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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":47584432,"identifier":"Attachment_47584432","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":9977058,"created_at":"2015-01-02T02:16:29.154-08:00","from_world_paper_id":129123428,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T21:29:13.372-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Drop Size Prediction for Multi-Stage Impellers","grobid_abstract":"Single stage impellers. Chem. Eng. J., 162 (2010) 792-801), this part is a straight continuation and extension of the earlier work. The predictive capabilities of the used population balance equation model are increased for single stage impellers and transferred to scale-up procedures of such applications. Therefore different scale-up rules for liquid-liquid systems are tested experimentally and by simulations in two different sized, geometrically similar vessels. The multi stage impellers are tested against comparable single stage impellers in terms of power consumption, mixing time and minimum impeller speed. Especially for high aspect ratios (larger than three), multi stage impellers successfully compete with the single stage ones. The measured drop size distributions in slim reactors with multi stage impellers showed no dependency on the local position, although the dispersion process is tedious due to the compartmentalization. The simulations are not able to reflect this initial phase of the dispersion process, but are in close agreement with the experiments after complete dispersion is fulfilled. Based on these experiences the aspect ratio is increased up to five and the resulting drop size can be predicted with reasonable deviations (lower 10 than percent). The results of the scaleup of this multi stage impeller liquid-liquid system do not lead to a clear conclusion. Although the simulations recommend the use of constant power input, the experiments could not support this. None of the other traditional scale-up rule are supported by the experiments. Overall, the results of power consumption, mixing time and dispersion behavior show the great potential of multi stage impellers for process optimization and intensification in slim reactors.","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"47584432"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Prediction of drop sizes for liquid–liquid systems in stirred slim reactors—Part II: Multi stage impellers","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [24259235]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":47584432,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Prediction of drop sizes for liquid–liquid systems in stirred slim reactors—Part II: Multi stage impellers”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47584432/mini_magick20190206-29386-8pj53y.png?1549471104" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Prediction of drop sizes for liquid–liquid systems in stirred slim reactors—Part II: Multi stage impellers</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24259235" href="https://metropolitanstudies.academia.edu/SebastianMaa%C3%9F"><img alt="Profile image of Sebastian Maaß" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/24259235/15634374/16205404/s65_sebastian.maa_.jpg" />Sebastian Maaß</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Chemical Engineering Journal</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">32 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 9977058; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Single stage impellers. Chem. Eng. J., 162 (2010) 792-801), this part is a straight continuation and extension of the earlier work. The predictive capabilities of the used population balance equation model are increased for single stage impellers and transferred to scale-up procedures of such applications. Therefore different scale-up rules for liquid-liquid systems are tested experimentally and by simulations in two different sized, geometrically similar vessels. The multi stage impellers are tested against comparable single stage impellers in terms of power consumption, mixing time and minimum impeller speed. Especially for high aspect ratios (larger than three), multi stage impellers successfully compete with the single stage ones. The measured drop size distributions in slim reactors with multi stage impellers showed no dependency on the local position, although the dispersion process is tedious due to the compartmentalization. The simulations are not able to reflect this initial phase of the dispersion process, but are in close agreement with the experiments after complete dispersion is fulfilled. Based on these experiences the aspect ratio is increased up to five and the resulting drop size can be predicted with reasonable deviations (lower 10 than percent). The results of the scaleup of this multi stage impeller liquid-liquid system do not lead to a clear conclusion. Although the simulations recommend the use of constant power input, the experiments could not support this. None of the other traditional scale-up rule are supported by the experiments. Overall, the results of power consumption, mixing time and dispersion behavior show the great potential of multi stage impellers for process optimization and intensification in slim reactors.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":47584432,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9977058/Prediction_of_drop_sizes_for_liquid_liquid_systems_in_stirred_slim_reactors_Part_II_Multi_stage_impellers"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":47584432,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9977058/Prediction_of_drop_sizes_for_liquid_liquid_systems_in_stirred_slim_reactors_Part_II_Multi_stage_impellers"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Chem. Eng. J., 162 (2010) 792-801), this part is a straight continuation and extension of the earlier work. The predictive capabilities of the used population balance equation model are increased for single stage impellers and transferred to scale-up procedures of such applications. Therefore different scale-up rules for liquid-liquid systems are tested experimentally and by simulations in two different sized, geometrically similar vessels. The multi stage impellers are tested against comparable single stage impellers in terms of power consumption, mixing time and minimum impeller speed. Especially for high aspect ratios (larger than three), multi stage impellers successfully compete with the single stage ones. The measured drop size distributions in slim reactors with multi stage impellers showed no dependency on the local position, although the dispersion process is tedious due to the compartmentalization. The simulations are not able to reflect this initial phase of the dispersion process, but are in close agreement with the experiments after complete dispersion is fulfilled. Based on these experiences the aspect ratio is increased up to five and the resulting drop size can be predicted with reasonable deviations (lower 10 than percent). The results of the scaleup of this multi stage impeller liquid-liquid system do not lead to a clear conclusion. Although the simulations recommend the use of constant power input, the experiments could not support this. None of the other traditional scale-up rule are supported by the experiments. Overall, the results of power consumption, mixing time and dispersion behavior show the great potential of multi stage impellers for process optimization and intensification in slim reactors.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prediction of drop sizes for liquid–liquid systems in stirred slim reactors—Part I: Single stage impellers","attachmentId":47584440,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9977062/Prediction_of_drop_sizes_for_liquid_liquid_systems_in_stirred_slim_reactors_Part_I_Single_stage_impellers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9977062/Prediction_of_drop_sizes_for_liquid_liquid_systems_in_stirred_slim_reactors_Part_I_Single_stage_impellers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="69085968" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69085968/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_I_Single_Stage_Impellers">Stirred Slim Reactors – Part I: Single Stage Impellers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24259235" href="https://metropolitanstudies.academia.edu/SebastianMaa%C3%9F">Sebastian Maaß</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although investigations in the field of stirred liquid/liquid dispersions have a long history, new questions are still emerging in dealing with the different aspects of industrial applications, such as suspension polymerizations. In this study the influence of physical parameters on drop size and power consumption, like liquid level, stirrer speed, stirrer height and baffle length, were experimentally analyzed. The results were used to determine modeling approaches which are capable of displaying the influence of the named parameters. It was shown that the energy law (dP  ε[1]) using the average energy dissipation only roughly predicts the Sauter mean diameter. The population balance equation (PBE) used with a onezone modeling approach is slightly better in its prediction of results. Very satisfying predictions were obtained by using the PBE with a two-zone model. The overall deviations between calculated and predicted Sauter mean diameter was less than ten percent using this appro...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stirred Slim Reactors – Part I: Single Stage Impellers","attachmentId":79319119,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69085968/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_I_Single_Stage_Impellers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69085968/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_I_Single_Stage_Impellers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="69085920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69085920/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_II_Multi">Stirred Slim Reactors – Part II: Multi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24259235" href="https://metropolitanstudies.academia.edu/SebastianMaa%C3%9F">Sebastian Maaß</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Based on the successful predictions of transient dr op sizes in the first part of this research (Maaß et al., Prediction of drop sizes for liquid-li qu d systems in stirred slim reactors-Part I: Single stage impellers. Chem. Eng. J., 162 (2010) 7 92-801), this part is a straight continuation and extension of the earlier work. The predictive c apabilities of the used population balance equation model are increased for single stage impel lers and transferred to scale-up procedures of such applications. Therefore different scale-up r les for liquid-liquid systems are tested experimentally and by simulations in two different sized, geometrically similar vessels. The multi stage impellers are tested against comparable single stage impellers in terms of power consumption, mixing time and minimum impeller speed . Especially for high aspect ratios (larger than three), multi stage impellers successf ully compete with the single stage ones. The measured drop size distributions in slim reactor...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stirred Slim Reactors – Part II: Multi","attachmentId":79319080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69085920/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_II_Multi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69085920/Stirred_Slim_Reactors_Part_II_Multi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="50218396" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50218396/Flow_Field_Analysis_of_Stirred_Liquid_Liquid_Systems_in_Slim_Reactors">Flow Field Analysis of Stirred Liquid-Liquid Systems in Slim Reactors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24259235" href="https://metropolitanstudies.academia.edu/SebastianMaa%C3%9F">Sebastian Maaß</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previous studies have shown the great potential, but also the great challenges, in handling slim reactors often used for polymerization reactions. Experiments and simulations were carried out in reactors with aspect-to-diameter ratios of up to 5, to test and to evaluate the mixing and dispersion efficiency for liquid-liquid systems of single-and multiple-stage impellers. Therefore, power consumption, mixing time and minimum dispersion speed were determined for five different stirrer types under turbulent conditions. It was found that the dimensionless mixing time is highly sensitive to the configuration of the impellers, with almost no dependency on the turbulent power number. Another focus was the analysis of the effect of the baffles. The influence of the baffle length in slim reactors on the mixing time and the macroscopic flow field was determined.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Flow Field Analysis of Stirred Liquid-Liquid Systems in Slim Reactors","attachmentId":68286645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50218396/Flow_Field_Analysis_of_Stirred_Liquid_Liquid_Systems_in_Slim_Reactors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50218396/Flow_Field_Analysis_of_Stirred_Liquid_Liquid_Systems_in_Slim_Reactors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="89439794" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89439794/Analysis_of_the_Fluid_Dynamic_Behavior_of_the_Liquid_and_Gas_Phases_in_Reactors_Stirred_with_Multiple_Hydrofoil_Impellers">Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Behavior of the Liquid and Gas Phases in Reactors Stirred with Multiple Hydrofoil Impellers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98398877" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/DPinelli">Davide Pinelli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Liquid-and gas-phase macromixing behavior was studied in gas-liquid high-aspect-ratio reactors stirred with multiple hydrofoil impellers pumping downward. Water, a sodium sulfate solution, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) solutions of viscosity up to 110 mPa‚s were used as the liquid. For characterizing the liquid phase, mixing time experiments were conducted at various operating conditions, while detecting the response curves at several positions inside the tank. Comparison of the experimental curves with the theoretical ones provided by simple fluid dynamic models showed that the axial dispersion model is quite acceptable. The influence of impeller speed, gas flow rate, and viscosity on the model parameter was studied, and dimensionless relationships are given. The gas behavior was studied by means of the RTD and modeled with the axial dispersion model, which proved good for water and acceptable with coalescence-inhibiting electrolyte solutions. The model parameter dependence on the operating conditions was studied. Comparison between hydrofoil impellers and radial Rushton turbines is also attempted.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Behavior of the Liquid and Gas Phases in Reactors Stirred with Multiple Hydrofoil Impellers","attachmentId":93246474,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89439794/Analysis_of_the_Fluid_Dynamic_Behavior_of_the_Liquid_and_Gas_Phases_in_Reactors_Stirred_with_Multiple_Hydrofoil_Impellers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89439794/Analysis_of_the_Fluid_Dynamic_Behavior_of_the_Liquid_and_Gas_Phases_in_Reactors_Stirred_with_Multiple_Hydrofoil_Impellers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="15053929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15053929/Numerical_Investigation_of_the_Effect_of_Impeller_Design_Parameters_on_the_Performance_of_a_Multiphase_Baffle_Stirred_Reactor">Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Impeller Design Parameters on the Performance of a Multiphase Baffle-Stirred Reactor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34207297" href="https://cepade.academia.edu/JDomingo">J. Domingo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34073700" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanEnr%C3%ADquez">Juan Enríquez</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34206776" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DCuadra">D. Cuadra</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="337889916" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JorgeMartin282">Jorge Martin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The turbulent gas-liquid flow field in an industrial 100-m 3 stirred tank was calculated by using computational fluid dynamics based on the finite-volume method. Turbulent effects were modeled with the shear stress transport model, and gasliquid bubbly flow was modeled with the Eulerian-Eulerian approach using the Grace correlation for the drag force interphase momentum transfer. The relative motion between the rotating impeller and the stationary baffled tank was considered by using a multiple frames of reference algorithm. The effects of Rushton and pitched-blade impeller design parameters such as blade geometry, location, and pumping direction on the mixing performance were investigated. It was found that a combination of Rushton turbines with up-pumping pitched-blade turbines provides the best mixing performance in terms of gas holdup and interfacial area density. The approach outlined in this work is useful for performance optimization of biotechnology reactors, as typically found in fermentation processes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Impeller Design Parameters on the Performance of a Multiphase Baffle-Stirred Reactor","attachmentId":38524013,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15053929/Numerical_Investigation_of_the_Effect_of_Impeller_Design_Parameters_on_the_Performance_of_a_Multiphase_Baffle_Stirred_Reactor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15053929/Numerical_Investigation_of_the_Effect_of_Impeller_Design_Parameters_on_the_Performance_of_a_Multiphase_Baffle_Stirred_Reactor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="564895" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/564895/Operational_Characteristics_of_a_New_Energy_saving_Impeller_for_Gas_Liquid_Mixing">Operational Characteristics of a New Energy‐saving Impeller for Gas‐Liquid Mixing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="425094" href="https://auth.academia.edu/PaulMavros">Paul Mavros</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Canadian Journal of …, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Operational Characteristics of a New Energy‐saving Impeller for Gas‐Liquid Mixing","attachmentId":3466447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/564895/Operational_Characteristics_of_a_New_Energy_saving_Impeller_for_Gas_Liquid_Mixing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/564895/Operational_Characteristics_of_a_New_Energy_saving_Impeller_for_Gas_Liquid_Mixing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="114850789" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114850789/Mixing_of_Three_Phase_Systems_at_High_Solids_Content_up_to_40_w_w_Using_Radial_and_Mixed_Flow_Impellers">Mixing of Three-Phase Systems at High Solids Content (up to 40% w/w) Using Radial and Mixed Flow Impellers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35828326" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurEtchells">Arthur Etchells</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A liquid-gas-solid system has been studied at higher solids concentration (up to 40% by wt) and gas flow rates (up to 2 vvm) than previously. Two different radial flow impellers (Scaba 6SRGT and a standard Rushton turbine) and a six-bladed mixed flow impeller with pitch angle of 45°, either in its downward (6MFD) or upward pumping (6MFU) mode were used. Power input, mixing time, the speed to achieve complete suspension of the solids (ungassed and gassed) as well as the amount of suspended solids and the height of the liquid-solid interface were measured. In addition, a new technique for measuring the amount of suspended solids in two-phase systems was extended successfully to three phases. When compared to the situation without solids, the mixing time, t m , in the solid-liquid case at the higher solid concentrations was much greater, as previously reported, but for the three-phase case, the increase was relatively small, especially with the Scaba and 6MFU impellers. In general, the power and speed required to suspend the solids increased with increasing solids concentration but once suspended, with the Scaba and the 6MFU impellers, even the highest solids concentration and gas flow rates only required a very small further increase. It has recently been proposed (Pantula and Ahmed, 1997) that by maintaining constant agitator torque on gassing, solids suspension would be sustained. The present work showed this to be broadly valid for the 6SRGT and the 6MFU but not for the Rushton and the 6MFD impellers. Overall, the most stable impeller, requiring the least specific energy dissipation rate for solids suspension and gas dispersion under the most demanding conditions, was the 6MFU.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mixing of Three-Phase Systems at High Solids Content (up to 40% w/w) Using Radial and Mixed Flow Impellers","attachmentId":111431007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114850789/Mixing_of_Three_Phase_Systems_at_High_Solids_Content_up_to_40_w_w_Using_Radial_and_Mixed_Flow_Impellers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114850789/Mixing_of_Three_Phase_Systems_at_High_Solids_Content_up_to_40_w_w_Using_Radial_and_Mixed_Flow_Impellers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="53613058" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53613058/Power_consumption_and_solid_suspension_performance_of_large_scale_impellers_in_gas_liquid_solid_three_phase_stirred_tank_reactors">Power consumption and solid suspension performance of large-scale impellers in gas–liquid–solid three-phase stirred tank reactors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108481011" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YoshinoriKawase">Yoshinori Kawase</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An experimental investigation into power consumption and solid suspension performance of large-scale impellers was carried out under turbulent conditions. Two types of large-scale impellers, i.e. Maxblend and Fullzone impellers, were employed. For reference, a triple-impeller system, i.e. two four-pitched blade downflow disk turbines (DTs) at middle and upper positions and one Pfaudler type impeller at lower position, was also used. The power consumption and the minimum impeller speeds for off-bottom solid suspension and minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension were measured in unaerated and aerated systems. At a given rotational speed, the power consumption of the Maxblend impeller was roughly half of that of the Fullzone impeller. The decrease in power consumption due to aeration for large-scale impellers was smaller as compared with that for the triple-impeller system. The proposed correlation for power consumption of large-scale impellers in three-phase systems fit the experimental data reasonably well. Interesting and unexpected solid movements caused by the large-scale impellers in the vessels having oval bottom were observed. Since the large-scale impellers create strong axial liquid recirculation flowing downward near the impeller shaft and upward near the wall, usually particles are expected to move outward on the tank bottom. On the contrary, however, solid particles near the bottom moved to the center of the base from the side along the oval tank bottom. The large-scale impellers were found to be more efficient for solid suspension than the triple-impeller system. The Maxblend impeller provided the best solid suspension ability among the three impellers used in this work. We proposed a correlation for power consumption of large-scale impellers in gas-liquid-solid three-phase systems. Empirical correlations were also proposed for the minimum impeller speeds for off-bottom solid suspension, minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension and power consumption at the minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Power consumption and solid suspension performance of large-scale impellers in gas–liquid–solid three-phase stirred tank reactors","attachmentId":70377108,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53613058/Power_consumption_and_solid_suspension_performance_of_large_scale_impellers_in_gas_liquid_solid_three_phase_stirred_tank_reactors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53613058/Power_consumption_and_solid_suspension_performance_of_large_scale_impellers_in_gas_liquid_solid_three_phase_stirred_tank_reactors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="107416833" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107416833/Enhancing_Impeller_Power_Efficiency_and_Solid_Liquid_Mass_Transfer_in_an_Agitated_Vessel_with_Dual_Impellers_through_Process_Intensification">Enhancing Impeller Power Efficiency and Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer in an Agitated Vessel with Dual Impellers through Process Intensification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="250491007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielStoian12">Daniel Stoian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The effects of high volumetric solids concentration (C V), impeller type, and baffles on the impeller power input required for solids suspension and dispersion, and the solid-liquid mass transfer coefficient (k SL) were studied in this work using an agitated vessel with dual impellers for the purpose of process intensification. It was found that at C V = 0.2 (v/v), the impeller power consumption required for solids suspension per unit mass solids (ε JS = P JS /M S) is minimized while at the same time achieving maximum k SL values. Overall, it was observed that process intensification could be achieved using two radial flow impellers in a taller vessel under unbaffled conditions. A case study highlighting the benefits of adopting some of this study's recommendations is presented. Mathematical correlations proposed to estimate ε JS , impeller power consumption for solids dispersion and k SL as a function of C V were found to fit experimental data reasonably well.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enhancing Impeller Power Efficiency and Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer in an Agitated Vessel with Dual Impellers through Process Intensification","attachmentId":106088799,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107416833/Enhancing_Impeller_Power_Efficiency_and_Solid_Liquid_Mass_Transfer_in_an_Agitated_Vessel_with_Dual_Impellers_through_Process_Intensification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107416833/Enhancing_Impeller_Power_Efficiency_and_Solid_Liquid_Mass_Transfer_in_an_Agitated_Vessel_with_Dual_Impellers_through_Process_Intensification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47584432,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47584432,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47584432" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="93539040" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93539040/Influence_of_Spacing_of_Multiple_Impellers_on_Power_Input_in_an_Industrial_Scale_Aerated_Stirred_Tank_Reactor">Influence of Spacing of Multiple Impellers on Power Input in an Industrial‐Scale Aerated Stirred Tank Reactor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="113063247" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohannesWutz">Johannes Wutz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Influence of Spacing of Multiple Impellers on Power Input in an Industrial‐Scale Aerated Stirred Tank Reactor","attachmentId":96249903,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93539040/Influence_of_Spacing_of_Multiple_Impellers_on_Power_Input_in_an_Industrial_Scale_Aerated_Stirred_Tank_Reactor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93539040/Influence_of_Spacing_of_Multiple_Impellers_on_Power_Input_in_an_Industrial_Scale_Aerated_Stirred_Tank_Reactor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="66274580" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66274580/Impeller_characterization_and_selection_Balancing_efficient_hydrodynamics_with_process_mixing_requirements">Impeller characterization and selection: Balancing efficient hydrodynamics with process mixing requirements</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50861279" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9Nunhez">José Nunhez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AIChE Journal, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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