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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Russian fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_regional_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_regional_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Soviet regional capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_regional_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_of_Russian_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_of_Russian_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Collapse of Russian authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_of_Russian_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First Chechen War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Second Chechen War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>After the wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative and municipal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>City divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams_and_trolleybuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams_and_trolleybuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Trams and trolleybuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams_and_trolleybuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sharing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitor_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitor_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Visitor attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitor_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grozny</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Грознэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Грознэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غروزني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غروزني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сунж-хъала – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Сунж-хъала" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrozn%C4%B1" title="Qroznı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qroznı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قروزنی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قروزنی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্রোজনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রোজনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грозны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грозны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грозны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грозны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Грозни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грозни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala" title="Sölƶa-Ġala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sölƶa-Ġala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyy_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Groznyy (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Groznyy (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozn%C3%BD" title="Grozný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grozný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosnyj" title="Grosnyj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grosnyj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosny" title="Grosny – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grosny" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozn%C3%B5i" title="Groznõi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Groznõi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%BD%CF%85" title="Γκρόζνυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρόζνυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Грозной ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грозной ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozno" title="Grozno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grozno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گروزنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروزنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0-%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шолжа-ГӀала – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шолжа-ГӀала" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Грозный балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Грозный балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88" title="그로즈니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그로즈니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Գրոզնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոզնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रोज़नी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रोज़नी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Грозна – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грозна" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גרוזני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרוזני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="გროზნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გროზნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozniy" title="Grozniy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Grozniy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosn%C3%AE" title="Grosnî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Grosnî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosni" title="Grosni – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Grosni" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severa" title="Severa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Severa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznija" title="Groznija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Groznija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznas" title="Groznas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Groznas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznij" title="Groznij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groznij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Грозни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грозни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്രോസ്‌നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രോസ്‌നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रोझनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रोझनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="გროზნო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გროზნო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%89" title="جروزنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جروزنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A4" title="グロズヌイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グロズヌイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0-%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Соьлжа-ГӀала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Соьлжа-ГӀала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosny" title="Grosny – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grosny" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala" title="Sölƶa-Ġala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sölƶa-Ġala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozniy" title="Grozniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grozniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گروزنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گروزنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ګروزني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګروزني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3zni" title="Grózni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grózni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozn%C4%B1y" title="Groznıy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Groznıy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozn%C4%B1y" title="Groznıy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Groznıy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozn%C3%AEi" title="Groznîi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Groznîi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Грознай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грознай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8A" title="گروزني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گروزني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garoosni" title="Garoosni – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Garoosni" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گرۆزنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرۆزنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Грозни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грозни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyi" title="Groznyi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groznyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="குரோசுனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரோசுனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%A2" title="กรอซนืย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรอซนืย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80)" title="Грозний (шаҳр) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Грозний (шаҳр)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grozni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Грозный – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Грозный" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Грозний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грозний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گروزنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گروزنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznii" title="Groznii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Groznii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="格罗兹尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗兹尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E8%8C%B2%E5%B0%BC" title="格羅茲尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅茲尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznos" title="Groznos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Groznos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="格罗兹尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格罗兹尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Grozny" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groznyj" title="Groznyj – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Groznyj" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Building_of_Vainakh_ensemble_38.jpg/330px-Building_of_Vainakh_ensemble_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Clockwise from the top, <a href="/wiki/Akhmat_Kadyrov_Square" title="Akhmat Kadyrov Square">Kadyrov Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grozny-City" title="Grozny-City">Grozny City Towers</a>, Vaynakh School of Dance, National Museum of the Chechen Republic, The Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque" title="Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque">Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque</a> at night</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Grozny_(Chechnya).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Grozny"><img alt="Flag of Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_(Chechnya).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Grozny"><img alt="Coat of arms of Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Grozny</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_930d3b019d2a01d13fbf3f2ae3bee1cba2e86200"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Grozny&revid=1275482206&groups=_930d3b019d2a01d13fbf3f2ae3bee1cba2e86200" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Grozny&revid=1275482206&groups=_930d3b019d2a01d13fbf3f2ae3bee1cba2e86200 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_Chechen_Republic_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grozny is located in Chechnya"><img alt="Grozny is located in Chechnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Russia_Chechen_Republic_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_Chechen_Republic_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Russia_Chechen_Republic_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_Chechen_Republic_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="6295" data-file-height="7662" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.324%;left:47.295%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grozny"><img alt="Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Grozny</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Grozny</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Chechnya</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grozny is located in European Russia"><img alt="Grozny is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.604%;left:58.735%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grozny"><img alt="Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Grozny</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Grozny (European Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grozny is located in Europe"><img alt="Grozny is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.927%;left:93.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grozny"><img alt="Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Grozny</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Grozny (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grozny&params=43_18_45_N_45_41_55_E_type:city_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°18′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°41′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.31250°N 45.69861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.31250; 45.69861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref937_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref937-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1818<sup id="cite_ref-gr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status since</th><td class="infobox-data">1869<sup id="cite_ref-gr_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Council of Deputies<sup id="cite_ref-Legis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor<sup id="cite_ref-Mayor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khas-Magomed_Kadyrov" title="Khas-Magomed Kadyrov">Khas-Magomed Kadyrov</a><sup id="cite_ref-MayorNm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayorNm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">324.16 km<sup>2</sup> (125.16 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">130 m (430 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-bd7788805064c3596aa6de350e4aafd8919757fc-v18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-bd7788805064c3596aa6de350e4aafd8919757fc-v18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">297,137</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of republic significance</a> of Grozny<sup id="cite_ref-Ref162_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Capital of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Chechen Republic<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">city of republic significance of Grozny<sup id="cite_ref-Ref162_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Grozny Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref625_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref625-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Grozny Urban Okrug,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref625_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref625-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Groznensky_District" title="Groznensky District">Groznensky Municipal District</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref938_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">364000, 364001, 364006, 364008, 364011, 364013–364018, 364020–364022, 364024, 364028–364031, 364034, 364035, 364037, 364038, 364040, 364042, 364043, 364046, 364047, 364049, 364051, 364052, 364058, 364060–364063, 364066, 364068, 364700, 366000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 8712</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">96701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">October 5<sup id="cite_ref-MiscCharter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiscCharter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grozmer.ru">grozmer<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grozny</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Грозный</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈgroznɨj]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Соьлжа-ГӀала</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Sölƶa-Ġala</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>The city lies on the <a href="/wiki/Sunzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzha River">Sunzha River</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 census</a>, it had a population of 328,533<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — up from 210,720 recorded in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Russian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Russian Census">2002 census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2002Census_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002Census-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still less than the 399,688 recorded in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Soviet Census">1989 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1989Census_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1989Census-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously known as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Groznaya</i></span> (until 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-gr_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, "Grozny" means "fearsome", "menacing", or "redoubtable", the same word as in Ivan Grozny (<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>). While the official name in <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> is the same, informally the city is known as "<span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Соьлжа-Гӏала</span></span>" ("<span title="Chechen-language text"><i lang="ce-Latn">Sölƶa-Ġala</i></span>"), which literally means "the city (<span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">гӏала</span></span>) on the <a href="/wiki/Sunzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzha River">Sunzha River</a> (<span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Соьлжа</span></span>)".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1996, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_republic_of_Ichkeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen republic of Ichkeria">Chechen republic of Ichkeria</a> renamed the city <b>Dzhokhar-Ghala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Джохар-ГӀала, Dƶoxar-Ġala</span>), literally <b>Dzhokhar City</b>, or <b>Dzhokhar</b>/<b>Djohar</b> for short, after <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, the first president of the republic, killed by the Russian armed forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In December 2005, the Chechen parliament voted to rename the city "Akhmad-Kala" (after <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-RIANews1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIANews1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a proposition which was rejected by his son <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, the prime minister and later president of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-RIANews2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIANews2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Grozny" title="Timeline of Grozny">Timeline of Grozny</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_fort">Russian fort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fortress of <b>Groznaya</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Гро́зная</span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> <i>fearsome</i> – a feminine form of Grozny, as the word fortress, "<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">крепость</span></span>", is feminine in Russian) was founded in 1818<sup id="cite_ref-gr_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a Russian military outpost on the <a href="/wiki/Sunzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzha River">Sunzha River</a> by general <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Yermolov (general)">Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov</a>. As the fort was being built, the workers were fired upon by the Chechens. The Russians found a solution by strategically positioning a cannon outside the city walls. When night fell and the Chechens came out of their hiding places to drag the gun away, all the other guns opened up with <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>. When the Chechens recovered their senses and began to carry away the bodies, the guns fired again. When it was over, 200 dead were counted. Thus did the "fearsome" fort receive its baptism of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a prominent defense centre during the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>. </p><p>Russian poets <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Griboedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Griboedov">Alexander Griboedov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polezhayev" title="Alexander Polezhayev">Alexander Polezhayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, the classic of Russian literature <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, the Decembrist and writer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bestuzhev" title="Alexander Bestuzhev">Alexander Bestuzhev</a> and other famous figures of Russian culture visited the fortress. After the annexation of the region by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the military use of the old fortress was obsolete and on 11 January 1870 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 30 December 1869] it was granted town status and renamed Grozny,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the word town, "<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">город</span></span>", is masculine in Russian. As most of the residents there were <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a>, the town grew slowly until the development of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> reserves in the early 20th century. The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, took part in the development of the oil industry of the city of Grozny, as well as members of the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>. In addition to the Nobels and Rothschilds, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> companies played an important role in the oil industry from 1893 onward. Alfred Stuart, an English engineer, completed the first well in Grozny by drilling in 1893 the largest oil field in the Caucasus region outside the <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleven firms drilled 116 wells before 1900. This encouraged the rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> and petrochemical production. In addition to the oil drilled in the city itself, the city became a geographical centre of Russia's network of <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>, and in 1893 became part of the Transcaucasia–Russia-proper railway. The result was the population almost doubled from 15,600 in 1897 to 30,400 in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1914, the then largest oil company, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, was established in the city thus making Grozny one of the <a href="/wiki/Grozny_oil_field" title="Grozny oil field">largest industrial centres of the Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the city was the administrative capital of the <a href="/wiki/Groznensky_Okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Groznensky Okrug">Groznensky Okrug</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Terek_Oblast" title="Terek Oblast">Terek Oblast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_regional_capital">Soviet regional capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet regional capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One day after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, on 8 November 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> headed by N. Anisimov seized Grozny. As the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> escalated, the Proletariat formed the 12th Red Army, and the garrison held out against numerous attacks by Terek Cossacks from 11 August to 12 November 1918. However, with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Denikin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denikin">Denikin</a>'s armies, the Bolsheviks were forced to withdraw and Grozny was captured on 4 February 1919, by the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>. Underground operations were carried out, but only the arrival of the Caucasus front of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in 1920 allowed the city to permanently end up with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> on 17 March. Simultaneously it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Mountain_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Mountain Republic">Soviet Mountain Republic</a>, which was formed on 20 January 1921, and was the capital of the Chechen National Okrug inside it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2507" /></a><figcaption>Entrance sign, built in Soviet-times</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 November 1922, the mountain republic was dissolved, and the national <a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">okrug</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Chechen Autonomous Oblast">Chechen Autonomous Oblast</a> (Chechen AO) with Grozny as the administrative centre. At this time most of the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> was still Russian, but of <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> descent. As Cossacks were viewed as a potential threat to the Soviet nation, Moscow actively<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> encouraged the migration of Chechens into the city from the mountains. In 1934 the <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast">Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast</a> was formed, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush ASSR">Chechen-Ingush ASSR</a> in 1936. </p><p>Due to its oil, Grozny with <a href="/wiki/Maikop" class="mw-redirect" title="Maikop">Maikop</a> were the main strategic objectives of the German <a href="/wiki/Fall_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Blau">Fall Blau</a> operation in summer of 1942 (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Battle of the Caucasus</a></i>). </p><p>The failure to take Grozny was a major defeat for Germany and was a factor in holding fast at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, as that city could have served as a base from which to take Grozny or cut off oil supplies up the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>. The failure to prioritize Grozny, even transferring critical Panzer divisions north to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, was a major factor in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> taking operational level control of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> from his generals who had repeatedly prioritized the two major cities over the oil supplies – against Hitler's express orders. Soviet doctrine however never failed to prioritize the food of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> nor the oil of the Caucasus, which resulted in drastic action after Germany's expulsion/retreat in 1943. </p><p>In 1944, the entire <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of Chechens and Ingush was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lentil_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Lentil (Caucasus)">deported</a> after being falsely accused of collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">advancing armed forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Large numbers of people who were not deemed fit for transport were "liquidated" on the spot,<sup id="cite_ref-burds2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burds2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the adverse situation with transport and the stay in Siberia caused many deaths as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to internal NKVD data, a total of 144,704 died in 1944–1948 alone (death rate of 23.5% per all groups).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nekrich" title="Alexander Nekrich">Alexander Nekrich</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Dunlop_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Dunlop (historian) (page does not exist)">John Dunlop</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Gammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Gammer (page does not exist)">Moshe Gammer</a>, based on census data from the period estimate a death toll of about 170,000–200,000 among Chechens alone,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus ranging from over a third of the total Chechen population that was deported to nearly half dying during those four years (rates for other groups for those four years hover around 20%). All traces of them in the city, including books<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graveyards,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> troops. The act was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> as an act of genocide in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grozny became the administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Oblast" title="Grozny Oblast">Grozny Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, and the city at the time was again wholly Russian. In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, and the Chechens were allowed to return. The return of the Chechens to Grozny, which had been lacking of <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a> for thirteen years, would cause massive disruptions to the social, economic and political systems of what had been a Russian city for the period until their return. This caused a self-feeding cycle of ethnic conflict between the two groups, both believing the other's presence in the city was illegitimate. Once again migration of non-Russians into Grozny continued whilst the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> Russian population, in turn, moved to other parts of the USSR, notably the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, after <a href="/wiki/1958_Grozny_riots" title="1958 Grozny riots">inter-ethnic conflict broke out briefly in 1958</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960_CPA_2430.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1960_CPA_2430.jpg/250px-1960_CPA_2430.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1960_CPA_2430.jpg/330px-1960_CPA_2430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1960_CPA_2430.jpg/500px-1960_CPA_2430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Soviet-era postage stamp with a view of Grozny's Avgustovskaya Street</figcaption></figure> <p>According to sociologist Georgy Derluguyan, the Checheno-Ingush Republic's economy was divided into two spheres – much like French settler-ruled Algeria – and the Russian sphere had all the jobs with higher salaries,<sup id="cite_ref-Derluguyan_2005_244–5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derluguyan_2005_244–5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while non-Russians were systematically kept out of all government positions. Russians (as well as Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in education, health, oil, machinery, and social services. Non-Russians (excluding Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in agriculture, construction, a long host of undesirable jobs, as well as the so-called "informal sector" (i.e. illegal, due to the mass discrimination in the legal sector).<sup id="cite_ref-Derluguyan_2005_244–5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derluguyan_2005_244–5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time a great deal of development occurred in the city. Like many other Soviet cities, the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist Architecture">Stalinist style</a> of architecture was prevalent during this period, with apartments in the centre as well as administrative buildings including the massive Council of Ministers and the <a href="/wiki/Grozny_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny University">Grozny University</a> buildings being constructed in Grozny. Later projects included the high-rise apartment blocks prominent in many Soviet cities, as well as a city airport. In 1989, the population of the city was almost 400,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_of_Russian_authority">Collapse of Russian authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collapse of Russian authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Grozny became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>. According to some,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> many of the remaining Russian and other non-Chechen residents fled or were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">expelled</a> by groups of <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">militants</a>, adding to a <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> from the new authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events are perceived by some as an act of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of non-Chechens, which has been reflected in the materials of <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">General Prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This view is disputed by authors, such as Russian economists Boris Lvin and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Illarionov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Illarionov">Andrei Illarionov</a>, who argue that Russian emigration from the area was no more intense than in other regions of Russia at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view of the ethnic situation in Ichkeria, the primary cause of Russian emigration was the extensive bombing of Grozny (where four out of five, or nearly 200,000 Russians in Chechnya lived before the war) by the Russian military during the First Chechen War.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The covert Russian attempts of overthrowing Dudayev by means of armed Chechen opposition forces resulted in repeated failed assaults on the city. Originally, Moscow had been backing the political opposition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umar_Avturkhanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umar Avturkhanov (page does not exist)">Umar Avturkhanov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Автурханов, Умар Джунитович">ru</a>]</span> "peacefully" (i.e. without supplying the opposition with weapons and encouraging them to try a coup). However, this changed in 1994, after the coups in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (both of which Moscow was involved with), when Russia encouraged armed opposition, and occasionally assisted. In August 1994 Avturkhanov attacked Grozny, but was repelled first by Chechen citizens who were then joined by Grozny government troops; Russian helicopters covered his retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September, one of these helicopters was shot down and its Russian pilot was held as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner-of-war">prisoner-of-war</a> by the Chechen government.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(November_1994)" title="Battle of Grozny (November 1994)">The last assault</a>, on 26 November 1994, ended with capture of 21 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> crew members<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had secretly been hired as <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> by the FSK (former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, not long after renamed <a href="/wiki/Federalnaya_Sluzhba_Bezopasnosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti">FSB</a>); their capture was sometimes cited as one of the reasons for <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s decision to openly intervene. In the meantime, Grozny airport and other targets were bombed by unmarked Russian aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Chechen_War">First Chechen War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Chechen War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–95)">Battle of Grozny (1994–95)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">Battle of Grozny (August 1996)</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, Grozny was the site of an intense battle lasting from December 1994 to February 1995 and ultimately ending with the capture of the city by the Russian military. Intense fighting and <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> destroyed much of the city. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Combatants">combatants</a> on both sides died in the fighting, alongside <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>, many of whom were reportedly ethnic Russians; unclaimed bodies were later collected and buried in <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">mass graves</a> on the city outskirts. The main federal <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military base</a> in Chechnya was located in the area of Grozny <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">air base</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chechen <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> units operating from nearby mountains managed to harass and demoralize the Russian Army by means of guerilla tactics and raids, such as the attack on Grozny in March 1996, which added to political and public pressure for a withdrawal of Russian troops. In August 1996, a raiding force of 1,500 to 3,000 militants recaptured the city in a surprise attack. They surrounded and routed its entire garrison of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/MVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD">MVD</a> troops, while fighting off the Russian Army units from the <a href="/wiki/Khankala" title="Khankala">Khankala</a> base. The battle ended with a final <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and Grozny was once again in the hands of Chechen separatists. The name was changed to Djohar in 1997 by the President of the separatist Ichkeria republic, <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a>. By this time most of the remaining Russian minority had fled.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Chechen_War">Second Chechen War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Chechen War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)">Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)</a></div> <p>Grozny was once again the epicentre of fighting after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, which further caused thousands of fatalities. During the early phase of the Russian siege on Grozny on 25 October 1999, Russian forces launched five <a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">SS-21</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> at the crowded central <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> and a maternity ward, <a href="/wiki/Grozny_ballistic_missile_attack" title="Grozny ballistic missile attack">killing more than 140 people</a> and injuring hundreds. During the massive shelling of the city that followed, most of the Russian artillery were directed toward the upper floors of the buildings; although this caused massive destruction of infrastructure, civilian casualties were much less than in the first battles. </p><p>The final seizure of the city was set in early February 2000, when the Russian military lured the besieged militants to a promised safe passage. Seeing no build-up of forces outside, the militants agreed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One day prior to the planned evacuation, the Russian Army mined the path between the city and the village of Alkhan-Kala and concentrated most firepower on that point. As a result, both the city mayor and military commander were killed; a number of other prominent separatist leaders were also killed or wounded. Afterwards, the Russians slowly entered the empty city and on 6 February raised the Russian flag in the centre. Many buildings and even whole areas of the city were systematically destroyed. A month later, it was declared safe to allow the residents to return to their homes, although demolition continued for some time. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth, with not a single building left undamaged.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_wars">After the wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grozny,_Russia,_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg/250px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg/375px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg/500px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_City_Towers_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Grozny-City_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny-City Towers">Grozny-City Towers</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grozny,_Russia,_Grozny_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg/250px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg/375px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg/500px-Grozny%2C_Russia%2C_Grozny_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Panoramic view of Grozny from Grozny City Towers</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg/250px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg/375px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg/500px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grozny in 2018</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The federal government representatives of Chechnya are based in Grozny. Since 2003, the city has been rebuilt from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of several dozens of industrial enterprises, three have been partially rebuilt – the Grozny Machine-Building Factory, the <i>Krasny Molot</i> (Red Hammer) and <i>Transmash</i> factories.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most of the city's infrastructure was destroyed during the war, the city's sewage, water, electricity and heating systems have since been repaired, along with 250 kilometers (160 mi) of roads, 13 bridges and some 900 shops.<sup id="cite_ref-new_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the war, Grozny had about 79,000 apartments, and the city authorities expected to be able to restore about 45,000 apartments; the rest were in buildings that were completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">Railway</a> connection was restored in 2005, and <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny Airport">Grozny's airport</a> was reopened in 2007 with three weekly flights to Moscow. In 2009 the IAC gave Grozny's Severny airport the <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international certificate</a> after checking and evaluating the airport's <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness" title="Airworthiness">airworthiness</a>. On 16 November 2009, the airport had its first international flight, taking pilgrims on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to Saudi Arabia via a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four years of construction, the <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque" title="Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque">Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque</a> was formally opened to the public on 16 October 2008, and is one of the largest mosques in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-new_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the city of Grozny was honoured by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN Human Settlements Program</a> for transforming the war-scarred city and providing new homes for thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,898</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+343.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">172,448</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+143.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">242,068</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">341,259</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+41.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">375,326</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">399,688</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">210,720</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−47.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">271,573</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">328,533</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Grozny is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is incorporated as the <a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of republic significance</a> of Grozny – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Chechen_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Chechen Republic">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref162_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of republic significance of Grozny is incorporated as Grozny Urban Okrug.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref625_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref625-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative centre</a> of Groznensky Municipal District,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref938_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not of the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Groznensky_District" title="Groznensky District">administrative district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref937_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref937-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_divisions">City divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: City divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For administrative purposes, the city is divided into four city districts: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhmatovsky_District,_Grozny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhmatovsky District, Grozny (page does not exist)">Akhmatovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baysangurovsky_District,_Grozny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baysangurovsky District, Grozny (page does not exist)">Baysangurovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visaitovsky_District,_Grozny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visaitovsky District, Grozny (page does not exist)">Visaitovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh-Mansurovsky_District,_Grozny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh-Mansurovsky District, Grozny (page does not exist)">Sheikh-Mansurovsky</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_education">Culture and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmat-arena2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmat-arena2.jpg/220px-Ahmat-arena2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmat-arena2.jpg/330px-Ahmat-arena2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ahmat-arena2.jpg/440px-Ahmat-arena2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Akhmat Arena</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Grozny is known for its <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa town</a> and although nearly all the town was destroyed or seriously damaged during the Chechen Wars, it has since been entirely rebuilt. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Chechen_State_University" title="Chechen State University">Chechen State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Akhmat_Grozny" title="FC Akhmat Grozny">FC Akhmat Grozny</a>, which after a fifteen-year absence from its home town returned to Grozny in March 2008. Also in Grozny is <a href="/wiki/Chechen_State_Pedagogical_Institute" title="Chechen State Pedagogical Institute">Chechen State Pedagogical Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grozny_State_Oil_Technical_University" title="Grozny State Oil Technical University">Grozny State Oil Technical University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grozny_station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grozny_station_2.jpg/220px-Grozny_station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grozny_station_2.jpg/330px-Grozny_station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grozny_station_2.jpg/440px-Grozny_station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Grozny Railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>The first train pulled into the Grozny Railway station on 1 May 1893. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams_and_trolleybuses">Trams and trolleybuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trams and trolleybuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 November 1932, the Grozny tram system was opened to the public, and by 1990 it was 85-kilometer (53 mi) long, with 107 new Russian-built <a href="/wiki/KTM-5" title="KTM-5">KTM-5</a> trams that it received in the late 1980s, and two depots. The Grozny trolleybus system began operation on 31 December 1975, and by 1990 was approximately 60-kilometer (37 mi) long, with 58 buses and one depot. Both types of transport came under difficult pressure in the early 1990s, with frequent theft of equipment, staff not being properly paid and resultant strikes. A major planned trolleybus route extension to the airport was cancelled. </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> both transport services stopped operation in November 1994. During the destructive battles, the tram tracks were blocked or damaged, and cars and buses were turned into barricades. The trolleybus system was luckier, as most of its equipment, including the depot, survived the war. In 1996 it was visited by specialists from the <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a> Trolleybus Company, who repaired some of the lines, with services planned to restart in 1997. However, after specialists left, most of the equipment was stolen. The surviving buses were transported to <a href="/wiki/Volzhsky,_Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast">Volzhsky</a> where they were repaired and used on the new trolleybus system there. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, little of the infrastructure of either system was left. The Ministry of Transport of the Chechen Republic, created in 2002, decided not to rebuild the tram system (considered too expensive and no longer meeting the city's needs, as it had by then lost half of its population). Rebuilding of the trolleybus system, however, is still under consideration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Grozny Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny Airport">Grozny Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing_system">Sharing system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sharing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018 the <i>Delimobil</i> <a href="/wiki/Car_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car sharing">car sharing</a> company officially provided the capital of the Chechen Republic with 30 <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Solaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Solaris">Hyundai Solaris</a>. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year the <i>Delisamokat</i> provided the city with 120 electric scooters and some scooter stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg/220px-FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg/330px-FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg/440px-FC_Terek_Grozny_mascot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>The mascot of FC Akhmat Grozny</figcaption></figure> <p>Grozny is home to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Football_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Football Premier League">Russian Football Premier League</a> club <a href="/wiki/FC_Akhmat_Grozny" title="FC Akhmat Grozny">FC Akhmat Grozny</a>. After winning promotion by coming 2nd in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_First_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian First Division">Russian First Division</a> in 2007, Akhmat Grozny finished 10th in the Russian Premier League in 2008. The team still plays in the top tier. The club is owned by <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> and plays in the recently built city's <a href="/wiki/Akhmat-Arena" title="Akhmat-Arena">Akhmat Stadium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Gullit" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a> was the team manager from the beginning of the season 2011, but was later sacked by the club in June. </p><p>The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Grozny" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Grozny">Fort Grozny</a> motor racing circuit, which opened in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is located along the <a href="/wiki/Sunzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzha River">Sunzha River</a>, a major tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek River</a>. The city is located in a valley approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of the main range of the Greater <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grozny has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfa</i>) with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation peaks during early summer, where sunshine hours also peak. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Grozny (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.4<br />(106.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.7<br />(105.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.5<br />(−24.7) </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.8<br />(−23.4) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.1<br />(−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(14.7) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.5<br />(−10.3) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.6<br />(−15.9) </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−31.5<br />(−24.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">550<br />(21.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #868686; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Погода и Климат<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sunshine and precipitation days 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grozny" title="Special:EditPage/Grozny">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Grozny is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, Turkey<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Moldova<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-Sivas_twinnings_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivas_twinnings-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Former twin towns: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (from 1997 to 2022, status terminated as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karatsuba" title="Anatoly Karatsuba">Anatoly Karatsuba</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Sarkisov" title="Artur Sarkisov">Artur Sarkisov</a>, former Armenian soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekkhan_Agayev" title="Bekkhan Agayev">Bekkhan Agayev</a>, political figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Troshev" title="Gennady Troshev">Gennady Troshev</a>, colonel general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israil_Arsamakov" title="Israil Arsamakov">Israil Arsamakov</a>, weightlifter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khassan_Baiev" title="Khassan Baiev">Khassan Baiev</a>, surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Turishcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyudmila Turishcheva">Lyudmila Turishcheva</a>, Olympic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makka_Sagaipova" title="Makka Sagaipova">Makka Sagaipova</a>, singer and dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksharip_Muzhukhoev" title="Maksharip Muzhukhoev">Maksharip Muzhukhoev</a>, historian (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">dr. of historical sciences</a>), archeologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamed_Khalidov" title="Mamed Khalidov">Mamed Khalidov</a>, mixed martial arts fighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magomed_Adiyev" title="Magomed Adiyev">Magomed Adiyev</a>, soccer coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magomed_Ozdoyev" title="Magomed Ozdoyev">Magomed Ozdoyev</a>, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meseda_Bagaudinova" title="Meseda Bagaudinova">Meseda Bagaudinova</a>, pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasikhat_Dzhukalaeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasikhat Dzhukalaeva">Pasikhat Dzhukalaeva</a>, supercentenarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhrab_Akhmedov" title="Sukhrab Akhmedov">Sukhrab Akhmedov</a>, colonel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Aliev" title="Timur Aliev">Timur Aliev</a>, journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Eneev" title="Timur Eneev">Timur Eneev</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliya_Yefimova" title="Yuliya Yefimova">Yuliya Yefimova</a>, swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Radonyak" title="Yuri Radonyak">Yuri Radonyak</a>, boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelim_Bakaev" title="Zelim Bakaev">Zelim Bakaev</a>, singer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visitor_attractions">Visitor attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Visitor attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque" title="Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque">Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny-City_Towers_Facade_Clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks">Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Grozny" title="Jewish Quarter of Grozny">Jewish Quarter of Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_in_Grozny" title="Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Grozny">Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Grozny</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref937-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref937_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref937_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref937_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree #500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Энциклопедия Города России</i>. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7107-7399-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-7107-7399-9"><bdi>5-7107-7399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-7107-7399-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Grozny, Article 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayorNm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MayorNm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Grozny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://grozmer.ru/vlast/myer-goroda.html">[1]</a>, Mayor of Grozny</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayor_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Grozny, Article 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-bd7788805064c3596aa6de350e4aafd8919757fc-v18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-bd7788805064c3596aa6de350e4aafd8919757fc-v18_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010024/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar">https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010024/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar">the original</a> on 26 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fdoc_2018%2Fbul_dr%2Fmun_obr2018.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref162-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref162_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref162_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref162_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Chechen Republic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capital-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref625-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref625_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref625_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref625_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #44-RZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref938-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref938_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref938_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #12-RZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostalCode-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostalCode_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (<i>Russian Post</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department">Поиск объектов почтовой связи</a> (<i>Postal Objects Search</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiscCharter-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiscCharter_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Grozny, Article 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Bul_MO_2023.xlsx">"Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2023 года (с учётом итогов Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 г.)"</a>. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28%D1%81+%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FBul_MO_2023.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN/PCGN-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/TABLE%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCES%20FOR%20CHECHEN.pdf">"Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechen+table+of+correspondence+Cyrillic-Roman+%28BGN%2FPCGN+2008+Agreement%29&rft.pub=National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nga.mil%2Fgns%2Fhtml%2FRomanization%2FTABLE%2520OF%2520CORRESPONDENCES%2520FOR%2520CHECHEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn%2F2020%2FTom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2002Census-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2002Census_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_State_Statistics_Service2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a> (21 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек</bdi></a> [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002]</bdi> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.au=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2F1_TOM_01_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1989Census-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1989Census_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php"><bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров</bdi></a> [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]</bdi> (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via <i>Demoscope Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%5BInstitute+of+Demography+at+the+National+Research+University%3A+Higher+School+of+Economics%5D&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus89_reg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIANews1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIANews1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/spravka/20051214/42491220.html">City of Grozny. Reference Information</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIANews2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIANews2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RIA Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/politics/20051216/42530249.html">Путин считает закрытой тему переименования города Грозного</a> (<i>Putin Considers the Proposal to Rename the City of Grozny Closed</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Baddeley, Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, Ch VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grozny.vrcal.com/stories/vaxman.htm">"Записки краеведа - А.А. Ваксман"</a>. <i>grozny.vrcal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grozny.vrcal.com&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0+-+%D0%90.%D0%90.+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrozny.vrcal.com%2Fstories%2Fvaxman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region</i>. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger. 1999. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96395-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96395-0"><bdi>0-275-96395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+and+Geopolitics+in+the+Caspian+Sea+Region&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut%2C+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-275-96395-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1/page/32"><i>The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea</i></a>. United States of America: Random House. 2007. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50614-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50614-7"><bdi>978-0-375-50614-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oil+and+the+Glory%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Empire+and+Fortune+on+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50614-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_w0b1%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burds2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burds2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.neu.edu/fac/burds/Burds-FifthColumnists.pdf">"The Soviet War against 'Fifth Columnists': The Case of Chechnya, 1942–1944" by Jeffrey Burds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116145625/http://www.history.neu.edu/fac/burds/Burds-FifthColumnists.pdf">Archived</a> November 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlop, John. <i>Russia Confronts Chechnya: The Roots of a Separatist Conflict</i>. Pages 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bugai, Nikolai Fedorovich. <i>The Truth about the Deportation of the Chechen and Ingush People.</i> Printed in English in <i>Soviet Studies in History</i>, Fall 1991. Originally in Russian in <i>Voprosy istorii</i>, June 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Tony. <i>Chechnya: The Case for Independence</i>. page 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nekrich, <i>Punished Peoples</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlop.<i>Russia Confronts Chechnya</i>, pp 62–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammer.<i>Lone Wolf and the Bear</i>, pp166-171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1B.GIF">Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=161583&apc_state=henicrs2004">"Chechnya: Rewriting History"</a>. Iwpr.net. 23 February 1944<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Rewriting+History&rft.pub=Iwpr.net&rft.date=1944-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwpr.net%2F%3Fp%3Dcrs%26s%3Df%26o%3D161583%26apc_state%3Dhenicrs2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chechentimes.org/en/press/?id=13862">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213230855/http://www.chechentimes.org/en/press/?id=13862">Archived</a> February 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article/438">Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944</a>, 27 February 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derluguyan_2005_244–5-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derluguyan_2005_244–5_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derluguyan_2005_244–5_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerluguyan2005" class="citation book cs1">Derluguyan, Georgi (2005). <i>Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">244–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14283-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14283-8"><bdi>978-0-226-14283-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bourdieu%27s+Secret+Admirer+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14283-8&rft.aulast=Derluguyan&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392"><i>Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny</i></a>. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812202311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812202311"><bdi>978-0812202311</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+from+nationalism+to+jihad&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0812202311&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhtNIDj6evUC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusk.ru/st.php?idar=102569">"Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати: Судьба русских из Грозного"</a>. <i>rusk.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rusk.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%3A+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusk.ru%2Fst.php%3Fidar%3D102569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Lvin and Andrei Illarionov. <i>Moscow News</i>. February 24- March 2, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal. Pages 197, 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. <i>Small Victorious War</i>. p151-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. <i>Small Victorious War</i>. p151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal.<i>Chechnya:Calamity in the Caucasus</i>.Pages 155–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.2012" class="citation book cs1">W., Kelly, Michael (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/808059507"><i>Grozny</i></a>. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School;Springfield, Va.: Available from National Technical Information Service. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808059507">808059507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grozny&rft.pub=Monterey%2C+California%3A+Naval+Postgraduate+School%3BSpringfield%2C+Va.%3A+Available+from+National+Technical+Information+Service&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808059507&rft.aulast=W.&rft.aufirst=Kelly%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F808059507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6414603.stm">"Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Scars remain amid Chechen revival"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Programmes+%26%23124%3B+From+Our+Own+Correspondent+%26%23124%3B+Scars+remain+amid+Chechen+revival&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F6414603.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShevelkina2016" class="citation news cs1">Shevelkina, Julia (25 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/25/seven-years-after-the-end-of-the-war-is-it-safe-to-travel-in-chechnya_651095">"Seven years after the end of the war, is it safe to travel in Chechnya?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RBTH" class="mw-redirect" title="RBTH">RBTH</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seven+years+after+the+end+of+the+war%2C+is+it+safe+to+travel+in+Chechnya%3F&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.aulast=Shevelkina&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2016%2F11%2F25%2Fseven-years-after-the-end-of-the-war-is-it-safe-to-travel-in-chechnya_651095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussKrasny2017" class="citation cs2">Russ, Alex; Krasny, Marianne E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=delimobil.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C+-+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdelimobil.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/37235.htm">"Climate Groznyj"</a> (in Russian). Погода и Климат<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Groznyj&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F37235.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/37235.TXT">"GROZNYJ 1961–1990"</a>. NOAA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GROZNYJ+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FRE%2F37235.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivas_twinnings-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sivas_twinnings_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti">Uzaklar Yakinlaşti – Sivas Twin Towns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227151859/http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti">Archived</a> December 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">"Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rada+Warszawy%3A+najwa%C5%BCniejszym+zadaniem+jest+stworzy%C4%87+uchod%C5%BAcom+drugi+dom&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Ftvnwarszawa%2Fnajnowsze%2Fwarszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrozny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Совет депутатов города Грозного. Решение №02 от 27 марта 2013 г. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grozmer.ru/dokumenty/ustav.html">Устав муниципального образования "городской округ "город Грозный"</a>», в ред. Решения №54 от 26 сентября 2013 г.</span></span> (Council of Deputies of the City of Grozny. Decision #02 of March 27, 2013 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.grozmer.ru/dokumenty/ustav.html">Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "Urban Okrug of "the City of Grozny"</a></i>, as amended by the Decision #54 of September 26, 2013. ).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президент Чеченской Республики. Указ №500 от 30 ноября 2005 г. «Об утверждении перечня субъектов административно-территориального устройства Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу 30 ноября 2005 г.. Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс".</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Head of the Chechen Republic">President of the Chechen Republic</a>. Decree #500 of November 30, 2005 <i>On Adopting the List of the Entities Within the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of November 30, 2005.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Референдум. 23 марта 2003 г. «Конституция Чеченской Республики», в ред. Конституционного закона №1-РКЗ от 30 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования по результатам голосования на референдуме Чеченской Республики.</span></span> (Referendum. March 23, 2003 <i>Constitution of the Chechen Republic</i>, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1-RKZ of September 30, 2014 <i>On Amending the Constitution of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of the day of the official publication in accordance with the results of the referendum of the Chechen Republic.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Парламент Чеченской Республики. Закон №44-РЗ от 14 июля 2008 г. «Об образовании муниципального образования город Грозный, установлении его границы и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №21-РЗ от 28 июня 2010 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести Республики", №162 (844), 26 августа 2008 г.</span></span> (Parliament of the Chechen Republic. Law #44-RZ of July 14, 2008 <i>On Establishing the Municipal Formation of the City of Grozny, on Establishing Its Border, and on Granting It the Status of an Urban Okrug</i>, as amended by the Law #21-RZ of June 28, 2010 <i>On Amending Several Legislative Acts of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication date have passed.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Парламент Чеченской Республики. Закон №12-РЗ от 20 февраля 2009 г. «Об образовании муниципального образования Грозненский район и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, установлении их границ и наделении их соответствующим статусом муниципального района и сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №21-РЗ от 28 июня 2010 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести Республики", №33 (965), 25 февраля 2009 г.</span></span> (Parliament of the Chechen Republic. Law #12-RZ of February 20, 2009 <i>On Establishing the Municipal Formation of Groznensky District and the Municipal Formations Comprising It, on Establishing Their Borders, and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District and Rural Settlement</i>, as amended by the Law #21-RZ of June 28, 2010 <i>On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication date have passed.).</li> <li>Olga Oliker, <i>Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat</i>. (Santa Monica CA: RAND Arroyo Center, 2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Grozny#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Grozny">Bibliography of the history of Grozny</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Grozny#Q5196" class="extiw" title="voy:Grozny">Grozny</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Photos, memorabilia, recollections</a> Website created and maintained by former residents of Grozny</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grozny.org/">Grozny Photos</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" title="Administrative divisions of Chechnya">Administrative divisions of Chechnya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grozny</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Chechnya" title="List of rural localities in Chechnya">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martanovsky_District" title="Achkhoy-Martanovsky District">Achkhoy-Martanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheberloyevsky_District" title="Cheberloyevsky District">Cheberloyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanchozhsky_District" title="Galanchozhsky District">Galanchozhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groznensky_District" title="Groznensky District">Groznensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudermessky_District" title="Gudermessky District">Gudermessky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itum-Kalinsky_District" title="Itum-Kalinsky District">Itum-Kalinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloyevsky_District" title="Kurchaloyevsky District">Kurchaloyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadterechny_District" title="Nadterechny District">Nadterechny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naursky_District" title="Naursky District">Naursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhay-Yurtovsky_District" title="Nozhay-Yurtovsky District">Nozhay-Yurtovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sernovodsky_District" title="Sernovodsky District">Sernovodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalinsky_District,_Chechnya" title="Shalinsky District, Chechnya">Shalinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharoysky_District" title="Sharoysky District">Sharoysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatoysky_District" title="Shatoysky District">Shatoysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelkovskoy_District" title="Shelkovskoy District">Shelkovskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martanovsky_District" title="Urus-Martanovsky District">Urus-Martanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedensky_District" title="Vedensky District">Vedensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martan" title="Achkhoy-Martan">Achkhoy-Martan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloy" title="Kurchaloy">Kurchaloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_republics_of_Russia164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Template:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Template talk:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_republics_of_Russia164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altaysk" title="Gorno-Altaysk">Gorno-Altaysk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and internationally recognized as part of Ukraine</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12495404p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Groznyj (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge261711&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX6112315">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000245338&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007566745205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>117 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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