It is uncertain whether Spartan citizens had chattel slaves as well. There are mentions of people manumitted by Spartans, which was supposedly forbidden for helots, or sold outside of <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>. For example, the poet <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>; a Philoxenos from Cytherea, reputedly enslaved with all his fellow citizens when his city was conquered, was later sold to an Athenian; a Spartan cook bought by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius the Elder">Dionysius the Elder</a> or by a king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>, both versions being mentioned by Plutarch; and the famous Spartan nurses, much appreciated by Athenian parents. </p><p>Some texts mention both slaves and helots, which seems to indicate that they were not the same thing. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcibiades I">Alcibiades I</a></i> cites "the ownership of slaves, and notably helots" among the Spartan riches, and Plutarch writes about "slaves and helots". Finally, according to Thucydides, the agreement that ended the 464 BC revolt of helots stated that any Messenian rebel who might hereafter be found within the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> was "to be the slave of his captor", which means that the ownership of chattel slaves was not illegal at that time. </p><p>Most historians thus concur that chattel slaves were indeed used in the Greek city-state of Sparta, at least after the Lacedemonian victory of 404 BC against Athens, but not in great numbers and only among the upper classes. As it was in the other Greek cities, chattel slaves could be purchased at the market or taken in war. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a> mentions that there was a hierarchy of classes superposed one above the other in the Spartan society. If the Helots and the Laconians are left out, the hierarchy would be as follows: first there were the Neodamodes (former slaves freed), then the <a href="/wiki/Epeunactae" class="mw-redirect" title="Epeunactae">Epeunactae</a> (helots who slept with Spartan widows in order to help Sparta with manpower shortage because of war casualties), then the Mothaces (very similar to domestic clients) and then the bastards (who though descended from true Spartans, were separated). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athenian_slaves">Athenian slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Athenian slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/220px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/330px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg/440px-NAMA_Loutrophoros_Polystratos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Funerary <a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">loutrophoros</a>; on the right, a bearded slave carries his master's shield and helm, 380–370 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_death">Social death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orlando Patterson's theory of social death says that the institution of slavery robs the slave of his or her "socially recognized existence outside of his master", effectively transforming the slave into a "social nonperson."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this definition, Greek slaves can be considered socially dead. According to Patterson's definition, there were several criteria that qualified a slave as socially dead. First, they were likely uprooted from kin groups and their homeland, and displaced in a new foreign land.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of physically relocating slaves was that they were seen as fundamentally different from the citizen population at any given time, alienating the slave and thus making it easier to justify their abuse and maltreatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the slaves subjection was permanent, and could only be terminated by the master. Third, socially dead slaves were "dishonored, devalued, and victims of gratuitous violence."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking at slavery in ancient Greece through the lens of social death offers insight regarding the daily lived experiences of ancient Greek slaves. According to Patterson, "slavery is the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons," and all slaves are socially dead.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aforementioned aspects of social death shall be examined below in the context of ancient Greek slavery: the natal alienation of slaves, the permanence of a slave's enslavement, and the dishonor, domination, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natal_alienation"><i>Natal alienation</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Natal alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patterson argues that the alienation of the slave from their birthplace and natal culture was the single most salient factor in determining whether a slave was socially dead or not. In ancient Greece, a binary system of classification categorized all people into one of two categories: Greek or non-Greek. Non-Greek peoples were called <i>barbaroi</i>, they could have either been born outside Greece, or have been born inside Greece to foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dichotomy reinforced the view of non-Greeks as fundamentally "The Other". This "Othering" of foreigners very likely made it psychologically easier for Athenians to "deny personhood" to someone who was seen as essentially different from themselves, thus making it easier to enslave non-Greeks and deprive them of their humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, <i>barbarois</i> became inextricably associated with slaves, and conversely, <i>eleutheros</i> became synonymous with Greek citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capture of prisoners of war and slave raids during warfare between Greek and non-Greek territories were two primary ways of obtaining slaves in Classical Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the majority of the slave population was composed of non-Greeks. This relocation of slaves alienated them from the birthrights from their natal clan, village, or community, relegating the enslaved population to permanent outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanence"><i>Permanence</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Permanence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it was possible for individual ancient Greek slaves to be freed, manumission was always in the hands of the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery was heritable, meaning that even if an individual slave was granted freedom, their children would still likely be slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permanence of many Greek slaves subjection and the perpetuity of enslavement over generations of a family was therefore indicative of their status as unfree members of society, since their freedom was on someone else's terms and never their own.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_dishonor,_domination_and_violence"><span id="General_dishonor.2C_domination_and_violence"></span><i>General dishonor, domination and violence</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General dishonor, domination and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most salient feature of the social death of slaves was the dishonor and dehumanization they experienced at the hands of the slave-owning class. Slaves were seen as property: their only value was tied to their physical capacity for labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in Aristotle's work <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, in which he provides a blunt conceptualization of slaves as property: they are nothing but "living tools" and "animate property".<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viewpoint was shared by the rest of free Greek society.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slaves were subject to <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, while free citizens were not, further differentiating the slave class from the rest of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flogging</a>, verbal chastisement, and various forms of torture were characteristic of a slave's subjection.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a legal requirement that slave testimony in court be extracted via torture.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Litigants would offer up their slave, who would be stretched out on a rack and whipped, and sometimes even killed, while giving their testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also not surprising that slaves were subject to physical violence in the private sphere as well: owners were free to whip, torture but not kill the slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_conditions">Slavery conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Slavery conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in ancient Greece">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is difficult to appreciate the condition of Greek slaves. According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, the daily routine of slaves could be summed up in three words: "work, discipline, and feeding". Xenophon notes the accepted practice of treating slaves as domestic animals, that is to say punishing them for disobedience and rewarding them for good behaviour. For his part, Aristotle prefers to see slaves treated as children and to use not only orders but also recommendations, as the slave is capable of understanding reasons when they are explained. </p><p> Greek literature abounds with scenes of slaves being flogged; it was a means of forcing them to work, as were control of rations, clothing, and rest. This violence could be meted out by the master or the supervisor, who was possibly also a slave. Thus, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knights" title="The Knights">The Knights</a></i> (4–5), two slaves complain of being "bruised and thrashed without respite" by their new supervisor. However, Aristophanes himself cites what is a typical old saw in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">ancient Greek comedy</a>:</p><blockquote><p>He also dismissed those slaves who kept on running off, or deceiving someone, or getting whipped. They were always led out crying, so one of their fellow slaves could mock the bruises and ask then: 'Oh you poor miserable fellow, what's happened to your skin? Surely a huge army of lashes from a whip has fallen down on you and laid waste your back?'</p></blockquote><p>The condition of slaves varied very much according to their status; the mine slaves of Laurion and the <i><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">pornai</a></i> (brothel prostitutes) lived a particularly brutal existence, while public slaves, craftsmen, tradesmen and bankers enjoyed relative independence. In return for a fee (ἀποφορά / <i>apophora</i>) paid to their master, they could live and work alone. They could thus earn some money on the side, sometimes enough to purchase their freedom. Potential emancipation was indeed a powerful motivator, though the real scale of this is difficult to estimate. </p><p>Ancient writers considered that Attic slaves enjoyed a "peculiarly happy lot": <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Xenophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Xenophon">Pseudo-Xenophon</a> deplores the liberties taken by Athenian slaves: "as for the slaves and Metics of Athens, they take the greatest licence; you cannot just strike them, and they do not step aside to give you free passage". This alleged good treatment did not prevent 20,000 Athenian slaves from running away at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> at the incitement of the Spartan garrison at <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decelea" title="Decelea">Decelea</a>. These were principally skilled artisans (<i>kheirotekhnai</i>), probably among the better-treated slaves, although some researchers believe them to be mainly workers of the <a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Laurion" title="Mines of Laurion">mines of Laurion</a>, whose conditions were infamously harsh. The title of a 4th-century comedy by <a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_(comic_poet)" title="Antiphanes (comic poet)">Antiphanes</a>, <i>The Runaway-catcher</i> (Δραπεταγωγός), suggests that slave flight was not uncommon. </p><p>Conversely, there are no records of a large-scale Greek slave revolt comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. It can probably be explained by the relative dispersion of Greek slaves, which would have prevented any large-scale planning. Slave revolts were rare, even in Rome. Individual acts of rebellion of slaves against their master, though scarce, are not unheard of; a judicial speech mentions the attempted murder of his master by a boy slave, not 12 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_Greek_slavery">Views of Greek slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Views of Greek slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg/220px-Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg/330px-Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg/440px-Actor_slave_Louvre_CA265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a slave seated on an altar, looking at the purse he is about to steal, c. 400–375 BC, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Very few authors of antiquity call slavery into question. To <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and the pre-classical authors, slavery was an inevitable consequence of war. <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> states that "[w]ar is the father of all, the king of all...he turns some into slaves and sets others free."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle also felt this way, stating "the law by which whatever is taken in war is supposed to belong to the victors."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also states that it might have a few issues, though, "For what if the cause of war be unjust?"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the war was because of an unfair or incorrect reason, should the victors of that war be allowed to take the losers as slaves? </p><p>During the classical period the main justification for slavery was economic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a philosophical point of view, the idea of "natural" slavery emerged at the same time; thus, as <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> states in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i>, the Greeks "[o]f no man are they called the slaves or vassals",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> states in <i><a href="/wiki/Helen_(play)" title="Helen (play)">Helen</a></i>, "are all slaves, except one"—the <a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> theorizes about this latent idea at the end of the 5th century BC. According to him, the temperate climate of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> produced a placid and submissive people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explanation is reprised by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he develops the concept of "natural slavery": "for he that can foresee with his mind is naturally ruler and naturally master, and he that can do these things with his body is subject and naturally a slave."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to an animal, a slave can comprehend reason but "…has not got the deliberative part at all."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alcidamas" title="Alcidamas">Alcidamas</a>, at the same time as Aristotle, took the opposite view, saying: "<i>nature</i> has made <i>nobody</i> a slave".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel, the concept that all men, whether Greek or barbarian, belonged to the same race was being developed by the <a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">Sophists</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus that certain men were slaves although they had the soul of a freeman and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle himself recognized this possibility and argued that slavery could not be imposed unless the master was better than the slave, in keeping with his theory of "natural" slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sophists concluded that true servitude was not a matter of status but a matter of spirit; thus, as <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a> stated, "be free in the mind, although you are slave: and thus you will no longer be a slave".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea, repeated by the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epicurianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurianism">Epicurians</a>, was not so much an opposition to slavery as a trivialization of it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks could not comprehend an absence of slaves. Slaves exist even in the "<a href="/wiki/Cloud_cuckoo_land#Literary_sources" title="Cloud cuckoo land">Cloud cuckoo land</a>" of Aristophanes' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i>. The utopian cities of <a href="/wiki/Phaleas_of_Chalcedon" title="Phaleas of Chalcedon">Phaleas of Chalcedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus" title="Hippodamus of Miletus">Hippodamus of Miletus</a> are based on the equal distribution of property, but public slaves are used respectively as craftsmen<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and land workers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "reversed cities" placed women in power or even saw the end of private property, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Assemblywomen" title="Assemblywomen">Assemblywomen</a></i>, but could not picture slaves in charge of masters. The only societies without slaves were those of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, where all needs were met without anyone having to work. In this type of society, as explained by Plato,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one reaped generously without sowing. In Telekleides' <i>Amphictyons</i> barley loaves fight with wheat loaves for the honor of being eaten by men. Moreover, objects move themselves—dough kneads itself, and the jug pours itself. The same is pictured in a surviving fragment by <a href="/wiki/Crates_(comic_poet)" title="Crates (comic poet)">Crates</a>, where a man proposes to abolish slavery by making the objects themselves obey spoken orders.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Aristotle said that slaves would not be necessary "if every instrument could accomplish its own work... the shuttle would weave and the plectrum touch the lyre without a hand to guide them", like the legendary constructs of Daedalus and Hephaestus.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Society without slaves is thus relegated to a different time and space. In a "normal" society, one needs slaves. Aristotle argues that slaves are a necessity though, saying "Property is part of the household, ... For no man can live well or indeed live at all, unless he be provided with necessaries."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also argues that slaves are the most important part of the property as they "take precedence of all the instruments."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would suggest that at least some slaves would be treated well for the same reason one would take great care of their most important tools. By viewing slaves as tools of a household, it creates another reason for acceptance of slavery. Aristotle says "indeed the use of slaves and of tame animals is not very different," showing as well that at least in part, some slaves were thought of no higher than the common tamed animals in use at the time. <a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphon (person)">Antiphon</a> viewed slaves as a bit more than common animals or tools. On the topic of a man killing his own slave, he says that the man should "purify himself and withhold himself from those places prescribed by law, in the hope that by doing so he will best avoid disaster."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that there still is some sense of inappropriateness in killing a slave, even one owned by the killer. </p><p>Punishment of slaves would have been swift and harsh. Demosthenes viewed punishment for slaves as acceptable in the form of physical harm or injuries for all that they may have done wrong, stating "the body of a slave is made responsible for all his misdeeds, whereas corporal punishment is the last penalty to inflict on a free man."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was spoken about in legal proceedings, suggesting that it would have been a widely accepted way of treating slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_views">Modern views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg/220px-NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg/330px-NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg/440px-NAMA_Masque_esclave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">Theatre</a> mask of a <i>First slave</i> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">Greek comedy</a>, 2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Slavery in Greek antiquity has long been an object of <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> discourse among Christians, who are typically awarded the merit of its collapse. From the 16th century the discourse became moralizing in nature. The existence of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> slavery had significant impact on the debate, with some authors lending it civilizing merits and others denouncing its misdeeds.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Wallon" title="Henri-Alexandre Wallon">Henri-Alexandre Wallon</a> in 1847 published a <i>History of Slavery in Antiquity</i> among his works for the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in France">abolition of slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, a politico-economic discourse emerged. It concerned itself with distinguishing the phases in the organisation of human societies and correctly identifying the place of Greek slavery. According to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, the ancient society was characterized by development of private ownership and the dominant (and not secondary as in other pre-capitalist societies) character of slavery as a <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivists</a> represented by the historian <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meyer" title="Eduard Meyer">Eduard Meyer</a> (<i>Slavery in Antiquity</i>, 1898) were soon to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theory. According to him slavery was the foundation of Greek democracy. It was thus a legal and social phenomenon, and not economic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current historiography developed in the 20th century; led by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogt" title="Joseph Vogt">Joseph Vogt</a>, it saw in slavery the conditions for the development of elites. Conversely, the theory also demonstrates an opportunity for slaves to join the elite. Finally, Vogt estimates that modern society, founded on humanist values, has surpassed this level of development.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Greek slavery remains the subject of historiographical debate, on two questions in particular: can it be said that ancient Greece was a "slave society", and did Greek slaves comprise a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A traditional pose in funerary steles, see for instance Felix M. Wassermann, "Serenity and Repose: Life and Death on Attic Tombstones" <i>The Classical Journal</i>, Vol. 64, No. 5, p.198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPolakoffDhrymes1958" class="citation journal cs1">Polakoff, Murray E.; Dhrymes, Phoebus J. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151738">"The Economic and Sociological Significance of Debt Bondage and Detribalization in Ancient Greece"</a>. <i>Economic Development and Cultural Change</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449759">10.1086/449759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0079">0013-0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151738">1151738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154209570">154209570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.atitle=The+Economic+and+Sociological+Significance+of+Debt+Bondage+and+Detribalization+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0013-0079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154209570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449759&rft.aulast=Polakoff&rft.aufirst=Murray+E.&rft.au=Dhrymes%2C+Phoebus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisPapadopoulos2005" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Sarah P.; Papadopoulos, John K. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Edward (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7417746">"Homer, Hesiod, and the 'Origins' of Greek Slavery"</a>. <i>Revue des études anciennes</i>. <b>114</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">345–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.2012.7067">10.3406/rea.2012.7067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193294436">193294436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+anciennes&rft.atitle=Homer%2C+Hesiod%2C+and+the+%27Origins%27+of+Greek+Slavery&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.2012.7067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193294436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7417746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Female+Sexual+Honor+in+Antiquity&rft.btitle=On+Human+Bondage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119162544.ch5&rft.isbn=9781119162483&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781119162544.ch5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/anewradermacher/Sibyrtius.html">A New Radermacher – Simon Fraser University, Sibyrtius</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436537">"Enslaving "Barbaroi" and the Athenian Ideology of Slavery"</a>. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436537">4436537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Enslaving+%22Barbaroi%22+and+the+Athenian+Ideology+of+Slavery&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Rosivach&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick2022" class="citation cs2">Derrick, Jonathan (4 August 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003310747-5">"Black African Slaves and Serfs"</a>, <i>Africa's Slaves Today</i>, London: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>109, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003310747-5">10.4324/9781003310747-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003310747" title="Special:BookSources/9781003310747"><bdi>9781003310747</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%27s+Slaves+Today&rft.atitle=Black+African+Slaves+and+Serfs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003310747-5&rft.isbn=9781003310747&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003310747-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heraclitus, frag.53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation web cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/greek-slaves.asp">"The Politics- On Slavery"</a>. <i>Internet History Sourcebooks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft.atitle=The+Politics-+On+Slavery&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2FHalsall%2Fancient%2Fgreek-slaves.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mactoux (1980), p.52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Persians</i>, v.242. Trans. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aesch.+Pers.+1">Herbert Weir Smyth</a>, accessed 17 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Helen</i>, v.276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippocratic corpus, <i>Of Airs, Waters, and Places</i> (<i>Peri aeron hydaton topon</i>), 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Republic</i>, 4:435a–436a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics</i>, 7:1327b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics</i>, 1:2, 2. Trans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058&query=book%3D%231">H. Rackham</a>, accessed 17 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics</i>, 1:13, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Bury and Russell Meiggs (4th ed. 1975): A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great. New York: St. Martin's Press, page 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance <a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias of Elis</a> apud Platon, <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i>, 337c; <a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphon (person)">Antiphon</a>, <i>Pap. Oxyr.</i>, 9:1364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An idea already expressed by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i>Ion</i>, 854–856frag.831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics</i>, 1:5, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menander, frag. 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apud Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>, 1267b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apud Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>, 1268a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics</i>, 271a–272b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apud <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deipnosophistsor01athe/page/420/mode/2up">The Deipnosophists</a></i>, 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>, Book 1 Part 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntiphon" class="citation web cs1">Antiphon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/greek-slaves.asp">"On the Choreutes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Choreutes&rft.au=Antiphon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2FHalsall%2Fancient%2Fgreek-slaves.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemosthenes" class="citation web cs1">Demosthenes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/greek-slaves.asp">"Against Timocrates"</a>. <i>Internet History Sourcebooks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft.atitle=Against+Timocrates&rft.au=Demosthenes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2FHalsall%2Fancient%2Fgreek-slaves.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, Moses I.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/ancient_slavery_and_modern_ideology.pdf"><i>Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chatto & Windus. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701125103" title="Special:BookSources/9780701125103"><bdi>9780701125103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Slavery+and+Modern+Ideology&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780701125103&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglc.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fancient_slavery_and_modern_ideology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlan, p.201.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Brulé, P. (1978a) "Signification historique de la piraterie grecque ", <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i> no.4 (1978), pp. 1–16.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Brulé, P. (1992) "Infanticide et abandon d'enfants", <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i> no.18 (1992), pp. 53–90.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, W.</a> <i>Greek Religion</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15624-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15624-0">0-631-15624-0</a>, originally published as <i>Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche</i>. Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1977.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Carlier, P. <i>Le IVe siècle grec jusqu'à la mort d'Alexandre</i>. Paris: Seuil, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-013129-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-013129-3">2-02-013129-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, P.</a> "Rebels and Sambos in Classical Greece", <i>Spartan Reflections</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, p. 127–152 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23124-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23124-4">0-520-23124-4</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Chantraine, P. <i>Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque</i>. Paris: Klincksieck, 1999 (new edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-252-03277-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-252-03277-4">2-252-03277-4</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Dareste R., Haussoullier B., Reinach Th. <i>Recueil des inscriptions juridiques grecques</i>, vol.II. Paris: E. Leroux, 1904.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ducat, Jean. <i>Les Hilotes</i>, BCH suppl.20. Paris: publications of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Athènes">École française d'Athènes</a>, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86958-034-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-86958-034-7">2-86958-034-7</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Dunant, C. and Pouilloux, J. <i>Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos</i> II. Paris: publications of the École française d'Athènes, 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, M.</a> (1997). <i>Économie et société en Grèce ancienne</i>. Paris: Seuil, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-014644-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-014644-4">2-02-014644-4</a>, originally published as <i>Economy and Society in Ancient Greece</i>. London: Chatto and Windus, 1981.</li> <li>Garlan, Y. <i>Les Esclaves en Grèce ancienne</i>. Paris: La Découverte, 1982. 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7071-2475-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7071-2475-3">2-7071-2475-3</a>, translated in English as <i>Slavery in Ancient Greece</i>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988 (1st edn. 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1841-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1841-0">0-8014-1841-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G.S.</a> (editor). <i>The Iliad: a Commentary</i>, vol.II (books 5–8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28172-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28172-5">0-521-28172-5</a></li> <li>Jameson, M.H. "Agriculture and Slavery in Classical Athens", <i>Classical Journal</i>, no.73 (1977–1978), pp. 122–145.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hugh_Martin_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Hugh Martin Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a> <i>Athenian Democracy</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1957.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Lauffer, S. "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion", <i>Abhandlungen</i> no.12 (1956), pp. 904–916.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Lévy, E. (1995). <i>La Grèce au Ve siècle de Clisthène à Socrate</i>. Paris: Seuil, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-013128-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-013128-5">2-02-013128-5</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Lévy, E. (2003). <i>Sparte</i>. Paris: Seuil, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-032453-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-032453-9">2-02-032453-9</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mactoux, M.-M. (1980). <i>Douleia: Esclavage et pratiques discursives dans l'Athènes classique</i>. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-251-60250-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-251-60250-X">2-251-60250-X</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mactoux, M.-M. (1981). "L'esclavage comme métaphore : <i>douleo</i> chez les orateurs attiques", <i>Proceedings of the 1980 GIREA Workshop on Slavery</i>, Kazimierz, 3–8 November 1980, <i>Index</i>, 10, 1981, pp. 20–42.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Masson, O. "Les noms des esclaves dans la Grèce antique", <i>Proceedings of the 1971 GIREA Workshop on Slavery</i>, Besançon, 10–11 mai 1971. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1973, pp. 9–23.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mele, A. "Esclavage et liberté dans la société mycénienne", <i>Proceedings of the 1973 GIREA Workshop on Slavery</i>, Besançon 2–3 mai 1973. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1976.</li> <li>Morrow, G.R. "The Murder of Slaves in Attic Law", <i>Classical Philology</i>, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul. 1937), pp. 210–227.</li> <li>Oliva, P. <i>Sparta and her Social Problems</i>. Prague: Academia, 1971.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Plassart, A. "Les Archers d'Athènes," <i>Revue des études grecques</i>, XXVI (1913), pp. 151–213.</li> <li>Pomeroy, S.B. <i>Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves</i>. New York: Schoken, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1030-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-1030-X">0-8052-1030-X</a></li> <li>Pritchett, W.K. and Pippin, A. (1956). "The Attic Stelai, Part II", <i>Hesperia</i>, Vol.25, No.3 (Jul.–Sep. 1956), pp. 178–328.</li> <li>Pritchett (1961). "Five New Fragments of the Attic Stelai", <i>Hesperia</i>, Vol.30, No. 1 (Jan.–Mar. 1961), pp. 23–29.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood, E.M.</a> (1983). "Agriculture and Slavery in Classical Athens", <i>American Journal of Ancient History</i> No.8 (1983), pp. 1–47.</li> <li>Von Fritz, K. "The Meaning of ἙΚΤΗΜΟΡΟΣ", <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, Vol.61, No.1 (1940), pp. 54–61.</li> <li>Wood, E.M. (1988). <i>Peasant-Citizen and Slave: The Foundations of Athenian Democracy</i>. New York: Verso, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-911-0">0-86091-911-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>General studies</b> </p> <ul><li>Bellen, H., Heinen H., Schäfer D., Deissler J., <i>Bibliographie zur antiken Sklaverei. I: Bibliographie. II: Abkurzungsverzeichnis und Register</i>, 2 vol. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08206-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08206-9">3-515-08206-9</a></li> <li>Bieżuńska-Małowist I. <i>La Schiavitù nel mondo antico</i>. Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._de_Ste._Croix" title="G. E. M. de Ste. Croix">De Ste-Croix, G.E.M.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Class_Struggle_in_the_Ancient_Greek_World" title="The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World">The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World</a></i>. London: Duckworth; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1442-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1442-3">0-8014-1442-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, M.</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_Economy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ancient Economy (book)">The Ancient Economy</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 (1st edn. 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21946-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21946-5">0-520-21946-5</a></li> <li><i>Ancient Slavery & Modern Ideology</i>. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1998 (1st edn. 1980). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-171-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-171-3">1-55876-171-3</a></li> <li><i>Slavery in Classical Antiquity. Views and Controversies</i>. Cambridge: Heffer, 1960.</li></ul></li> <li>Forsdyke, Sara. <i>Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece</i> Cambridge University Press, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139505772" title="Special:BookSources/9781139505772">9781139505772</a></li> <li>Garnsey, P. <i>Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57433-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57433-1">0-521-57433-1</a></li> <li>Fisher, Nicolas R. E. <i>Slavery in Classical Greece.</i> London: Bristol Classical Press, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Hall, Edith</a>, Richard Alston, and Justine McConnell, eds.<i>Ancient Slavery and Abolition: From Hobbes to Hollywood.</i> Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011.</li> <li>McKeown, Niall. The Invention of Ancient Slavery? London: Duckworth, 2007.</li> <li>Morris, Ian. "Archaeology and Greek Slavery." In <i>The Cambridge World History of Slavery.</i> Vol. 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. Edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 176–193. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Vidal-Naquet, P.</a>: <ul><li>"Women, Slaves and Artisans", third part of <i>The Black Hunter : Forms of Thought and Forms of Society in the Greek World</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988 (1st edn. 1981). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5951-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5951-4">0-8018-5951-4</a></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vernant" title="Jean-Pierre Vernant">Vernant J.-P.</a> <i>Travail et esclavage en Grèce ancienne</i>. Bruxelles: Complexe, "History" series, 2006 (1st edn. 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87027-246-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87027-246-4">2-87027-246-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wiedemann, T. <i>Greek and Roman Slavery</i>. London: Routledge, 1989 (1st edn. 1981). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02972-4">0-415-02972-4</a></li> <li>Westermann, W.L. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXbkoJP_u5oC&q=greek">The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity</a></i>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1955.</li></ul> <p><b>Specific studies</b> </p> <ul><li>Brulé, P. (1978b). <i>La Piraterie crétoise hellénistique</i>, Belles Lettres, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-251-60223-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-251-60223-2">2-251-60223-2</a></li> <li>Brulé, P. and Oulhen, J. (dir.). <i>Esclavage, guerre, économie en Grèce ancienne. Hommages à Yvon Garlan</i>. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, "History" series, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86847-289-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-86847-289-3">2-86847-289-3</a></li> <li>Ducrey, P. <i>Le traitement des prisonniers de guerre en Grèce ancienne. Des origines à la conquête romaine</i>. Paris: De Boccard, 1968.</li> <li>Foucart, P. "Mémoire sur l'affranchissement des esclaves par forme de vente à une divinité d'après les inscriptions de Delphes", <i>Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires</i>, 2nd series, vol.2 (1865), pp. 375–424.</li> <li>Gabrielsen, V. "La piraterie et le commerce des esclaves", in E. Erskine (ed.), <i>Le Monde hellénistique. Espaces, sociétés, cultures. 323-31 av. J.-C.</i>. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2004, pp. 495–511. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86847-875-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-86847-875-1">2-86847-875-1</a></li> <li>Hunt, P. <i>Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58429-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58429-9">0-521-58429-9</a></li> <li>Ormerod, H.A. <i>Piracy in the Ancient World</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1924.</li> <li>Thalmann, William G. 1998. <i>The Swineherd and the Bow: Representations of Class in the “Odyssey.”</i> Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Slavery in ancient Greece</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Slavery+in+ancient+Greece&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Slavery+in+ancient+Greece">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Slavery+in+ancient+Greece&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062636/http://ista.univ-fcomte.fr/girea/">GIREA</a> – The International Group for Research on Slavery in Antiquity <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009143021/http://www.sfu.ca/nomoi/2004/06.htm#6f">Greek law bibliographic database</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/nomoi/">Nomoi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/greek-slaves.html">Documents on Greek slavery</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook.html">Ancient History Sourcebook</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/docs/other/inscr_24.html">Manumission records of women at Delphi</a> at <i>attalus.org</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317123053/http://ista.univ-fcomte.fr/acces_BDD_esclavage_antique.html">Index thématiques de l'esclavage et de la dépendance</a> – subject index on slavery and related topics, by author <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325023250/http://ista.univ-fcomte.fr/catalogue_biblio_numerique.html">Bibliothèque numérique ISTA</a> – free library <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/meyer/">Greek Manumission Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" 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