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</button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Acoustics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Construction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Construction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Components </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_and_repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_and_repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Usage and repertoire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_and_repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage and repertoire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_and_repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_multiple_clarinets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_multiple_clarinets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Use of multiple clarinets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_multiple_clarinets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Jazz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarinet_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarinet_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Clarinet family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarinet_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Clarinet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinette" title="Klarinette – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klarinette" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5" title="ክላርኔት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክላርኔት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="يراعة (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يراعة (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%A9" title="Քլարինէթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քլարինէթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A2rnet%C3%A2" title="Clârnetâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Clârnetâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinete" title="Clarinete – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clarinete" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnet" title="Klarnet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klarnet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ক্ল্যারিওনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্ল্যারিওনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-ta%CC%8Dt-%C3%A1" title="O͘-ta̍t-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-ta̍t-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларинет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кларинет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarinettn" title="Glarinettn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Glarinettn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clarinet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarin%C3%A9t" title="Clarinét – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clarinét" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinette" title="Klarinette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klarinette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnet" title="Klarnet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klarnet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Κλαρινέτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλαρινέτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinete" title="Clarinete – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clarinete" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarneto" title="Klarneto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klarneto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinete" title="Klarinete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klarinete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA" title="کلارینت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلارینت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinette" title="Clarinette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clarinette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairin%C3%A9ad" title="Clairinéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clairinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0irneid" title="Clàirneid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clàirneid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinete" title="Clarinete – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clarinete" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%B7" title="클라리넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라리넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Կլառնետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլառնետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarineto" title="Klarineto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klarineto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinetto" title="Clarinetto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Clarinetto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klar%C3%ADnett" title="Klarínett – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klarínett" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinetto" title="Clarinetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clarinetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98" title="קלרינט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלרינט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarin%C9%9B%C9%9Bt%C9%A9" title="Klarinɛɛtɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Klarinɛɛtɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კლარნეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლარნეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarineta" title="Clarineta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clarineta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnete" title="Klarnete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klarnete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnetas" title="Klarnetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klarnetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinetto" title="Clarinetto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Clarinetto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarin%C3%A9t" title="Klarinét – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klarinét" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларинет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кларинет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinety" title="Klarinety – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Klarinety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലാരിനെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലാരിനെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="क्लॅरिनेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लॅरिनेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كلارينيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلارينيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကလဲရီနက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလဲရီနက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="クラリネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラリネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinett" title="Klarinett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klarinett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinett" title="Klarinett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klarinett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarineta" title="Clarineta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clarineta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rin%C3%A8te" title="Clérinète – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Clérinète" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinette" title="Klarinette – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klarinette" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnet" title="Klarnet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klarnet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinete" title="Clarinete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clarinete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clarinet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipa_pinkuyllu" title="Qipa pinkuyllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qipa pinkuyllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarin%C3%A4tte" title="Klarinätte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Klarinätte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinu" title="Clarinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Clarinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ක්ලැරිනෙට්ටුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ලැරිනෙට්ටුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clarinet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="کلارینێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلارینێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларинет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кларинет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klarinet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruni" title="Saruni – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saruni" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinetti" title="Klarinetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klarinetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinett" title="Klarinett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klarinett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinete" title="Klarinete – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Klarinete" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கிளாரினெட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளாரினெட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="แคลริเน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลริเน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarnet" title="Klarnet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klarnet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Кларнет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кларнет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Clarinet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarinette" title="Klarinette – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Klarinette" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B0%A7%E7%AE%A1" title="单簧管 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="单簧管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B0%A7%E7%AE%A1" title="單簧管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單簧管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rnata" title="Qırnata – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qırnata" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B0%A7%E7%AE%A1" title="單簧管 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="單簧管" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8343#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> 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to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Clavinet" title="Clavinet">Clavinet</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Clarinet</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Boehm%2BOehler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boehm%2BOehler.jpg/79px-Boehm%2BOehler.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boehm%2BOehler.jpg/119px-Boehm%2BOehler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boehm%2BOehler.jpg/159px-Boehm%2BOehler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="4984" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/B%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="B♭ (musical note)">B♭</a> clarinets (<a href="/wiki/Boehm_system_(clarinet)" title="Boehm system (clarinet)">Boehm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oehler_system" title="Oehler system">Oehler fingering system</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwind instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"> <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single-reed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">422.211.2–71 (<a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single-reeded</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a> with keys)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarinet_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Clarinet_range.svg/200px-Clarinet_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Clarinet_range.svg/300px-Clarinet_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Clarinet_range.svg/400px-Clarinet_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> All clarinets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Low clarinets generally have extra keys to extend the range downward.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">Chalumeau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1rogat%C3%B3" title="Tárogató">Tárogató</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heckelphone-clarinet" title="Heckelphone-clarinet">Heckelphone-clarinet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">Bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">Cor anglais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huqin" title="Huqin">Huqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> Plucked <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">Lithophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula" title="Marímbula">Marímbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melam" title="Melam">Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a> aka Kettledrums</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a> aka Chimes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The clarinet is a <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">single-reed</a> musical instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> family, with a nearly cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a> and a flared bell. Clarinets comprise a <a href="/wiki/Family_(musical_instruments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (musical instruments)">family</a> of instruments of differing sizes and pitches. The <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_family" title="Clarinet family">clarinet family</a> is the largest woodwind family, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">BB♭ contrabass</a> to the <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E♭ soprano</a>. The B♭ <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">soprano clarinet</a> is the most common type, and is the instrument usually indicated by the word "clarinet". German instrument maker <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Denner" title="Johann Christoph Denner">Johann Christoph Denner</a> is generally credited with inventing the clarinet sometime around 1700 by adding a <a href="/wiki/Register_key" title="Register key">register key</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">chalumeau</a>, an earlier single-reed instrument. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. Today the clarinet is a standard fixture of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a> and is used in classical music, <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and other styles. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette (the feminine diminutive of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> clarin), or from <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal</a> clarin ("oboe"),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> originating from the Latin root clarus ("clear").<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The word is related to <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> clarion, a type of trumpet, the name of which derives from the same root.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The earliest mention of the word clarinette being used for the instrument dates to a 1710 order placed by the Duke of Gronsfeld for two instruments made by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Denner" title="Jacob Denner">Jacob Denner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich200821-5">[5]</a> The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733, and the now-archaic clarionet appears from 1784 until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendall19711–2,_69-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A person who plays the clarinet is called a clarinetist (in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>), a clarinettist (in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), or simply a clarinet player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201528-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> The clarinet's <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> bore is the main reason for its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, which varies between the three main <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">registers</a> (the chalumeau, clarion, and altissimo). The A and B♭ clarinets have nearly the same bore and nearly identical tonal quality, although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199826–28-9">[9]</a> The tone of the <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E♭ clarinet</a> is brighter and can be heard through loud orchestral textures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200566-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> has a characteristically deep, mellow sound, and the <a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">alto clarinet</a> sounds similar to the bass, though not as dark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200550-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3></div> Clarinets have the largest pitch <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">range</a> of common woodwinds.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">soprano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolo clarinet">piccolo clarinets</a> have <a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">keywork</a> enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note. The concert pitch that sounds depends on the individual instrument's transposition (this low E sounds as a concert <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">D3</a> on a B♭ soprano clarinet, a <a href="/wiki/Whole_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone">whole tone</a> lower than the written note). Some B♭ clarinets go to a written E♭3 to match the range of the A clarinet.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Bass clarinets have keywork extending the low range to a written E♭ and some have additional keys to enable a written C3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008278-14">[14]</a> Among the less common members of the clarinet family, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass clarinets</a> may have keywork to written D3, C3, or B2;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008279-15">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">basset clarinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">basset horn</a> generally go to low C3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> Defining the top end of a clarinet's range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. G6 is usually the highest note encountered in classical repertoire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry198529-17">[17]</a> but fingerings as high as A7 exist.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">registers</a>: <ul><li>The low <a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">chalumeau</a> register, from the written low E to the written B♭ above middle C (B♭4) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199829-19">[19]</a> (named after the instrument that was the clarinet's immediate predecessor)<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>The bridging throat tones, from written G to B♭, are sometimes treated as a separate register<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The middle clarion register, which spans just over an octave (from a written B above middle C (B4) to the C two octaves above middle C (C6))<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199829-19">[19]</a></li> <li>The high <a href="/wiki/Altissimo" title="Altissimo">altissimo</a> register, consisting of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C (C6)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199829-19">[19]</a></li></ul> The three registers have characteristically different sounds—the chalumeau is rich and dark, the clarion is brighter and sweet, like a trumpet heard from afar, and the altissimo can be piercing and sometimes shrill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998200-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2015176-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg/220px-Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg/330px-Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg/440px-Sound_wave_propagation_in_the_soprano_clarinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Sound wave propagation in the soprano clarinet</figcaption></figure> The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps:<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pipes-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> <ol><li>The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995b-24">[24]</a> Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece. The reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave 'bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly, the reed can spend up to 50% of the time shut.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The 'puff of air' or <a href="/wiki/Compression_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression wave">compression wave</a> (at around 3% greater pressure than the surrounding air<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a>) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out. This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube (see diagram: image 1).</li> <li>More than a 'neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or <a href="/wiki/Rarefaction" title="Rarefaction">rarefaction</a> in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube (image 2).</li> <li>The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece. The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave. This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube, so almost the entire wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits (image 3).</li> <li>When the rarefaction wave reaches the other (open) end of the tube, air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum. A little more than a 'neutral' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube (image 4). Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the 'tube', it is reflected again back down the pipe. However at this point, either because the compression wave 'bumped' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed, the gap opens and another 'puff' of air is sent down the pipe.</li> <li>The original compression wave, now greatly reinforced by the second 'puff' of air, sets off on another two trips down the pipe (travelling four pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a></li></ol> In addition to this primary compression wave, other waves, known as <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a>, are created. Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed, the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle (which creates a flattened section of the sound wave), and imperfections (bumps and holes) in the bore. A wide variety of compression waves are created, but only some (primarily the odd harmonics) are reinforced.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> This in combination with the cut-off frequency (where a significant drop in resonance occurs) results in the characteristic tone of the clarinet.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a> is <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylindrical</a> for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 0.575 and 0.585 inches (14.6 and 14.9 mm), but there is a subtle <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> shape, with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199824-27">[27]</a> This hourglass shape, although invisible to the naked eye, helps to correct the pitch and responsiveness of the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199824-27">[27]</a> The diameter of the bore affects the instrument's sound characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> The bell at the bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet result in an acoustical performance approximating that of a cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Stopped_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stopped pipe">stopped pipe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorders</a> use a tapered internal bore to <a href="/wiki/Overblowing" title="Overblowing">overblow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_(interval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth (interval)">twelfth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> Most modern clarinets have "undercut" <a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">tone holes</a> that improve intonation and sound. Undercutting means <a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfering</a> the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore. Acoustically, this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger, but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole (surface tension) instead of "blowing past" it under the increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe, changing the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">resonant frequencies</a> of the enclosed air column and hence the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. The player moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the <a href="/wiki/Register_key" title="Register key">register key</a>. The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced, making the reed vibrate at three times the frequency, which produces a note a twelfth above the original note.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> Most woodwind instruments have a second register that begins an octave above the first (with notes at twice the frequency of the lower notes). With the aid of an 'octave' or 'register' key, the notes sound an octave higher as the fingering pattern repeats. These instruments are said to <a href="/wiki/Overblow" class="mw-redirect" title="Overblow">overblow</a> at the octave. The clarinet differs, since it acts as a closed-pipe system. The low chalumeau register plays fundamentals, but the clarion (second) register plays the third harmonics, a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals. The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pipes-23">[23]</a> The first several notes of the altissimo (third) range, aided by the register key and venting with the first left-hand hole, play the fifth harmonics, a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth above the fundamentals.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">sixth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_(interval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth (interval)">fourth</a> (a flat, diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the player's ability to control the tone of a clarinet.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with the tone being produced.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a>, a pulsating change of pitch, is rare in classical literature; however, certain performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman" title="Richard Stoltzman">Richard Stoltzman</a>, use vibrato in classical music.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Special fingerings and lip-bending may be used to play <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtonal</a> intervals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaton1995-32">[32]</a> There have also been efforts to create a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone_clarinet" title="Quarter tone clarinet">quarter tone clarinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jl-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QuartertoneClarinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QuartertoneClarinet.jpg/170px-QuartertoneClarinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QuartertoneClarinet.jpg/255px-QuartertoneClarinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QuartertoneClarinet.jpg/340px-QuartertoneClarinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fritz Schüller's quarter-tone clarinet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3></div> Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber or <a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite</a>, metal, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich20084,_65,_293-35">[35]</a> The vast majority of wooden clarinets are made from <a href="/wiki/African_blackwood" class="mw-redirect" title="African blackwood">African blackwood</a> (grenadilla), or, more uncommonly, <a href="/wiki/Rosewood_(timber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewood (timber)">Honduran rosewood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">cocobolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich20084-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Historically other woods, particularly <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">boxwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, were used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich20084-36">[36]</a> Since the mid-20th century, clarinets (particularly student or band models) are also made from plastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppenbarger201520-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth20155-39">[39]</a> One of the first such blends of plastic was Resonite, a term originally trademarked by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Selmer_Paris" title="Henri Selmer Paris">Selmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201594-41">[41]</a> The Greenline model by <a href="/wiki/Buffet_Crampon" title="Buffet Crampon">Buffet Crampon</a> is made from a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> of resin and the African blackwood powder left over from the manufacture of wooden clarinets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008368-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth20157-43">[43]</a> Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the late 19th century, particularly for military use. Metal is still used for the bodies of some contra-alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008293–294-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a74-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)" title="Mouthpiece (woodwind)">Mouthpieces</a> are generally made of hard rubber, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, ivory, and metal have also been used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199810-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (musical instrument)">Ligatures</a> are often made of metal and tightened using one or more adjustment screws; other materials include plastic, string, or fabric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199821-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reed">Reed</h3></div> The clarinet uses a single <a href="/wiki/Reed_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (instrument)">reed</a> made from the cane of <a href="/wiki/Arundo_donax" title="Arundo donax">Arundo donax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998154-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry198530-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (musical instrument)">ligature</a> fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199819-51">[51]</a> Most players buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks".<a href="#cite_note-intravaia-52">[52]</a> Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized—reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability and tonal characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998153–156-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg/290px-Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg/435px-Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg/580px-Parts_of_clarinet_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>The construction of a <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hm_system_(clarinet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Böhm system (clarinet)">Boehm system</a> clarinet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png/110px-Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png/165px-Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png/220px-Mouthpiece_with_conical_ring_ligatur.png 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption>Mouthpiece with conical ring ligature, made from hard rubber</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Reed_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (music)">reed</a> is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)" title="Mouthpiece (woodwind)">mouthpiece</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (musical instrument)">ligature</a>, and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past, string was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the <a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">embouchure</a>. The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a 'double-lip' embouchure).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199821,_54–59-54">[54]</a> Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation. Players sometimes relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching a pad to the top of the mouthpiece or putting temporary cushioning on the lower teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199838-55">[55]</a> The mouthpiece attaches to the barrel. Tuning can be adjusted by using barrels of varying lengths or by pulling out the barrel to increase the instrument's length.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199839–41-56">[56]</a> On basset horns and lower clarinets, there is a curved metal neck instead of a barrel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrée1995-57">[57]</a> The main body of most clarinets has an upper joint, whose mechanism is mostly operated by the left hand, and a lower joint, mostly operated by the right hand.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> Some clarinets have a one-piece body.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> The modern soprano clarinet has numerous <a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">tone holes</a>—seven are covered with the fingertips and the rest are operated using a set of 17 keys.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> The most common system of keys was named the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hm_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Böhm system">Boehm system</a> by its designer <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Klos%C3%A9" title="Hyacinthe Klosé">Hyacinthe Klosé</a> after flute designer <a href="/wiki/Theobald_B%C3%B6hm" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Böhm">Theobald Boehm</a>, but it is not the same as the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hm_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Böhm system">Boehm system</a> used on flutes.<a href="#cite_note-ridley-58">[58]</a> The other main key system is the <a href="/wiki/Oehler_system" title="Oehler system">Oehler system</a>, which is used mostly in Germany and Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> The related <a href="/wiki/Albert_system" title="Albert system">Albert system</a> is used by some <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a>, and eastern European folk musicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Mueller">Mueller system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinksterboer20015–6-59">[59]</a> The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the <a href="/wiki/Thumb_rest" title="Thumb rest">thumb rest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Below the main body is a flared end known as the bell. The bell does not amplify the sound but improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> For the other notes, the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes, and the bell is irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-physics-22">[22]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Basset-horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Basset-horn">basset horns</a> and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrée1995-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg/220px-Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg/330px-Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg/440px-Applicatio_auf_das_Clarinett_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Two-key clarinet with fingering chart, from <a href="/wiki/Museum_musicum_theoreticalo_practicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum">Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum</a>, 1732</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diderot_clarinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diderot_clarinette.jpg/220px-Diderot_clarinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diderot_clarinette.jpg/330px-Diderot_clarinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diderot_clarinette.jpg/440px-Diderot_clarinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption>Denner clarinet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg/220px-Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg/330px-Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg/440px-Stadler-Klarinette_mit_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the <a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">basset clarinet</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Stadler" title="Anton Stadler">Anton Stadler</a> since 1789 and a replica</figcaption></figure> The clarinet has its roots in early <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">single-reed instruments</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995a-62">[62]</a> The modern clarinet developed from a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">chalumeau</a>. This instrument was similar to a <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, but with a <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">single-reed</a> mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a <a href="/wiki/Register_key" title="Register key">register key</a>, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and a written pitch range from F3 to G4. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip.<a href="#cite_note-karp-63">[63]</a> Around the beginning of the 18th century the German instrument maker <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Denner" title="Johann Christoph Denner">Johann Christoph Denner</a> (or possibly his son Jacob Denner)<a href="#cite_note-Hoeprich-64">[64]</a> equipped a chalumeau in the alto register<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998198–199-65">[65]</a> with two keys, one of which enabled access to a higher register. This second register did not begin an octave above the first, as with other woodwind instruments, but started an octave and a perfect fifth higher than the first. A second key, at the top, extended the range of the first register to A4 and, together with the register key, to B♭4. Later, Denner lengthened the bell and provided it with a third key to extend the pitch range down to E3.<a href="#cite_note-Hoeprich-64">[64]</a> After Denner's innovations, other makers added keys to improve <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning</a> and facilitate fingerings<a href="#cite_note-karp-63">[63]</a> and the chalumeau fell into disuse. The clarinet of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>, as used by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, typically had five keys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> Mozart suggested extending the clarinet downwards by four semitones to C3, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">basset clarinet</a> that was about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) longer, made first by Theodor Lotz.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1791 Mozart composed the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_(Mozart)" title="Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)">Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in A major</a> for this instrument, with passages ranging down to C3.<a href="#cite_note-hacker-67">[67]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1820), the clarinet was a fixed member in the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998204-68">[68]</a> The number of keys was limited because their felt pads did not seal tightly. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic-German</a> clarinetist and master clarinet maker <a href="/wiki/Iwan_M%C3%BCller" title="Iwan Müller">Iwan Müller</a> remedied this by countersinking the tone holes for the keys and covering the pads with soft leather.<a href="#cite_note-bray-69">[69]</a> These leather pads sealed the holes better than felt, making it possible to equip the instrument with considerably more keys. In 1812 Müller presented a clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen keys, which he called "clarinet omnitonic" since it was capable of playing in all keys. It was no longer necessary to use differently tuned clarinets for a different keys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> Müller is also considered the inventor of the metal <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(instrument)" title="Ligature (instrument)">ligature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thumb_rest" title="Thumb rest">thumb rest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Illinois_University-70">[70]</a> During this period the typical embouchure also changed, orienting the mouthpiece with the reed facing downward. This was first recommended in 1782 and became standard by the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the late 1830s,<a href="#cite_note-ridley-58">[58]</a> German flute maker <a href="/wiki/Theobald_B%C3%B6hm" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Böhm">Theobald Böhm</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">ring and axle key system</a> for the flute. This key system was first used on the clarinet between 1839 and 1843 by French clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Klos%C3%A9" title="Hyacinthe Klosé">Hyacinthe Klosé</a> in collaboration with instrument maker <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Buffet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Auguste Buffet">Louis Auguste Buffet</a>. Their design introduced needle springs for the axles, and the ring keys simplified some complicated fingering patterns. The inventors called this the <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system_(clarinet)" title="Boehm system (clarinet)">Boehm clarinet</a>, although Böhm was not involved in its development and the system differed from the one used on the flute.<a href="#cite_note-ridley-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> Other key systems have been developed, many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system, including the Full Boehm, <a href="/wiki/Mazzeo_system" title="Mazzeo system">Mazzeo</a>, McIntyre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201568-72">[72]</a> the Benade NX,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Boehm_system_(clarinet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Boehm system (clarinet)">Reform Boehm system</a>, which combined Boehm-system keywork with a German mouthpiece and bore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich20085,_211-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albert_system" title="Albert system">Albert clarinet</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Albert" title="Eugène Albert">Eugène Albert</a> in 1848. This model was based on the Müller clarinet with some changes to keywork, and was also known as the "simple system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008183-75">[75]</a> It included a "spectacle key" patented by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a> and rollers to improve little-finger movement. After 1861, a "patent C sharp" key developed by Joseph Tyler was added to other clarinet models.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Improved versions of Albert clarinets were built in Belgium and France for export to the UK and the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008184-77">[77]</a> Around 1860, clarinettist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baermann" title="Carl Baermann">Carl Baermann</a> and instrument maker Georg Ottensteiner developed the patented Baermann/Ottensteiner clarinet. This instrument had new connecting levers, allowing multiple fingering options to operate some of the pads.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Brahms clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Richard_M%C3%BChlfeld" title="Richard Mühlfeld">Richard Mühlfeld</a> used this clarinet,<a href="#cite_note-ste-79">[79]</a> and the American clarinet soloist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Neidich" title="Charles Neidich">Charles Neidich</a> has used a Baermann-Ottensteiner instrument for playing compositions by Brahms.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the early 20th century, the German clarinetist and clarinet maker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Oehler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Oehler (page does not exist)">Oskar Oehler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Oehler" class="extiw" title="de:Oskar Oehler">de</a>] presented a clarinet using similar fingerings to the Baermann instrument, with significantly more toneholes than the Böhm model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> The new clarinet was called the <a href="/wiki/Oehler_system" title="Oehler system">Oehler system</a> clarinet or German clarinet, while the Böhm clarinet has since been called the French clarinet.<a href="#cite_note-systems-81">[81]</a> The French clarinet differs from the German not only in fingering but also in sound. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> noted that "French clarinets have a flat, nasal tone, while German ones approximate the singing voice".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Among modern instruments the difference is smaller, although intonation differences persist.<a href="#cite_note-systems-81">[81]</a> The use of Oehler clarinets has continued in German and Austrian orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Today the Boehm system is standard everywhere except in Germany and Austria, where the Oehler clarinet is still used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998212-84">[84]</a> Some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> The Reform Boehm system is also popular in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich2008211-86">[86]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:90%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="background:#e3e3e3"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed float-center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Clarinets with different arrangements of keys and holes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Clarinet with 4 keys (c. 1760)."><img alt="Early Clarinet with 4 keys (c. 1760)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg/179px-Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg/268px-Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg/358px-Clarinet_4_key_anon_Bate_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Clarinet with 4 keys (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1760).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iwan Müller clarinet with 13 keys and leather pads, developed in 1809."><img alt="Iwan Müller clarinet with 13 keys and leather pads, developed in 1809." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg/178px-C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg/267px-C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg/356px-C-klarinette-lauriol-bordeaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iwan Müller clarinet with 13 keys and leather pads, developed in 1809.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert-Klarinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert clarinet designed c. 1850 by Eugène Albert, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets."><img alt="Albert clarinet designed c. 1850 by Eugène Albert, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Albert-Klarinette.jpg/172px-Albert-Klarinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Albert-Klarinette.jpg/259px-Albert-Klarinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Albert-Klarinette.jpg/345px-Albert-Klarinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Albert clarinet designed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850 by Eugène Albert, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baermann-System.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baermann clarinet, c. 1870, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets."><img alt="Baermann clarinet, c. 1870, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Baermann-System.jpg/180px-Baermann-System.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Baermann-System.jpg/270px-Baermann-System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Baermann-System.jpg/360px-Baermann-System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baermann clarinet, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oehler clarinet with a cover on the middle tone hole of the lower joint, dev. 1905 by Oscar Oehler, and with bell mechanism added later to improve deep E and F"><img alt="Oehler clarinet with a cover on the middle tone hole of the lower joint, dev. 1905 by Oscar Oehler, and with bell mechanism added later to improve deep E and F" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg/268px-Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg/402px-Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg/537px-Leitner%2BKraus_320_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oehler clarinet with a cover on the middle tone hole of the lower joint, dev. 1905 by Oscar Oehler, and with bell mechanism added later to improve deep E and F</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_(8K).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard German clarinet without cover or bell mechanism."><img alt="Standard German clarinet without cover or bell mechanism." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg/176px-Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg/264px-Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg/353px-Yamaha_Clarinet_YCL-457II-22_%288K%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard German clarinet without cover or bell mechanism.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BC_E13_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Clarinet (Original Boehm with 17 keys and 6 rings). Developed c. 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Louis Auguste Buffet."><img alt="French Clarinet (Original Boehm with 17 keys and 6 rings). Developed c. 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Louis Auguste Buffet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BC_E13_.jpg/173px-BC_E13_.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BC_E13_.jpg/259px-BC_E13_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BC_E13_.jpg/346px-BC_E13_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Clarinet (Original Boehm with 17 keys and 6 rings). Developed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Louis Auguste Buffet.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patricola_CL4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full Boehm clarinet with 21 keys and 7 rings developed c. 1870."><img alt="Full Boehm clarinet with 21 keys and 7 rings developed c. 1870." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patricola_CL4.jpg/174px-Patricola_CL4.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patricola_CL4.jpg/261px-Patricola_CL4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patricola_CL4.jpg/348px-Patricola_CL4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Full Boehm clarinet with 21 keys and 7 rings developed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reform Boehm clarinet with 19 keys and 7 rings, developed c. 1949 by Fritz Wurlitzer."><img alt="Reform Boehm clarinet with 19 keys and 7 rings, developed c. 1949 by Fritz Wurlitzer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg/180px-Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg/270px-Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg/360px-Wurlitzer_RefBoehm_185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reform Boehm clarinet with 19 keys and 7 rings, developed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1949 by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wurlitzer" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Wurlitzer">Fritz Wurlitzer</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </div> </blockquote> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_repertoire">Usage and repertoire</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_multiple_clarinets">Use of multiple clarinets</h3></div> The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B♭ and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics, aesthetics, and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads, practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales).<a href="#cite_note-bray-69">[69]</a> The low (chalumeau) register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth) before overblowing, so the clarinet needs keys/holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that "overblow" at the octave—<a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, flutes, <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, and saxophones need only twelve notes before overblowing. Since clarinets with few keys cannot play chromatically, they are limited to playing in closely related keys.<a href="#cite_note-longyear-87">[87]</a> For example, an eighteenth-century clarinet in C could play music in F, C, and G (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range.<a href="#cite_note-longyear-87">[87]</a> With the advent of airtight pads and improved key technology, more keys were added to woodwinds and the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> The use of instruments in C, B♭, and A persisted, with each used as specified by the composer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995c-88">[88]</a> The lower-pitched clarinets sound "mellower" (less bright), and the C clarinet—the highest and brightest sounding of these three—fell out of favor as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better.<a href="#cite_note-longyear-87">[87]</a> While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some composers continued to write C parts, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Bizet)" title="Symphony in C (Bizet)">Symphony in C</a> (1855), <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony No. 2</a> (1872), <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a>'s overture to <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a> (1866) and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má Vlast</a> (1874), <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák's</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_Dances" title="Slavonic Dances">Slavonic Dance</a> Op. 46, No. 1 (1878), <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>' <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 4</a> (1885), <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler's</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 6</a> (1906), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a>' <a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a> (1911).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995c-88">[88]</a> While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted, and the A has remained a standard orchestral instrument. By the late 19th century the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for clarinet in A that it has remained in use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h3></div> The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists, each usually equipped with a B♭ and an A clarinet, and clarinet parts commonly alternate between the instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995b-89">[89]</a> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> employed many different clarinets, including the E♭ or D soprano clarinets, <a href="/wiki/Basset-horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Basset-horn">basset horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass clarinet</a>. The practice of using different clarinets to achieve tonal variety was common in <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETschaikov1995-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995b-89">[89]</a> The E♭ clarinet, B♭ clarinet, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and contra-alto/contrabass clarinet are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a>, which generally have multiple B♭ clarinets; there are commonly three or even four B♭ clarinet parts with two to three players per part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2015385-92">[92]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrabass_Clarinet_-_Fragment_from_%27Late_Spring%27.ogg" title="File:Contrabass Clarinet - Fragment from 'Late Spring'.ogg">Tudor Tulok – Fragment from 'Late Spring'</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Contrabass_Clarinet_-_Fragment_from_'Late_Spring'.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Contrabass_Clarinet_-_Fragment_from_%27Late_Spring%27.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/02/Contrabass_Clarinet_-_Fragment_from_%27Late_Spring%27.ogg/Contrabass_Clarinet_-_Fragment_from_%27Late_Spring%27.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The clarinet evolved later than other orchestral woodwind instruments, leaving solo repertoire from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical</a> period onward, but few works from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> era. Many <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_concerto" title="Clarinet concerto">clarinet concertos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_sonata" title="Clarinet sonata">clarinet sonatas</a> have been written to showcase the instrument, for example those by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-Davies1995-93">[93]</a> Many works of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> have been written for the clarinet. Common combinations are: <ul><li>Clarinet and piano.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_trio" title="Clarinet trio">Clarinet trio</a>: clarinet, piano, and another instrument (for example, a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-Davies1995-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_choir" title="Clarinet choir">Clarinet quartet</a>: three B♭ clarinets and <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>; two B♭ clarinets, <a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">alto clarinet</a>, and bass; and other possibilities such as the use of a <a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">basset horn</a>, especially in European classical works.<a href="#cite_note-choir-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrée1995-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_quintet" title="Clarinet quintet">Clarinet quintet</a>: a clarinet plus a <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> or, in more contemporary music, a configuration of five clarinets.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201528-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_quintet" title="Wind quintet">Wind quintet</a>: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_choir" title="Clarinet choir">Clarinet choir</a>: This ensemble contains many clarinets playing together, usually including several members of the clarinet family. The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-choir2-98">[98]</a></li> <li>Clarinet quartet: usually three B♭ sopranos and one B♭ bass, or two B♭, an E♭ alto clarinet, and a B♭ bass clarinet, or sometimes four B♭ sopranos.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG/170px-Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG/255px-Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG/340px-Pete_Fountain_1962.JPG 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Pete Fountain</figcaption></figure> The clarinet was a central instrument in jazz, beginning with early jazz players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of the genre through much of the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> era into the 1940s. American players <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Picou" title="Alphonse Picou">Alphonse Picou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Shields" title="Larry Shields">Larry Shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Noone" title="Jimmie Noone">Jimmie Noone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Dodds" title="Johnny Dodds">Johnny Dodds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bechet" title="Sidney Bechet">Sidney Bechet</a> were all prominent early jazz clarinet players.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> Swing performers such as <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> rose to prominence in the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> Beginning in the 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998222-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> By that time, an interest in <a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a>, a revival of traditional New Orleans jazz, had begun. <a href="/wiki/Pete_Fountain" title="Pete Fountain">Pete Fountain</a> was one of the best known performers in this genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998222-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhor2001150-101">[101]</a> The clarinet's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone, which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The clarinet did not entirely disappear from jazz—prominent players since the 1950s include <a href="/wiki/Stan_Hasselg%C3%A5rd" title="Stan Hasselgård">Stan Hasselgård</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Giuffre" title="Jimmy Giuffre">Jimmy Giuffre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a> (on bass clarinet), <a href="/wiki/Perry_Robinson" title="Perry Robinson">Perry Robinson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_(jazz_musician)" title="John Carter (jazz musician)">John Carter</a>. In the US, the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Daniels" title="Eddie Daniels">Eddie Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Byron" title="Don Byron">Don Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marty_Ehrlich" title="Marty Ehrlich">Marty Ehrlich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Peplowski" title="Ken Peplowski">Ken Peplowski</a>, and others playing in both traditional and contemporary styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_genres">Other genres</h3></div> The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Martini" title="Jerry Martini">Jerry Martini</a> played clarinet on <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a>'s 1968 hit, "<a href="/wiki/Dance_to_the_Music_(song)" title="Dance to the Music (song)">Dance to the Music</a>".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> included a trio of clarinets in "<a href="/wiki/When_I%27m_Sixty-Four" title="When I'm Sixty-Four">When I'm Sixty-Four</a>" from their <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a> album.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A clarinet is prominently featured in what a <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> reviewer termed a "Benny Goodman-flavored clarinet solo" in "<a href="/wiki/Breakfast_in_America_(song)" title="Breakfast in America (song)">Breakfast in America</a>", the title song from the <a href="/wiki/Supertramp" title="Supertramp">Supertramp</a> <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_in_America" title="Breakfast in America">album of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Clarinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Turkish_Clarinet.jpg/220px-Turkish_Clarinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Turkish_Clarinet.jpg/330px-Turkish_Clarinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Turkish_Clarinet.jpg/440px-Turkish_Clarinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption>Turkish clarinet</figcaption></figure> Clarinets feature prominently in <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> music, which employs a distinctive style of playing.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The popular Brazilian music style of <a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">choro</a> uses the clarinet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahriari201589-107">[107]</a> as does Albanian saze and Greek kompania folk music,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wedding_music" title="Bulgarian wedding music">Bulgarian wedding music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2021-109">[109]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish folk music</a>, the Albert system clarinet in G is often used, commonly called a "Turkish clarinet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2021-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeğirmenci201376-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clarinet_family">Clarinet family</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_family" title="Clarinet family">Clarinet family</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Name</th> <th>Key</th> <th>Commentary</th> <th>Range (sounding) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A-flat_clarinet" title="A-flat clarinet">A♭ clarinet</a> (Piccolo clarinet in A♭) </td> <td>A♭ </td> <td>This instrument is rare, although it was once frequently used in wind ensembles, especially in Spain and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETschaikov1995-90">[90]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xppsdsci62hocrw6u1c6x0m2xfv7im/4xppsdsc.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xppsdsci62hocrw6u1c6x0m2xfv7im/4xppsdsc.png" width="111" height="78" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E♭ clarinet</a> (Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in E♭) </td> <td>E♭ </td> <td>The E♭ clarinet has a characteristic "hard and biting" tone and is used in the orchestra when a brighter, or sometimes more comical, sound is called for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETschaikov1995-90">[90]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/0/w/0wff1z1qhn9cgbybifs2xj7v5s41qpt/0wff1z1q.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/0/w/0wff1z1qhn9cgbybifs2xj7v5s41qpt/0wff1z1q.png" width="111" height="88" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="D clarinet">D clarinet</a> (Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in D) </td> <td>D </td> <td>This was largely replaced by the F and later the E♭ clarinet. While a few early pieces were written for it, its repertoire is now very limited in Western music. <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> included both the D and E♭ clarinets in his instrumentation for <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETschaikov1995-90">[90]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/om7gpsylvh8koiw7caldjf2audubylp/om7gpsyl.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/om7gpsylvh8koiw7caldjf2audubylp/om7gpsyl.png" width="111" height="103" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">C clarinet</a> (Soprano clarinet in C) </td> <td>C </td> <td>This clarinet was very common in the instrument's earliest period but its use dwindled, and by the end of the 1920s it had become practically obsolete. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, many composers began to prefer the mellower lower-pitched instruments, and the timbre of the C instrument may have been considered too bright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995c-88">[88]</a> To avoid having to carry an extra instrument that required another reed and mouthpiece, orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on B♭ clarinets, transposing up a tone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998218-111">[111]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/1/l1ua7tu47n6qv7wiw5iihdqjct0jrmr/l1ua7tu4.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/1/l1ua7tu47n6qv7wiw5iihdqjct0jrmr/l1ua7tu4.png" width="111" height="85" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_family" title="Clarinet family">B♭ clarinet</a> (Soprano clarinet in B♭) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="B♭ (musical note)">B♭</a> </td> <td>The B♭ clarinet is the most common type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1995b-89">[89]</a> Usually, the term "clarinet" on its own refers to this instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaasakka201053-112">[112]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/i/6i4bnjxv9r7790gc1xzdckewxz58e2t/6i4bnjxv.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/i/6i4bnjxv9r7790gc1xzdckewxz58e2t/6i4bnjxv.png" width="111" height="88" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_family" title="Clarinet family">A clarinet</a> (Soprano clarinet in A) </td> <td>A </td> <td>The A clarinet is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music, especially of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/w/5wolwagdrrr6r3nv605hxqoonos4hhe/5wolwagd.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/w/5wolwagdrrr6r3nv605hxqoonos4hhe/5wolwagd.png" width="111" height="86" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">Basset clarinet</a> </td> <td>A </td> <td>The basset clarinet is a clarinet in A with keywork that extends to a written low C. There are some examples of instruments with a low B.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It is used primarily to play Classical-era music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1995-16">[16]</a> Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_(Mozart)" title="Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)">Clarinet Concerto</a> was written for this instrument. Basset clarinets in C and B♭ also exist.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/1/f19vhc9v0i4f4b8sgdl1gdet8nb0519/f19vhc9v.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/f/1/f19vhc9v0i4f4b8sgdl1gdet8nb0519/f19vhc9v.png" width="111" height="89" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">Basset horn</a> </td> <td>F </td> <td>Similar in appearance to the alto, the basset horn is instead pitched in F, with a narrower bore on most models. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Little material for this instrument has been published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrée1995-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/o/1oqfbh8etcig5yuz5fn5rls6p0wvyas/1oqfbh8e.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/o/1oqfbh8etcig5yuz5fn5rls6p0wvyas/1oqfbh8e.png" width="113" height="70" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">Alto clarinet</a> </td> <td>E♭ </td> <td>Sometimes referred to as the tenor clarinet in Europe, the alto clarinet is used in military and concert bands and occasionally, if rarely, in orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991129-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998219-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The alto clarinet in F was used in military bands during the early 19th century and was a favorite instrument of <a href="/wiki/Iwan_M%C3%BCller" title="Iwan Müller">Iwan Müller</a>. It fell out of use and, if called for, is commonly substituted with the basset horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice200984-118">[118]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/v/tvex282kmvfxjjep8xo7gzakiyaqt6g/tvex282k.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/v/tvex282kmvfxjjep8xo7gzakiyaqt6g/tvex282k.png" width="111" height="78" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">Bass clarinet</a> </td> <td>B♭ </td> <td>Developed in the late 18th century, the bass clarinet began featuring in orchestral music in the 1830s after its redesign by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> It has since become a mainstay of the modern orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a-91">[91]</a> It is also used in concert bands and enjoys (along with the B♭ clarinet) a considerable role in jazz, especially through jazz musician <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2015385-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-85">[85]</a> The bass clarinet in A, which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998219-116">[116]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/f/2f0854khn1cmb95u1s4q45ok8pdej1c/2f0854kh.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/f/2f0854khn1cmb95u1s4q45ok8pdej1c/2f0854kh.png" width="111" height="72" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_clarinet" title="Contra-alto clarinet">E♭ contrabass clarinet</a> (also called Contra-alto or Contralto clarinet) </td> <td>EE♭ </td> <td>This instrument is used in wind ensembles and occasionally in cinematic scores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a-91">[91]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/0/g0m1gbefoc3o6hwjh01w0tynytp85xy/g0m1gbef.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/0/g0m1gbefoc3o6hwjh01w0tynytp85xy/g0m1gbef.png" width="111" height="81" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">Contrabass clarinet</a> (also called double-bass clarinet) </td> <td>BB♭ </td> <td>The BB♭ contrabass is used in clarinet ensembles, concert bands, and sometimes in orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> calls for a contrabass clarinet in A in his <a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Five Pieces for Orchestra</a>, but no such instrument ever existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaasakka201082-120">[120]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/7/g7ecn7geqxtk7pumufbp7wsdiqb5ce9/g7ecn7ge.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/7/g7ecn7geqxtk7pumufbp7wsdiqb5ce9/g7ecn7ge.png" width="112" height="66" alt="
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" /></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontrabass clarinet">Subcontrabass clarinet</a> (also called octocontralto clarinet or octocontrabass clarinet) </td> <td>EEE♭ or BBB♭ </td> <td>The subcontrabass clarinet is a largely experimental instrument with little repertoire. Three versions in EEE♭ (an octave below the contra-alto clarinet) were made, and a version in BBB♭ (an octave below the contrabass clarinet) was built by <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_(musical_instrument_manufacturer)" title="Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer)">Leblanc</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201579-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991131-122">[122]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_clarinets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10_clarinets.jpg/600px-10_clarinets.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10_clarinets.jpg/900px-10_clarinets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10_clarinets.jpg/1200px-10_clarinets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>Clarinets in A-flat, E-flat and B-flat, <a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">basset clarinet</a> in A, <a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">alto clarinet</a> range to low E♭, <a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">basset horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> range to low E♭, bass clarinet range to low C, <a href="/wiki/Contra_alto_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra alto clarinet">contra alto clarinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass clarinet</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li>List of <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_concerto" title="Clarinet concerto">clarinet concerti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_clarinetists" title="List of clarinetists">List of clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_clarinet_makers" title="List of clarinet makers">List of clarinet makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_clarinet" title="Double clarinet">Double clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Clarinet_Association" title="International Clarinet Association">International Clarinet Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPickett2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pickett, Joseph, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=clarinet">"clarinet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Heritage Dictionary">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (Fifth ed.). Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-328-84169-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-328-84169-8"><bdi>978-1-328-84169-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=clarinet&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-328-84169-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dclarinet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2017" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/clarinet#etymonline_v_13772">"clarinet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=clarinet&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fclarinet%23etymonline_v_13772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cresswell, Julia, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198868750.001.0001/acref-9780198868750-e-1028">"clarinet"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-6875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-6875-0"><bdi>978-0-1988-6875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=clarinet&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Origins&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-1988-6875-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198868750.001.0001%2Facref-9780198868750-e-1028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageGourlayBlenchShackleton2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Page, Janet K.; Gourlay, K. A.; Blench, Roger; Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert (2015). "Clarinet". The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-4340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-4340-7"><bdi>978-0-1997-4340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1997-4340-7&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Janet+K.&rft.au=Gourlay%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger&rft.au=Shackleton%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Rice%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeprich200821-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoeprich200821_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoeprich2008">Hoeprich 2008</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERendall19711–2,_69-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendall19711–2,_69_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRendall1971">Rendall 1971</a>, pp. 1–2, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Arthur (2017). "clarionet". A New Dictionary of Music. Taylor & Francis. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53488-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53488-8"><bdi>978-1-351-53488-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=clarionet&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-53488-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201528-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201528_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201528_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllsworth2015">Ellsworth 2015</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino199826–28-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPino199826–28_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPino1998">Pino 1998</a>, pp. 26–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200566-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200566_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGerou2005">Black & Gerou 2005</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200550-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGerou200550_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGerou2005">Black & Gerou 2005</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1961" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Alfred (September 1961). 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The World of Music. 38 (1): 7–32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41699070">41699070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Music&rft.atitle=The+%27Yiftoi%27+and+the+music+of+Greece%3A+role+and+function&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41699070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brandl&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2021-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2021_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2021_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2021">Starr 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeğirmenci201376-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeğirmenci201376_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeğirmenci2013">Değirmenci 2013</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998218-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPino1998218_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPino1998">Pino 1998</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaasakka201053-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaasakka201053_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaasakka2010">Raasakka 2010</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfoxclarinets.com/Basset_clarinet.html">"Basset clarinet and basset conversion"</a>. Stephen Fox Clarinets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223153642/http://www.sfoxclarinets.com/Basset_clarinet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stephen+Fox+Clarinets&rft.atitle=Basset+clarinet+and+basset+conversion&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfoxclarinets.com%2FBasset_clarinet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackletonRice" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Basset clarinet". The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743407" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743407"><bdi>9780199743407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basset+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.edition=Second&rft.isbn=9780199743407&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Rice%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991129-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991129_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPino1998219-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPino1998219_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPino1998219_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPino1998">Pino 1998</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackletonRice" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Alto clarinet". The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743407" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743407"><bdi>9780199743407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alto+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.edition=Second&rft.isbn=9780199743407&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Rice%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice200984-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice200984_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRice2009">Rice 2009</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackletonRice" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Bass clarinet". The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-4340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-4340-7"><bdi>978-0-1997-4340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bass+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.edition=Second&rft.isbn=978-0-1997-4340-7&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Rice%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaasakka201082-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaasakka201082_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaasakka2010">Raasakka 2010</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201579-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllsworth201579_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllsworth2015">Ellsworth 2015</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991131-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991131_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, p. 131. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1991" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Anthony (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodwindinstrume00bain">Woodwind Instruments and Their History</a>. Dover Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486268-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486268-85-9"><bdi>978-0-486268-85-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodwind+Instruments+and+Their+History&rft.pub=Dover+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-486268-85-9&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwoodwindinstrume00bain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGerou2005" class="citation book cs1">Black, Dave; Gerou, Tom (2005). Essential Dictionary of Orchestration. Alfred Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4574-1299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4574-1299-8"><bdi>978-1-4574-1299-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Dictionary+of+Orchestration&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4574-1299-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Gerou%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppenbarger2015" class="citation book cs1">Coppenbarger, Brent (2015). Fine-Tuning the Clarinet Section: A Handbook for the Band Director. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-2077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-2077-5"><bdi>978-1-4758-2077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fine-Tuning+the+Clarinet+Section%3A+A+Handbook+for+the+Band+Director&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-2077-5&rft.aulast=Coppenbarger&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeğirmenci2013" class="citation book cs1">Değirmenci, Koray (2013). Creating Global Music in Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7546-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-7546-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Global+Music+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7546-0&rft.aulast=De%C4%9Firmenci&rft.aufirst=Koray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Ellsworth, Jane (2015). A Dictionary for the Modern Clarinetist. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8648-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-8648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+for+the+Modern+Clarinetist&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8648-3&rft.aulast=Ellsworth&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsworth, Jane, ed. (2021). The Clarinet. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6482-5017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6482-5017-0"><bdi>978-1-6482-5017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarinet&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-6482-5017-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2021" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2021). "The clarinet in vernacular music". In Ellsworth, Jane (ed.). The Clarinet. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 255–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6482-5017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6482-5017-0"><bdi>978-1-6482-5017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+clarinet+in+vernacular+music&rft.btitle=The+Clarinet&rft.pages=255-289&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-6482-5017-0&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeprich2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoeprich, Eric (2008). The Clarinet. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10282-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarinet&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10282-6&rft.aulast=Hoeprich&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Colin, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1995a" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Colin (1995a). "Single reeds before 1750". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Single+reeds+before+1750&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1995" class="citation book cs1">Shackleton, Nicholas (1995). "The development of the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=16-32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1995b" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Colin (1995b). "The clarinet family". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+clarinet+family&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1995c" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Colin (1995c). "The C clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+C+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=38-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschaikov1995" class="citation book cs1">Tschaikov, Basil (1995). "The high clarinets". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+high+clarinets&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=43-56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Tschaikov&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrée1995" class="citation book cs1">Dobrée, Georgina (1995). "The basset horn". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+basset+horn&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=57-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Dobr%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1995a" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Michael (1995a). "The bass clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+bass+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=66-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees-Davies1995" class="citation book cs1">Rees-Davies, Jo (1995). "The development of the clarinet repertoire". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+clarinet+repertoire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=75-91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Rees-Davies&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1995b" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Paul (1995b). "Teaching the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teaching+the+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=123-133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaton1995" class="citation book cs1">Heaton, Roger (1995). "The contemporary clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+contemporary+clarinet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=163-183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Heaton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation book cs1">Brown, John Robert (1995). "The clarinet in jazz". In Lawson, Colin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prof">The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-47668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+clarinet+in+jazz&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Clarinet&rft.pages=184-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47668-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry1985" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Robert (1985). Practical Hints on Playing the B-Flat Clarinet. Alfred Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-2409-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-2409-1"><bdi>978-0-7692-2409-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Hints+on+Playing+the+B-Flat+Clarinet&rft.pub=Alfred+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7692-2409-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller, R. J. (2015). Contemporary Orchestration. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-0625-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-0625-7"><bdi>978-1-3178-0625-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Orchestration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-0625-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinksterboer2001" class="citation book cs1">Pinksterboer, Hugo (2001). Tipbook: Clarinet. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-761-9246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-761-9246-8"><bdi>978-90-761-9246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipbook%3A+Clarinet&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-761-9246-8&rft.aulast=Pinksterboer&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPino1998" class="citation book cs1">Pino, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clarinetclarinet00pino">The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing</a>. Dover Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40270-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40270-3"><bdi>978-0-486-40270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarinet+and+Clarinet+Playing&rft.pub=Dover+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40270-3&rft.aulast=Pino&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclarinetclarinet00pino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaasakka2010" class="citation book cs1">Raasakka, Mikko (2010). Exploring the Clarinet: A Guide to Clarinet Technique and Finnish Clarinet Music. Fennica Gehrman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5489-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5489-09-5"><bdi>978-952-5489-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Clarinet%3A+A+Guide+to+Clarinet+Technique+and+Finnish+Clarinet+Music&rft.pub=Fennica+Gehrman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-952-5489-09-5&rft.aulast=Raasakka&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendall1971" class="citation book cs1">Rendall, Geoffrey F. (1971). The Clarinet: Some Notes Upon Its History and Construction (Third ed.). W. W. Norton & Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02164-6"><bdi>978-0-393-02164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarinet%3A+Some+Notes+Upon+Its+History+and+Construction&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02164-6&rft.aulast=Rendall&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2009" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Albert R. (2009). From the Clarinet D'Amour to the Contra Bass: A History of Large Size Clarinets, 1740–1860. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971117-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971117-8"><bdi>978-0-19-971117-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Clarinet+D%27Amour+to+the+Contra+Bass%3A+A+History+of+Large+Size+Clarinets%2C+1740%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971117-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Albert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahriari2015" class="citation book cs1">Shahriari, Andrew (2015). Popular World Music. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-4538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-4538-1"><bdi>978-1-3173-4538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+World+Music&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3173-4538-1&rft.aulast=Shahriari&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhor2001" class="citation book cs1">Suhor, Charles (2001). Jazz in New Orleans: The Postwar Years Through 1970. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6002-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-6002-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+in+New+Orleans%3A+The+Postwar+Years+Through+1970&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6002-6&rft.aulast=Suhor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bessaraboff, Nicholas (1941). Ancient European Musical Instruments. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+European+Musical+Instruments&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bessaraboff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brymer, Jack (1976). Clarinet. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. Kahn & Averill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3560-8414-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3560-8414-5"><bdi>978-0-3560-8414-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clarinet&rft.series=Yehudi+Menuhin+Music+Guides&rft.pub=Kahn+%26+Averill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-3560-8414-5&rft.aulast=Brymer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarinet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Clarinet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Clarinet">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="c:Clarinet">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Clarinet">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Clarinet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Clarinet">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="b:Clarinet">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Clarinet" class="extiw" title="v:Clarinet">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarinet.org/">The International Clarinet Association</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clarinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:beige;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clarinet" title="Template:Clarinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clarinet" title="Template talk:Clarinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clarinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clarinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clarinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:beige;;width:1%;background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_family" title="Clarinet family">Clarinet family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-flat_clarinet" title="A-flat clarinet">A♭ clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E♭ clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">Soprano (B♭) clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">Alto clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">Bass clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_clarinet" title="Contra-alto clarinet">Contra-alto clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">Contrabass clarinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxonette" title="Saxonette">Saxonette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone_clarinet" title="Quarter tone clarinet">Quarter tone clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basset_clarinet" title="Basset clarinet">Basset clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinette_d%27amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinette d'amour">Clarinette d'amour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">Basset horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:beige;;width:1%;background:white;">Fingering systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_system" title="Albert system">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boehm_system_(clarinet)" title="Boehm system (clarinet)">Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Boehm_system" title="Reform Boehm system">Reform Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzeo_system" title="Mazzeo system">Mazzeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan_M%C3%BCller" title="Iwan Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oehler_system" title="Oehler system">Oehler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:beige;;width:1%;background:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clarinet_makers" title="List of clarinet makers">Clarinet makers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amati-Denak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amati-Denak">Amati-Denak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backun_Musical_Services" title="Backun Musical Services">Backun Musical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Blessing" title="E. K. Blessing">E. K. Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffet_Crampon" title="Buffet Crampon">Buffet Crampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Denner" title="Johann Christoph Denner">Johann Christoph Denner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Eppelsheim" title="Benedikt Eppelsheim">Benedikt Eppelsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox_(clarinet_maker)" title="Stephen Fox (clarinet maker)">Stephen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Grenser" title="Heinrich Grenser">Heinrich Grenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitner_%26_Kraus" title="Leitner & Kraus">Leitner & Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howarth_of_London" title="Howarth of London">Howarth of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Band_Instruments" title="Jupiter Band Instruments">Jupiter Band Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblanc_(musical_instrument_manufacturer)" title="Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer)">Leblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan_M%C3%BCller" title="Iwan Müller">Iwan Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenk_%26_Seggelke" title="Schwenk & Seggelke">Schwenk & Seggelke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Selmer_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Selmer Company">Selmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wurlitzer" title="Herbert Wurlitzer">Herbert Wurlitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:beige;;width:1%;background:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_choir" title="Clarinet choir">Clarinet choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_concerto" title="Clarinet concerto">Clarinet concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_sonata" title="Clarinet sonata">Clarinet sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_quintet" title="Clarinet quintet">Clarinet quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_quartet" title="Clarinet quartet">Clarinet quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_trio" title="Clarinet trio">Clarinet trio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet-violin-piano_trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinet-violin-piano trio">Clarinet-violin-piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet-viola-piano_trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinet-viola-piano trio">Clarinet-viola-piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet-cello-piano_trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinet-cello-piano trio">Clarinet-cello-piano</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:beige;;width:1%;background:white;">Clarinetists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clarinetists_by_nationality" title="Category:Clarinetists by nationality">Category:Clarinetists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow" title="Mezz Mezzrow">Mezz Mezzrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Single_reed_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:beige;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Single_reeds" title="Template:Single reeds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Single_reeds" title="Template talk:Single reeds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Single_reeds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Single reeds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Single_reed_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single reed</a> instruments</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckel-clarina" title="Heckel-clarina">Heckel-clarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckelphone-clarinet" title="Heckelphone-clarinet">Heckelphone-clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavin" title="Octavin">Octavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1rogat%C3%B3" title="Tárogató">Tárogató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venova" title="Venova">Venova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaphoon" title="Xaphoon">Xaphoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birbyn%C4%97" title="Birbynė">Birbynė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">Chalumeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplica" title="Diplica">Diplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganurags" title="Ganurags">Ganurags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe_(instrument)" title="Hornpipe (instrument)">Hornpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">Launeddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_trumpet" title="Mock trumpet">Mock trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibgorn_(instrument)" title="Pibgorn (instrument)">Pibgorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilili" title="Pilili">Pilili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pku" title="Pku">Pku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclam_de_xeremies" title="Reclam de xeremies">Reclam de xeremies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipsi" title="Sipsi">Sipsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock-and-horn" title="Stock-and-horn">Stock-and-horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaleika" title="Zhaleika">Zhaleika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Middle Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arghul" title="Arghul">Arghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_clarinet" title="Double clarinet">Double clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dozaleh" title="Dozaleh">Dozaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijwiz" title="Mijwiz">Mijwiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipsi" title="Sipsi">Sipsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Central Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClban" title="Bülban">Bülban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili_tuiduk" title="Dili tuiduk">Dili tuiduk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">South Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepa_(instrument)" title="Pepa (instrument)">Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pey_pok" title="Pey pok">Pey pok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarune_Etek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarune Etek (page does not exist)">Sarune Etek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toleat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toleat (page does not exist)">Toleat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8343#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4030938-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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[\"CITEREFDobrée1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllsworth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFastl2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünefeld\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker,_Alan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeaton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeprich1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeprich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntravaiaRobert_S._Resnick1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsOldfieldAylett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyKennedyRutherford-Johnson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1995c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongyear1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObataya_ENorimoto_M.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageGourlayBlenchShackleton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinksterboer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPino1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPàmies-VilàHofmannChatziioannou2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaasakka2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees-Davies1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendall1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeay1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackleton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackletonRice\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShahriari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlobin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreet1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuhor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTschaikov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuthill1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeerts1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZakian\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 12,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Flat\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Instrument\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 52,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 104,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Single reeds\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 13,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Woodwinds\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9s56p","timestamp":"20241124053106","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Clarinet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarinet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8343","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8343","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-18T12:23:31Z","dateModified":"2024-10-09T10:28:40Z","headline":"any unspecified or undetermined member of the clarinet family"}</script> </body> </html>