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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eton_and_Cambridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eton_and_Cambridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Eton and Cambridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eton_and_Cambridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_as_a_historian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_as_a_historian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Work as a historian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_as_a_historian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_in_occult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_occult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interest in occult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_occult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Runciman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ستيفين رونسيمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفين رونسيمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Стивън Рънсиман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стивън Рънсиман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Στήβεν Ράνσιμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στήβεν Ράνσιμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="استیون رانسیمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون رانسیمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="סטיבן רנסימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן רנסימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Runciman" title="Stephanus Runciman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus Runciman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ستيفين رونسيمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفين رونسيمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="スティーヴン・ランシマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーヴン・ランシマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рансимен, Стивен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рансимен, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Стивен Рансиман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стивен Рансиман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Steven Runciman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="史蒂文·朗西曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史蒂文·朗西曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">British historian of the Middle Ages (1903–2000)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">Sir Steven Runciman</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Runciman_(1903%E2%80%932000).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Steven_Runciman_%281903%E2%80%932000%29.jpg/220px-Steven_Runciman_%281903%E2%80%932000%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/Steven_Runciman_%281903%E2%80%932000%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="353" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Runciman in 1957</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Cochran Stevenson Runciman<sup id="cite_ref-Constable_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constable-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-07-07</span>)</span>7 July 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 2000<span style="display:none">(2000-11-01)</span> (aged 97)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Radway" title="Radway">Radway</a>, Warwickshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades" title="A History of the Crusades">A History of the Crusades</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Runciman,_Viscountess_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Hilda Runciman, Viscountess Runciman of Doxford">Hilda Stevenson</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000), known as <b>Steven Runciman</b>, was an English historian best known for his three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades" title="A History of the Crusades">A History of the Crusades</a></i> (1951–54). His works had a profound impact on the popular conception of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, he was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Runciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilda Runciman">Hilda Runciman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were members of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and the first married couple to sit simultaneously in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was created <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Viscount Runciman of Doxford</a> in 1937. His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Baron_Runciman" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Baron Runciman">Walter Runciman, 1st Baron Runciman</a>, was a shipping magnate.<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/James_Cochran_Stevenson" title="James Cochran Stevenson">James Cochran Stevenson</a>, the MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Shields_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)">South Shields</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eton_and_Cambridge">Eton and Cambridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eton and Cambridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He said that he started reading Greek by the age of seven or eight.<sup id="cite_ref-Panto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he came to be able to make use of sources in other languages as well: Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and Georgian.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Scholar" title="King's Scholar">King's Scholar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, he was an exact contemporary and close friend of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, they both studied French under <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1921 he entered <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, as a history scholar and studied under <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, becoming, as Runciman later said, falsely, "his first, and only, student".<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the reclusive Bury tried to brush him off; then, when Runciman mentioned that he could read <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, Bury gave him a stack of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> articles to edit, and so their relationship began. His work on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> earned him a fellowship at Trinity in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_as_a_historian">Work as a historian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work as a historian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After receiving a large inheritance from his grandfather, Runciman resigned his fellowship in 1938 and began travelling widely. Thus, for much of his life he was an independent scholar, living on private means.<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to be a press attaché at the British Legation in the Bulgarian capital, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, in 1940 and at the British Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1941. From 1942 to 1945 he was Professor of Byzantine Art and History<sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, where he began the research on the Crusades which would lead to his best known work, the <i>History of the Crusades</i> (three volumes appearing in 1951, 1952 and 1954). From 1945 to 1947 he was a representative in Athens of the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lrb2016_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Runciman's historical works deal with Byzantium and her medieval neighbours between Sicily and Syria; one exception is <i>The White Rajahs</i>, published in 1960, which tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, an independent state founded on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> in 1841 by <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, and ruled by the Brooke family for more than a century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Jonathan Riley-Smith</a>, one of the leading historians of the Crusades,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denounced Runciman for his perspective on the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riley-Smith had been told by Runciman during an on-camera interview that he [Runciman] considered himself "not a historian, but a writer of literature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Christopher Tyerman</a>, Professor of the History of the Crusades at <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College, Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runciman created a work that "across the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone world</a> continues as a base reference for popular attitudes, evident in print, film, television and on the internet."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxiii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxiii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_in_occult">Interest in occult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interest in occult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his personal life, Runciman was an old-fashioned English eccentric<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, known as an <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">æsthete</a>, raconteur and enthusiast of the occult. According to Andrew Robinson, a history teacher at Eton, "he played piano duets with the <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">last Emperor of China</a>, told tarot cards for <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">King Fuad of Egypt</a>, narrowly missed being blown up by the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Pera_Palace_Hotel" title="Pera Palace Hotel">Pera Palace Hotel</a> in Istanbul and twice hit the jackpot on slot machines in Las Vegas". </p><p>A story from his time at Eton of an incident with a then-friend, Eric Blair, who later became famous writing as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, is told in Gordon Bowker's biography of Orwell: "Drawing from new correspondence with Steven Runciman, one of Orwell's friends at Eton (which he attended from 1917 to 1921), Bowker reveals the (perhaps surprising) fascination of Blair with the occult. A senior boy, Phillip Yorke, had attracted the disfavour of both Blair and Runciman so they planned a revenge. As Runciman recalled, they fashioned an image of Yorke from candle wax and broke off a leg. To their horror, shortly afterwards, Yorke not only broke his leg but in July died of leukaemia. The story of what happened soon spread and, in somewhat garbled form, became legend. Blair and Runciman suddenly found themselves regarded as distinctly odd, and to be treated warily".<sup id="cite_ref-Bowker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runciman was homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinshaw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinshaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little evidence of a long-term lover, but Runciman boasted of a number of casual sexual encounters and told a friend in later life: "I have the temperament of a harlot, and so am free of emotional complications." Nevertheless, Runciman was discreet about his homosexuality, partly perhaps because of religious feelings that homosexuality was "an inarguable offence against God". Runciman also felt that his sexuality had potentially held back his career. <a href="/wiki/Max_Mallowan" title="Max Mallowan">Max Mallowan</a> related a conversation in which Runciman told him "that he felt his life had been a failure because of his gayness".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Radway" title="Radway">Radway</a>, Warwickshire, while visiting relatives, aged 97.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never married.<sup id="cite_ref-Panto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianobit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianobit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward Peters (2011) says Runciman's three-volume narrative history of the Crusades "instantly became the most widely known and respected single-author survey of the subject in English."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">John M. Riddle</a> (2008) says that for the greater part of the twentieth century Runciman was the "greatest historian of the Crusades." He reports that, "Prior to Runciman, in the early part of the century, historians related the Crusades as an idealistic attempt of Christendom to push Islam back." Runciman regarded the Crusades "as a barbarian invasion of a superior civilization, not that of the Muslims but of the Byzantines."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Thomas F. Madden</a> (2005) stresses the impact of Runciman's style and viewpoint: </p> <blockquote><p>It is no exaggeration to say that Runciman single-handedly crafted the current popular concept of the crusades. The reasons for this are twofold. First, he was a learned man with a solid grasp of the chronicle sources. Second, and perhaps more important, he wrote beautifully. The picture of the crusades that Runciman painted owed much to current scholarship yet much more to Sir Walter Scott. Throughout his history Runciman portrayed the crusaders as simpletons or barbarians seeking salvation through the destruction of the sophisticated cultures of the east. In his famous "summing-up" of the crusades he concluded that "the Holy War in itself was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God, which is a sin against the Holy Ghost.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mark K. Vaughn (2007) says "Runciman's three-volume <i>History of the Crusades</i> remains the primary standard of comparison." However, Vaughn says that Tyerman "accurately, if perhaps with a bit of hubris, notes that Runciman's work is now outdated and seriously flawed."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyerman himself has said, "It would be folly and hubris to pretend to compete, to match, as it were, my clunking computer keyboard with his [Runciman's] pen, at once a rapier and a paintbrush; to pit one volume, however substantial, with the breadth, scope and elegance of his three."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Runciman was knighted in the <a href="/wiki/1958_New_Year_Honours" title="1958 New Year Honours">1958 New Year Honours List</a> and appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a> in 1957<sup id="cite_ref-guardianobit_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianobit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Streets in <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>, Greece, and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria, were named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg/220px-SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg/330px-SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg/440px-SIR_STEVEN_RUNCIMAN_STREET_IN_SOFIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sir Stevenson Runciman Street in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published works of Runciman include the following.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw_TAAAAMAAJ">The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-NBAAAAYAAJ">A History of the First Bulgarian Empire</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUEbAAAAYAAJ">Byzantine Civilization</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqIIAQAAIAAJ">The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkV71_6H8UIC">A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1952)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrw8AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1954)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NUNAQAAIAAJ">The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches during the XIth and XIIth Centuries</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJBAAAAYAAJ">The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWEeAAAAMAAJ">The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAzntP0lg58C">The Fall of Constantinople 1453</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC">The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_wNAQAAMAAJ">The Last Byzantine Renaissance</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1970) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521097109" title="Special:BookSources/9780521097109">9780521097109</a></li> <li><i>The Orthodox Churches and the Secular State</i> (1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196476131" title="Special:BookSources/9780196476131">9780196476131</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1974" class="citation book cs1">———— (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/380">"The Empress Irene"</a>. In Hoover, Dwight W.; Koumoulides, John T. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/140"><i>Focus on biography</i></a>. Conspectus of history. Vol. 1/#1. <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University">Ball State University</a>. pp. 1–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152909/https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/380">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Empress+Irene&rft.btitle=Focus+on+biography&rft.place=Muncie%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Conspectus+of+history&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Ball+State+University&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdmr.bsu.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FConspectusH%2Fid%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXoFAAAAMAAJ">Byzantine Style and Civilization</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140137545" title="Special:BookSources/9780140137545">9780140137545</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1977" class="citation book cs1">———— (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/1499">"Balkan Cities<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> — </span>Yesterday and Today"</a>. In Hoover, Dwight W.; Koumoulides, John T. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/411"><i>Cities in history</i></a>. Conspectus of history. Vol. 1/#4. <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University">Ball State University</a>. pp. 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514131211/https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/ConspectusH/id/1499">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkan+Cities%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3A+nowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B%E2%80%94%26thinsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3EYesterday+and+Today&rft.btitle=Cities+in+history&rft.place=Muncie%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Conspectus+of+history&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Ball+State+University&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdmr.bsu.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FConspectusH%2Fid%2F1499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TVSAQAAIAAJ">The Byzantine Theocracy: The Weil Lectures, Cincinnati</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521545914" title="Special:BookSources/9780521545914">9780521545914</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IR-3jgEACAAJ">Mistra: Byzantine Capital of the Peloponnese</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1980) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500250716" title="Special:BookSources/9780500250716">9780500250716</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_sWBOzEleMC">The First Crusade</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1980) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521232555" title="Special:BookSources/9780521232555">9780521232555</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnxyAQAACAAJ">A Traveller's Alphabet: Partial Memoirs</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500015049" title="Special:BookSources/9780500015049">9780500015049</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Constable-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constable_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Constable" title="Giles Constable">Constable, Giles</a> (2003). "Sir Steven Runciman, 7 July 1903 · 1 November 2000". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>147</b> (1): 95–101. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558132">1558132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Steven+Runciman%2C+7+July+1903+%C2%B7+1+November+2000&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1558132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sir Steven Runciman obituary". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 2 November 2000. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Steven+Runciman+obituary&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft.issn=0140-0460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lrb2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrb2016_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hill" title="Rosemary Hill">Hill, Rosemary</a> (20 October 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n20/rosemary-hill/herberts-and-herbertinas">"Herberts & Herbertinas"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106015032/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v38/n20/rosemary-hill/herberts-herbertinas">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Herberts+%26+Herbertinas&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv38%2Fn20%2Frosemary-hill%2Fherberts-and-herbertinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.impantokratoros.gr/B8BE43F5.en.aspx">"The Last interview with the Great Byzantologist Sir Steven Runciman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pantokratoros_Monastery" title="Pantokratoros Monastery">Pantokratoros Monastery</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013529/https://www.impantokratoros.gr/B8BE43F5.en.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pantokratoros+Monastery&rft.atitle=The+Last+interview+with+the+Great+Byzantologist+Sir+Steven+Runciman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.impantokratoros.gr%2FB8BE43F5.en.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~itsnew/newsletter/2005/05/runciman.html">"The library of Sir Steven Runciman"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(text.article)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411060035/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~itsnew/newsletter/2005/05/runciman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.atitle=The+library+of+Sir+Steven+Runciman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F~itsnew%2Fnewsletter%2F2005%2F05%2Frunciman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2017" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Damien (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66"><i>The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351353106" title="Special:BookSources/9781351353106"><bdi>9781351353106</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade+and+the+Idea+of+Crusading&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351353106&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EorDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/tmadden_crusademyths_feb05.asp">"Crusade Myths"</a>. Ignatius Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013513/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/tmadden_crusademyths_feb05.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crusade+Myths&rft.pub=Ignatius+Insight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignatiusinsight.com%2Ffeatures2005%2Ftmadden_crusademyths_feb05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxii_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreaHolt2015">Andrea & Holt 2015</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertford_College,_University_of_Oxford" class="citation web cs1">Hertford College, University of Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-christopher-j-tyerman?">"Professor Christopher J. Tyerman"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Christopher+J.+Tyerman&rft.au=Hertford+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ox.ac.uk%2Fpeople%2Fprofessor-christopher-j-tyerman%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxiii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreaHolt2015xxiii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreaHolt2015">Andrea & Holt 2015</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowker_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bowker_(writer)" title="Gordon Bowker (writer)">Bowker, Gordon</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij49NQAACAAJ&pg=PA56"><i>George Orwell</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Little, Brown</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11551-1"><bdi>978-0-349-11551-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11551-1&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIj49NQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeble2019" class="citation web cs1">Keeble, Richard Lance (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellsociety.com/gordon-bowker/">"Gordon Bowker"</a>. <i>The Orwell Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303050128/https://orwellsociety.com/gordon-bowker/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orwell+Society&rft.atitle=Gordon+Bowker&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forwellsociety.com%2Fgordon-bowker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinshaw-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinshaw_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinshaw2017" class="citation book cs1">Dinshaw, Minoo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vh5WMQAACAAJ"><i>Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Books, Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197947-2"><bdi>978-0-14-197947-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlandish+Knight%3A+The+Byzantine+Life+of+Steven+Runciman&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197947-2&rft.aulast=Dinshaw&rft.aufirst=Minoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvh5WMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (5 October 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/poetry/2016/10/i-have-temperament-harlot-life-steven-runciman">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I have the temperament of a harlot": on the life of Steven Runciman"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013508/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/poetry/2016/10/i-have-temperament-harlot-life-steven-runciman">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=%22I+have+the+temperament+of+a+harlot%22%3A+on+the+life+of+Steven+Runciman&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2Fpoetry%2F2016%2F10%2Fi-have-temperament-harlot-life-steven-runciman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace2000" class="citation web cs1">Pace, Eric (3 November 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/03/nyregion/sir-steven-runciman-97-british-historian-and-author.html">"Sir Steven Runciman, 97, British Historian and Author"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013514/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/03/nyregion/sir-steven-runciman-97-british-historian-and-author.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Steven+Runciman%2C+97%2C+British+Historian+and+Author&rft.date=2000-11-03&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F03%2Fnyregion%2Fsir-steven-runciman-97-british-historian-and-author.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianobit-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianobit_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianobit_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive2000" class="citation web cs1">Clive, Nigel (2 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/nov/03/guardianobituaries.books">"Obituary: Sir Steven Runciman, Historian whose magisterial works transformed our understanding of Byzantium, the medieval church and the crusades"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035341/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/nov/03/guardianobituaries.books">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Sir+Steven+Runciman%2C+Historian+whose+magisterial+works+transformed+our+understanding+of+Byzantium%2C+the+medieval+church+and+the+crusades&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft.aulast=Clive&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2000%2Fnov%2F03%2Fguardianobituaries.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Peters_(scholar)" title="Edward Peters (scholar)">Peters, Edward</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSOSJWG3E2MC&pg=PA314"><i>The First Crusade: "The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres" and Other Source Materials</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812204728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812204728"><bdi>978-0812204728</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google books">Google books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade%3A+%22The+Chronicle+of+Fulcher+of+Chartres%22+and+Other+Source+Materials&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812204728&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSOSJWG3E2MC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">Riddle, John M</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA315"><i>A History of the Middle Ages, 300–1500</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742554092" title="Special:BookSources/9780742554092"><bdi>9780742554092</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742554092&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhWpPr93KjMC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Madden, Thomas F</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKYxKsgVpmMC&pg=PA216"><i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742538221" title="Special:BookSources/9780742538221"><bdi>9780742538221</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Concise+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780742538221&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKYxKsgVpmMC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughn, Mark K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2015&context=nwc-review">"God's War: A New History of the Crusades"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Review" title="Naval War College Review">Naval War College Review</a></i>. <b>60</b> (2): 159. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484">0028-1484</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26396832">26396832</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1779130">1779130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141636/https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2015&context=nwc-review">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=God%27s+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1779130&rft.issn=0028-1484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26396832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2015%26context%3Dnwc-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Madden, Thomas F.</a> (December 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2006/12/fighting-the-good-fight">"Fighting the Good Fight"</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182427/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2006/12/fighting-the-good-fight">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Good+Fight&rft.pub=First+Things&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2Ffighting-the-good-fight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette41268" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41268/supplement/2">"No. 41268"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 1957. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+41268&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1957-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F41268%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette49583" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49583/supplement/19">"No. 49583"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 December 1983. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+49583&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1983-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F49583%2Fsupplement%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Steven+Runciman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DSteven%2BRunciman%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1372747/Sir-Steven-Runciman.html">"Sir Steven Runciman: Obituary"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. 2 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013515/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1372747/Sir-Steven-Runciman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Steven+Runciman%3A+Obituary&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1372747%2FSir-Steven-Runciman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/en/12176279/steven_runciman/">"Steven Runciman (1903-2000)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124122405/https://data.bnf.fr/en/12176279/steven_runciman/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.atitle=Steven+Runciman+%281903-2000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fen%2F12176279%2Fsteven_runciman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaHolt2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrea, Alfred J.; Holt, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UECFCgAAQBAJ"><i>Seven Myths of the Crusades</i></a>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1624664038" title="Special:BookSources/978-1624664038"><bdi>978-1624664038</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1624664038&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUECFCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinshaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Dinshaw, Minoo (2016). <i>Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-24100493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-24100493-7"><bdi>978-0-24100493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlandish+Knight%3A+The+Byzantine+Life+of+Steven+Runciman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-24100493-7&rft.aulast=Dinshaw&rft.aufirst=Minoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarras,_Lydia_(Director)1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Carras, Lydia (Director) (1987). <i>Sir Steven Runciman: Bridge to the East</i> (DVD). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Amaranthas Films : Distributed in North America by GOTelecom (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701719496">701719496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Steven+Runciman%3A+Bridge+to+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amaranthas+Films+%3A+Distributed+in+North+America+by+GOTelecom&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701719496&rft.au=Carras%2C+Lydia+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1008041/"><i>Sir Steven Runciman: Bridge to the East</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614114137/http://alanbates.com/abarchive/tv/bridge.html">"Alan Bates Television Archive: "Bridge to the East"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alanbates.com/abarchive/tv/bridge.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alan+Bates+Television+Archive%3A+%22Bridge+to+the+East%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falanbates.com%2Fabarchive%2Ftv%2Fbridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiCpeFm5IU8"><i>Minoo Dinshaw @ 5x15 - Outlandish Knight</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 14 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303075125/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiCpeFm5IU8">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoo+Dinshaw+%40+5x15+-+Outlandish+Knight&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCiCpeFm5IU8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Steven_Runciman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman" class="citation web cs1">Runciman, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/runciman_crusades.html">"Greece and the later crusades"</a>. <i>Myriobiblos Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106013516/http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/runciman_crusades.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Myriobiblos+Library&rft.atitle=Greece+and+the+later+crusades&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myriobiblos.gr%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Frunciman_crusades.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Runciman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp64191">Portraits of Steven Runciman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49979#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Runciman%2C%20Steven%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Steven%20Runciman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Runciman%2C%20Steven%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steven%20Runciman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Runciman%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Steven%20Runciman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Runciman%2C%20Steven%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Steven%20Runciman%22%29%20OR%20%28%221903-2000%22%20AND%20Runciman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Steven Runciman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49979#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49979#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122925777">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50022103">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12176279b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12176279b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454961">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Runciman, Steven"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV090978">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36531945">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007248&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX985887">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/74698">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073665673">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90091806">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000371140&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=289269">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jmrlnq2kh4rbl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705794405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/25052">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304970005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14154809">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01102538?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a8ba3df3-54dc-44e1-948b-b0d8d9604fc1">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/367484">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122925777.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/122925777">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030323886">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6156z89">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&oldid=1256687242">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Runciman&oldid=1256687242</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_births" title="Category:1903 births">1903 births</a></li><li><a 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