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<span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مانيوغانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانيوغانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%E2%80%99y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man’yōgana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Man’yōgana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مان‌یوگانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مان‌یوگانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98" title="만요가나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만요가나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many%C5%8Dgana" title="Manyōgana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manyōgana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%91%89%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" title="万葉仮名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="万葉仮名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%E2%80%99y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man’yōgana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Man’yōgana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%E2%80%99y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man’yōgana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Man’yōgana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Манъёгана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манъёгана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyogana" title="Manyogana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manyogana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Манјогана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манјогана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyogana" title="Manyogana – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manyogana" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%E2%80%99y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man’yōgana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Man’yōgana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0" title="มังโยงานะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังโยงานะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B9%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Манйоґана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манйоґана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Man'yōgana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萬葉假名" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬葉假名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萬葉假名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of writing Japanese based solely on Chinese characters</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:pink;">Man'yōgana<br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">万葉仮名</span></span><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katakana_origine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/200px-Katakana_origine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/300px-Katakana_origine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/400px-Katakana_origine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="441" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a> characters and the man'yōgana they originated from</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 650 CE to <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Top-to-bottom <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862803?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Man'yōgana<br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">万葉仮名</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Special:EditPage/Man'yōgana">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245169151">.mw-parser-output .jawriting-sidebar{width:20em}.mw-parser-output .jawriting-header{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks jawriting-sidebar hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese writing"><img alt="Japanese writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/75px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/113px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/150px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">Stroke order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Japanese_kanji_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Japanese kanji radicals">Radicals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="List of jōyō kanji">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">Tōyō kanji</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji" title="Hyōgai kanji">Hyōgai kanji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_typographic_symbols" title="List of Japanese typographic symbols">Typographic symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese" title="Iteration mark">Iteration mark</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syllabograms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Transliteration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> / ISO 3602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a> (keyboard input)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_writing" title="Template talk:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Man'yōgana</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%91%89%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:万葉仮名">万葉仮名</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Japanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[maɰ̃joꜜːɡana]</a></span> <small>or</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[maɰ̃joːɡana]</a></span>)</span> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>. It was the first known <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> system to be developed as a means to represent the Japanese language phonetically. The date of the earliest usage of this type of kana is not clear, but it was in use since at least the mid-7th century. The name "man'yōgana" derives from the <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese poetry</a> anthology from the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> written with <i>man'yōgana.</i> </p><p>Texts using the system also often use Chinese characters <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">for their meaning</a>, but <i>man'yōgana</i> refers to such characters only when they are used to represent a phonetic value. The values were derived from the contemporary Chinese pronunciation, but native Japanese readings of the character were also sometimes used. For example, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">木</span></span> (whose character means 'tree') could represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mo/</span> (based on <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[məwk]</span>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ko/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kwi/</span> (meaning 'tree' in <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Frellesvig2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frellesvig2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simplified versions of <i>man'yōgana</i> eventually gave rise to both the <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> scripts, which are used in Modern Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233430381">.mw-parser-output .characters-body{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-content{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{background-color:lightpink;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .blist ol li,.mw-parser-output .blist ul li{display:list-item;text-align:left;text-indent:hanging 1em;margin-left:1em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks noprint characters-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_characters_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese characters"><img alt="Chinese characters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/220px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/330px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/440px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></i></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">script styles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_symbols_in_China" title="Neolithic symbols in China">Neolithic symbols in China</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">Bird-worm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_brush_script" title="Flat brush script">Flat brush</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Modern typefaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Hei</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Properties and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_components" title="Chinese character components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_strokes" title="Chinese character strokes">Strokes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_radicals" title="Chinese character radicals">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters#Printing_and_typefaces" title="Chinese characters">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_zixing" title="Jiu zixing"><i>jiu zixing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing"><i>xin zixing</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Digital encoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed blist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collation and standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi Dictionary form"><i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> forms</a> (1716)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonly_Used_Standard_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters">Commonly Used Characters</a></i> (PRC, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graphemes_of_Commonly-Used_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters">Commonly-Used Characters</a></i> (Hong Kong, 2007)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Southern_Min_Recommended_Characters" title="Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters">Nan Min Recommended Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Form_of_National_Characters" title="Standard Form of National Characters">Standard Form of National Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 1982)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji"><i>Jōyō</i> kanji</a> (Japan, 2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reforms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_round_of_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Second round of simplified Chinese characters">second round</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_traditional_and_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">kyūjitai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Homograph#In_Chinese" title="Homograph">Homographs</a> and readings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_of_Empress_Wu" title="Chinese characters of Empress Wu">Zetian characters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Derived systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">man'yōgana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a></li> <li>Khitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_for_transcribing_Slavonic" title="Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic">Slavonic transcription</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scholars from the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> are believed to have introduced the <i>man'yōgana</i> writing system to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>. The chronicles <i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shoki">Nihon shoki</a></i> both state so; though direct evidence is hard to come by, scholars tend to accept the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A possible oldest example of <i>man'yōgana</i> is the iron <a href="/wiki/Inariyama_Sword" title="Inariyama Sword">Inariyama Sword</a>, which was excavated at the Inariyama <a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">Kofun</a> in 1968. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> analysis revealed a gold-inlaid inscription consisting of at least 115 Chinese characters, and this text, written in Chinese, included Japanese personal names, which were written for names in a phonetic language. This sword is thought to have been made in the year <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">辛亥年</span></span> (471 AD in the commonly-accepted theory).<sup id="cite_ref-Seeley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a strong possibility that the inscription of the Inariyama Sword may be written in a version of the Chinese language used in Baekje.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferris1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Man'yōgana</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters for their phonetic rather than semantic qualities. In other words, kanji are used for their sounds, not their meanings. There was no standard system for choice of kanji, and different ones could be used to represent the same sound, with the choice made on the whims of the writer. By the end of the 8th century, 970 kanji were in use to represent the 90 <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a> of Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiAaron2006483_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiAaron2006483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i>Man'yōshū</i> poem 17/4025 was written as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Man'yōgana</i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">之乎路可良</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">多太古要久礼婆</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">波久比能海</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">安佐奈藝思多理</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">船梶母我毛</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Katakana </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">シオジカラ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">タダコエクレバ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ハクヒノウミ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">アサナギシタリ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">フネカジモガモ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Modern </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">志雄路から</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ただ越え来れば</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">羽咋の海</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">朝凪したり</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">船梶もがも</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized </th> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shioji kara</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tadakoe kureba</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hakuhi no umi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">asanagi shitari</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">funekaji mogamo</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the poem, the sounds <i>mo</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">母, 毛</span></span>) and <i>shi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">之, 思</span></span>) are written with multiple, different characters. All particles and most words are represented phonetically (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">多太</span></span> <i>tada</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">安佐</span></span> <i>asa</i>), but the words <i>ji</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">路</span></span>), <i>umi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海</span></span>) and <i>funekaji</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">船梶</span></span>) are rendered semantically. </p><p>In some cases, specific syllables in particular words are consistently represented by specific characters. That usage is known as <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a> and usage has led historical linguists to conclude that certain disparate sounds in <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>, consistently represented by differing sets of <i>man'yōgana</i> characters, may have merged since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In writing which utilizes <i>man'yōgana,</i> kanji are mapped to sounds in a number of different ways, some of which are straightforward and others which are less so. </p><p><i>Shakuon kana</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">借音仮名</span></span>) are based on a Sino-Japanese <a href="/wiki/Onyomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Onyomi">on'yomi</a> reading, in which one character represents either one <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a> or two morae.<sup id="cite_ref-VoogtQuack2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoogtQuack2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Shakuon kana</i> 借音仮名 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Morae</th> <th>1 character, complete</th> <th>1 character, partial </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">以 (い)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">呂 (ろ)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">波 (は)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">安 (あ)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">樂 (ら)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天 (て)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">信 (しな)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">覧 (らむ)</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">相 (さが)</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Shakkun kana</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">借訓仮名</span></span>) are based on a native <a href="/wiki/Kunyomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunyomi">kun'yomi</a> reading, one to three characters represent one to three morae.<sup id="cite_ref-VoogtQuack2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoogtQuack2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Shakkun kana</i> 借訓仮名 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Morae</th> <th>1 character, complete</th> <th>1 character, partial</th> <th>2 characters</th> <th>3 characters </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">女 (め)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">毛 (け)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蚊 (か)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">石 (し)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">跡 (と)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">市 (ち)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">嗚呼 (あ)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五十 (い)</span></span><br /> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">可愛 (え)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二二 (し)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蜂音 (ぶ)</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蟻 (あり)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">卷 (まく)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鴨 (かも)</span></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八十一 (くく)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神樂聲 (ささ)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">慍 (いかり)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">下 (おろし)</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">炊 (かしき)</span></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="chartable"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of <i>man'yōgana</i><br /><small>one character represents one mora</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th width="7%" title="vowel">– </th> <th width="7%"><i>K</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>S</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>T</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>N</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>P</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>M</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>Y</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>R</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>W</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>G</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>Z</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>D</i> </th> <th width="7%"><i>B</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>a</i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿安英足鞅</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">可何加架香蚊迦</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">左佐沙作者柴紗草散</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">太多他丹駄田手立</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">那男奈南寧難七名魚菜</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八方芳房半伴倍泊波婆破薄播幡羽早者速葉歯</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">萬末馬麻摩磨満前真間鬼</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">也移夜楊耶埜八矢屋</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">良浪郎樂羅等</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和丸輪</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">我何賀</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">社射謝耶奢装蔵</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">陀太大嚢</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伐婆磨魔</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>i<sub>1</sub></i> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伊怡以異已移射五</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">氣支伎岐企棄寸吉杵來</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">子之芝水四司詞斯志思信偲寺侍時歌詩師紫新旨指次此死事准磯爲</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">知智陳千乳血茅</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二貳人日仁爾儞邇尼泥耳柔丹荷似煮煎</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">比必卑賓日氷飯負嬪臂避匱</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">民彌美三參水見視御</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">里理利梨隣入煎</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">位爲謂井猪藍</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伎祇藝岐儀蟻</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自士仕司時尽慈耳餌兒貳爾</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">遅治地恥尼泥</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">婢鼻彌</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>i<sub>2</sub></i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">貴紀記奇寄忌幾木城</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">非悲斐火肥飛樋干乾彼被秘</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">未味尾微身実箕</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">疑宜義擬</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">備肥飛乾眉媚</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>u</i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宇羽汙于有卯鴉得</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">久九口壟苦鳩來</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寸須周酒州洲珠數酢栖渚</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">都豆荳通追川津</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">奴努怒農濃沼宿</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">不否布負部敷経歴</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">牟武無模務謀六</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">由喩遊湯</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">留流類</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">具遇隅求愚虞</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">受授殊儒</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">豆荳頭弩</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">夫扶府文柔歩部</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>e<sub>1</sub></i> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">衣依愛榎</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">祁家計係價結鶏</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">世西斉勢施背脊迫瀬</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">堤天帝底手代直</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">禰尼泥年根宿</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平反返弁弊陛遍覇部辺重隔</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">売馬面女</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">曳延要遙叡兄江吉枝衣</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">禮列例烈連</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">廻恵面咲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">下牙雅夏</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">是湍</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">代田泥庭傳殿而涅提弟</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弁便別部</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>e<sub>2</sub></i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">氣既毛飼消</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">閉倍陪拝戸経</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">梅米迷昧目眼海</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">義氣宜礙削</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倍毎</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>o<sub>1</sub></i> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">意憶於應</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古姑枯故侯孤兒粉</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗祖素蘇十拾</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">刀土斗度戸利速</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">努怒農埜</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">凡方抱朋倍保宝富百帆穂本</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">毛畝蒙木問聞</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">用容欲夜</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">路漏</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">乎呼遠鳥怨越少小尾麻男緒雄</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">吾呉胡娯後籠兒悟誤</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">俗</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土度渡奴怒</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">煩菩番蕃</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>o<sub>2</sub></i> </th> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">己巨去居忌許虛興木</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">所則曾僧増憎衣背苑</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">止等登澄得騰十鳥常跡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">乃能笑荷</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">方面忘母文茂記勿物望門喪裳藻</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">與余四世代吉</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">呂侶</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">其期碁語御馭凝</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">序叙賊存茹鋤</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特藤騰等耐抒杼</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the major differences between the Japanese language (which was <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">polysyllabic</a>) and the Chinese language (which was <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic_language" title="Monosyllabic language">monosyllabic</a>) from which kanji came, <i>man'yōgana</i> proved to be very cumbersome to read and write. As stated earlier, since kanji has two different sets of pronunciation, one based on Sino-Japanese pronunciation and the other on native Japanese pronunciation, it was difficult to determine whether a certain character was used to represent its pronunciation or its meaning, i.e., whether it was <i>man'yōgana</i> or actual kanji, or both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To alleviate the confusion and to save time writing, kanji that were used as <i>man'yōgana</i> eventually gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>, including the now-obsolete <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変体仮名</span></span>)</span> alternatives, alongside a separate system that became <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>. Hiragana developed from <i>man'yōgana</i> written in the highly <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">sōsho</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">草書</span></span>)</span> style popularly used by women; meanwhile, katakana was developed by Buddhist monks as a form of shorthand, utilizing, in most cases, only fragments (for example, usually the first or last few strokes) of <i>man'yōgana</i> characters. In some cases, one <i>man'yōgana</i> character for a given syllable gave rise to a hentaigana that was simplified further to result in the current hiragana character, while a different <i>man'yōgana</i> character was the source for the current katakana equivalent. For example, the hiragana <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">る</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ru</i></span>)</span> is derived from the <i>man'yōgana</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">留</span></span>, whereas the katakana <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ル</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ru</i></span>)</span> is derived from the <i>man'yōgana</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">流</span></span>. The multiple alternative hiragana forms for a single syllable were ultimately standardized in 1900, and the rejected variants are now known as <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a>. </p><p><i>Man'yōgana</i> continues to appear in some regional names of present-day Japan, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A phenomenon similar to <i>man'yōgana,</i> called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">ateji</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">当て字</span></span>)</span>, still occurs, where words (including <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>) are spelled out using kanji for their phonetic value. Examples include <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倶楽部</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kurabu</i></span>, "club")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仏蘭西</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Furansu</i></span>, France)</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿弗利加</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Afurika</i></span>, Africa)</span> and <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亜米利加</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">America</i></span>, America)</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katakana_origine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/400px-Katakana_origine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/600px-Katakana_origine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg/800px-Katakana_origine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Katakana with <i>man'yōgana</i> equivalents (segments of <i>man'yōgana</i> adapted into katakana highlighted)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" lang="ja"> <caption><span lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>'s <i>man'yōgana</i><br /><small>including obsolete syllabograms<br />Man'yōgana which are a common source for Hiragana and Katakana are highlighted</small></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th title="vowel">–</th> <th colspan="2"><i>K</i></th> <th><i>S</i></th> <th colspan="2"><i>T</i></th> <th><i>N</i></th> <th><i>H</i></th> <th><i>M</i></th> <th><i>Y</i></th> <th><i>R</i></th> <th><i>W</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>a</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:阿">阿</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:加">加</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:散">散</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:多">多</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:奈">奈</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:八">八</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:末">末</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:也">也</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:良">良</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:和">和</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ア">ア</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="カ">カ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="サ">サ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="タ">タ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ナ">ナ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ハ">ハ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="マ">マ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ヤ">ヤ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ラ">ラ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ワ">ワ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>i</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:伊">伊</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:機">機</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:幾">幾</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:之">之</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:千">千</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:仁">仁</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:比">比</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:三">三</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:利">利</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:井">井</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="イ">イ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="キ">キ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="シ">シ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81" class="mw-redirect" title="チ">チ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ニ">ニ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ヒ">ヒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ミ">ミ</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="リ">リ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ヰ">ヰ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>u</i> </th> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:宇">宇</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:久">久</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:須">須</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:州">州</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:川">川</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:奴">奴</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:不">不</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:牟">牟</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:由">由</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:流">流</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ウ">ウ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ク">ク</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ス">ス</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ツ">ツ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ヌ">ヌ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95" class="mw-redirect" title="フ">フ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ム">ム</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ユ">ユ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ル">ル</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>e</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:江">江</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:介">介</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:世">世</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:天">天</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:祢">祢</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:部">部</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:女">女</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:江">江</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:礼">礼</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%81%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:恵">恵</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="エ">エ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ケ">ケ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="セ">セ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86" class="mw-redirect" title="テ">テ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ネ">ネ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ヘ">ヘ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="メ">メ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye_(kana)" title="Ye (kana)">エ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="レ">レ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ヱ">ヱ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>o</i> </th> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:於">於</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:己">己</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:曽">曽</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:止">止</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:乃">乃</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:保">保</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:毛">毛</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%88%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:與">與</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:呂">呂</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:乎">乎</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="オ">オ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="コ">コ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ソ">ソ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ト">ト</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ノ">ノ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ホ">ホ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="モ">モ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ヨ">ヨ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ロ">ロ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ヲ">ヲ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" title="consonant">– </th> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:尓">尓</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ン">ン</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_origin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hiragana_origin.svg/400px-Hiragana_origin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hiragana_origin.svg/600px-Hiragana_origin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hiragana_origin.svg/800px-Hiragana_origin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Development of hiragana from <i>man'yōgana</i></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" lang="ja"> <caption><span lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>'s <i>man'yōgana</i><br /><small>including obsolete syllabograms<br />Man'yōgana which are a common source for Hiragana and Katakana are highlighted</small></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th title="vowel">–</th> <th colspan="2"><i>K</i></th> <th><i>S</i></th> <th><i>T</i></th> <th><i>N</i></th> <th><i>H</i></th> <th><i>M</i></th> <th><i>Y</i></th> <th><i>R</i></th> <th><i>W</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>a</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:安">安</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:加">加</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:左">左</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:太">太</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:奈">奈</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:波">波</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:末">末</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:也">也</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:良">良</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:和">和</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%82" class="mw-redirect" title="あ">あ</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="か">か</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%95" class="mw-redirect" title="さ">さ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="た">た</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="な">な</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="は">は</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ま">ま</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" class="mw-redirect" title="や">や</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ら">ら</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="わ">わ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>i</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:以">以</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:機">機</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:幾">幾</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:之">之</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:知">知</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:仁">仁</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:比">比</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:美">美</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:利">利</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%88%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:爲">爲</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%84" class="mw-redirect" title="い">い</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="き">き</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97" class="mw-redirect" title="し">し</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ち">ち</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="に">に</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ひ">ひ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="み">み</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="り">り</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>u</i> </th> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:宇">宇</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:久">久</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:寸">寸</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:川">川</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:奴">奴</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:不">不</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:武">武</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:由">由</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%95%99" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:留">留</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="う">う</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="く">く</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%99" class="mw-redirect" title="す">す</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="つ">つ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ぬ">ぬ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ふ">ふ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%80" class="mw-redirect" title="む">む</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="る">る</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>e</i> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:衣">衣</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:計">計</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:世">世</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:天">天</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:祢">祢</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:部">部</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:女">女</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:江">江</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:礼">礼</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%81%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:恵">恵</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%88" class="mw-redirect" title="え">え</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%91" class="mw-redirect" title="け">け</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="せ">せ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="て">て</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ね">ね</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="へ">へ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%81" class="mw-redirect" title="め">め</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%F0%9B%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="𛀁">𛀁</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="れ">れ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>o</i> </th> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:於">於</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:己">己</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:曽">曽</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:止">止</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:乃">乃</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:保">保</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:毛">毛</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:与">与</a></td> <td style="background:#BBF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:呂">呂</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:遠">遠</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="お">お</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="こ">こ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="そ">そ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="と">と</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="の">の</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ほ">ほ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%82" class="mw-redirect" title="も">も</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="mw-redirect" title="よ">よ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ろ">ろ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%92" class="mw-redirect" title="を">を</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" title="consonant">– </th> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:无">无</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ん">ん</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a> – Archaic Japanese syllabary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu script</a>, Korean analogue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frellesvig2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frellesvig2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBjarke_Frellesvig2010" class="citation book cs1">Bjarke Frellesvig (29 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PA14"><i>A History of the Japanese Language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48880-8"><bdi>978-1-139-48880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48880-8&rft.au=Bjarke+Frellesvig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1FcAgiAC9IC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_T._Daniels1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter T. Daniels (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.au=Peter+T.+Daniels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley, John R. (2001). "The origin of man'yōgana". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X01000040">10.1017/S0041977X01000040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162540119">162540119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+man%27y%C5%8Dgana&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162540119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X01000040&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seeley_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley2000" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, Christopher (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIkuX0US69QC&q=%22Inariyama+Sword%22&pg=PA22"><i>A History of Writing in Japan</i></a>. University of Hawaii. pp. 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824822170" title="Special:BookSources/9780824822170"><bdi>9780824822170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing+in+Japan&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780824822170&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIkuX0US69QC%26q%3D%2522Inariyama%2BSword%2522%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferris1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferris1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Farris, William Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC&q=Inariyama%20sword%20korean%20origin&pg=PA99"><i>Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820305" title="Special:BookSources/9780824820305"><bdi>9780824820305</bdi></a>. <q>The writing style of several other inscriptions also betrays Korean influence... Researchers discovered the longest inscription to date, the 115-character engraving on the Inariyama sword, in <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kanto</a>, seemingly far away from any Korean emigrés. The style that the author chose for the inscription, however, was highly popular in Paekche.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Texts+and+Buried+Treasures%3A+Issues+in+the+Historical+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Japan&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824820305&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=William+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCNioYQ1HfsC%26q%3DInariyama%2520sword%2520korean%2520origin%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiAaron2006483-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiAaron2006483_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoshiAaron2006">Joshi & Aaron 2006</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoogtQuack2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VoogtQuack2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VoogtQuack2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_de_VoogtJoachim_Friedrich_Quack2011" class="citation book cs1">Alex de Voogt; Joachim Friedrich Quack (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTA6MsEjkPIC&pg=PA170"><i>The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21545-0"><bdi>978-90-04-21545-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Writing%3A+Writing+Across+Borders&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21545-0&rft.au=Alex+de+Voogt&rft.au=Joachim+Friedrich+Quack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTA6MsEjkPIC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jahan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Al Jahan, Nabeel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40998205">"The Origin and Development of Hiragana and Katakana"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+Hiragana+and+Katakana&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Al+Jahan&rft.aufirst=Nabeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40998205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiAaron2006" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, R. Malatesha; Aaron, P. G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtStmGIeL8EC"><i>Handbook Of Orthography And Literacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5467-1"><bdi>978-0-8058-5467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+Of+Orthography+And+Literacy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-5467-1&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=R.+Malatesha&rft.au=Aaron%2C+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtStmGIeL8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley, John R. (2001). "The origin of <i>man'yōgana</i>". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X01000040">10.1017/S0041977X01000040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657541">3657541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162540119">162540119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+man%27y%C5%8Dgana&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162540119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3657541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X01000040&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/man%27y%C5%8Dgana" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Comparison_of_hiragana_and_katakana_derivations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Comparison of hiragana and katakana derivations">Appendix:Comparison of hiragana and katakana derivations</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4214516/Manyogana_">An extensive list of man’yōgana arranged according to the characters, and not their readings</a></li> <li>Tomasz Majtczak: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silvajp.amu.edu.pl/Silva%202930.pdf#page=53">How are we supposed to write with something like that? Early employment of the Chinese script to write Japanese as exemplified by the Man'yōshū</a>".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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