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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Norwegian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption_by_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption_by_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Absorption by Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption_by_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_population_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_population_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Overview of population trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_population_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parishes_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parishes_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parishes and communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parishes_and_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parishes and communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parishes_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Community councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ecclesiastical parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_North_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_North_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The North Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_North_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_South_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The South Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Hydrogen manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language,_literature,_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language,_literature,_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Language, literature, and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language,_literature,_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orcadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orcadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Orcadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orcadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Natural history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stoat_problem_and_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoat_problem_and_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Stoat problem and solution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoat_problem_and_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Freedom of the Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orkney</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney,_Skotland" title="Orkney, Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orkney, Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%92" title="ኦርክኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦርክኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcanege" title="Orcanege – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Orcanege" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جزر أوركني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر أوركني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_adalar%C4%B1" title="Orkney adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orkney adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аркнейскія астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аркнейскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аркнэйскія астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аркнэйскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Оркни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оркни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_Orc%27h" title="Inizi Orc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi Orc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_%C3%92rcades" title="Illes Òrcades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Òrcades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands_(dapit_sa_konseho)" title="Orkney Islands (dapit sa konseho) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Orkney Islands (dapit sa konseho)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneje" title="Orkneje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orkneje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Erch" title="Ynysoedd Erch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Erch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney%C3%B8erne" title="Orkneyøerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orkneyøerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_saared" title="Orkney saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orkney saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ορκάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορκάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcadas" title="Orcadas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orcadas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkadoj" title="Orkadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orkadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkadak" title="Orkadak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orkadak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اورکنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورکنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands" title="Orkney Islands – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Orkney Islands" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orknoyggjar" title="Orknoyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Orknoyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcades" title="Orcades – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orcades" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney-eilannen" title="Orkney-eilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Orkney-eilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inse_Orc" title="Inse Orc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inse Orc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Orkaid" title="Yn Orkaid – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Orkaid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcaibh" title="Arcaibh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arcaibh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcadas" title="Orcadas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orcadas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%8B%88_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="오크니 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오크니 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օրկնեյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրկնեյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyski_otoci" title="Orkneyski otoci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orkneyski otoci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Оркнейы сакъадæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оркнейы сакъадæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyjar" title="Orkneyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orkneyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Orcadi" title="Isole Orcadi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Orcadi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אורקני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורקני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiwa_vya_Orkney" title="Visiwa vya Orkney – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Visiwa vya Orkney" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Оркни аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оркни аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcades_insulae" title="Orcades insulae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orcades insulae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneju_salas" title="Orkneju salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orkneju salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orknio_salos" title="Orknio salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orknio salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney-szigetek" title="Orkney-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orkney-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Оркниски Острови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оркниски Острови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഓർക്ക്നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർക്ക്നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyeilanden" title="Orkneyeilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orkneyeilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="オークニー諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オークニー諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Eilunen" title="Orkney Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Orkney Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkn%C3%B8yene" title="Orknøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orknøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkn%C3%B8yane" title="Orknøyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orknøyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcadas" title="Orcadas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orcadas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%92" title="اورکنے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اورکنے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%8A" title="اورکني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورکني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkady" title="Orkady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orkady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rcades" title="Órcades – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órcades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оркнейские острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оркнейские острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands" title="Orkney Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orkney Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneje" title="Orkneje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Orkneje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyjski_otoki" title="Orkneyjski otoki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orkneyjski otoki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оркнијска острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оркнијска острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyski_otoci" title="Orkneyski otoci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orkneyski otoci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneysaaret" title="Orkneysaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orkneysaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney%C3%B6arna" title="Orkneyöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orkneyöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ออร์กนีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออร์กนีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Orkney Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orkney Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Оркнейські острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оркнейські острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Czo%C5%82e_Orcade" title="Ìzołe Orcade – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ìzołe Orcade" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orkney" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC" title="奥克尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥克尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC" title="奧克尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧克尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orkney&params=59_00_N_3_00_W_type:isle_region:GB-ORK_dim:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.000°N 3.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.000; -3.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago, county and council area in northern Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Scottish islands. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orkney_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orkney (disambiguation)">Orkney (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Orcadia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orcadia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orcadia (disambiguation)">Orcadia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Orkney</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Arcaibh</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Orkneyjar</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display: table; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"> <div style="display: table-cell;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg/250px-2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Orkney" title="Flag of Orkney">Flag</a></div></div> <div style="display: table-cell;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Orkney" title="Coat of arms of Orkney">Coat of arms</a></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/255px-Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/383px-Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/510px-Orkney_Islands_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:255px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:255px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:255px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orkney is located in Scotland"><img alt="Orkney is located in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/255px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/383px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/510px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1483" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.769%;left:69.048%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Orkney"><img alt="Orkney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Orkney</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Orkney shown within Scotland</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orkney&params=59_00_N_3_00_W_type:isle_region:GB-ORK_dim:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.000°N 3.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.000; -3.000</span></span></span></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO Code</a>: GB-ORK</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Physical geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Island group</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">990 km<sup>2</sup> (380 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hill,_Hoy" title="Ward Hill, Hoy">Ward Hill</a> 481 m (1,578 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council area</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Sovereign state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">22,020 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">22/km<sup>2</sup> (57/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lymphad"><img alt="Lymphad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lymphad3.svg/40px-Lymphad3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lymphad3.svg/60px-Lymphad3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="174" /></span></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orkney</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also known as the <b>Orkney Islands</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> off the north coast of mainland <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The plural name <b>the Orkneys</b> is also sometimes used. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest island, the <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland</a>, has an area of 523 square kilometres (202 sq mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">sixth-largest Scottish island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_British_Isles" title="List of islands of the British Isles">tenth-largest island in the British Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney's largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkney is one of the 32 <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">council areas</a> of Scotland, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Orkney_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orkney (Scottish Parliament constituency)">constituency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">lieutenancy area</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Scotland" title="Counties of Scotland">historic county</a>. The local council is <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a>. </p><p>The islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years, originally occupied by <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> tribes and then by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. Orkney was colonised and later annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Norway">Kingdom of Norway</a> in 875 and settled by the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>. In 1472, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, following failure to pay a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> promised to <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a> by the family of his bride, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the Mainland, most of the remaining islands are divided into two groups: the North Isles and the South Isles. The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Climate">local climate</a> is relatively mild and the soils are extremely fertile; most of the land is farmed, and agriculture is the most important sector of the economy. The significant wind and marine energy resources are of growing importance; the amount of electricity that Orkney generates annually from renewable energy sources exceeds its demand. Temperatures average 4 °C (39 °F) in winter and 12 °C (54 °F) in summer. </p><p>The local people are known as Orcadians; they speak a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_dialect" title="Orcadian dialect">dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Scots" title="Insular Scots">Scots language</a> and have a rich body of folklore. Orkney contains some of the oldest and best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe; the "<a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a>" is a designated <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Orkney also has an abundance of marine and avian wildlife. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> visited Britain – probably sometime between 322 and 285 BC – and described it as triangular in shape, with a northern tip called <i>Orcas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have referred to <a href="/wiki/Dunnet_Head" title="Dunnet Head">Dunnet Head</a>, from which Orkney is visible.<sup id="cite_ref-jarehro_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarehro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in the 1st century AD, the Roman geographers <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> called the islands <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Orcades</i></span> (Ancient Greek: Όρκάδες), as did <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in AD 98, claiming that his father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> had "discovered and subjugated the Orcades hitherto unknown"<sup id="cite_ref-jarehro_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarehro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although both Mela and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> had previously referred to the islands<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a> in his work <i>Chiliades</i> called the islands Orcades.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etymologists usually interpret the element <span title="Pictish-language text"><i lang="xpi">orc-</i></span> as a <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> tribal name meaning "young pig" or "young <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">boar</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waugh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waugh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> referred to the islands as <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Insi Orc</i></span> "islands of the young pigs".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaroo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaroo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> is known as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ynysoedd Erch</i></span> in modern <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Arcaibh</i></span> in modern <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">-aibh</i></span> representing a <a href="/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)" title="Fossilization (linguistics)">fossilized</a> <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">prepositional case</a> ending. Some earlier sources alternatively hypothesise that Orkney comes from the Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orca#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:orca">orca</a></i>, whale.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon monk <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> refers to the islands as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Orcades insulae</i></span> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> settlers arriving from the late ninth century reinterpreted <i>orc</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">orkn</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal</a>" and added <i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ey#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:ey">eyjar</a></i> "islands" to the end,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the name became <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Orkneyjar</i></span> "Seal Islands". The plural suffix <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">-jar</i></span> was later removed in English leaving the modern name <i>Orkney</i>. According to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6" title="Historia Norwegiæ">Historia Norwegiæ</a></i></span>, Orkney was named after an <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earl</a> called Orkan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norse knew <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a> as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Megenland</i></span> "Mainland" or as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hrossey</i></span> "Horse Island".<sup id="cite_ref-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is sometimes referred to as <i>Pomona</i> (or <i>Pomonia</i>), a name that stems from a 16th-century mistranslation by <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, which has rarely been used locally.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usage of the plural "Orkneys" dates from the 18th century or earlier and was used by for example <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>. From the mid-19th century onwards this plural form has fallen out of use in the local area although it is still often used, particularly by publications based outside Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">History of Orkney</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RingofBrodgarJM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four large standing stones sit in a field of grass and heather. They are illuminated by reddish sunlight and they cast long shadows to the left. A lake and low hills lie beyond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RingofBrodgarJM.jpg/250px-RingofBrodgarJM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RingofBrodgarJM.jpg/330px-RingofBrodgarJM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RingofBrodgarJM.jpg/500px-RingofBrodgarJM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A charred <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a> shell, recovered in 2007 during excavations in <a href="/wiki/Tankerness" title="Tankerness">Tankerness</a> on the Mainland, has been dated to 6820–6660 BC, indicating the presence of Mesolithic nomadic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known permanent settlement is at <a href="/wiki/Knap_of_Howar" title="Knap of Howar">Knap of Howar</a>, a Neolithic farmstead on the island of <a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a>, which dates from 3500 BC. The village of <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, Europe's best-preserved Neolithic settlement, is believed to have been inhabited from around 3100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other remains from that era include the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness" title="Standing Stones of Stenness">Standing Stones of Stenness</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a> <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a> and other standing stones. Many of the Neolithic settlements were abandoned around 2500 BC, possibly due to changes in the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of two polished stone balls in a 5500-year-old Neolithic burial tomb in <a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a>. According to Dr Hugo Anderson, the second object was as the "size of a cricket ball, perfectly spherical and beautifully finished".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, fewer large stone structures were built (although the great ceremonial circles continued in use<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as metalworking was slowly introduced to Britain from Europe over a lengthy period.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are relatively few Orcadian sites dating from this era although there is the impressive Plumcake Mound near the Ring of Brodgar,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various island sites such as Tofts Ness on <a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a> and the remains of two houses on <a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Faray" title="Holm of Faray">Holm of Faray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midhowe_Broch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A semi-circular stone wall at left hints at the existence of a large and ancient building and to the right are the ruins of various other stone structures. In the background a low cliff divides a body of water from grassy fields." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Midhowe_Broch.jpg/250px-Midhowe_Broch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Midhowe_Broch.jpg/330px-Midhowe_Broch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Midhowe_Broch.jpg/500px-Midhowe_Broch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midhowe_Broch" title="Midhowe Broch">Midhowe Broch</a> on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Quanterness_chambered_cairn" title="Quanterness chambered cairn">Quanterness</a> on the Mainland have revealed an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a> built about 700 BC and similar finds have been made at Bu on the Mainland and Pierowall Quarry on Westray.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most impressive <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> structures of Orkney are the ruins of later round towers called "<a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">brochs</a>" and their associated settlements such as the <a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Burroughston" class="mw-redirect" title="Broch of Burroughston">Broch of Burroughston</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Gurness" title="Broch of Gurness">Broch of Gurness</a>. The nature and origin of these buildings is a subject of debate. Other structures from this period include <a href="/wiki/Souterrain" title="Souterrain">underground storehouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">aisled roundhouses</a>, the latter usually in association with earlier broch sites.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> invasion of Britain the "King of Orkney" was one of 11 British leaders who is said to have submitted to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> in AD 43 at <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (modern Colchester).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Agricolan fleet had come and gone, possibly anchoring at <a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a>, direct Roman influence seems to have been limited to trade rather than conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polemius_Silvius" title="Polemius Silvius">Polemius Silvius</a> wrote a list of Late Roman provinces, which <a href="/wiki/Seeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeck">Seeck</a> appended to his edition of the <a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list names six provinces in Roman Britannia: the sixth is the dubious "Orcades provincia", the possible existence of which recent researches re-evaluate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late Iron Age, Orkney was part of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> kingdom, and although the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> remains from this period are less impressive, the fertile soils and rich seas of Orkney probably provided the Picts with a comfortable living.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson4_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dalriadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> began to influence the islands towards the close of the Pictish era, perhaps principally through the role of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, as evidenced by several islands bearing the epithet "Papa" in commemoration of these preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Gaelic presence could establish itself the Picts were gradually dispossessed by the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a> from the late 8th century onwards. The nature of this transition is controversial, and theories range from peaceful integration to <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that an assault by forces from <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a> in 681 in which Orkney was "annihilated" may have led to a weakening of the local power base and helped the Norse come to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norwegian_rule">Norwegian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Norwegian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page from an illuminated manuscript shows two male figures. On the left, a seated man wears a red crown and on the right, a standing man has long fair hair. Their right hands are clasped together." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg/250px-Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg/330px-Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg/500px-Flateyjarbok_Haraldr_Halfdan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald I of Norway">Harald Fairhair</a> (on the right, with fair hair) took control of Orkney in 875. He is shown here inheriting his kingdom from his father <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_the_Black" title="Halfdan the Black">Halfdan the Black</a>, in an illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Orkney and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> saw a significant influx of Norwegian settlers during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> made the islands the headquarters of their <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> expeditions carried out against Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald I of Norway">Harald Fairhair</a> (Harald Hårfagre) annexed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>, comprising Orkney and Shetland, in 875 (it is clear that this story, which appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i>, is based on the later voyages of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Norway">Magnus Barelegs</a> and some scholars believe it to be <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a> received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Eysteinsson" title="Sigurd Eysteinsson">Sigurd the Mighty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigurd went on to conquer northern parts of mainland Britain in the late 9th century, including <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Sigurd's line barely survived him and it was <a href="/wiki/Torf-Einarr" title="Torf-Einarr">Torf-Einarr</a>, Rognvald's son by a slave, who founded a dynasty that controlled the islands for centuries after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Turf-Einarsson,_Earl_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorfinn Turf-Einarsson, Earl of Orkney">Thorfinn Skull-splitter</a> and during this time the deposed Norwegian King <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> often used Orkney as a raiding base before being killed in 954. Thorfinn's death and presumed burial at the <a href="/wiki/Hoxa,_Orkney" title="Hoxa, Orkney">broch of Hoxa</a>, on <a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a>, led to a long period of dynastic strife.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_nicolai_arbo,_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of warriors in medieval garb surround two men whose postures suggest they are about to embrace. The man on the right is taller, has long fair hair and wears a bright red tunic. The man on the left his balding with short grey hair and a white beard. He wears a long brown cloak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg/250px-Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg/330px-Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg/440px-Peter_nicolai_arbo%2C_olaf_tryggvasson_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption> Artist's conception of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf I of Norway">King Olaf Tryggvason</a> of Norway, who forcibly Christianised Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-T69_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T69-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo" title="Peter Nicolai Arbo">Peter Nicolai Arbo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially a pagan culture, detailed information about the turn to the Christian religion in the islands of Scotland during the Norse era is elusive.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> suggests the islands were Christianised by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf I of Norway">Olaf Tryggvasson</a> in 995 when he stopped at <a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">South Walls</a> on his way from Ireland to Norway. The King summoned the <i><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">jarl</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said, "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel." Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke,<sup id="cite_ref-T69_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T69-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving their own <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney" title="Bishop of Orkney">bishop</a> in the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large church made from red and yellow stone with a square tower and a spire on the tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg/250px-Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg/330px-Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg/500px-Kirkwall_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral" title="St Magnus Cathedral">St Magnus Cathedral</a> in Kirkwall</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Sigurdsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorfinn Sigurdsson">Thorfinn the Mighty</a> was a son of Sigurd and a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">King Malcolm II of Scotland</a> (<i>Máel Coluim mac Cináeda</i>). Along with Sigurd's other sons he ruled Orkney during the first half of the 11th century and extended his authority over a small maritime empire stretching from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. Thorfinn died around 1065 and his sons <a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Erlend_Thorfinnsson" title="Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson">Paul and Erlend</a> succeeded him, fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a> in 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul and Erlend quarrelled as adults and this dispute carried on to the next generation. The <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Erlendsson,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney">Magnus Erlendsson</a>, who was killed in April 1116 by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Paulsson" title="Haakon Paulsson">Haakon Paulsson</a>, resulted in the building of <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral" title="St Magnus Cathedral">St Magnus Cathedral</a>, still today a dominating feature of Kirkwall.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scottish crown</a> claimed the overlordship of the Caithness and Sutherland area from Norway in 1098.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jarls thereafter owed allegiance to the Scottish crown for their territory on mainland Britain, which they held as the <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Caithness" title="Mormaer of Caithness">Mormaer of Caithness</a>, but owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown for Orkney and Shetland.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1195, the jarls lost control of Shetland when it became a separate lordship.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1231 the line of Norse earls, unbroken since Rognvald, ended with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Haraldsson" title="Jon Haraldsson">Jon Haraldsson</a>'s murder in <a href="/wiki/Thurso" title="Thurso">Thurso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Caithness" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Caithness">Earldom of Caithness</a> was granted to <a href="/wiki/Magnus_II,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Magnus II, Earl of Orkney">Magnus</a>, second son of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Angus" title="Earl of Angus">Earl of Angus</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV of Norway</a> confirmed as Earl of Orkney in 1236.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the earldom lost the southern part of its territory on mainland Britain when it was made the separate earldom of Sutherland.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Margaret depicted in the Lerwick Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Margaret%2C_Maid_of_Norway.jpg/220px-Margaret%2C_Maid_of_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Margaret%2C_Maid_of_Norway.jpg/330px-Margaret%2C_Maid_of_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Margaret%2C_Maid_of_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lerwick_Town_Hall" title="Lerwick Town Hall">Lerwick Town Hall</a> stained glass window depicting "Margaret, queen of Scotland and daughter of Norway"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1290, the death of the child princess <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a> in Orkney, en route to mainland Scotland, created a disputed succession that led to the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T146_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T146-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century the earls of Orkney also lost Caithness, after which the earldom just covered the islands of Orkney itself.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1379 the earldom passed to the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Sinclair" title="Clan Sinclair">Sinclair</a> family, who were also barons of <a href="/wiki/Roslin_Castle" title="Roslin Castle">Roslin</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of the Viking presence is widespread and includes the settlement at the <a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">place names</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic</a> inscriptions at Maeshowe.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption_by_Scotland">Absorption by Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Absorption by Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture on a page in an old book. A man at left wears tights and a tunic with a lion rampant design and holds a sword and sceptre. A woman at right wears a dress with an heraldic design bordered with ermine and carries a thistle in one hand and a sceptre in the other. They stand on a green surface over a legend in Scots that begins "James the Thrid of Nobil Memorie..." (sic) and notes that he "marrit the King of Denmark's dochter."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg/250px-James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg/330px-James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret</a>, whose betrothal led to Orkney passing from Norway to Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1468 Orkney and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> was <a href="/wiki/Pledge_(law)" title="Pledge (law)">pledged</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a>, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret</a>, betrothed to <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>. However, the money was never paid, and Orkney was absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> in 1472.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911281_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911281-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Orkney prior to this time is largely the history of the ruling aristocracy. From then on ordinary people emerge with greater clarity. An influx of Scottish entrepreneurs helped to create a diverse and independent community that included farmers, fishermen and merchants that called themselves <i>comunitas Orcadie</i> and who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From at least the 16th century, boats from mainland Scotland and the Netherlands dominated the local <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> fishery. There is little evidence of an Orcadian fleet until the 19th century, but it grew rapidly, and 700 boats were involved by the 1840s with Stronsay and later <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> becoming leading centres of development. <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">White fish</a> never became as dominant as in other Scottish ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Coull_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coull-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old map of two island groups with the Orcades at left and Schetlandia at right. A coat of arms at top left shows a red lion rampant on a yellow shield flanked by two white unicorns. A second heraldic device is shown at the bottom right below the Oceanus Germanicus. This has two mermaids surrounding a tabula containing very small writing, topped by a yellow and blue shield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg/250px-Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg/330px-Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg/500px-Blaeu_-_Atlas_of_Scotland_1654_-_ORCADVM_ET_SCHETLANDI%C3%86_-_Orkney_and_Shetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_Blaeu" title="Willem Blaeu">Blaeu's</a> 1654 map of Orkney and Shetland. Mapmakers at this time continued to use the original Latin name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Orcades</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agricultural improvements beginning in the 17th century resulted in the enclosure of the commons and ultimately in the Victorian era the emergence of large and well-managed farms using a five-shift rotation system and producing high-quality beef cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, Orcadians formed the overwhelming majority of employees of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in Canada. The harsh winter weather of Orkney and the Orcadian reputation for sobriety and their boat handling skills made them ideal candidates for the rigours of the Canadian north.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, burning <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> briefly became a mainstay of the islands' economy. For example, on Shapinsay over 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (3,048 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) of burned seaweed were produced per annum to make <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, bringing in £20,000 to the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry collapsed suddenly in 1830 after the removal of tariffs on imported <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a>, Orkney was largely Jacobite in its sympathies. At the end of the 1715 rebellion, a large number of Jacobites who had fled north from mainland Scotland sought refuge in Orkney and were helped on to safety in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, the Jacobite lairds on the islands ensured that Orkney remained pro-Jacobite in outlook and was a safe place to land supplies from Spain to aid their cause. Orkney was the last place in the British Isles that held out for the Jacobites and was not retaken by the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Bottom_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Bottom Ministry">British Government</a> until 24 May 1746, over a month after the defeat of the main Jacobite army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._21_March_1943,_Scapa_Flow,_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet,_the_King_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._21_March_1943%2C_Scapa_Flow%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_the_King_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15259.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._21_March_1943%2C_Scapa_Flow%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_the_King_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15259.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._21_March_1943%2C_Scapa_Flow%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_the_King_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15259.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> visiting the <a href="/wiki/Home_Fleet" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a> based at Scapa Flow, March 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg/250px-The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg/330px-The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg/500px-The_altar_art_of_the_Italian_chapel_of_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_739607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chapel" title="Italian Chapel">Italian Chapel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lamb_Holm" title="Lamb Holm">Lamb Holm</a> was built and decorated by Italian prisoners of war working on the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Barriers" title="Churchill Barriers">Churchill Barriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thom434_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thom434-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, which played a major role in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a> in 1918, the <a href="/wiki/German_High_Seas_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="German High Seas Fleet">German High Seas Fleet</a> was transferred in its entirety to Scapa Flow to await a decision on its future. <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow" title="Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow">The German sailors opened the seacocks and scuttled all the ships</a>. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers. One month into World War II, a German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> sank the Royal Navy battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)" title="HMS Royal Oak (08)">HMS <i>Royal Oak</i></a> in Scapa Flow. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Barriers" title="Churchill Barriers">barriers</a> were built to close most of the access channels; these had the additional advantage of creating causeways enabling travellers to go from island to island by road instead of being obliged to rely on ferries. The causeways were constructed by Italian prisoners of war, who also constructed the ornate <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chapel" title="Italian Chapel">Italian Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thom434_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thom434-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The navy base became run down after the war, eventually closing in 1957. The problem of a declining population was significant in the post-war years, though in the last decades of the 20th century, there was a recovery and life in Orkney focused on growing prosperity and the emergence of a relatively classless society.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney was rated as the best place to live in Scotland in both 2013 and 2014, and in 2019 the best place to live in the UK, according to the Halifax Quality of Life survey.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_population_trends">Overview of population trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overview of population trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1801</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,445</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,238</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,979</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1831</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,847</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">30,507</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,455</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,395</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.29%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,044</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,897</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">24,111</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,077</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,255</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,747</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,070</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">18,194</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,644</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,245</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,349</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.04%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-vis_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vis-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the modern era, the population peaked in the mid-19th century at just over 32,000 and declined for a century thereafter to a low of fewer than 18,000 in the 1970s. Declines were particularly significant in the outlying islands, some of which remain vulnerable to ongoing losses. Although Orkney is in many ways very distinct from the other islands and archipelagos of Scotland these trends are very similar to those experienced elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vis_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vis-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archipelago's population grew by 11% in the decade to 2011 as recorded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRO_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRO-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish islands">Scottish island</a> populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Orkney archipelago showing main water transport routes. A small island with a high elevation is at the southwest. At centre is the largest island, which also has low hills. Ferry routes spread out from there to the smaller islands in the north." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Orkney_Map.png/250px-Orkney_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Orkney_Map.png/330px-Orkney_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Orkney_Map.png/500px-Orkney_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Map of Orkney showing main transport routes</figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney is separated from the mainland of Scotland by the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Firth" title="Pentland Firth">Pentland Firth</a>, a ten-kilometre-wide (6 mi) seaway between Brough Ness on the island of <a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duncansby_Head" title="Duncansby Head">Duncansby Head</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney lies between 58°41′ and 59°24′ north, and 2°22′ and 3°26′ west, measuring 80 kilometres (50 mi) from northeast to southwest and 47 kilometres (29 mi) from east to west, and covers 975 square kilometres (376 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-OS_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkney is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, a group further out, by a body of water called the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle_Channel" title="Fair Isle Channel">Fair Isle Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TrevesPineschi1997_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrevesPineschi1997-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands are mainly low-lying except for some sharply rising sandstone hills on Mainland, Rousay and Hoy (where the tallest point in Orkney, <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hill,_Hoy" title="Ward Hill, Hoy">Ward Hill</a>, can be found) and rugged cliffs on some western coasts. Nearly all of the islands have <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">lochs</a>, but the watercourses are merely streams draining the high land. The coastlines are indented, and the islands themselves are divided from each other by straits generally called "sounds" or "firths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OS_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2003_p._19_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2003_p._19-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal currents</a>, or "roosts" as some of them are called locally,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> off many of the isles are swift, with frequent whirlpools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands are notable for the absence of trees, which is partly accounted for by the strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div style="position:relative;width:500px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orkney is located in Orkney Islands"><img alt="Orkney is located in Orkney Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="641" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg/750px-Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg/1000px-Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.537%;left:46.957%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kirkwall"><img alt="Kirkwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.098%;left:17.391%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stromness"><img alt="Stromness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.366%;left:33.391%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Finstown"><img alt="Finstown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Finstown" title="Finstown">Finstown</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.561%;left:51.565%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Balfour"><img alt="Balfour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Balfour,_Orkney" title="Balfour, Orkney">Balfour</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.927%;left:23.391%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dounby"><img alt="Dounby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Dounby" title="Dounby">Dounby</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.22%;left:27.304%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Houton"><img alt="Houton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Houton" title="Houton">Houton</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.732%;left:25.391%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Longhope"><img alt="Longhope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Longhope,_Orkney" title="Longhope, Orkney">Longhope</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.073%;left:25.739%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lyness"><img alt="Lyness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lyness" title="Lyness">Lyness</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.415%;left:43.478%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pierowall"><img alt="Pierowall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Pierowall" title="Pierowall">Pierowall</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.439%;left:46.87%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Margaret's Hope"><img alt="St Margaret's Hope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.146%;left:78.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Whitehall"><img alt="Whitehall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Orkney" title="Whitehall, Orkney">Whitehall</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.756%;left:79.13%;font-size:120%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Shetland#Settlements" title="Shetland">Shetland→</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:98.049%;left:32.348%;font-size:120%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Highland,_Scotland#Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland, Scotland">Highland</a></i></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Islands_UK_location_map.svg" title="File:Orkney Islands UK location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div style="float:left;">The largest settlements in Orkney.</div></div></div></div> <p>Only three settlements have a population of over 500; the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> and the village of <a href="/wiki/Finstown" title="Finstown">Finstown</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of settlements in Orkney </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Settlement </th> <th>Population (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a> </td> <td> <p>7,500 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> </td> <td> <p>1,790 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finstown" title="Finstown">Finstown</a> </td> <td> <p>500 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other villages include <a href="/wiki/Balfour,_Orkney" title="Balfour, Orkney">Balfour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dounby" title="Dounby">Dounby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houton" title="Houton">Houton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longhope,_Orkney" title="Longhope, Orkney">Longhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyness" title="Lyness">Lyness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierowall" title="Pierowall">Pierowall</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Orkney" title="Whitehall, Orkney">Whitehall</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of largest islands by population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Island </th> <th>Population<br />(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Orkney Mainland</a> </td> <td align="right">17,162 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a> </td> <td align="right">909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a> </td> <td align="right">588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a> </td> <td align="right">494 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> </td> <td align="right">419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burray" title="Burray">Burray</a> </td> <td align="right">409 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a> </td> <td align="right">349 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a> </td> <td align="right">307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a> </td> <td align="right">216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a> </td> <td align="right">160 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Orkney" title="Geology of Orkney">Geology of Orkney</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrkneyGeologyMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the geology of Orkney. Hoy to the southwest is predominantly formed from Hoy/Eday Sandstones. The Mainland at centre is largely Stromness flagstones with Rousay flagstones to the east. The North and South Isles are a mixture of Eday and Rousay sandstones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/OrkneyGeologyMap.png/250px-OrkneyGeologyMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/OrkneyGeologyMap.png/330px-OrkneyGeologyMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/OrkneyGeologyMap.png/500px-OrkneyGeologyMap.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Geology of Orkney</figcaption></figure> <p>The superficial rock of Orkney is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>, mostly of Middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> age.<sup id="cite_ref-Millennium_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millennium-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the neighbouring mainland county of <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, this sandstone rests upon the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> and igneous rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Moine_Supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Moine Supergroup">Moine</a> series, as may be seen on the Mainland, where a narrow strip is exposed between Stromness and Inganess, and again in the small island of <a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a>; they are represented by grey <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Middle Devonian is divided into three main groups. The lower part of the sequence, mostly <a href="/wiki/Eifelian" title="Eifelian">Eifelian</a> in age, is dominated by lacustrine beds of the lower and upper Stromness Flagstones that were deposited in <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Basin" title="Orcadian Basin">Lake Orcadie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Rousay flagstone formation is found throughout much of the North and South Isles and East Mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tall perpendicular stack of brown rock stands in the sunlight in front of a shore with high cliffs that lie in the shadows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg/170px-OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg/255px-OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg/340px-OldManofHoycloseJM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_Hoy" title="Old Man of Hoy">Old Man of Hoy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Old Man of Hoy is formed from sandstone of the uppermost <a href="/wiki/Eday_Group" title="Eday Group">Eday Group</a> that is up to 800 metres (870 yd) thick in places. It lies <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformably</a> upon steeply inclined flagstones, the interpretation of which is a matter of continuing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Devonian and older rocks of Orkney are cut by a series of WSW–ENE to N–S trending faults, many of which were active during deposition of the Devonian sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">synclinal</a> fold traverses Eday and Shapinsay, the axis trending north-south. </p><p>Middle Devonian <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a> are found on western Hoy, on Deerness in eastern Mainland and on Shapinsay. Correlation between the Hoy volcanics and the other two exposures has been proposed, but differences in chemistry mean this remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> of Late <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> age are found throughout Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striation</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">erratics</a> that originated from the bed of the North Sea demonstrate the influence of ice action on the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> of the islands. Boulder <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> is also abundant and <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> cover substantial areas.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie,_a_beach_near_Stenso,_Mainland,_Orkney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Sands_of_Evie%2C_a_beach_near_Stenso%2C_Mainland%2C_Orkney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Aerial image of <a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Evie" title="Sands of Evie">Sands of Evie</a>, a beach near Stenso, Mainland</figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney has a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, due to the influence of the warm waters of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian Current</a>, a north-easterly extension of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Drift">North Atlantic Drift</a> which is itself an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average temperature for the year is 8 °C (46 °F); for winter 4 °C (39 °F) and for summer 12 °C (54 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-met_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average annual rainfall varies from 850 millimetres (33 in) to 940 millimetres (37 in).<sup id="cite_ref-met_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winds are a key feature of the climate and even in summer there are almost constant breezes. In winter, there are frequent strong winds, with an average of 52 hours of gales being recorded annually.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To tourists, one of the fascinations of the islands is their "nightless" summers. On the <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">longest day</a>, the sun rises at 04:00 and sets at 22:29 <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a> and complete darkness is unknown. This long twilight is known in the Northern Isles as the "simmer dim".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter nights are long. On the <a href="/wiki/Shortest_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortest day">shortest day</a> the sun rises at 09:05 and sets at 15:16.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time of year the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurora borealis</a> can occasionally be seen on the northern horizon during moderate auroral activity.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first averages table below is for the largest settlement Kirkwall's weather station, the second is for the <a href="/wiki/Loch_of_Hundland" title="Loch of Hundland">Loch of Hundland</a>, a rural location to the northwest of Mainland. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kirkwall, 26m asl, 1991–2020 normals, Extremes 1951– </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(19) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.7<br />(4.52) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.2<br />(3.79) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.7<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.2<br />(2.33) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2<br />(2.29) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0<br />(2.87) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.8<br />(4.72) </td> <td style="background: #3CFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.1<br />(4.96) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.3<br />(4.50) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,048.6<br />(41.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.4 </td> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.6 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.5 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.9 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">191.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193 </td> <td style="background: #C3C30E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108 </td> <td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #535353; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #2F2F2F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KMNI<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infoclimat <sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Orkney: Loch of Hundland, 28m asl, 1981–2010 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.5<br />(4.67) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.5<br />(3.56) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.8<br />(3.65) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(1.71) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(1.95) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6<br />(2.54) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.2<br />(3.94) </td> <td style="background: #45FF45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.4<br />(4.90) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.0<br />(4.69) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.1<br />(4.18) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,024.2<br />(40.32) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.4 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.5 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.2 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">191.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #2F2F2F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.9 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.1 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.6 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.1 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.7 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.2 </td> <td style="background: #868686; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.6 </td> <td style="background: #454545; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.0 </td> <td style="background: #282828; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.3 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD92; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,197.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: metoffice.gov.uk<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_Offices_on_School_Place,_Kirkwall_(geograph_5877147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg/220px-Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg/330px-Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg/440px-Council_Offices_on_School_Place%2C_Kirkwall_%28geograph_5877147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Council Offices on School Place, Kirkwall</figcaption></figure> <p>The local authority is the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a>, based at the Council Offices on School Place in Kirkwall.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On its absorption into Scotland in 1472, the landholdings and jurisdictions of the old earldom of Orkney passed to the Scottish crown. The separate lordship of Shetland was absorbed into Scotland at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More typically Scottish forms of administration were gradually introduced to the Northern Isles. The position of <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Orkney_and_Shetland" title="Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland">Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland</a> was created in 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney and Shetland retained their own legal systems until 1612, when the general laws of Scotland were applied.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioners of Supply">Commissioners of Supply</a> were established in 1667 for each shire across Scotland. Unusually, despite being one <a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Shires of Scotland">shire</a>, Orkney and Shetland were given separate bodies of commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More local government functions were gradually given to the commissioners over time.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a court case in 1829, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> declined to rule on whether Orkney and Shetland were one county or two. They operated as one county for the purposes of the administration of justice, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Orkney_and_Shetland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Orkney and Shetland">lieutenancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)" title="Orkney and Shetland (Parliament of Scotland constituency)">parliamentary constituencies</a>, but operated as two counties for local government functions.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elected county councils were created in 1890 under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1889" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889</a>, taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The 1889 Act also directed that Orkney and Shetland were to be separate counties.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_House,_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg/250px-The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg/330px-The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg/500px-The_Court_House%2C_Kirkwall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_953071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Sheriff_Court" title="Kirkwall Sheriff Court">Kirkwall Sheriff Court</a>, completed 1877: Orkney's main courthouse, also served as headquarters of Orkney County Council 1890–1975</figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Sheriff_Court" title="Kirkwall Sheriff Court">Kirkwall Sheriff Court</a>, also known as County Buildings, on Watergate in Kirkwall, which had been completed in 1877 and also served as the meeting place of the commissioners of supply.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local government was reformed in 1975 under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1973" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973</a>, which replaced Scotland's counties, <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landward_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Landward district">landward districts</a>. In most of Scotland a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts was used, but a single-tier structure of <a href="/wiki/Islands_council_areas_of_Scotland" title="Islands council areas of Scotland">island areas</a> was used for Orkney, Shetland and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1973act_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1973act-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further local government reform in 1996 introduced single-tier council areas across all of Scotland. The councils of the three island areas created in 1975 continued to provide the same services after 1996, but their areas were re-designated as council areas.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parishes_and_communities">Parishes and communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parishes and communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">List of civil parishes in Scotland</a></div> <p>Parishes existed from medieval times. From 1845 to 1894 they had parish boards and from 1894 to 1930 they had parish councils. They have had no administrative functions since 1930, but continue to be used for the presentation of statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkney's civil parishes are:<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harray" title="Harray">Harray</a></li> <li>Cross and Burness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie,_Orkney" title="Evie, Orkney">Evie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rendall" title="Rendall">Rendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth,_Orkney" title="Firth, Orkney">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm,_Orkney" title="Holm, Orkney">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Ola" title="St Ola">St Ola</a> (included burgh of Kirkwall)</li> <li>Lady</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphir" title="Orphir">Orphir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews,_Orkney" title="St Andrews, Orkney">St Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deerness" title="Deerness">Deerness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwick,_Orkney" title="Sandwick, Orkney">Sandwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenness" title="Stenness">Stenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> (included burgh of same name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">Walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Evie and Rendall were formerly separate parishes, but were united in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_councils">Community councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Community councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community councils</a> were created in 1975 as part of the wider reforms that year. They have no statutory powers, but serve as a representative body for their communities. Orkney Islands Council designates community council areas, but a community council is only formed if there is sufficient interest from the residents. Since a review in 2022, Orkney has comprised the following communities, all of which have community councils operating as at 2024:<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Birsay</li> <li>Eday</li> <li>Evie and Rendall</li> <li>Firth and Stenness</li> <li>Flotta</li> <li>Graemsay, Hoy and Walls</li> <li>Harray and Sandwick</li> <li>Holm</li> <li>Kirkwall and St Ola</li> <li>North Ronaldsay</li> <li>Orphir</li> <li>Papa Westray</li> <li>Rousay, Egilsay, Wyre and Gairsay</li> <li>St Andrews and Deerness</li> <li>Sanday</li> <li>Shapinsay</li> <li>South Ronaldsay and Burray</li> <li>Stromness</li> <li>Stronsay</li> <li>Westray</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_parishes">Ecclesiastical parishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> united almost all the ecclesiastical parishes in Orkney to form a single <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Church_of_Scotland" title="Orkney Islands Church of Scotland">Orkney Islands Church of Scotland</a>, retaining most church buildings and staffed by a team ministry. As of late 2024 the parish churches of Evie & Rendall linked with Firth are not yet part of this new structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic studies have shown that 25% of the gene pool of Orkney derives from Norwegian ancestors who occupied the islands in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islands">Islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Orkney_islands" title="List of Orkney islands">List of Orkney islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mainland">The Mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stromness_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone houses crowd around a shore, the gable ends facing the water, with green hills beyond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stromness_2.jpg/220px-Stromness_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stromness_2.jpg/330px-Stromness_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stromness_2.jpg/440px-Stromness_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> on the Mainland is the second-largest settlement in Orkney.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mainland is the largest island of Orkney. Both of Orkney's <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a>, are on this island, which is also the heart of Orkney's transport system, with <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> and air connections to the other islands and to the outside world. The island is more heavily populated (75% of Orkney's population) than the other islands and has much fertile <a href="/wiki/Farmland_(farming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmland (farming)">farmland</a>. The Mainland is split into areas called East and West Mainland. These areas are determined by whether they lie east or west of Kirkwall. The bulk of the mainland lies west of Kirkwall, with comparatively little land east of Kirkwall. West Mainland parishes are: <a href="/wiki/Stromness_(parish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromness (parish)">Stromness</a>, Sandwick, Birsay, Harray, Stenness, Orphir, Evie, Rendall and Firth. East Mainland Parishes are: St Ola, Tankerness, St Andrews, Holm and Deerness. </p><p>The island is mostly low-lying (especially East Mainland) but with coastal cliffs to the north and west and two sizeable lochs: the <a href="/wiki/Loch_of_Harray" title="Loch of Harray">Loch of Harray</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loch_of_Stenness" title="Loch of Stenness">Loch of Stenness</a>. The Mainland contains the remnants of numerous <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> constructions. Four of the main Neolithic sites are included in the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, inscribed in 1999. </p><p>The other islands in the group are classified as north or south of the Mainland. Exceptions are the remote islets of <a href="/wiki/Sule_Skerry" title="Sule Skerry">Sule Skerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sule_Stack" title="Sule Stack">Sule Stack</a>, which lie 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the archipelago, but form part of Orkney for local government purposes. In island names, the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> "a" or "ay" represents the Norse <i>ey</i>, meaning "island". Those described as "<a href="/wiki/Holm_(island)" title="Holm (island)">holms</a>" are very small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_North_Isles">The North Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The North Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NR_sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NR_sheep.jpg/250px-NR_sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NR_sheep.jpg/330px-NR_sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NR_sheep.jpg/500px-NR_sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_sheep" title="North Ronaldsay sheep">North Ronaldsay sheep</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">semi-feral</a> breed that has evolved to eat seaweed.<sup id="cite_ref-SheepCentre_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheepCentre-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their unique genetic inheritance makes them of interest to conservationists.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawson_et_al._2007._174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawson_et_al._2007.-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The northern group of islands is the most extensive and consists of a large number of moderately sized islands, linked to the Mainland by ferries and by air services. Farming, fishing and tourism are the main sources of income for most of the islands. </p><p>The most northerly is <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a>, which lies 4 kilometres (2 mi) beyond its nearest neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a>. To the west is <a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a>, which has a population of 550. It is connected by ferry and air to <a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a>, also known as "Papay". <a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a> is at the centre of the North Isles. The centre of the island is <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> and the island's main industries have been peat extraction and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gairsay" title="Gairsay">Gairsay</a> lie north of the west Mainland across the <a href="/wiki/Eynhallow_Sound" title="Eynhallow Sound">Eynhallow Sound</a>. Rousay is well known for its ancient monuments, including the Quoyness <a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">chambered cairn</a> and Egilsay has the ruins of the only round-towered church in Orkney. <a href="/wiki/Wyre,_Orkney" title="Wyre, Orkney">Wyre</a> to the south-east contains the site of Cubbie Roo's castle. <a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papa_Stronsay" title="Papa Stronsay">Papa Stronsay</a> lie much further to the east across the Stronsay Firth. <a href="/wiki/Auskerry" title="Auskerry">Auskerry</a> is south of Stronsay and has a population of only five. <a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Castle" title="Balfour Castle">Balfour Castle</a> are a short distance north of Kirkwall. </p><p>Other small uninhabited islands in the North Isles group include <a href="/wiki/Calf_of_Eday" title="Calf of Eday">Calf of Eday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damsay" title="Damsay">Damsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eynhallow" title="Eynhallow">Eynhallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faray" title="Faray">Faray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helliar_Holm" title="Helliar Holm">Helliar Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Faray" title="Holm of Faray">Holm of Faray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Huip" title="Holm of Huip">Holm of Huip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Papa" title="Holm of Papa">Holm of Papa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Scockness" title="Holm of Scockness">Holm of Scockness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kili_Holm" title="Kili Holm">Kili Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linga_Holm" title="Linga Holm">Linga Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muckle_Green_Holm" title="Muckle Green Holm">Muckle Green Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusk_Holm" title="Rusk Holm">Rusk Holm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Holm" title="Sweyn Holm">Sweyn Holm</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tall white lighthouse with a brown stripe around the parapet and dark coloured lantern sits on a rocky shore. A white wall obscures the lower floor of grey stone buildings gathered around its base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg/250px-Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg/330px-Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg/500px-Hoy_Lighthouse_RLH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hoy_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoy Lighthouse">Hoy High Lighthouse</a> on <a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_South_Isles">The South Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The South Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southern group of islands surrounds <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a>, to the west, is the second largest of the Orkney Isles and <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hill,_Hoy" title="Ward Hill, Hoy">Ward Hill</a> at its northern end is the highest elevation in the archipelago. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_Hoy" title="Old Man of Hoy">Old Man of Hoy</a> is a well-known <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">seastack</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a> are both linked by ferry to the Mainland and Hoy, and the latter is known for its large oil terminal. <a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">South Walls</a> has a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a> and is connected to Hoy by the Ayre. <a href="/wiki/Burray" title="Burray">Burray</a> lies to the east of Scapa Flow and is linked by causeway to South Ronaldsay, which hosts cultural events such as the Festival of the Horse and the Boys' <a href="/wiki/Ploughing_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing Match">Ploughing Match</a> on the third Saturday in August.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the location of the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Eagles" title="Tomb of the Eagles">Tomb of the Eagles</a>. South Ronaldsay, Burray, <a href="/wiki/Glimps_Holm" title="Glimps Holm">Glimps Holm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamb_Holm" title="Lamb Holm">Lamb Holm</a> are connected by road to the Mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Barriers" title="Churchill Barriers">Churchill Barriers</a>. </p><p>Uninhabited South Islands include <a href="/wiki/Calf_of_Flotta" title="Calf of Flotta">Calf of Flotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cava_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cava (island)">Cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copinsay" title="Copinsay">Copinsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_Holm" title="Corn Holm">Corn Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fara,_Orkney" title="Fara, Orkney">Fara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glimps_Holm" title="Glimps Holm">Glimps Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunda" title="Hunda">Hunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_Holm" title="Lamb Holm">Lamb Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rysa_Little" title="Rysa Little">Rysa Little</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switha" title="Switha">Switha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swona" title="Swona">Swona</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Skerries" title="Pentland Skerries">Pentland Skerries</a> lie further south, closer to the Scottish mainland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orkney is represented in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)">Orkney and Shetland</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">constituency</a>, which elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP), the current incumbent being <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Carmichael" title="Alistair Carmichael">Alistair Carmichael</a>. This seat has been held by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> or the former <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Party" title="Scottish Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> since 1950, longer than any other they represent in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orkney (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Orkney</a> constituency elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a> (MSP) by the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">first past the post</a> system. The current MSP is <a href="/wiki/Liam_McArthur" title="Liam McArthur">Liam McArthur</a> of the Liberal Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before McArthur the MSP was <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallace,_Baron_Wallace_of_Tankerness" title="Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness">Jim Wallace</a>, who was previously <a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney is within the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Highlands and Islands (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Highlands and Islands</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions">electoral region</a>. </p><p>The Orkney Movement, a political party that supported devolution for Orkney from the rest of Scotland, contested the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_Movement" title="Orkney and Shetland Movement">Orkney and Shetland Movement</a> (a coalition of the Orkney movement and its equivalent for Shetland). The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> chose not to contest the seat to give the movement a "free run". Their candidate, John Goodlad, came 4th with 3,095 votes, 14.5% of those cast, but the experiment has not been repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a> 67.2% of voters in Orkney voted no to the question "Should Scotland be an independent country?" This was the highest no vote by percentage in any council area in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turnout for the referendum was at 83.7% in Orkney with 10,004 votes cast in the area against independence by comparison to 4,883 votes for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a> 63.2% of voters in Orkney voted Remain. </p><p>In 2022, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Levelling_up_policy_of_the_Boris_Johnson_government#White_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling up policy of the Boris Johnson government">Levelling Up White Paper</a>, an "Island Forum" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in Orkney to work alongside their counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Western Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, Orkney Council were investigating proposals to change its status, looking at options that included becoming a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">British Crown Dependency</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing territory</a> within the Kingdom of Norway or just staying in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The soil of Orkney is generally very fertile and most of the land is taken up by farms, agriculture being by far the most important sector of the economy and providing employment for a quarter of the workforce according to a 2008 report.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 90% of agricultural land is used for grazing for sheep and cattle, with cereal production utilising about 4% (4,200 hectares (10,000 acres)) and woodland occupying only 134 hectares (330 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-OER_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OER-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fishing has declined in importance, but still employed 345 individuals in 2001, about 3.5% of the islands' economically active population,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the modern industry concentrating on <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, white fish, <a href="/wiki/Homarus_gammarus" title="Homarus gammarus">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and other shellfish, and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> fish farming.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_(North_West_Orkney)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg/250px-Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg/330px-Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg/500px-Everybist_looking_over_to_Westray_%28North_West_Orkney%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35389.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Farms and fields on <a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2009 report indicated the traditional sectors of the economy export <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>. In recent years there has been growth in other areas including tourism, food and beverage manufacture, jewellery, knitwear, and other crafts production, construction and oil transportation through the <a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a> oil terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retailing accounts for 17.5% of total employment,<sup id="cite_ref-OER_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OER-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and public services also play a significant role, employing a third of the islands' workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-HIE_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIE-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilleries</a> in Orkney (<a href="/wiki/Scapa_distillery" title="Scapa distillery">Scapa distillery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_distillery" title="Highland Park distillery">Highland Park distillery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Maclean_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maclean-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Deerness Distillery, a third whisky distillery is to be added in the summer of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, of the 1,420 <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a> registered enterprises 55% were in agriculture, forestry and fishing, 12% in manufacturing and construction, 12% in wholesale, retail and repairs, and 5% in hotels and restaurants. A further 5% were public service related.<sup id="cite_ref-OER_188-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OER-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 55% of these businesses employ between 5 and 49 people.<sup id="cite_ref-HIE_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIE-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A new report, published in September 2020, provided updates about several significant aspects of the economy:<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> there are around 1,500 businesses on the island. More than 90% have fewer than 10 employees. [Estimates indicate] 11,000 jobs, of which around 5,000 are part-time ... There's not much manufacturing, beyond food and drink processing (think cheese and whisky), and apart from the Flotta oil terminal, it lacks big private employers ... Fisheries off Orkney are only half as important to employment as in Shetland, and farming is roughly twice as important.</p></blockquote> <p>The report expressed concern about the loss of business caused by the worldwide <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>: "blighting business activity, travel and tourism". On 1 February 2021, a new plan (subsequent to previous funding schemes) from the Scottish government was announced. The Island Equivalent Payment Fund was designed to "provide the equivalent of Level 4 support to eligible businesses in Orkney and other island areas".<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg/220px-Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg/330px-Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg/440px-Dig_at_the_Ness_of_Brodgar_in_August_2018_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Excavations by <a href="/wiki/UHI_Archaeology_Institute" title="UHI Archaeology Institute">UHI Archaeology Institute</a> at the Ness of Brodgar have contributed to Orkney's <a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">heritage tourism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A report published in February 2020 stated that spending by visitors increased from £49.5 million in 2017 to £67.1 million in 2019, making this a significant sector of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary attractions that encourage tourism include the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" on the main island, defined as "a group of 5,000-year-old sites that include the preserved village of Skara Brae and the Ring of Brodgar stone circle". The Hoy area's landscape is also attractive to visitors, "with its scattered woodland, steep valleys, high cliffs and the famous Old Man, a withered red sandstone sea stack".<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, 62% of tourists to Orkney visited for its heritage. The <a href="/wiki/UHI_Archaeology_Institute" title="UHI Archaeology Institute">UHI Archaeology Institute</a> have led excavations at the Ness of Brodgar, contributing to tourism to the area and driving interest in archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During most years, the islands are the home of several international festivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_International_Science_Festival" title="Orkney International Science Festival">Orkney International Science Festival</a> in September, a folk festival in May, and the <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Festival" title="St Magnus Festival">St Magnus International Arts Festival</a> in June.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volume of visitors arriving on ferries declined substantially in 2020, by 71%, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A news report added that cruise ships also did not arrive and there were "no day trippers and no holiday lets" as of 25 April 2020. Several major events were cancelled: St Magnus Festival, Orkney Folk Festival, Stromness Shopping Week and the Agricultural Shows.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long red tube lies in the water under dark, cloud-covered skies with black hills in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg/250px-Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg/330px-Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg/500px-Pelamis_at_EMEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelamis_wave_energy_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelamis wave energy converter">Pelamis</a> on-site at <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">EMEC's</a> wave testing site off Billia Croo</figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney has significant wind and marine energy resources, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">renewable energy</a> has recently come into prominence. Although Orkney is connected to the mainland, it generates over <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% of its net power from renewables</a> according to a 2015 report.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comes mainly from wind turbines situated across Orkney. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a> (EMEC) is a research facility operating a grid-connected wave test site at Billia Croo, off the west coast of the Orkney Mainland, and a tidal power test site in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Warness" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Warness">Fall of Warness</a>, off the northern island of Eday.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the official opening of the Eday project the site was described as "the first of its kind in the world set up to provide developers of wave and tidal energy devices with a purpose-built performance testing facility."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 2007 <a href="/wiki/Scottish_and_Southern_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish and Southern Energy">Scottish and Southern Energy</a> plc in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a> began the implementation of a Regional Power Zone in the Orkney archipelago, involving "active network management" that will make better use of existing infrastructure and allow a further 15 MW of new "non-firm generation" output from renewables onto the network.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.5 MW of <a href="/wiki/Polymer_electrolyte_membrane_electrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis">polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis</a> form a partial <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen economy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grid batteries and electric vehicles also use local energy.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm,_Sanday,_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg/220px-Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg/330px-Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg/440px-Spurness_peninsula_and_windfarm%2C_Sanday%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_128689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbines, Sanday</figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney has one of the highest uptakes of electric vehicles in the UK with more than 2% of the vehicles on the road being electric, as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrogen_manufacturing">Hydrogen manufacturing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hydrogen manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A March 2019 report by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> stated that "Orkney creates more clean electricity than its inhabitants need. Even after exporting to the UK national grid, the islands' winds, waves and tides generate about 130% of the electricity its population needs – all of it from clean sources".<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report about sustainable energy in the islands listed two options. A new cable could be laid for exporting of energy to the mainland but another proposal has progressed rapidly since that time: making "excess renewable power into another fuel – such as hydrogen – and then [storing] it".<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In May 2020, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> published more specific information about the hydrogen plan:<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Orkney's success in creating hydrogen using clean energy demonstrates that it can be done at scale. The islands are already using hydrogen to power vehicles, and it will soon be used to heat a local primary school. Now, Orkney is hoping to use hydrogen fuel cells to power a seagoing vessel able to transport both goods and passengers.</p></blockquote> <p>Additional specific information about the status of the hydrogen scheme was published in late November 2020 by Orkney Islands Council.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few weeks earlier, another report indicated that the world's first hydrogen-fueled ferry was to be tested on the Orkney Islands, using "a hydrogen/diesel dual fuel conversion system", developed by a consortium known as the HyDIME project. Initially hydrogen was to power only the auxiliary engine but the plan calls for later using this fuel for the primary engine. The report suggested that "if all goes well, hydrogen ferries could be sailing between Orkney's islands within six months".<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkwall Airport in Orkney was scheduled "to have its heat and power decarbonised through <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a> as part of a new project" starting in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hydrogen combustion engine system was to be connected to the airport's heating system. The scheme planned to reduce the significant emissions that were created with older technology that heated buildings and water. This was part of the plan formulated by the Scottish government for the Highlands and Islands "to become the world's first net zero aviation region by 2040".<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen manufacturing is also planned for <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will spread to other areas of Scotland that have access to clean electricity. To achieve that goal, the government announced an investment of £100 million in the hydrogen sector "for the £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund".<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Airports_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands and Islands Airports Limited">Highland and Islands Airports</a> operates the main airport in Orkney, <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Airport" title="Kirkwall Airport">Kirkwall Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loganair" title="Loganair">Loganair</a> provides services to the Scottish mainland (<a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Airport" title="Glasgow Airport">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness_Airport" title="Inverness Airport">Inverness</a>), as well as to <a href="/wiki/Sumburgh_Airport" title="Sumburgh Airport">Sumburgh Airport</a> in Shetland.<sup id="cite_ref-visork_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visork-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Orkney, the council operates airports on most of the larger islands including <a href="/wiki/Stronsay_Airport" title="Stronsay Airport">Stronsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eday_Airport" title="Eday Airport">Eday</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_Airport" title="North Ronaldsay Airport">North Ronaldsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westray_Airport" title="Westray Airport">Westray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray_Airport" title="Papa Westray Airport">Papa Westray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanday_Airport" title="Sanday Airport">Sanday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flotta#Airport" title="Flotta">Flotta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Loganair_Westray_to_Papa_Westray_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Loganair Westray to Papa Westray route">shortest scheduled air service in the world</a>, between the islands of Westray and Papa Westray, is scheduled at two minutes' duration<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can take less than one minute if the wind is in the right direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferry">Ferry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier,_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg/250px-Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg/330px-Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg/500px-Ferry_at_Whale_Geo_pier%2C_Westray_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MV_Earl_Thorfinn" title="MV Earl Thorfinn">MV <i>Earl Thorfinn</i></a> arrives at <a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Ferries" title="Orkney Ferries">Orkney Ferries</a> operate a fleet of inter-island ferries.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferries serve both to link Orkney to the rest of Scotland, and also to link together the various islands of the Orkney archipelago. Ferry services operate between Orkney and the Scottish mainland and Shetland on the following routes: </p> <ul><li>Gills Bay to <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a> (operated by <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Ferries" title="Pentland Ferries">Pentland Ferries</a>)</li> <li>John o' Groats to <a href="/wiki/Burwick,_Orkney" title="Burwick, Orkney">Burwick</a> on South Ronaldsay (seasonal passenger only service, operated by John o' Groats Ferries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerwick,_Shetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerwick, Shetland">Lerwick</a> to Kirkwall (operated by <a href="/wiki/NorthLink_Ferries" title="NorthLink Ferries">NorthLink Ferries</a>)</li> <li>Aberdeen to Kirkwall (operated by NorthLink Ferries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrabster_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrabster Harbour">Scrabster Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurso" title="Thurso">Thurso</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a> (operated by NorthLink Ferries)</li></ul> <p>Inter-island ferry services connect all the inhabited islands to Orkney Mainland and are operated by <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Ferries" title="Orkney Ferries">Orkney Ferries</a>, a company owned by Orkney Islands Council. The isles of <a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a> (or Papay), <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a> are served from Kirkwall harbour, while the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a> are served from Stromness harbour, the <a href="/wiki/Lyness" title="Lyness">Lyness</a> end of Hoy, as well as <a href="/wiki/Longhope,_Orkney" title="Longhope, Orkney">Longhope</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">South Walls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a> are served from <a href="/wiki/Houton" title="Houton">Houton</a> on the south of the mainland, and <a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyre,_Orkney" title="Wyre, Orkney">Wyre</a> are served from <a href="/wiki/Tingwall,_Orkney" title="Tingwall, Orkney">Tingwall</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Rendall" title="Rendall">Rendall</a> area of the Orkney mainland. As well as this, the <a href="/wiki/MV_Golden_Mariana" title="MV Golden Mariana">MV <i>Golden Mariana</i></a> connects the village of <a href="/wiki/Pierowall" title="Pierowall">Pierowall</a> on Westray with Papa Westray - this provides a vital local service for schoolchildren on Papay as well as supplementing existing through sailings from Kirkwall.<sup id="cite_ref-visork_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visork-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus">Bus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local buses around the Orkney Mainland, as well as across the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Barriers" title="Churchill Barriers">Churchill Barriers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Burray" title="Burray">Burray</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a>, are operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Highlands#Orkney_Islands" title="Stagecoach Highlands">Stagecoach Highlands</a>. The main route is the X1, connecting <a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenness" title="Stenness">Stenness</a> for <a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finstown" title="Finstown">Finstown</a>, Kirkwall, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Orkney" title="St Mary's, Orkney">St Mary's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burray_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Burray Village">Burray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a>. There are also buses from Kirkwall via <a href="/wiki/Orphir" title="Orphir">Orphir</a> (2), and from Stromness (5) to the ferry terminal at <a href="/wiki/Houton" title="Houton">Houton</a> (from which inter-island ferries operate to <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a>, from Kirkwall to <a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Airport" title="Kirkwall Airport">Kirkwall Airport</a> (3 & 4), <a href="/wiki/Tankerness" title="Tankerness">Tankerness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deerness" title="Deerness">Deerness</a> (3), from Kirkwall and Finstown to Tingwall (from which there are ferries to <a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyre,_Orkney" title="Wyre, Orkney">Wyre</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evie,_Orkney" title="Evie, Orkney">Evie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a>, from Stromness to Kirkwall via <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dounby" title="Dounby">Dounby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harray" title="Harray">Harray</a> and Finstown (7), the 8 (which does a circular route to and from Kirkwall and Finstown via Stromness and the West Mainland villages, such as <a href="/wiki/Marwick" title="Marwick">Marwick</a>, Quoyloo, Dounby and Stenness), and the X10, which connects the late-night call of the <a href="/wiki/NorthLink_Ferries" title="NorthLink Ferries">NorthLink</a> ferry to and from Aberdeen and Lerwick, at Hatston Ferry Terminal, to Kirkwall, Finstown and Stromness. </p><p>In 2021, the island's three-vehicle minibus service for disabled people was a target for hackers seeking a £1,000 ransom in cryptocurrency.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orkney is served by a weekly local newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orcadian" title="The Orcadian">The Orcadian</a></i>, published on Thursdays. It is first published in 1854 and part of the Orkney Media Group, formed out of a partnership with a competing newspaper, <i>Orkney Today</i>, in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A local BBC radio station, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Orkney" title="BBC Radio Orkney">BBC Radio Orkney</a>, the local opt-out of <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a>, broadcasts twice daily, with local news and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney also had a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial radio">commercial radio</a> station, <a href="/wiki/The_Superstation_Orkney" title="The Superstation Orkney">The Superstation Orkney</a>, which broadcast to Kirkwall and parts of the mainland and also to most of <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until its closure in November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray Firth Radio">MFR</a> broadcasts throughout Orkney on an FM transmitter just outside Thurso. The <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> station Caithness FM also broadcasts to Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkney is home to the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Library_and_Archive" title="Orkney Library and Archive">Orkney Library and Archive</a>, based in Kirkwall. The library service provides access to over 145,000 items.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a wide range of fiction and non-fiction titles available for loan as well as audiobooks, maps, eBooks, music CDs, and DVDs.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orkney Library and Archive operates a Mobile Library Service that serves the rural parishes and islands of Orkney. The Mobile Library carries a wide range of books and audiobooks suitable for all ages and is completely free to use.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language,_literature,_and_folklore"><span id="Language.2C_literature.2C_and_folklore"></span>Language, literature, and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Language, literature, and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white line drawing of a tall standing stone that is wider at the top than the base. It has a long vertical crack on the right-hand side and there is a small hole that goes right through it near the ground. A lake and hill are in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg/170px-Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg/255px-Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Odin-Stone_sketch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The Odin Stone</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of recorded history, the islands were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, whose language was Brythonic.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> script on the <a href="/wiki/Buckquoy_spindle-whorl" title="Buckquoy spindle-whorl">Buckquoy spindle-whorl</a> is cited as evidence for the pre-Norse existence of <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> in Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Norse occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> of Orkney became almost wholly <a href="/wiki/West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Norse">West Norse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norse language changed into the local <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>, which lingered until the end of the 18th century, when it eventually died out.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_2003_p._250_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb_2003_p._250-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norn was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_dialect" title="Orcadian dialect">Orcadian dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Insular_Scots" title="Insular Scots">Insular Scots</a>. This dialect is at a low ebb due to the pervasive influences of television, education, and the large number of incomers. However, attempts are being made by some writers and radio presenters to revitalise its use<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the distinctive sing-song <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a> and many dialect words of Norse origin remain in use.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orcadian word most frequently encountered by visitors is <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">peedie</i></span>, meaning 'small', which may be derived from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">petit</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkney has a rich folklore, and many of the former tales concern <a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">trows</a>, an Orcadian form of <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">troll</a> that draws on the islands' Scandinavian connections.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local customs in the past included marriage ceremonies at the Odin Stone that formed part of the Stones of Stenness.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a> in certain versions of the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Malory</a>) is ruler of Orkney. His sons <a href="/wiki/Gawaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawaine">Gawaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agravaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Agravaine">Agravaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a> are major characters in the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>. In earlier versions of Arthuriana such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kings of Britain">History of the Kings of Britain</a> the King of Orkney is named Gunfasius. </p><p>The best known literary figures from modern Orkney are the poet <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Muir" title="Edwin Muir">Edwin Muir</a>, the poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Mackay_Brown" title="George Mackay Brown">George Mackay Brown</a>, and the novelist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Linklater" title="Eric Linklater">Eric Linklater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orcadians">Orcadians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Orcadians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bridge_of_Brodgar,_Stenness,_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_(1828-1895).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The_Bridge_of_Brodgar%2C_Stenness%2C_1875._By_Walter_Hugh_Patton_%281828-1895%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>The Bridge of Brodgar, Stenness, 1875 by Walter Hugh Patton (1828–1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadian</a> is a native of Orkney, a term that reflects a strongly held identity with a tradition of understatement.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the annexation of the earldom by Scotland took place over five centuries ago in 1472, some Orcadians regard themselves as Orcadians first and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> second.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However in response to the national identity question in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 Scotland Census</a>, self-reported levels of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish identity</a> in Orkney were in line with the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scottish mainland is often referred to as "Scotland" in Orkney, with "the mainland" referring to <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archipelago also has a distinct culture, with traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> not indigenous to the culture of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at least two tartans with Orkney connections have been registered and a tartan has been designed for Sanday by one of the island's residents,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are pipe bands in Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native Orcadians refer to the non-native residents of the islands as "ferry loupers" ("loup" meaning "jump" in the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term that has been in use for nearly two centuries at least.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo,_Hoy,_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg/170px-Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg/255px-Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg/340px-Seals_hauled_out_by_Lyrie_Geo%2C_Hoy%2C_Orkney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2472901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Seals hauled out at Lyrie Geo on <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Orkney has an abundance of wildlife, especially of <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">common seals</a> and seabirds such as <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">kittiwakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_guillemot" title="Black guillemot">black guillemots</a> (tysties), <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">ravens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_skua" title="Great skua">great skuas</a> (bonxies). Whales, dolphins, and <a href="/wiki/European_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="European otter">otters</a> are also seen around the coasts. Inland the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_vole" title="Orkney vole">Orkney vole</a>, a distinct subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Common_vole" title="Common vole">common vole</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> humans, is an <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNH_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNH-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five distinct varieties, found on the islands of Sanday, Westray, Rousay, South Ronaldsay, and the Mainland, all the more remarkable as the species is absent on mainland Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastline is well known for its colourful flowers including <a href="/wiki/Aster_tripolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aster tripolium">sea aster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scilla_verna" title="Scilla verna">sea squill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeria_maritima" title="Armeria maritima">sea thrift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">common sea-lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erica_cinerea" title="Erica cinerea">bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">common heather</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Primula_scotica" title="Primula scotica">Scottish primrose</a> is found only on the coasts of Orkney and nearby Caithness and <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2003_p._19_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2003_p._19-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SNH_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNH-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although stands of trees are generally rare, a small forest named <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(garden)" title="Happy Valley (garden)">Happy Valley</a> with 700 trees and lush gardens was created from a boggy hillside near Stenness during the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_sheep" title="North Ronaldsay sheep">North Ronaldsay sheep</a> is an unusual breed of domesticated animal, subsisting largely on a diet of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>, since they are confined to the foreshore for most of the year to conserve the limited grazing inland.<sup id="cite_ref-SheepCentre2_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheepCentre2-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was also a habitat for the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> until the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy,1960_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy,1960-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orkney char (<i><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_inframundus" title="Salvelinus inframundus">Salvelinus inframundus</a></i>) used to live in Heldale Water on Hoy and has not been observed since 1908, so is now considered to be <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoat_problem_and_solution">Stoat problem and solution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Stoat problem and solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/175px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/263px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/350px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Stoat</figcaption></figure><p> The introduction of non-native <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a> since 2010, a natural predator of the <a href="/wiki/Common_vole" title="Common vole">common vole</a> and thus of the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_vole" title="Orkney vole">Orkney vole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also harming native bird populations.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NatureScot" title="NatureScot">NatureScot</a>, Scotland's nature agency, provided these additional specifics:<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The introduction of a ground predator like the stoat to islands such as Orkney, where there are no native ground predators, is very bad news for Orkney's native species. Stoats are accomplished predators and pose a very serious threat to Orkney's wildlife, including: the native Orkney vole, <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-eared_owl" title="Short-eared owl">short-eared owl</a> and many ground nesting birds.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2018, a stoat eradication project was presented by NatureScot to be applied "across Orkney Mainland, South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm, Lamb Holm and Hunda, and the biosecurity activities delivered on the non-linked islands of the archipelago". The Orkney Native Wildlife Project planned to use "humane DOC150 and DOC200 traps".<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partners in the five-year project include <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">RSPB Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Natural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Natural Heritage">Scottish Natural Heritage</a> and Orkney Islands Council.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report issued in October 2020 stated that over 5,000 traps had been deployed. Specifics were provided as to the locations.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all was going well as of 15 January 2021, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, which stated that the project "has been hit by alleged sabotage after the destruction and theft of traps that have also killed and injured household pets and other animals" but added that the £6 million programme was supported by most islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another news item stated that some of the traps had "caught and killed family pets as well as hundreds of other animals".<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent report confirmed that "Police Scotland is investigating a number of incidents involving damage to and the theft of stoat traps in Orkney".<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 13 <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Areas</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Areas of Conservation</a> in Orkney.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Scotland's 40 <a href="/wiki/National_scenic_area_(Scotland)" title="National scenic area (Scotland)">national scenic areas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoy_and_West_Mainland_National_Scenic_Area" title="Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area">Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area</a>, is also located in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seas to the northwest of Orkney are important for <a href="/wiki/Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">sand eels</a> that provides a food source for many species of fish, seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins, and are now protected as <a href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Areas_in_Scotland" title="Marine Protected Areas in Scotland">Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area</a> (NCMPA) that covers 4,365 km<sup>2</sup> (1,685 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag">Flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Orkney" title="Flag of Orkney">Flag of Orkney</a></div> <p>A new flag for Orkney was adopted in 2007 following a public competition. It comprises a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic cross">Nordic cross</a> of blue and yellow on a red background. Previously the traditional flag of St Magnus (a red cross on a yellow background) had sometimes been used, but in 2001 it was ruled too similar to other flags to allow it to be formally registered as the area's flag.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_Island">Freedom of the Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Freedom of the Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orkney as a whole, since 1887, has been associated specifically with and as a recruiting area of the following military units that have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the Island</a> of Orkney: </p> <ul><li>The Seaforth Highlanders, Queens Own Highlanders, The Highlanders Regiment and 4th Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland.</li> <li>The Northern Diving Group <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>: 9 July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/ScottishIsles.jpg/20px-ScottishIsles.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/ScottishIsles.jpg/40px-ScottishIsles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="63" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scottish_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Scottish Islands">Scottish Islands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Timeline of prehistoric Scotland">Timeline of prehistoric Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Orkney" title="List of places in Orkney">List of places in Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Club" title="Orkney Club">Orkney Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney College">Orkney College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6gnvald_Kali_Kolsson" title="Rögnvald Kali Kolsson">Rögnvald Kali Kolsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Udal Law">Udal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Church_of_Scotland" title="Orkney Islands Church of Scotland">Orkney Islands Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parishes_of_Orkney" title="Category:Parishes of Orkney">Parishes of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_1_May_1185" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185">Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27i_Faith_in_Orkney" title="Baha'i Faith in Orkney">Baha'i Faith in Orkney</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The proto-Celtic root <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">φorko-</i></span>, can mean either pig or <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, thus giving an alternative of "island(s) of (the) salmon".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson notes "'The Orkneys' is now, perhaps thankfully, out of fashion, but the fact is that it was once in fashion."<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many media organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, advise against using "the Orkneys" in their style guides,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although both continue to use the term occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) suggests that there was an element of Roman "boasting" involved, given that it was known to them that the <i>Orcades</i> lay at the northern extremity of the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Ritchie describes Tacitus' claims that Rome "conquered" Orkney as "a political puff, for there is no evidence of Roman military presence".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They were certainly politically organised. Ritchie notes the presence of an Orcadian ruler at the court of a Pictish high king at <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> in 565 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigurd The Mighty's son Gurthorm ruled for a single winter after Sigurd's death and died childless. Rognvald's son Hallad inherited the title but, unable to constrain Danish raids in Orkney, he gave up the earldom and returned to Norway, which according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i> "everyone thought was a huge joke."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigurd the Stout was Thorfinn Skull-splitter's grandson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first recorded bishop was <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lund" title="Henry of Lund">Henry of Lund</a> (also known as "the Fat") who was appointed sometime prior to 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishopric appears to have been under the authority of the Archbishops of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bremen">Hamburg-Bremen</a> at different times during the early period and from the mid-twelfth century to 1472 was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Nidaros">Archbishop of Nidaros</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the sagas were written down Orkney had been Christian for 200 years or more<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson66_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this conversion tale has been described as "blatantly unhistorical".<sup id="cite_ref-Beuer143_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beuer143-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Scandinavian peoples, relatively recent converts to Christianity, tended to confer martyrdom and sainthood on leading figures of the day who met violent deaths. Magnus and Haakon Paulsson had been co-rulers of Orkney, and although he had a reputation for piety, there is no suggestion that Magnus died for his Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"St Magnus Cathedral still dominates the Kirkwall skyline – a familiar, and comforting sight, to Kirkwallians around the world."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is often believed that the princess's death is associated with the village of <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a> on South Ronaldsay but there is no evidence for this other than the coincidence of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-T146_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T146-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The notion that <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney">Henry</a> the first Sinclair Earl, voyaged to North America many years before <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> has gained some currency of late.<sup id="cite_ref-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea is however dismissed out of hand by many scholars. For example, Thompson (2008) states "Henry's fictitious trip to America continues to receive a good deal of unfortunate publicity, but it belongs to fantasy rather than real history".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Maeshowe inscriptions date from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently without the knowledge of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Rigsraadet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigsraadet">Rigsraadet</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Council of the Realm), Christian pawned Orkney for 50,000 Rhenish <a href="/wiki/Guilder" title="Guilder">guilders</a>. On 28 May the next year he also pawned Shetland for 8,000 Rhenish guilders.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He secured a clause in the contract that gave future kings of Norway the right to redeem the islands for a fixed sum of 210 kg of gold or 2,310 kg of silver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several attempts were made during the 17th and 18th centuries to redeem the islands, without success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example at the Fall of Warness the tide can run at 4 m/s (7.8 knots).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coull (2003) quotes the old saying that an Orcadian is a farmer with a boat, in contrast to a Shetlander, who is a fisherman with a <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">croft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coull_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coull-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" The centre offers developers the opportunity to test prototype devices in unrivalled wave and tidal conditions. Wave and tidal energy converters are connected to the national grid via seabed cables running from open-water test berths into an onshore substation. Testing takes place in a wide range of sea and weather conditions, with comprehensive round-the-clock monitoring."<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is convincing place-name evidence for the Picts' use of Brythonic or <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic">P-Celtic</a>, although no written records survive. No certain knowledge of any pre-Pictish language exists anywhere in Scotland, but there may well have been times of significant overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the early Scottish Earls spoke Gaelic when the majority of their subjects spoke Norn, and both of these languages were then replaced by Insular Scots. It is therefore possible that the Pictish aristocracy spoke one language and the common folk an unknown precursor such as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only two <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Q-Celtic</a> words exist in the language of modern Orcadians – <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">iper</i></span> from <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">eabhar</i></span>, meaning a <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> slurry, and <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">keero</i></span> from <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">caora</i></span> – used to describe a small sheep in the North Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_2003_p._250_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb_2003_p._250-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb (2003) counted 60 words "with correlates in Old Norse only" and 500 Scots expressions in common use in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word is of uncertain origin and has also been attested in the Lothians and Fife in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The expression "ferry louper" has a literal meaning of "ferry jumper" i.e. one who has jumped off a ferry as distinct from a native.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-popstats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haskell-Smith (2004) pp. 336–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 1 states there are 67 islands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Records_of_Scotland2013" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a> (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1c/rel1c2sb.pdf">"Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/en/censusresults/bulletin.html">Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). SG/2013/126<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Statistical+Bulletin%3A+2011+Census%3A+First+Results+on+Population+and+Household+Estimates+for+Scotland+Release+1C+%28Part+Two%29&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.au=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease1c%2Frel1c2sb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 334, 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Raymond "Kirkwall" in Omand (2003) p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jarehro-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jarehro_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jarehro_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/earlyrefs.htm">"Early Historical References to Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615010122/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/earlyrefs.htm">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaeusNobbe1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaeus, Claudius</a>; Nobbe, Karl Friedrich August (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnRXAAAAcAAJ&dq=%E1%BD%88%CF%81%CE%BA%E1%BD%B1%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%E1%BD%88%CF%81%CE%BA%E1%BD%B1%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&f=false"><i>Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia: 1</i></a> (in Ancient Greek). <a href="/wiki/Tauchnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauchnitz">Tauchnitz</a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudii+Ptolemaei+Geographia%3A+1&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Tauchnitz&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Ptolemaeus&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft.au=Nobbe%2C+Karl+Friedrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnRXAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3D%25E1%25BD%2588%25CF%2581%25CE%25BA%25E1%25BD%25B1%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582%26pg%3DPA74%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%25E1%25BD%2588%25CF%2581%25CE%25BA%25E1%25BD%25B1%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. <i>Agricola</i>. Chapter 10. <q><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ac simul incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant, invenit domuitque</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricola&rft.pages=Chapter+10&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades8.html">"TZETZES, CHILIADES BOOK 8 - Theoi Classical Texts Library"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=TZETZES%2C+CHILIADES+BOOK+8+-+Theoi+Classical+Texts+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FTzetzesChiliades8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/CelticLanguages/ProtoCelticEnglishWordlist.pdf">"Proto-Celtic – English Word List"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231141619/http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/CelticLanguages/ProtoCelticEnglishWordlist.pdf">Archived</a> 31 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf) (12 June 2002) University of Wales. p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waugh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waugh_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Waugh, Doreen J. "Orkney Place-names" in Omand (2003) p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a> (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.indo-european.nl/%5Cindex2.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514141357/http://www.indo-european.nl/index2.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></span>. Retrieved 3 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaroo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jaroo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/orkney.htm">"The Origin of Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606003827/http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/orkney.htm">Archived</a> 6 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222">"Strictures on Mr. Laing's Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian"</a>. <i>The Scots Magazine</i>. <b>64</b>: 651. August 1802. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225112/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scots+Magazine&rft.atitle=Strictures+on+Mr.+Laing%27s+Dissertation+on+the+Poems+of+Ossian&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=651&rft.date=1802-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1YLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPope1866" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Alexander (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Ancient History of Orkney, Caithness, & the North</i></a>. Caithness: Peter Reid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225112/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>. (English translation, with translator's notes, of Torfaeus, Thormodus, 1697)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+of+Orkney%2C+Caithness%2C+%26+the+North&rft.place=Caithness&rft.pub=Peter+Reid&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1YLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2003" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, Carolus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx-b2EpchX4C&pg=PA1"><i>Venerabilis Baedae Historiam Ecclesiasticam</i></a> [<i>Ecclesiastical History of Bede</i>]. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-028-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-028-6"><bdi>978-1-59333-028-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venerabilis+Baedae+Historiam+Ecclesiasticam&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-028-6&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJx-b2EpchX4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Historia%26Passio.pdf">"A History of Norway", vol. XIII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221232519/http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Historia%26Passio.pdf">Archived</a> 21 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Translated by Devra Kunin pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haswell-Smith_2004_p._354_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, George (1582) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/"><i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia: The First Book</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004211/http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/">Archived</a> 9 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The University of California, Irvine. Revised 8 March 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/pomona.htm">"Pomona or Mainland?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706190859/http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/pomona.htm">Archived</a> 6 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Peter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/orkneys.htm">“Is ‘The Orkneys’ Ever Right?”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043908/http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/orkneys.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. 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Retrieved 8 January 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/mediapacks/winterwatch-2024-everything-you-need-to-know">“Winterwatch 2024 - Meet the presenters and find out more about this season's wildlife stories”.</a> BBC “Winter Watch”. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/002600.html">"Hazelnut shell pushes back date of Orcadian site"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143444/http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/002600.html">Archived</a> 16 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (3 November 2007) Stone Pages Archaeo News. Retrieved 6 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/places/propertyresults/propertyabout.htm?PropID=PL_244&PropName=Skara%20Brae%20Prehistoric%20Village">"Skara Brae Prehistoric Village" </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505130755/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/places/propertyresults/propertyabout.htm?PropID=PL_244&PropName=Skara%20Brae%20Prehistoric%20Village">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Historic Scotland. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moffat (2005) p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/scotland/2200-800BC">"Scotland: 2200–800 BC Bronze Age"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203063651/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/scotland/2200-800BC">Archived</a> 3 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> worldtimelines.org.uk Retrieved 23 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) pp. 32, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGershon" class="citation web cs1">Gershon, Livia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/polished-stone-balls-found-5500-year-old-scottish-tomb-180978615/">"Polished, 5,500-Year-Old Stone Balls Found in Neolithic Scottish Tomb"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912122233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/polished-stone-balls-found-5500-year-old-scottish-tomb-180978615/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Polished%2C+5%2C500-Year-Old+Stone+Balls+Found+in+Neolithic+Scottish+Tomb&rft.aulast=Gershon&rft.aufirst=Livia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fpolished-stone-balls-found-5500-year-old-scottish-tomb-180978615%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/two-mysterious-stone-balls-found-buried-in-5500-year-old-disappearing-tomb-in-orkney-3368676">"Two mysterious stone balls found buried in 5,500-year-old 'disappearing' tomb in Orkney"</a>. <i>www.scotsman.com</i>. 2 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912122234/https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/two-mysterious-stone-balls-found-buried-in-5500-year-old-disappearing-tomb-in-orkney-3368676">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=Two+mysterious+stone+balls+found+buried+in+5%2C500-year-old+%27disappearing%27+tomb+in+Orkney&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fheritage-and-retro%2Fheritage%2Ftwo-mysterious-stone-balls-found-buried-in-5500-year-old-disappearing-tomb-in-orkney-3368676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-rare-stones-in-a-disappearing-tomb-in-scotland-678989">"Archaeologists discover rare stones in a 'disappearing' tomb in Scotland"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912122234/https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-rare-stones-in-a-disappearing-tomb-in-scotland-678989">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+rare+stones+in+a+%27disappearing%27+tomb+in+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farchaeology%2Farchaeologists-discover-rare-stones-in-a-disappearing-tomb-in-scotland-678989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moffat (2005) pp. 154, 158, 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittington, Graeme and Edwards, Kevin J. (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/psas/volumes.cfm">"Palynology as a predictive tool in archaeology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522025643/http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/psas/volumes.cfm">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf) <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>. <b>124</b> pp. 55–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/brodgar/plumcakemound.htm">"The Ring o' Brodgar – Plumcake Mound"</a>. <i>www.orkneyjar.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427200517/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/brodgar/plumcakemound.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orkneyjar.com&rft.atitle=The+Ring+o%27+Brodgar+%E2%80%93+Plumcake+Mound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkneyjar.com%2Fhistory%2Fbrodgar%2Fplumcakemound.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 81–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogan, C. Michael (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=7891"><i>Burroughston Broch</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610071233/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=7891">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 4 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Iain "The wheelhouse" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 118–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moffat (2005) pp. 173–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson4-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson4_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson4_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson (2005) pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CalendarOfPhilocalusAndPolemiusSilviusFromIla">"<i>Laterculus Polemii Silvii</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laterculus+Polemii+Silvii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCalendarOfPhilocalusAndPolemiusSilviusFromIla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontesanti" class="citation web cs1">Montesanti, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33336307">"Orcades/Orkney: the 6th roman province in Britannia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021232408/https://www.academia.edu/33336307/Orkney_the_6th_province_of_Britannia_New_evidences_from_Mine_Howe">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orcades%2FOrkney%3A+the+6th+roman+province+in+Britannia&rft.aulast=Montesanti&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33336307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Anna "The Picts" in Omand (2003) p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Anna "The Picts" in Omand (2003) pp. 42–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 43–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser (2009) p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant2000" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Alexander (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albacelticscotla0000unse/page/98/mode/2up">"The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba"</a>. In Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.). <i>Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages</i>. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86232-151-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86232-151-5"><bdi>1-86232-151-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Province+of+Ross+and+the+Kingdom+of+Alba&rft.btitle=Alba%3A+Celtic+Scotland+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86232-151-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbacelticscotla0000unse%2Fpage%2F98%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 30 quoting chapter 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenham, Sheena "The South Isles" in Omand (2003) p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T69-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T69_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T69_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 69. quoting the <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkneyinga Saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i> chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrams, Lesley "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age: "A Very Difficult Thing Indeed" in Ballin Smith <i>et al</i> (2007) pp. 169–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D._E._R._Watt" title="D. E. R. Watt">Watt, D.E.R.</a>, (ed.) (1969) <i>Fasti Ecclesia Scoticanae Medii Aevii ad annum 1638</i>. Scottish Records Society. p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cushnieent.force9.co.uk/New%20Diocese/orkney/diocese_orkney.htm">"The Diocese of Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907182006/http://www.cushnieent.force9.co.uk/New%20Diocese/orkney/diocese_orkney.htm">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Firth's Celtic Scotland. Retrieved 9 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson66-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson66_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beuer143-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beuer143_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beuermann (2011) pp. 143–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/stmagnus/magcath.htm">"St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130123631/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/stmagnus/magcath.htm">Archived</a> 30 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyar. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2004" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Barbara E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0tWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">"The Earldom of Caithness and the Kingdom of Scotland, 1150–1266"</a>. In Stringer, Keith J. (ed.). <i>Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland</i>. 9781788853408: John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78885-340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78885-340-8"><bdi>978-1-78885-340-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earldom+of+Caithness+and+the+Kingdom+of+Scotland%2C+1150%E2%80%931266&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Nobility+of+Medieval+Scotland&rft.place=9781788853408&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-78885-340-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Barbara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0tWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1966" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Barbara E. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48613121">"The Earldom of Orkney and Lordship of Shetland: A reinterpretation of their pledging to Scotland in 1468–70"</a>. <i>Saga Book</i>. <b>17</b>: 157. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48613121">48613121</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saga+Book&rft.atitle=The+Earldom+of+Orkney+and+Lordship+of+Shetland%3A+A+reinterpretation+of+their+pledging+to+Scotland+in+1468%E2%80%9370&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48613121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Barbara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48613121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 134–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser1892" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, William (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sutherlandbook01fras/page/102/mode/2up"><i>The Sutherland Book</i></a>. Edinburgh. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutherland+Book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsutherlandbook01fras%2Fpage%2F102%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T146-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T146_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T146_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 146–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPulsiano1993" class="citation book cs1">Pulsiano, Phillip, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&pg=PA63"><i>Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824047877" title="Special:BookSources/0824047877"><bdi>0824047877</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0824047877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-XiZO8V4qUC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul1905" class="citation book cs1">Paul, James Balfour, ed. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun02paul/page/320/mode/2up"><i>The Scots Peerage: Volume 2</i></a>. Edinburgh: David Douglas. p. 321<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scots+Peerage%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=David+Douglas&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotspeeragefoun02paul%2Fpage%2F320%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 168–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/historicalfigures/henrysinclair/princehenrytrip.htm">"Earl Henry Sinclair: The Zeno Narrative"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925013609/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/historicalfigures/henrysinclair/princehenrytrip.htm">Archived</a> 25 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. Retrieved 4 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armit (2006) pp. 173–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armit (2006) pp. 178–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911281-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911281_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uib.no/avdeling/spes/diplom/1509.htm">"Diplom fra Shetland datert 24.november 1509"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505033602/http://www.ub.uib.no/avdeling/spes/diplom/1509.htm">Archived</a> 5 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University Library, University in Bergen. (Norwegian). Retrieved 13 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universitas.uio.no/Arkiv/1996/16okt96/norsk.htm">"Norsken som døde"</a> Universitas, Norsken som døde (Norwegian) Retrieved 13 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185409/http://universitas.uio.no/Arkiv/1996/16okt96/norsk.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coull-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coull_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coull_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coull, James "Fishing" in Omand (2003) pp. 144–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, William P.L. "Agricultural Improvement" in Omand (2003) pp. 93, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 371–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 364–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, William P.L. "Agricultural Improvement" in Omand (2003) p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baynes (1970) p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (2003) pp. 464–465, 528, 533–534, 550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thom434-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thom434_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thom434_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 434–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (2008) pp. 439–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2014" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Jody (20 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027204334/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13194276.orkney-best-quality-life/">"Orkney best for quality of life"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Glasgow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/orkney-best-for-quality-of-life.114929765">the original</a> on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Orkney+best+for+quality+of+life&rft.date=2014-12-20&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2Fhome-news%2Forkney-best-for-quality-of-life.114929765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528110803/https://news.sky.com/story/orkney-crowned-best-place-to-live-in-the-uk-in-halifax-quality-of-life-survey-11618040">"Orkney crowned best place to live in the UK in Halifax quality of life survey"</a>. <i>Sky News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/orkney-crowned-best-place-to-live-in-the-uk-in-halifax-quality-of-life-survey-11618040">the original</a> on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Orkney+crowned+best+place+to+live+in+the+UK+in+Halifax+quality+of+life+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Forkney-crowned-best-place-to-live-in-the-uk-in-halifax-quality-of-life-survey-11618040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vis-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vis_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vis_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10197247">"Orkney Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104155824/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10197247">Archived</a> 4 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vision of Britain. Retrieved 21 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenham, Sheena "Modern Times" in Omand (2003) p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRO-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRO_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/census/censushm/occpapers/occasional-paper-10/index.html">Scotland's Census 2001 – Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands</a></i>. Retrieved 26 February 2012. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-23711202">"Scotland's 2011 census: Island living on the rise"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630183449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-23711202">Archived</a> 30 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911279_123-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OS-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OS_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OS_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm">"Get-a-Map"</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131129143647/http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm">Archived</a> 29 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitakers (1990) pp. 611, 614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrevesPineschi1997-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrevesPineschi1997_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTullio_TrevesLaura_Pineschi1997" class="citation book cs1">Tullio Treves; Laura Pineschi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4uZat_RmpUC&pg=PA530"><i>The Law of the Sea: The European Union and Its Member States</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0326-0"><bdi>978-90-411-0326-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820015819/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4uZat_RmpUC&pg=PA530">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emec.org.uk/tidal_site.asp">"Fall of Warness Test Site "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201165129/http://www.emec.org.uk/tidal_site.asp">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/EMEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EMEC">EMEC</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6UFE3Y">"The Big Tree, Orkney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727095046/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6UFE3Y">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/publications/population-estimates-for-settlements-and-localities-in-scotland-mid-2020/">"Population estimates for settlements and localities in Scotland: mid-2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>. 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates+for+settlements+and+localities+in+Scotland%3A+mid-2020&rft.pub=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fpopulation-estimates-for-settlements-and-localities-in-scotland-mid-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/oksbv0u5/rel1c2sb.pdf">"2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C (Part Two)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+First+Results+on+Population+and+Household+Estimates+for+Scotland+-+Release+1C+%28Part+Two%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Foksbv0u5%2Frel1c2sb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millennium-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, J.E.A., & Hewett, A.J. "Devonian" in Evans, D., Graham C., Armour, A., & Bathurst, P. (eds) (2003) <i>The Millennium Atlas: petroleum geology of the central and northern North Sea</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Basement/basement.htm">"Basement Geology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193431/http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Basement/basement.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Stratigraphy/Devonian%20Lower%20Middle.htm">"Lower Middle Devonian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054128/http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Stratigraphy/Devonian%20Lower%20Middle.htm">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mykura, W. (with contributions by Flinn, D. & May, F.) (1976) <i>British Regional Geology: Orkney and Shetland.</i> Institute of Geological Sciences. Natural Environment Council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land Use Consultants (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/LCA/orkney.pdf">"Orkney landscape character assessment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212540/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/LCA/orkney.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Scottish Natural Heritage Review No. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odling, N.W.A. (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/gcrdb/GCRsiteaccount2495.pdf">"Point of Ayre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008010444/http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/gcrdb/GCRsiteaccount2495.pdf">Archived</a> 8 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (pdf) "Caledonian Igneous Rocks of Great Britain: Late Silurian and Devonian volcanic rocks of Scotland". <i>Geological Conservation Review</i> <b>17 </b>: Chapter 9, p. 2731. JNCC. Retrieved 4 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Dykes%20and%20Volcanics/permian%20dykes.htm">"Orkney Landscapes: Permian dykes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121065449/http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Dykes%20and%20Volcanics/permian%20dykes.htm">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 4 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalmers, Jim "Agriculture in Orkney Today" in Omand (2003) p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/regmapavge.html">"Regional mapped climate averages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804165705/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/regmapavge.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/climate.htm">"The Climate of Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402052831/http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/climate.htm">Archived</a> 2 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. 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Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.weather.com/climate/sunRiseSunSet-Orkney-UKXX0871?month=12">"Climatology: Sunrise/Sunset for Orkney, United Kingdom "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021051848/http://uk.weather.com/climate/sunRiseSunSet-Orkney-UKXX0871?month=12">Archived</a> 21 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Weather Channel. Retrieved 12 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Vetterlein2006" class="citation web cs1">John Vetterlein (21 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205051250/http://www.orcadian.co.uk/skynotes/aurora.htm">"Sky Notes: Aurora Borealis Gallery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orcadian.co.uk/skynotes/aurora.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sky+Notes%3A+Aurora+Borealis+Gallery&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft.au=John+Vetterlein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orcadian.co.uk%2Fskynotes%2Faurora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gfmzqh0rc">"Kirkwall Airport (Orkney Islands) averages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Orknejyar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116053040/http://www.orkneyjar.com/tradition/festivalofhorse.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+Energy+system+of+the+future+to+be+demonstrated+in+Orkney+%3A+EMEC%3A+European+Marine+Energy+Centre&rft.pub=European+Marine+Energy+Centre&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emec.org.uk%2Fpress-release-energy-system-of-the-future-to-be-demonstrated-in-orkney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-49319120">"Is Orkney 'in the fast lane' on electric vehicles? 12 August 2019"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913220920/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-49319120">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Orkney+%27in+the+fast+lane%27+on+electric+vehicles%3F+12+August+2019&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-49319120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190327-the-tiny-islands-leading-the-way-in-hydrogen-power">"How hydrogen is transforming these tiny Scottish islands"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014094933/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190327-the-tiny-islands-leading-the-way-in-hydrogen-power">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=How+Orkney+leads+the+way+for+sustainable+energy&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fjan%2F20%2Forkney-northern-powerhouse-electricity-wind-waves-surplus-power-hydrogen-fuel-cell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energyireland.ie/is-orkney-the-hydrogen-capital-of-the-world/">"Is Orkney the hydrogen capital of the world? 25 November 2019"</a>. 25 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005639/https://www.energyireland.ie/is-orkney-the-hydrogen-capital-of-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGEB%3A+Scotland+trials+world%27s+first+hydrogen+ferry&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectrek.co%2F2020%2F10%2F14%2Fegeb-scotland-hydrogen-ferry-microwave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190327-the-tiny-islands-leading-the-way-in-hydrogen-power">"How hydrogen is transforming these tiny Scottish islands"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014094933/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190327-the-tiny-islands-leading-the-way-in-hydrogen-power">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+hydrogen+is+transforming+these+tiny+Scottish+islands&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20190327-the-tiny-islands-leading-the-way-in-hydrogen-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202151112/https://hydrogeneast.uk/green-hydrogen-set-to-decarbonise-airport/">"Green hydrogen set to decarbonise airport"</a>. <i>Hydrogen East</i>. 20 December 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydrogeneast.uk/green-hydrogen-set-to-decarbonise-airport/">the original</a> on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council%2C+SIC+moves+ahead+in+developing+hydrogen+as+an+alternative+fuel+2+September+2020&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shetnews.co.uk%2F2020%2F09%2F02%2Fsic-moves-ahead-in-developing-hydrogen-as-an-alternative-fuel%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520council%2520believes%2520Shetland%2520has%2Cand%2520the%2520Western%2520Isles%2520council.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/scotland-invests-in-offshore-wind-and-tidal-energy-for-green-hydrogen">"Scotland Invests in Offshore Wind and Tidal Energy for Green Hydrogen 20 December 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123145555/https://maritime-executive.com/article/scotland-invests-in-offshore-wind-and-tidal-energy-for-green-hydrogen">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Invests+in+Offshore+Wind+and+Tidal+Energy+for+Green+Hydrogen+20+December+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fscotland-invests-in-offshore-wind-and-tidal-energy-for-green-hydrogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visork-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visork_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-visork_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitorkney.com/gettinghere.asp">"Getting Here"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502072758/http://www.visitorkney.com/gettinghere.asp">Archived</a> 2 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Visit Orkney. Retrieved 13 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hial.co.uk/kirkwall-airport.html">"Air Travel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603165324/http://www.hial.co.uk/kirkwall-airport.html">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkney Islands Council. Retrieved 13 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westraypapawestray.co.uk/getting-here/">"Getting Here"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105120/http://www.westraypapawestray.co.uk/getting-here/">Archived</a> 7 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Westray and Papa Westray Craft and Tourist Associations. Retrieved 7 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyferries.co.uk/">"Welcome to Orkney Ferries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208020048/http://www.orkneyferries.co.uk/">Archived</a> 8 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Orkney Ferries Ltd. Retrieved 16 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKampfner2021" class="citation web cs1">Kampfner, Constance (22 December 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/orkney-minibus-service-for-disabled-targeted-by-international-ransomware-hackers-hp5gx5zxg">"Orkney minibus service for disabled targeted by international ransomware hackers"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Orkney+minibus+service+for+disabled+targeted+by+international+ransomware+hackers&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Kampfner&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Fuk%2Fscotland%2Farticle%2Forkney-minibus-service-for-disabled-targeted-by-international-ransomware-hackers-hp5gx5zxg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2007/news/weekly-titles-in-company-merger/">"Weekly titles in company merger"</a>. <i>HoldTheFrontPage</i>. 25 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HoldTheFrontPage&rft.atitle=Weekly+titles+in+company+merger&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holdthefrontpage.co.uk%2F2007%2Fnews%2Fweekly-titles-in-company-merger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radioscotland/news/orkney/index.shtml">"Radio Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201074605/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radioscotland/news/orkney/index.shtml">Archived</a> 1 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesuperstation.co.uk/">"Superstation Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519170245/http://www.thesuperstation.co.uk/">Archived</a> 19 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thesuperstation.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotoday.co.uk/2014/11/superstation-orkney-stops-broadcasting/">Superstation Orkney ends community radio broadcasting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120231927/http://radiotoday.co.uk/2014/11/superstation-orkney-stops-broadcasting/">Archived</a> 20 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, RadioToday, 16 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caithnessfm.co.uk/">"Welcome to the Caithness F.M. website"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216062844/http://caithnessfm.co.uk/">Archived</a> 16 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Caithness FM. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143255/http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/index.htm">"Orkney Library & Archive"</a>. <i>www.orkneylibrary.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/index.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orkneylibrary.org.uk&rft.atitle=Orkney+Library+%26+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkneylibrary.org.uk%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143357/http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/kirklibrary.htm">"About our libraries"</a>. <i>www.orkneylibrary.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/kirklibrary.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orkneylibrary.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+our+libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkneylibrary.org.uk%2Fkirklibrary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143226/http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/mobile.htm">"Mobile Library"</a>. <i>www.orkneylibrary.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneylibrary.org.uk/mobile.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orkneylibrary.org.uk&rft.atitle=Mobile+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkneylibrary.org.uk%2Fmobile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarkson (2008) pp. 30–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) pp. 248–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsyth,_Katherine1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Forsyth, Katherine</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/psas/volumes.cfm">"The ogham-inscribed spindle-whorl from Buckquoy: evidence for the Irish language in pre-Viking Orkney?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</a></i>. <b>125</b>: <span class="nowrap">677–</span>96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522025643/http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/psas/volumes.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+ogham-inscribed+spindle-whorl+from+Buckquoy%3A+evidence+for+the+Irish+language+in+pre-Viking+Orkney%3F&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E677-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Farchives%2Fview%2Fpsas%2Fvolumes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb_2003_p._250-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_2003_p._250_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_2003_p._250_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Gregor (1995) <i>Testimony of the Orkneyingar: Place Names of Orkney</i>. Byrgisey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9513443-4-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9513443-4-X">0-9513443-4-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/dialect/index.html">"The Orcadian Dialect"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107011653/http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/dialect/index.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) pp. 250–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clackson, Stephen (25 November 2004) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orcadian" title="The Orcadian">The Orcadian</a></i>. Kirkwall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, W. and Murison, D.D. (1931–1976) <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Dictionary" title="Scottish National Dictionary">Scottish National Dictionary</a></i>. Scottish National Dictionary Association. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-034518-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-034518-2">0-08-034518-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/trows/">"The Trows"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126195034/http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/trows/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muir, Tom "Customs and Traditions" in Omand (2003) p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drever, David "Orkney Literature" in Omand (2003) p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/orcadian.htm">"The Orcadians – The people of Orkney"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718064612/http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/orcadian.htm">Archived</a> 18 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'We are Orcadian first, and Scottish second' many people would tell me during the course of my fieldwork." McClanahan, Angela (2004) <i>The Heart of Neolithic Orkney in its Contemporary Contexts: A case study in heritage management and community values</i> <a href="/wiki/Historic_Scotland" title="Historic Scotland">Historic Scotland</a>/University of Manchester, p. 25 (§3.47) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/orkney-case-study.pdf#xml=http://web1:10700/texis/webinator/pubssearch/pdfhi.txt?pr=publications&prox=page&rorder=500&rprox=500&rdfreq=500&rwfreq=500&rlead=500&rdepth=0&sufs=0&order=r&id=4b2056937">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208111927/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/orkney-case-study.pdf#xml=http://web1:10700/texis/webinator/pubssearch/pdfhi.txt?pr=publications&prox=page&rorder=500&rprox=500&rdfreq=500&rwfreq=500&rlead=500&rdepth=0&sufs=0&order=r&id=4b2056937">Archived</a> 8 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 8 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion">"Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion | Scotland Census 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322121750/http://scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Identity%2C+Language+and+Religion+%26%23124%3B+Scotland+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fethnicity-identity-language-and-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/index.html">"Where is Orkney?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719214059/http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/index.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/faq.htm">Orkneyjar FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715193258/http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/faq.htm">Archived</a> 15 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tartans.scotland.net/tartan_info.cfm@tartan_id=4091.htm">"Orkney tartan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712142238/http://www.tartans.scotland.net/tartan_info.cfm@tartan_id=4091.htm">Archived</a> 12 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tartans.scotland.net Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clackson.com/tartan/sanday-tartan.htm">"Sanday Tartan"</a> www.clackson.com. Retrieved 2 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911225847/http://www.clackson.com/tartan/sanday-tartan.htm">Archived</a> 11 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tartans.scotland.net/tartan_info.cfm@tartan_id=8160.htm">"Clackson tartan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915192548/http://www.tartans.scotland.net/tartan_info.cfm@tartan_id=8160.htm">Archived</a> 15 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tartans.scotland.net. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirkwallcity.com/">"Kirkwall City Pipe Band"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409140749/http://www.kirkwallcity.com/">Archived</a> 9 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> kirkwallcity.com. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stromnesspipeband.co.uk/">"Stromness RBL Pipe Band"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015134427/http://www.stromnesspipeband.co.uk/">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> stromnesspipeband.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/lowp_v">"Dictionary of the Scots Language :: DOST :: Lowp V"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113143/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/lowp_v">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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William Tait.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNH-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNH_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNH_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/scottish/nisles/orkney.asp">"Northern Isles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025558/http://www.snh.org.uk/scottish/nisles/orkney.asp">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SNH. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stoats+of+Orkney+weasel+out+of+cull+thanks+to+saboteurs&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fstoats-of-orkney-weasel-out-of-cull-thanks-to-saboteurs-6070v3spn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19011526.row-stoat-cull-mass-deaths-animals/">"Row over stoat cull after mass deaths of animals"</a>. 14 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119053847/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19011526.row-stoat-cull-mass-deaths-animals/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Row+over+stoat+cull+after+mass+deaths+of+animals&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F19011526.row-stoat-cull-mass-deaths-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orcadian.co.uk/police-investigate-stoat-trap-damage/#:~:text=Police%20Scotland%20is%20investigating%20a,Deerness%20and%20Evie%20throughout%202020.">"Police Investigate Stoat Trap Damage 11 January 2021"</a>. 11 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207122440/https://www.orcadian.co.uk/police-investigate-stoat-trap-damage/#:~:text=Police%20Scotland%20is%20investigating%20a,Deerness%20and%20Evie%20throughout%202020.">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Investigate+Stoat+Trap+Damage+11+January+2021&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orcadian.co.uk%2Fpolice-investigate-stoat-trap-damage%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPolice%2520Scotland%2520is%2520investigating%2520a%2CDeerness%2520and%2520Evie%2520throughout%25202020.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806045531/https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Service-Directory/S/SPA.htm">"Special Protection Areas SPA"</a>. Orkney Islands Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Service-Directory/S/SPA.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Protection+Areas+SPA&rft.pub=Orkney+Islands+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkney.gov.uk%2FService-Directory%2FS%2FSPA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806051531/https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Service-Directory/S/SAC.htm">"Special Areas of Conservation SAC"</a>. Orkney Islands Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Service-Directory/S/SAC.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Areas+of+Conservation+SAC&rft.pub=Orkney+Islands+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkney.gov.uk%2FService-Directory%2FS%2FSAC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/Publication%202010%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20374%20-%20The%20Special%20Qualities%20of%20the%20National%20Scenic%20Areas.pdf">"The special qualities of the National Scenic Areas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Natural Heritage. December 2010. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015417/https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/Publication%202010%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20374%20-%20The%20Special%20Qualities%20of%20the%20National%20Scenic%20Areas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+special+qualities+of+the+National+Scenic+Areas&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Scottish+Natural+Heritage&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.scot%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017-07%2FPublication%25202010%2520-%2520SNH%2520Commissioned%2520Report%2520374%2520-%2520The%2520Special%2520Qualities%2520of%2520the%2520National%2520Scenic%2520Areas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/North%20West%20Orkney%20-%20Site%20Summary%20Document%20-%20July14.pdf">"North-west Orkney Marine Protected Area Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Joint Nature Conservation Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-west+Orkney+Marine+Protected+Area+Summary&rft.pub=Joint+Nature+Conservation+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.jncc.gov.uk%2Fpdf%2FNorth%2520West%2520Orkney%2520-%2520Site%2520Summary%2520Document%2520-%2520July14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10451">"North-west Orkney MPA(NC)"</a>. NatureScot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927013349/https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10451">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-west+Orkney+MPA%28NC%29&rft.pub=NatureScot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsitelink.nature.scot%2Fsite%2F10451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/6541099.stm">"Postman designs new Orkney flag"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Postman+designs+new+Orkney+flag&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fnorth_east%2F6541099.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2021" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Michelle (9 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/islands/3300712/royal-navy-divers-take-to-the-streets-of-orkney-after-their-awarded-freedom-of-orkney/">"Royal Navy divers take to the streets of Orkney after their awarded Freedom of Orkney"</a>. <i>The Press and Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710101629/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/islands/3300712/royal-navy-divers-take-to-the-streets-of-orkney-after-their-awarded-freedom-of-orkney/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Press+and+Journal&rft.atitle=Royal+Navy+divers+take+to+the+streets+of+Orkney+after+their+awarded+Freedom+of+Orkney&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressandjournal.co.uk%2Ffp%2Fnews%2Fislands%2F3300712%2Froyal-navy-divers-take-to-the-streets-of-orkney-after-their-awarded-freedom-of-orkney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orcadian.co.uk/freedom-of-orkney-honour-presented-to-northern-diving-group/">"Freedom of Orkney honour presented to Northern Diving Group"</a>. <i>The Orcadian</i>. 9 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709164004/https://www.orcadian.co.uk/freedom-of-orkney-honour-presented-to-northern-diving-group/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orcadian&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Orkney+honour+presented+to+Northern+Diving+Group&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orcadian.co.uk%2Ffreedom-of-orkney-honour-presented-to-northern-diving-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Armit, Ian (2006) <i>Scotland's Hidden History</i>. Stroud. Tempus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3764-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3764-X">0-7524-3764-X</a></li> <li>Beuermann, Ian "Jarla Sǫgur Orkneyja. Status and power of the earls of Orkney according to their sagas" in Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekda, Jan Erik and Beuermann, Ian (eds) (2011) <i>Ideology and power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes </i>. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. <b>52</b>. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20506-2">978-90-04-20506-2</a></li> <li>Baynes, John (1970) <i>The Jacobite Rising of 1715</i>. London. Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-93565-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-93565-4">0-304-93565-4</a></li> <li>Benvie, Neil (2004) <i>Scotland's Wildlife</i>. London. Aurum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-978-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-978-2">1-85410-978-2</a></li> <li>Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) <i>In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland</i>. Stroud. Tempus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X">0-7524-2517-X</a></li> <li>Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) <i>West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300</i>. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15893-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15893-6">90-04-15893-6</a></li> <li>Clarkson, Tim (2008) <i>The Picts: A History</i>. Stroud. The History Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4392-8">978-0-7524-4392-8</a></li> <li>Duffy, Christopher (2003) <i>The 45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising</i>. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35525-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35525-9">0-304-35525-9</a></li> <li>Fraser, James E. (2009) <i>From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1">978-0-7486-1232-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaswell-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC"><i>The Scottish Islands</i></a>. Edinburgh: Canongate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7"><bdi>978-1-84195-454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Islands&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84195-454-7&rft.aulast=Haswell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXFwKl5gVqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moffat, Alistair (2005) <i>Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History</i>. London. Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500051337">978-0500051337</a></li> <li>Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) <i>The Orkney Book</i>. Edinburgh. Birlinn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-254-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-254-9">1-84158-254-9</a></li> <li>Thompson, William P.L. (2008) <i>The New History of Orkney</i>. Edinburgh. Birlinn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-696-0">978-1-84158-696-0</a></li> <li><i>Whitaker's Almanack 1991</i> (1990). London. J. Whitaker & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85021-205-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85021-205-7">0-85021-205-7</a></li> <li>Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) <i>Orkney: A Historical Guide</i>. Edinburgh. Birlinn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-596-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-596-3">1-84158-596-3</a></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Orkney_Islands" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orkney+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrkney" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Batey, C.E. <i>et al</i> (eds.) (1995) <i>The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0632-0">978-0-7486-0632-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Fresson" title="E. E. Fresson">Fresson, Captain E.E.</a> <i>Air Road to the Isles</i>. (2008) Kea Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-9-4">978-0-9518958-9-4</a></li> <li>Hutton, Guthrie (2009) <i>Old Orkney</i>. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840334678" title="Special:BookSources/9781840334678">9781840334678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Livesey" title="Margot Livesey">Livesey, Margot</a>, <i>The Flight of Gemma Hardy</i> (a novel). HarperCollins, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-206422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-206422-6">978-0-06-206422-6</a></li> <li>Lo Bao, Phil and Hutchison, Iain (2002) <i>BEAline to the Islands</i>. Kea Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-4-9">978-0-9518958-4-9</a></li> <li>Nicol, Christopher (2012) Eric Linklater's Private Angelo and The Dark of Summer Glasgow: ASLS <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906841119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906841119">978-1906841119</a></li> <li>Rendall, Jocelyn (2009) <i>Steering the Stone Ships: The Story of Orkney Kirks and People</i> Saint Andrew Press, Edinburgh.</li> <li>Tait, Charles (2012) <i>The Orkney Guide Book,</i> Charles Tait, St. Ola, Orkney. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9517859-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9517859-8-0">978-0-9517859-8-0</a></li> <li>Warner, Guy (2005) <i>Orkney by Air</i>. Kea Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518958-7-0">978-0-9518958-7-0</a></li> <li>Dance, Gaia (2013) <i>The Sea Before Breakfast.</i> Amazon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3015054-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3015054-8-7">978-1-3015054-8-7</a></li> <li>Marshall, Peter (2024) <i>Storm’s Edge: Life, Death and Magic in the Islands of Orkney.</i> William Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008394394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008394394">978-0008394394</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkney&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands#Q100166" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkney.gov.uk/">Orkney Islands Council</a>, the local authority website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=83591791380FA8D941CC8FB0C7DA218B?text_id=135520&word=NULL">Vision of Britain – Groome Gazetteer entry for Orkney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orkneyfromabove.co.uk">Orkney Landscapes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215518/https://orkneyfromabove.co.uk/">Archived</a> 3 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkney.gov.uk/Council/C/Community-Councils.htm">Map of the community council areas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/OKI/indexpars">Map of civil parishes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/A_CHECKLIST_OF_THE_FLORA_OF_ORKNEY2013.pdf">A Checklist of the Flora of Orkney, 2013</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orkney107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orkney_islands" title="List of Orkney islands">List of Orkney islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inhabited islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auskerry" title="Auskerry">Auskerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burray" title="Burray">Burray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairsay" title="Gairsay">Gairsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Grimbister" title="Holm of Grimbister">Holm of Grimbister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Holm" title="Inner Holm">Inner Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Stronsay" title="Papa Stronsay">Papa Stronsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">South Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyre,_Orkney" title="Wyre, Orkney">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eynhallow" title="Eynhallow">Eynhallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helliar_Holm" title="Helliar Holm">Helliar Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_Holm" title="Lamb Holm">Lamb Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switha" title="Switha">Switha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swona" title="Swona">Swona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_West_Orkney" title="Template:North West Orkney">North West islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_East_Orkney" title="Template:North East Orkney">North East islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:South_West_Orkney" title="Template:South West Orkney">South West islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:South_East_Orkney" title="Template:South East Orkney">South East islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerness" title="Deerness">Deerness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie,_Orkney" title="Evie, Orkney">Evie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth,_Orkney" title="Firth, Orkney">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harray" title="Harray">Harray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm,_Orkney" title="Holm, Orkney">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphir" title="Orphir">Orphir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendall" title="Rendall">Rendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews,_Orkney" title="St Andrews, Orkney">St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ola" title="St Ola">St Ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwick,_Orkney" title="Sandwick, Orkney">Sandwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenness" title="Stenness">Stenness</a></li> <li>Stromness</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Orkney" title="Geology of Orkney">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Orkney" title="Witchcraft in Orkney">Witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Orkney">Earls of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Orkney" title="Flag of Orkney">Flag of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orkney (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Orkney (Scottish Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)">Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Women%27s_Suffrage_Society" title="Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society">Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkwall Ba game">Kirkwall Ba game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Amateur_Football_Association" title="Orkney Amateur Football Association">Orkney Amateur Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_F.C." title="Orkney F.C.">Orkney F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_representative_football_team" title="Orkney representative football team">Orkney representative football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Orkney94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Orkney94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Orkney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_East_Orkney_Islands29" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_East_Orkney" title="Template:North East Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_East_Orkney" title="Template talk:North East Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_East_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North East Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_East_Orkney_Islands29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North East <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auskerry" title="Auskerry">Auskerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_of_Eday" title="Calf of Eday">Calf of Eday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helliar_Holm" title="Helliar Holm">Helliar Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Huip" title="Holm of Huip">Holm of Huip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Holm" title="Linga Holm">Linga Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckle_Green_Holm" title="Muckle Green Holm">Muckle Green Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Stronsay" title="Papa Stronsay">Papa Stronsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney" title="Sanday, Orkney">Sanday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronsay" title="Stronsay">Stronsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves_Holm" title="Thieves Holm">Thieves Holm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_West_Orkney_Islands36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_West_Orkney" title="Template:North West Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_West_Orkney" title="Template talk:North West Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_West_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North West Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_West_Orkney_Islands36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North West <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsay" title="Damsay">Damsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eynhallow" title="Eynhallow">Eynhallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faray" title="Faray">Faray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairsay" title="Gairsay">Gairsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Faray" title="Holm of Faray">Holm of Faray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Papa" title="Holm of Papa">Holm of Papa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Scockness" title="Holm of Scockness">Holm of Scockness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kili_Holm" title="Kili Holm">Kili Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray/Papay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk_Holm" title="Rusk Holm">Rusk Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Holm" title="Sweyn Holm">Sweyn Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyre,_Orkney" title="Wyre, Orkney">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_East_Orkney_Islands36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_East_Orkney" title="Template:South East Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_East_Orkney" title="Template talk:South East Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_East_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South East Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_East_Orkney_Islands36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South East <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Holm" title="Black Holm">Black Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burray" title="Burray">Burray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copinsay" title="Copinsay">Copinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Holm" title="Corn Holm">Corn Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimps_Holm" title="Glimps Holm">Glimps Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_of_Copinsay" title="Horse of Copinsay">Horse of Copinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunda" title="Hunda">Hunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_Holm" title="Lamb Holm">Lamb Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentland_Skerries" title="Pentland Skerries">Pentland Skerries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muckle_Skerry" title="Muckle Skerry">Muckle Skerry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swona" title="Swona">Swona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_West_Orkney_Islands36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_West_Orkney" title="Template:South West Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_West_Orkney" title="Template talk:South West Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_West_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South West Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_West_Orkney_Islands36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South West <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_Butter" title="Barrel of Butter">Barrel of Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_of_Flotta" title="Calf of Flotta">Calf of Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cava,_Orkney" title="Cava, Orkney">Cava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara,_Orkney" title="Fara, Orkney">Fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graemsay" title="Graemsay">Graemsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Houton" title="Holm of Houton">Holm of Houton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_Hoy" title="Old Man of Hoy">Old Man of Hoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Holm" title="Inner Holm">Inner Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi_Skerry" title="Nevi Skerry">Nevi Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rysa_Little" title="Rysa Little">Rysa Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Walls" title="South Walls">South Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switha" title="Switha">Switha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Settlements_in_Orkney78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orkney_settlements" title="Template:Orkney settlements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orkney_settlements" title="Template talk:Orkney settlements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney_settlements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney settlements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Settlements_in_Orkney78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages and hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abune-the-hill" title="Abune-the-hill">Abune-the-hill</a></li> <li>Aith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancumtoun" title="Ancumtoun">Ancumtoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backaland" title="Backaland">Backaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour,_Orkney" title="Balfour, Orkney">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimbister" title="Bimbister">Bimbister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a></li> <li>Braehead</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeswick" title="Braeswick">Braeswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brims,_Orkney" title="Brims, Orkney">Brims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinian" title="Brinian">Brinian</a></li> <li>Broughton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughtown" title="Broughtown">Broughtown</a></li> <li>Burray Village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustatoun" title="Bustatoun">Bustatoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairston" title="Cairston">Cairston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounby" title="Dounby">Dounby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie,_Orkney" title="Evie, Orkney">Evie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finstown" title="Finstown">Finstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harray" title="Harray">Harray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herston,_Orkney" title="Herston, Orkney">Herston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandstoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandstoun">Hollandstoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houton" title="Houton">Houton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxa,_Orkney" title="Hoxa, Orkney">Hoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(hamlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoy (hamlet)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettletoft" title="Kettletoft">Kettletoft</a></li> <li>Lady Village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhope,_Orkney" title="Longhope, Orkney">Longhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyness" title="Lyness">Lyness</a></li> <li>Midbea</li> <li>Mirbister</li> <li>Norseman Village</li> <li>Northtown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphir" title="Orphir">Orphir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierowall" title="Pierowall">Pierowall</a></li> <li>Quindry</li> <li>Quoyloo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackwick" title="Rackwick">Rackwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapness" title="Rapness">Rapness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendall" title="Rendall">Rendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Hope" title="St Margaret's Hope">St Margaret's Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Orkney" title="St Mary's, Orkney">St Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenness" title="Stenness">Stenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankerness" title="Tankerness">Tankerness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwall,_Orkney" title="Tingwall, Orkney">Tingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toab,_Orkney" title="Toab, Orkney">Toab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twatt,_Orkney" title="Twatt, Orkney">Twatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voy" title="Voy">Voy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Orkney" title="Whitehall, Orkney">Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whome" title="Whome">Whome</a></li> <li>Windwick</li> <li>Wyng</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Orkney" title="List of places in Orkney">List of places in Orkney</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rugby_union_in_Orkney427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rugby_union_in_Orkney" title="Template:Rugby union in Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rugby_union_in_Orkney" title="Template talk:Rugby union in Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby_union_in_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby union in Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rugby_union_in_Orkney427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rugby union in Orkney</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing body</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Scotland_District_(rugby_union)" title="North of Scotland District (rugby union)">North of Scotland District Rugby Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_League_(rugby_union)" title="Scottish National League (rugby union)">National League</a> teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Orkney_RFC" title="Orkney RFC">Orkney RFC</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women's sides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_RFC" title="Orkney RFC">Orkney RFC Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orkney Sevens</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kirkwall RFC</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stadiums and related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pickaquoy</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Orkney116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Template:Prehistoric Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Orkney116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">World Heritage Site</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Ness of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_Stenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Stones of Stenness">Stones of Stenness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Neolithic Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnhouse_Settlement" title="Barnhouse Settlement">Barnhouse Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhammer_Chambered_Cairn" title="Blackhammer Chambered Cairn">Blackhammer Chambered Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Bloody" title="Castle Bloody">Castle Bloody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuween_Hill_Chambered_Cairn" title="Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn">Cuween Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfie_Stane" title="Dwarfie Stane">Dwarfie Stane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_of_Papa" title="Holm of Papa">Holm of Papa Westray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knap_of_Howar" title="Knap of Howar">Knap of Howar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowe_of_Swandro" title="Knowe of Swandro">Knowe of Swandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_of_Noltland" title="Links of Noltland">Links of Noltland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhowe_Chambered_Cairn" title="Midhowe Chambered Cairn">Midhowe Chambered Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_Stein" title="Mor Stein">Mor Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoyness_chambered_cairn" title="Quoyness chambered cairn">Quoyness chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinyo" title="Rinyo">Rinyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Eagles" title="Tomb of the Eagles">Tomb of the Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_Chambered_Cairn" title="Unstan Chambered Cairn">Unstan Chambered Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinquoy_chambered_cairn" title="Vinquoy chambered cairn">Vinquoy chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray_Wife" title="Westray Wife">Westray Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideford_Hill_chambered_cairn" title="Wideford Hill chambered cairn">Wideford Hill chambered cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Borwick" title="Broch of Borwick">Broch of Borwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Burrian" title="Broch of Burrian">Broch of Burrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Gurness" title="Broch of Gurness">Broch of Gurness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughston_Broch" title="Burroughston Broch">Burroughston Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhowe_Broch" title="Midhowe Broch">Midhowe Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Howe" title="Mine Howe">Mine Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankerness#Prehistory" title="Tankerness">Tankerness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_earls_of_Orkney92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #ccbbff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_earls_of_Orkney" title="Template:Norse earls of Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_earls_of_Orkney" title="Template talk:Norse earls of Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_earls_of_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse earls of Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_earls_of_Orkney92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Norse <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">earls of Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragnvald_Eysteinsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnvald Eysteinsson">Ragnvald Eysteinsson</a> "the Wise" (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Eysteinsson" title="Sigurd Eysteinsson">Sigurd Eysteinsson</a> "the Mighty" (to 892)</li> <li>Guthorm Sigurdsson (893)</li> <li>Hallad Rognvaldsson (893–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torf-Einarr" title="Torf-Einarr">Torf-Einarr Rognvaldarson</a> (895–910)</li> <li>Arnkel Torf-Einarsson (910–954)</li> <li>Erlend Torf-Einarsson (910-954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a> "Skull-Splitter" (910–963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Arnfinn, Havard, Ljot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hlodvir_Thorfinnsson" title="Hlodvir Thorfinnsson">Hlodvir Thorfinnsson</a> (963–988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd Hlodvirsson</a> "the Stout" (990–1014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarlidi_Sigurdsson" title="Sumarlidi Sigurdsson">Sumarlidi Sigurdsson</a> (1014–1016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusi_Sigurdsson" title="Brusi Sigurdsson">Brusi Sigurdsson</a> (1014–1031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Sigurdsson" title="Einar Sigurdsson">Einar Sigurdsson</a> "Wry-mouth" (1014–1026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Sigurdsson,_Earl_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney">Thorfinn Sigurdsson</a> "the Mighty" (1025–1064)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6gnvald_Brusason" title="Rögnvald Brusason">Rögnvald Brusason</a> (1036–1046)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Erlend_Thorfinnsson" title="Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson">Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson</a> (1064–1098)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">Sigurd Magnusson</a> "the Jerusalem-farer" (1098–1103)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Paulsson" title="Haakon Paulsson">Haakon Paulsson</a> (1104–1123)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Erlendsson,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney">Magnus Erlendsson</a> (1106–1116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Haakonsson" title="Harald Haakonsson">Harald Haakonsson</a> (1123–1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Haakonsson" title="Paul Haakonsson">Paul Haakonsson</a> (1123–1136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6gnvald_Kali_Kolsson" title="Rögnvald Kali Kolsson">Rögnvald Kali Kolsson</a> (1136–1158)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Maddadsson" title="Harald Maddadsson">Harald Maddadsson</a> "the Old" (1138–1206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlend_Haraldsson" title="Erlend Haraldsson">Erlend Haraldsson</a> (1151–1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Eiriksson" title="Harald Eiriksson">Harald Eiriksson</a> "the Younger" (1191–1198)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Haraldsson" title="David Haraldsson">David Haraldsson</a> (1206–1214)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Haraldsson" title="Jon Haraldsson">Jon Haraldsson</a> (1206–1231)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Magnus_Cathedral_at_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/St._Magnus_Cathedral_at_Sunset.jpg/120px-St._Magnus_Cathedral_at_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/St._Magnus_Cathedral_at_Sunset.jpg/250px-St._Magnus_Cathedral_at_Sunset.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Dates are approximate. Joint earldoms were frequent.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney" title="Template:Bishops of Aberdeen 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Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Ellis_(bishop)" title="Rowland Ellis (bishop)">Rowland Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mitchell_(bishop)" title="Anthony Mitchell (bishop)">Anthony Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Deane" title="Frederic Deane">Frederic Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hall_(bishop)" title="Herbert Hall (bishop)">Herbert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Easson" title="Frederick Easson">Frederick Easson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Begg" title="Ian Begg">Ian Begg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Darwent" title="Frederick Darwent">Frederick Darwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cameron_(bishop)" title="Bruce Cameron (bishop)">Bruce Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Gillies" title="Bob Gillies">Bob Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dyer" title="Anne Dyer">Anne Dyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Template talk:Deans of Aberdeen and Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deans_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deans of Aberdeen and Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deans_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Deans of Aberdeen and Orkney">Deans of Aberdeen and Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(Dean_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Wilson (Dean of Aberdeen and Orkney)">David Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ranken" title="Arthur Ranken">Arthur Ranken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Harper_(priest)" title="Alexander Harper (priest)">Alexander Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Webster_(Dean_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Webster (Dean of Aberdeen and Orkney)">William Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(priest)" title="William Walker (priest)">William Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_Danson" title="Myers Danson">Myers Danson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wiseman_(priest)" title="James Wiseman (priest)">James Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mackay_(priest)" title="Robert Mackay (priest)">Robert Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bartlet" title="George Bartlet">George Bartlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wattie" title="John Wattie">John Wattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Easson" title="Frederick Easson">Frederick Easson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kerrin" title="Richard Kerrin">Richard Kerrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Begg" title="Ian Begg">Ian Begg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Darwent" title="Frederick Darwent">Frederick Darwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Adamson" title="Alexander Adamson">Alexander Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Bovey" title="Denis Bovey">Denis Bovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Stranraer-Mull" title="Gerald Stranraer-Mull">Gerald Stranraer-Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsley_Nimmo" title="Emsley Nimmo">Emsley Nimmo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Berk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Berk (page does not exist)">Dennis Berk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishop_of_Orkney67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Orkney" title="Template:Bishops of Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Orkney" title="Template talk:Bishops of Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishop_of_Orkney67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney" title="Bishop of Orkney">Bishop of Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation Bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lund" title="Henry of Lund">Henry of Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorulf_of_Orkney" title="Thorulf of Orkney">Thorulf of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_(bishop_of_Orkney)" title="John I (bishop of Orkney)">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_(bishop_of_Orkney)" title="Adalbert (bishop of Orkney)">Adalbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radulf_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radulf (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">Radulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger" title="Roger">Roger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Old" title="William the Old">William the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William I (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radulf_Novell" title="Radulf Novell">Radulf Novell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarni_Kolbeinsson_%27the_Skald%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjarni Kolbeinsson 'the Skald' (page does not exist)">Bjarni Kolbeinsson 'the Skald'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jofreyrr_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jofreyrr (bishop) (page does not exist)">Jofreyrr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hervi_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hervi (bishop) (page does not exist)">Hervi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_(Bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter (Bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolgfinnr_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolgfinnr (bishop) (page does not exist)">Dolgfinnr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William II (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_III_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William III (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sinclair_(bishop)" title="Robert Sinclair (bishop)">Robert Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_(bishop_of_Orkney)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry (bishop of Orkney) (page does not exist)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pak" title="John Pak">John Pak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vaus" title="Alexander Vaus">Alexander Vaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephani" title="William Stephani">William Stephani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tulloch_(bishop_of_Orkney)" title="Thomas Tulloch (bishop of Orkney)">Thomas Tulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tulloch" title="William Tulloch">William Tulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Pictoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Pictoris (page does not exist)">Andrew Pictoris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Stewart_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Stewart (bishop) (page does not exist)">Edward Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Benston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Benston (page does not exist)">John Benston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maxwell_(Bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Maxwell (Bishop) (page does not exist)">Robert Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reid_(bishop)" title="Robert Reid (bishop)">Robert Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Bothwell" title="Adam Bothwell">Adam Bothwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation Bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Law" title="James Law">James Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(bishop)" title="George Graham (bishop)">George Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydserf" title="Thomas Sydserf">Thomas Sydserf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Honeyman" title="Andrew Honeyman">Andrew Honeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_MacKenzie" title="Murdoch MacKenzie">Murdoch MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bruce_(bishop)" title="Andrew Bruce (bishop)">Andrew Bruce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Orkney&#124;link=Orkney_Council_elections_in_Orkney159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orkney_elections" title="Template:Orkney elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orkney_elections" title="Template talk:Orkney elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orkney elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Orkney&#124;link=Orkney_Council_elections_in_Orkney159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney"><img alt="Orkney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg/40px-2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg/60px-2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Council elections in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1974 Orkney Islands Council election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1978 Orkney Islands Council election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1982 Orkney Islands Council election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1986 Orkney Islands Council election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1990 Orkney Islands Council election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1994 Orkney Islands Council election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="1999 Orkney Islands Council election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="2003 Orkney Islands Council election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="2007 Orkney Islands Council election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="2012 Orkney Islands Council election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="2017 Orkney Islands Council election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Orkney_Islands_Council_election" title="2022 Orkney Islands Council election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wards_of_Orkney15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wards_of_Orkney" title="Template:Wards of Orkney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wards_of_Orkney" title="Template talk:Wards of Orkney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wards_of_Orkney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wards of Orkney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wards_of_Orkney15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wards of Orkney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_East_(ward)" title="Kirkwall East (ward)">Kirkwall East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_West_and_Orphir_(ward)" title="Kirkwall West and Orphir (ward)">Kirkwall West and Orphir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_and_South_Isles_(ward)" title="Stromness and South Isles (ward)">Stromness and South Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mainland_(ward)" title="West Mainland (ward)">West Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mainland,_South_Ronaldsay_and_Burray_(ward)" title="East Mainland, South Ronaldsay and Burray (ward)">East Mainland, South Ronaldsay and Burray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Isles_(Orkney_ward)" title="North Isles (Orkney ward)">North Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_of_Scotland326" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bfd7ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template talk:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_of_Scotland326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen City (council area)">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee City (council area)">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire" title="East Dunbartonshire">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh (council area)">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)" title="Falkirk (council area)">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow City (council area)">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Council" title="Aberdeenshire Council">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Council" title="Angus Council">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute_Council" title="Argyll and Bute Council">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Clackmannanshire Council">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumfries and Galloway Council">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire_Council" title="East Ayrshire Council">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Dunbartonshire Council">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_Council" title="East Lothian Council">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Renfrewshire Council">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkirk Council">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Council" title="Fife Council">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde_Council" title="Inverclyde Council">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian_Council" title="Midlothian Council">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_Council" title="Moray Council">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ayrshire Council">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire_Council" title="North Lanarkshire Council">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council" title="Perth and Kinross Council">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_Council" title="Renfrewshire Council">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Borders Council">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire_Council" title="South Ayrshire Council">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire_Council" title="South Lanarkshire Council">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Council">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Dunbartonshire Council">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_Council" title="West Lothian Council">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by area">List by area</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population density">density</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_local_government_counties_of_Scotland73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_counties" title="Template:Scotland counties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_counties" title="Template talk:Scotland counties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_counties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland counties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_local_government_counties_of_Scotland73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Scotland" title="Counties of Scotland">Former local government counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(historic)" title="Aberdeenshire (historic)">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banffshire" title="Banffshire">Banffshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwickshire" title="Berwickshire">Berwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bute" title="County of Bute">Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromartyshire" title="Cromartyshire">Cromartyshire</a> (to 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbartonshire" title="Dunbartonshire">Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Kincardineshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinross-shire" title="Kinross-shire">Kinross-shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire" title="Kirkcudbrightshire">Kirkcudbrightshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian_(historic)" title="Midlothian (historic)">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Moray" title="County of Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairnshire">Nairnshire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peeblesshire" title="Peeblesshire">Peeblesshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)" title="Renfrewshire (historic)">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a> (to 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_and_Cromarty" title="Ross and Cromarty">Ross and Cromarty</a> (from 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirkshire" title="Selkirkshire">Selkirkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_(historic)" title="West Lothian (historic)">West Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigtownshire" title="Wigtownshire">Wigtownshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_Scotland51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Template:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_Scotland51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shetland_islands" title="List of Shetland islands">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orkney_islands" title="List of Orkney islands">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Outer_Hebrides" title="List of Outer Hebrides">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Inner_Hebrides" title="List of Inner Hebrides">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Forth" title="Islands of the Forth">Islands of the Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_islands_in_Scotland" title="List of freshwater islands in Scotland">Freshwater Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_outlying_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of outlying islands of Scotland">Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_stacks_in_Scotland" title="List of sea stacks in Scotland">Sea Stacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boreray and the Stacs"><img alt="Boreray and the Stacs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/120px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/250px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Ness of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness" title="Standing Stones of Stenness">Standing Stones of Stenness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_of_Iron_Age_Shetland" title="Zenith of Iron Age Shetland">Zenith of Iron Age Shetland</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Mousa" title="Broch of Mousa">Broch of Mousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric Western Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">Callanish Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Carloway" title="Dun Carloway">Dun Carloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubha_an_D%C3%B9nain" title="Rubha an Dùnain">Rubha an Dùnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Nosebridge" title="Dun Nosebridge">Dun Nosebridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinba" title="Hinba">Hinba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles" title="Bishop of the Isles">Bishop of the Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1462)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1462)">Treaty of Ardtornish-Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlaggan" title="Finlaggan">Finlaggan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckquoy_spindle-whorl" title="Buckquoy spindle-whorl">Buckquoy spindle-whorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Western_Isles_of_Scotland" title="Description of the Western Isles of Scotland">Description of the Western Isles of Scotland</a></i> (Monro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland</a></i> (Martin)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_to_the_Western_Islands_of_Scotland" title="A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland">A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland</a></i> (Johnson)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_a_Tour_to_the_Hebrides" title="The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides">The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides</a></i> (Boswell)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Etymology51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Etymology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_island_names" title="Scottish island names">Scottish island names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles#Island_names" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides#Etymology" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ainmean-%C3%80ite_na_h-Alba" title="Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba">Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran#Etymology" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigha#Etymology" title="Gigha">Gigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islay#Name" title="Islay">Islay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Skye" title="Etymology of Skye">Skye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland#Origin_of_names" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothesay" title="Rothesay">Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Energy_Scotland" title="Community Energy Scotland">Community Energy Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofters_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Crofters Commission">Crofters Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise" title="Highlands and Islands Enterprise">Highlands and Islands Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Islands_Federation" title="Scottish Islands Federation">Scottish Islands Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">Oil industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullom_Voe" title="Sullom Voe">Sullom Voe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shetland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Bain" title="Aly Bain">Aly Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fraser_(singer)" title="Thomas Fraser (singer)">Thomas Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerie_Willie_Johnson" title="Peerie Willie Johnson">Peerie Willie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Amenity_Trust" title="Shetland Amenity Trust">Shetland Amenity Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Helly_Aa" title="Up Helly Aa">Up Helly Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagaland" title="Vagaland">Vagaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orkney</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mackay_Brown" title="George Mackay Brown">George Mackay Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">F. Marian McNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkwall Ba game">Kirkwall Ba game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Heritage_Society" title="Orkney Heritage Society">Orkney Heritage Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Festival" title="St Magnus Festival">St Magnus Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8is_Bharraigh" title="Fèis Bharraigh">Fèis Bharraigh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Crichton_Smith" title="Iain Crichton Smith">Iain Crichton Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islay_whisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Islay whisky">Islay whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runrig" title="Runrig">Runrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_Free_Press" title="West Highland Free Press">West Highland Free Press</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Local_authorities17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wildlife51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wildlife</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle_wren" title="Fair Isle wren">Fair Isle wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_vole" title="Orkney vole">Orkney vole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_wren" title="Shetland wren">Shetland wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_wren" title="St Kilda wren">St Kilda wren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_whitebeams" title="Arran whitebeams">Arran whitebeams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primula_scotica" title="Primula scotica">Scottish Primrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerastium_nigrescens" title="Cerastium nigrescens">Shetland Mouse-ear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domesticated animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairn_Terrier" title="Cairn Terrier">Cairn Terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriskay_Pony" title="Eriskay Pony">Eriskay Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreray_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreray (sheep)">Hebridean Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luing_cattle" title="Luing cattle">Luing cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_sheep" title="North Ronaldsay sheep">North Ronaldsay sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Terrier" title="Scottish Terrier">Scottie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Sheepdog" title="Shetland Sheepdog">Sheltie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland (cattle)">Shetland cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Goose">Shetland Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_sheep" title="Shetland sheep">Shetland sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_White_Terrier" title="West Highland White Terrier">Westie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geology51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shetland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geopark_Shetland" title="Geopark Shetland">Geopark Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Orkney" title="Geology of Orkney">Geology of Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eday_Group" title="Eday Group">Eday Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Basin" title="Orcadian Basin">Orcadian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesnaby_Sandstone_Group" title="Yesnaby Sandstone Group">Yesnaby Sandstone Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonsay_Group" title="Colonsay Group">Colonsay Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Estuarine_Group" title="Great Estuarine Group">Great Estuarine Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_terrane" title="Hebridean terrane">Hebridean terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisian_complex" title="Lewisian complex">Lewisian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorne_plateau_lavas" title="Lorne plateau lavas">Lorne plateau lavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moine_supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Moine supergroup">Moine supergroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moine_Thrust_Belt" title="Moine Thrust Belt">Moine Thrust Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Mull" title="Geology of the Isle of Mull">Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinns_complex" title="Rhinns complex">Rhinns complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Skye" title="Geology of the Isle of Skye">Skye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffa#Geology_and_pre-history" title="Staffa">Staffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridonian" title="Torridonian">Torridonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands of the Clyde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scandinavian_Scotland236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template talk:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scandinavian_Scotland236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">List of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earls of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovan_dynasty" title="Crovan dynasty">Crovan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Argyll" title="Lord of Argyll">Lords of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Caithness" title="Mormaer of Caithness">Mormaers of Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth%C3%B3c,_Prioress_of_Iona" title="Bethóc, Prioress of Iona">Bethóc, Prioress of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bja%C3%B0%C7%ABk" title="Bjaðǫk">Bjaðǫk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacht_ingen_Ragnaill" title="Cacht ingen Ragnaill">Cacht ingen Ragnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormflaith_ingen_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormflaith ingen Murchada">Gormflaith ingen Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnhild,_Mother_of_Kings" title="Gunnhild, Mother of Kings">Gunnhild Gormsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Moddansd%C3%B3ttir" title="Helga Moddansdóttir">Helga Moddansdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Norway" title="Ingeborg of Norway">Ingeborg of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bruce" title="Isabel Bruce">Isabel Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_ingen_Amla%C3%ADb" title="Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb">Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Queen_of_Norway" title="Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway">Margaret, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhildis_Olafsdottir" title="Ragnhildis Olafsdottir">Ragnhildis Olafsdottir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caittil_Find" title="Caittil Find">Caittil Find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingimundr_(eleventh_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingimundr (eleventh century)">Ingimundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj%C3%B3t%C3%B3lfr" title="Ljótólfr">Ljótólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olvir_Rosta" title="Olvir Rosta">Olvir Rosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_B%C3%A1lkason" title="Páll Bálkason">Páll Bálkason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbjorn_Thorsteinsson" title="Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson">Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Gall-Ghàidheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann" title="Lochlann">Lochlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War" title="Scottish–Norwegian War">Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornish" title="Bornish">Bornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Kirkwall" title="Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall">Bishop's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camas_Uig" title="Camas Uig">Camas Uig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubbie_Roo%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubbie Roo's Castle">Cubbie Roo's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl%27s_Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl's Bu">Earl's Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Castle" title="Kirkwall Castle">Kirkwall Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linton_Chapel" title="Linton Chapel">Linton Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_an_Eilean_Mh%C3%B2ir_boat_burial" title="Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial">Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubha_an_D%C3%B9nain" title="Rubha an Dùnain">Rubha an Dùnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_boat_burial" title="Scar boat burial">Scar boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Church,_Egilsay" title="St Magnus Church, Egilsay">St Magnus Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Mann" title="Chronicles of Mann">Chronicles of Mann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_Hoard" title="Galloway Hoard">Galloway Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounceland" title="Ounceland">Ounceland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral" title="St Magnus Cathedral">St Magnus Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Althings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delting" title="Delting">Delting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall" title="Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Ting_Holm" title="Law Ting Holm">Law Ting Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunnasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunnasting">Lunnasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting,_Shetland" title="Nesting, Shetland">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandsting" title="Sandsting">Sandsting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwall,_Shetland" title="Tingwall, Shetland">Tingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etymology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_island_names" title="Scottish island names">Scottish island names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles#Island_names" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides#Etymology" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Battle of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestraj%C7%ABr%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestrajǫrðr">Vestrajǫrðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot#First_Irish_Sea_campaign" title="Magnus Barefoot">Treaty of 1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Associated clans and septs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Gunn" title="Clan Gunn">Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_family_of_Lewis" title="Macaulay family of Lewis">Macaulay of Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotter_family" title="Cotter family">Mac Coitir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDougall" title="Clan MacDougall">MacDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">Macruari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/250px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/330px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100166#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1587" 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data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405151318">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129015040">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrVj3P6kWBVXWC6j3YT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043881-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span 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class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e66ff555-5b61-4820-9c1d-b388b7926a3d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/89261">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045164">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.381","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23849138,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCope2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord,_M.2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth,_Katherine1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGENUKI\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGershon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes,_S.,_Jaarola_M.,_\u0026amp;_Searle,_J.B.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeavans2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Vetterlein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampfner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson_HandleyByrneSantucciTownsend2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesanti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoodie_HeddleMainland1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaveley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlummer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaeusNobbe1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulsiano1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverin_Carrell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTacitus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTullio_TrevesLaura_Pineschi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson\"] = 1,\n [\"Kryten\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bishops of Aberdeen and Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Bishops of Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"British Isles\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite legislation UK\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 74,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 20,\n [\"Coord\"] = 14,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Deans of Aberdeen and Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:8500\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GRO10\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Haswell-Smith\"] = 1,\n [\"Historic Environment Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 26,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Scottish island\"] = 1,\n [\"Islands of Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 26,\n [\"Left\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 13,\n [\"MV\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"NRS1C\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Norse earls of Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"North East Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"North West Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Orkney Islands\"] = 1,\n [\"Orkney elections\"] = 1,\n [\"Orkney settlements\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rugby union in Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Scandinavian Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"Scotland counties\"] = 1,\n [\"Scotland settlement population citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Scotland subdivisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Scottish locality populations\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South East Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"South West Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision area\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision density\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision population\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision statistics citation\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision statistics year\"] = 1,\n [\"United Kingdom statistics year\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Viking\"] = 1,\n [\"Wards of Orkney\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 66,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Historic_Environment_Scotland%u%u%u?%u?%d\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d9fdf6679-rkbv7","timestamp":"20250408054359","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Orkney","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orkney","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q100166","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q100166","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-16T17:17:18Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T06:47:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/2007_Flag_of_Orkney.svg","headline":"archipelago, county and council area in northern Scotland"}</script> </body> </html>