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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Explanations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explanations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Explanations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pious_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pious_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pious fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pious_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulfillment_of_prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulfillment_of_prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fulfillment of prophecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulfillment_of_prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Astronomical object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planetary_conjunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_conjunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Planetary conjunction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_conjunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_occultation_on_Saturday_(Sabbath)_April_17,_6_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_occultation_on_Saturday_(Sabbath)_April_17,_6_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Double occultation on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_occultation_on_Saturday_(Sabbath)_April_17,_6_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulus,_Jupiter,_and_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulus,_Jupiter,_and_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Regulus, Jupiter, and Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulus,_Jupiter,_and_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliacal_rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliacal_rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Heliacal rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliacal_rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Comet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Supernova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relating_the_star_historically_to_Jesus'_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relating_the_star_historically_to_Jesus'_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relating the star historically to Jesus' birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relating_the_star_historically_to_Jesus'_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Depiction in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Star of Bethlehem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="نجم بيت لحم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم بيت لحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_de_Bel%C3%A9n" title="Estrella de Belén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella de Belén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="বেথলেহেমের তারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেথলেহেমের তারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Віфлеемская зорка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віфлеемская зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Витлеемска звезда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витлеемска звезда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_de_Betlem" title="Estrella de Betlem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrella de Betlem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betl%C3%A9msk%C3%A1_hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Betlémská hvězda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Betlémská hvězda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julestjernen_(betlehemsstjernen)" title="Julestjernen (betlehemsstjernen) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julestjernen (betlehemsstjernen)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_von_Betlehem" title="Stern von Betlehem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stern von Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_de_Bel%C3%A9n" title="Estrella de Belén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella de Belén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo_de_Bet-Le%C4%A5em" title="Stelo de Bet-Leĥem – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stelo de Bet-Leĥem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleemgo_izar" title="Betleemgo izar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Betleemgo izar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="ستاره بیت‌‌لحم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره بیت‌‌لحم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_Bethl%C3%A9em" title="Étoile de Bethléem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile de Bethléem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alta_na_Beithile" title="Réalta na Beithile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalta na Beithile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%A4%EB%A0%88%ED%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%84" title="베들레헴의 별 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베들레헴의 별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Բեթղեհեմյան աստղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթղեհեմյան աստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehemska_zvijezda" title="Betlehemska zvijezda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Betlehemska zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Natal" title="Bintang Natal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang Natal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_di_Betlemme" title="Stella di Betlemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella di Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="כוכב בית לחם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב בית לחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93tlemes_zvaigzne" title="Bētlemes zvaigzne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bētlemes zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betliejaus_%C5%BEvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97" title="Betliejaus žvaigždė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betliejaus žvaigždė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehemi_csillag" title="Betlehemi csillag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betlehemi csillag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Витлеемска ѕвезда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витлеемска ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewkba_ta%27_Betlehem" title="Kewkba ta' Betlehem – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kewkba ta' Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Betlehem" title="Bintang Betlehem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstster_(religie)" title="Kerstster (religie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerstster (religie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical star revealing Christ's birth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Star of Bethlehem (disambiguation)">Star of Bethlehem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> by Florentine painter <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a> (1267–1337). The Star of Bethlehem is shown as a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> above the child. Giotto witnessed an appearance of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 1301.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Star of Bethlehem</b>, or <b>Christmas Star</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">nativity story</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">chapter 2</a> where "wise men from the East" (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>) are inspired by the star to travel to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. There, they meet King <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and ask him: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where is <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">He who has been born King of the Jews</a>? For we have seen His star in the East and have come to worship Him.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Herod calls together his scribes and priests who, quoting <a href="/wiki/Micah_5#Verse_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Micah 5">a verse</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a>, interpret it as a prophecy that the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish Messiah</a> would be born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to the south of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Secretly intending to find and kill the Messiah in order to preserve his own kingship, Herod invites the wise men to return to him on their way home. </p><p>The star leads them to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' Bethlehem birthplace, where they worship him and give him gifts. The wise men are then given a divine warning not to return to Herod, so they return home by a different route.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> believe the star was a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculous</a> sign. Some <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">theologians</a> claimed that the star fulfilled a prophecy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Star_Prophecy" title="Star Prophecy">Star Prophecy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freed_2001_93_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freed_2001_93-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomers</a> have made several attempts to link the star to unusual celestial events, such as a <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_conjunction" title="Great conjunction">Jupiter and Saturn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern scholars do not consider the story to be describing a historical event, but rather a <a href="/wiki/Pious_fiction" title="Pious fiction">pious fiction</a> added later to the main gospel account.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject is a favorite at <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> shows during the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosley1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosley1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most ancient sources and Church tradition generally indicate that the wise men visited Bethlehem sometime after Jesus' birth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit is traditionally celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (Christian)">Epiphany</a> (January 6) in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account in the Gospel of Matthew describes Jesus with the broader <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδίον</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paidíon</i></span>, which can mean either "infant" or "child" rather than the more specific word for infant, <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">βρέφος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bréphos</i></span>. This possibly implies that some time has passed since the birth. However, the word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδίον</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paidíon</i></span> is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> specifically concerning Jesus' birth and his later presentation at the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2_bh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2_bh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod I has all male Hebrew babies in the area up to age two killed in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matthew's_narrative"><span id="Matthew.27s_narrative"></span>Matthew's narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Matthew's narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres2006_039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chartres2006_039.jpg/220px-Chartres2006_039.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chartres2006_039.jpg/330px-Chartres2006_039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chartres2006_039.jpg/440px-Chartres2006_039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Magi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Beauce" title="Jehan de Beauce">Jehan de Beauce</a>, France, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> tells how the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> (often translated as "wise men", but more accurately astrologers)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198811_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198811-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrive at the court of Herod in Jerusalem and tell the king of a star which signifies the birth of the King of the Jews: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, saying, <sup>2</sup>"Where is he who has been born king of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the East, and have come to worship him." <sup>3</sup>When Herod the king heard this, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him; <sup>4</sup>and assembling all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Christ was to be born. <sup>5</sup>They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it is written by the prophet: </p><div class="poem"> <p><sup>6</sup>'And you, O Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,<br /> are by no means least among the rulers of Judah;<br /> for from you shall come a ruler<br /> who will govern my people Israel.'" </p> </div> <p><sup>7</sup>Then Herod summoned the wise men secretly and ascertained from them what time the star appeared; <sup>8</sup>and he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child, and when you have found him bring me word, that I too may come and worship him." <sup>9</sup>When they had heard the king they went their way; and lo, the star which they had seen in the East went before them, till it came to rest over the place where the child was. <sup>10</sup>When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy; <sup>11</sup>and going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 2:1–11, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Herod is "troubled", not because of the appearance of the star, but because the Magi have told him that a "king of the Jews" had been born,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he understands to refer to the Messiah, a leader of the Jewish people whose coming was believed to be foretold in scripture. He asks his advisors where the Messiah would be born.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They answer Bethlehem, birthplace of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and quote the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king passes this information along to the Magi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a dream, they are warned not to return to Jerusalem, so they leave for their own country by another route.<sup id="cite_ref-Matt212_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt212-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Herod realizes he has been tricked, he <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">orders the execution of all male children in Bethlehem</a> "two years old and younger," based on the age the child could be in regard to the information the magi had given him concerning the time the star first appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph, warned in a dream, takes his family to Egypt for their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gospel links the escape to a verse from scripture, which it interprets as a prophecy: "Out of Egypt I called my son."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a reference to the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, so the quote suggests that Matthew saw the life of Jesus as recapitulating the story of the Jewish people, with Judea representing Egypt and Herod standing in for pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Herod dies, Joseph and his family return from Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and settle in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matt223_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt223-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also said to be a fulfillment of a prophecy ("He will be called a Nazorean," (NRSV) which could be attributed to Judges 13:5<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the birth of <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazirite" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a> vow. The word <i>Nazareth</i> is related to the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">netzer</i></span> which means "sprout",<sup id="cite_ref-Hebrew_meaning_netzer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebrew_meaning_netzer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which some Bible commentators<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_2:23_commentaries_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_2:23_commentaries-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> think refers to Isaiah 11:1:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There shall come forth a Rod from the stem of Jesse, And a Branch shall grow out of his roots."<sup id="cite_ref-Isaiah_11:1_bh_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaiah_11:1_bh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanations">Explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pious_fiction">Pious fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pious fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars who see the gospel nativity stories as later apologetic accounts created to establish the messianic status of Jesus regard the Star of Bethlehem as a <a href="/wiki/Pious_fiction" title="Pious fiction">pious fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of Matthew's account which have raised questions of the historical event include: Matthew is the only one of the four gospels which mentions either the Star of Bethlehem or the Magi. Some scholars suggest that Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, and that the Bethlehem nativity narratives were later additions to the gospels intended to present his birth as the fulfillment of prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, the Matthew account conflicts with that given in the Gospel of Luke, in which the family of Jesus already lives in Nazareth, travel to Bethlehem for the census, and return home almost immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg/220px-L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg/330px-L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/L_Adoration_des_Mages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Magi</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a> (15th century). The Star of Bethlehem can be seen in the top right. The soldiers and castle in the background may represent the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a> (1453).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fulfillment_of_prophecy">Fulfillment of prophecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fulfillment of prophecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancients believed that <a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below#Scholarly_interpretations" title="As above, so below">astronomical phenomena were connected to terrestrial events</a>. Miracles were routinely associated with the birth of important people, including the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">patriarchs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Star of Bethlehem is traditionally linked to the <a href="/wiki/Star_Prophecy" title="Star Prophecy">Star Prophecy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I see him, but not now;<br /> I behold him, but not near;<br /> A Star shall come out of Jacob;<br /> A Scepter shall rise out of Israel,<br /> And batter the brow of Moab,<br /> And destroy all the sons of tumult. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Numbers 24:17, NKJV<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although possibly intended to refer to a time that was long past, since the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> had long ceased to exist by the time the Gospels were being written, this passage had become widely seen as a reference to the coming of a Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-Freed_2001_93_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freed_2001_93-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, for example, cited by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who believed it referred to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, one of the most influential early Christian theologians, connected this prophecy with the Star of Bethlehem: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If, then, at the commencement of new dynasties, or on the occasion of other important events, there arises a comet so called, or any similar celestial body, why should it be matter of wonder that at the birth of Him who was to introduce a new doctrine to the human race, and to make known His teaching not only to Jews, but also to Greeks, and to many of the barbarous nations besides, a star should have arisen? Now I would say, that with respect to comets there is no prophecy in circulation to the effect that such and such a comet was to arise in connection with a particular kingdom or a particular time; but with respect to the appearance of a star at the birth of Jesus there is a prophecy of Balaam recorded by Moses to this effect: <i>There shall arise a star out of Jacob, and a man shall rise up out of Israel.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Origen2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origen2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> suggested that the Magi may have decided to travel to Jerusalem when they "conjectured that the man whose appearance had been foretold along with that of the star, had actually come into the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Orign3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orign3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Magi are sometimes called "kings" because of the belief that they fulfill prophecies in <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> concerning a journey to Jerusalem by gentile kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaiah_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaiah-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaiah mentions gifts of gold and incense.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaiah606_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaiah606-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Greek translation of the Old Testament probably used by Matthew, these gifts are given as gold and frankincense,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to Matthew's "gold, frankincense, and myrrh."<sup id="cite_ref-Matt211_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt211-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gift of myrrh symbolizes mortality, according to Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-Orign3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orign3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Origen argued for a naturalistic explanation, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> viewed the star as purely miraculous: "How then, tell me, did the star point out a spot so confined, just the space of a manger and shed, unless it left that height and came down, and stood over the very head of the young child? And at this the evangelist was hinting when he said, "Lo, the star went before them, till it came and stood over where the young Child was."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_object">Astronomical object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Astronomical object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the word <i>magi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαγοι</span></span>) is usually translated as "wise men," in this context it probably means 'astronomer'/'astrologer'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198811_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198811-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement of astrologers in the story of the birth of Jesus was problematic for the early Church, because they condemned <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> as demonic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Was astrology really condemned by Christians? Did not Christian used, practiced and encouraged astrology until at least Renaissance? More sources than Tester will be needed (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; a widely cited explanation was that of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who suggested that astrology was allowed 'only until the time of the Gospel'.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planetary_conjunction">Planetary conjunction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Planetary conjunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1614, German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> determined that a series of three conjunctions of the planets <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> occurred in the year 7 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosley1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosley1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued (incorrectly) that a <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)">planetary conjunction</a> could create a <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a>, which he linked to the Star of Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosley1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosley1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern calculations show that there was a gap of nearly a degree (approximately twice a diameter of the moon) between the planets, so these conjunctions were not visually impressive.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient almanac has been found in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> which covers the events of this period, but does not indicate that the conjunctions were of any special interest.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, Professor <a href="/wiki/Karlis_Kaufmanis" title="Karlis Kaufmanis">Karlis Kaufmanis</a>, an astronomer, argued that this was an astronomical event where Jupiter and Saturn were in a triple conjunction in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist and <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Simo Parpola</a> has also suggested this explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 3–2 BC, there was a series of seven conjunctions, including three between Jupiter and <a href="/wiki/Regulus" title="Regulus">Regulus</a> and a strikingly close conjunction between Jupiter and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> near Regulus on June 17, 2 BC. "The fusion of two planets would have been a rare and awe-inspiring event", according to Roger Sinnott.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Venus–Jupiter conjunction occurred earlier in August, 3 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these events occurred after the generally accepted date of 4 BC for the <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great#Death" title="Herod the Great">death of Herod</a>, they did occur during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> (who <a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">is referenced in</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>), and early Christian historians <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> calculated the birth of Jesus to 3-2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the conjunction would have been seen in the west at sunset it could not have led the magi south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_occultation_on_Saturday_(Sabbath)_April_17,_6_BC"><span id="Double_occultation_on_Saturday_.28Sabbath.29_April_17.2C_6_BC"></span>Double occultation on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Double occultation on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomer Michael R. Molnar argues that the "star in the east" refers to an astronomical event with astrological significance in the context of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek astrology">ancient Greek astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weintraub_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weintraub-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests a link between the Star of Bethlehem and a double occultation of Jupiter by the Moon on March 20 and April 17 of 6 BC in <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a>, particularly the second occultation on April 17.<sup id="cite_ref-Molnar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">Occultations</a> of planets by the Moon are quite common, but <a href="/wiki/Firmicus_Maternus" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmicus Maternus">Firmicus Maternus</a>, an astrologer to Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>, wrote that an occultation of Jupiter in Aries was a sign of the birth of a divine king.<sup id="cite_ref-Molnar_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stenger_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenger-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that Aries rather than Pisces was the zodiac symbol for Judea, a fact that would affect previous interpretations of astrological material. Molnar's theory was debated by scientists, theologians, and historians during a colloquium on the Star of Bethlehem at the Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> in October 2014. Harvard astronomer <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a> supports Molnar's explanation but noted technical questions.<sup id="cite_ref-Govier_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govier-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The gospel story is one in which King Herod was taken by surprise," said Gingerich. "So it wasn't that there was suddenly a brilliant new star sitting there that anybody could have seen [but] something more subtle."<sup id="cite_ref-Govier_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govier-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomer David A. Weintraub says, "If Matthew's wise men actually undertook a journey to search for a newborn king, the bright star didn't guide them; it only told them when to set out."<sup id="cite_ref-Weintraub_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weintraub-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an explanation given that the events were quite close to the Sun and would not have been visible to the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidger3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulus,_Jupiter,_and_Venus"><span id="Regulus.2C_Jupiter.2C_and_Venus"></span>Regulus, Jupiter, and Venus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulus, Jupiter, and Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains original <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">synthesis</a>.</b> Source material should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Talk:Star of Bethlehem">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Attorney <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Larson_(filmmaker)" title="Frederick Larson (filmmaker)">Frederick Larson</a> examined the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_2_all_bg_amp_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_2_all_bg_amp-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> and found the following nine qualities of Bethlehem's Star:<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_Lawton08_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Lawton08-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc13_Herzog07_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc13_Herzog07-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It signified birth, it signified kingship, it was related to the Jewish nation, and it rose "in the East";<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_2:2_bh_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_2:2_bh-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> King Herod had not been aware of it;<sup id="cite_ref-Matt2:3_bh_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt2:3_bh-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> it appeared at an exact time;<sup id="cite_ref-Matt2:7_bh_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt2:7_bh-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> it endured over time;<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_2:1-10allbhswc_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_2:1-10allbhswc-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> and, according to Matthew,<sup id="cite_ref-Matt2:9_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt2:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> it was in front of the Magi when they traveled south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem, and then stopped over Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-Ch_Hd_Ireland_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ch_Hd_Ireland-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starry_Night_(planetarium_software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starry Night (planetarium software) (page does not exist)">Starry Night astronomy software</a>, and an article<sup id="cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> Craig Chester<sup id="cite_ref-EthicsD_Cliff_2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EthicsD_Cliff_2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the work of archeologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Martin" title="Ernest L. Martin">Ernest L. Martin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_Chester-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_book_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_book-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larson thinks all nine characteristics of the Star of Bethlehem are found in events that took place in the skies of 3–2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-abc13_Herzog07_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc13_Herzog07-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R&E_Lawton_2007_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&E_Lawton_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlights<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_Rao_2011_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_Rao_2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include a <a href="/wiki/Triple_conjunction_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple conjunction (astronomy)">triple conjunction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, called the king planet, with the fixed star <a href="/wiki/Regulus" title="Regulus">Regulus</a>, called the king star, starting in September 3 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SP_St_dance_coronation_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP_St_dance_coronation-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BP2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larson believes that may be the time of Jesus' conception.<sup id="cite_ref-R&E_Lawton_2007_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&E_Lawton_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June of 2 BC, nine months later, the human gestation period, Jupiter had continued moving in its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around the Sun and appeared in close <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a> with <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a><sup id="cite_ref-BP2007_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in June of 2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SP_Westward_leading_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP_Westward_leading-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> Jupiter is called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sedeq</i></span>, meaning "righteousness", a term also used for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and suggested that because the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> Venus represents love and fertility, so Chester had suggested astrologers would have viewed the close conjunction of Jupiter and Venus as indicating a coming new king of Israel, and Herod would have taken them seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_Chester-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomer Dave Reneke independently found the June 2 BC planetary conjunction, and noted it would have appeared as a "bright beacon of light".<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_Reneke_08_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_Reneke_08-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chester, the disks of Jupiter and Venus would have appeared to touch<sup id="cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there has not been as close a Venus-Jupiter conjunction since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_Chester-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jupiter next continued to move and then stopped in its <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">apparent retrograde motion</a> on December 25 of 2 BC over the town of Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-BP2007_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="If it stopped, it stopped from the point of view of everyone on the planet (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. A religious website is not a reliable source for dating astronomical events (December 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Since planets in their <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> have a "stationary point",<sup id="cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_Chester-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a planet moves eastward through the stars but, "As it approaches the opposite point in the sky from the sun, it appears to slow, come to a full stop, and move backward (westward) through the sky for some weeks. Again it slows, stops, and resumes its eastward course," said Chester.<sup id="cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of December 25 that Jupiter appeared to stop while in <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a> took place in the season of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the date later chosen to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BP2007_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hist_Christmas_12-25_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist_Christmas_12-25-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heliacal_rising">Heliacal rising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heliacal rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_Alpha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beit_Alpha.jpg/220px-Beit_Alpha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beit_Alpha.jpg/330px-Beit_Alpha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beit_Alpha.jpg/440px-Beit_Alpha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> from a 6th-century mosaic at a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Alpha">Beit Alpha</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Magi told Herod that they saw the star "in the East,"<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or according to some translations, "at its rising",<sup id="cite_ref-rising_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rising-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may imply the routine appearance of a constellation, or an <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a>. One theory interprets the phrase in Matthew 2:2, "in the east," as an astrological term concerning a "<a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal rising</a>." This translation was proposed by Edersheim<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Heinrich Voigt, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view was rejected by the philologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boll_(philologist)" title="Franz Boll (philologist)">Franz Boll</a> (1867–1924). Two modern translators of ancient astrological texts insist that the text does not use the technical terms for either a heliacal or an acronycal rising of a star. However, one concedes that Matthew may have used layman's terms for a rising.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comet">Comet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other writers highly suggest that the star was a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> was visible in 12 BC and another object, possibly a comet or <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a>, was seen by Chinese and Korean stargazers in about 5 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This object was observed for over seventy days, possibly with no movement recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient writers described comets as "hanging over" specific cities, just as the Star of Bethlehem was said to have "stood over" the "place" where Jesus was (the town of Bethlehem).<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is generally thought unlikely as in ancient times comets were generally seen as bad omens.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet explanation has been recently promoted by Colin Nicholl. His theory involves a hypothetical comet which could have appeared in 6 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supernova">Supernova</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supernova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physicist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> has proposed that the star of Bethlehem was a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">hypernova</a> occurring in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tipler_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipler-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is difficult to detect a supernova remnant in another galaxy, or obtain an accurate date of when it occurred, supernova remnants have been detected in Andromeda.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory is the more likely supernova of February 23 4 BC, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/PSR_1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR 1913+16">PSR 1913+16</a> or the Hulse-Taylor Pulsar. It is said to have appeared in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a>, near the intersection of the winter <a href="/wiki/Colure" title="Colure">colure</a> and the equator of date. The nova was "recorded in China, Korea, and Palestine" (probably meaning the Biblical account).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A nova or comet was recorded in China in 4 BC. "In the reign of Ai-ti, in the third year of the Chien-p'ing period. In the third month, day <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chi-yu</i></span>, there was a rising <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">po</i></span> at Hoku" (Han Shu, The History of the Former Han Dynasty). The date is equivalent to April 24, 4 BC. This identifies the date when it was first observed in China. It was also recorded in Korea: "In the fifty-fourth year of Hyokkose Wang, in the spring, second month, day <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">chi-yu</i></span>, a <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">po-hsing</i></span> appeared at Hoku" (Samguk Sagi, The Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms). The Korean text may have been corrupted because Ho (1962) points out that "the <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">chi-yu</i></span> day did not fall in the second month that year but on the first month" (February 23) and on the third month (April 24). The original must have read "day <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">chi-yu</i></span>, first month" (February 23) or "day <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">chi-yu</i></span>, third month" (April 24). The latter would coincide with the date in the Chinese records although professor Ho suggests the date was "probably February 23, 4 BC."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relating_the_star_historically_to_Jesus'_birth"><span id="Relating_the_star_historically_to_Jesus.27_birth"></span>Relating the star historically to Jesus' birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relating the star historically to Jesus' birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></div> <p>If the story of the Star of Bethlehem described an actual event, it might identify the year Jesus was born. The Gospel of Matthew describes the birth of Jesus as taking place when Herod was king.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, Herod died after a lunar <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and before a <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover Feast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_17.9.3_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus_17.9.3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_WAR_2.1.3_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus_WAR_2.1.3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggested dates in 5 BC, because it allows seven months for the events Josephus documented between the lunar eclipse and the Passover rather than the 29 days allowed by lunar eclipse in 4 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Herod4BC_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herod4BC-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_300_1998_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_300_1998-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest it was an eclipse in 1 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filmer_Chronology_283-298_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filmer_Chronology_283-298-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_238-278_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_238-278-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative implies that Jesus was born sometime between the first appearance of the star and the appearance of the Magi at Herod's court. That the king is said to have ordered the execution of boys two years of age and younger implies that the Star of Bethlehem appeared within the preceding two years. Some scholars date the birth of Jesus as 6–4 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-BritJesus_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritJesus-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others suggest Jesus' birth was in 3–2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filmer_Chronology_283-298_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filmer_Chronology_283-298-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gospel of Luke says the census from Caesar Augustus took place when <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a> was governor of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_parallel_Bible_Hub_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_parallel_Bible_Hub-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipler suggests this took place in AD 6, nine years after the death of Herod, and that the family of Jesus left Bethlehem shortly after the birth.<sup id="cite_ref-tipler_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipler-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars explain the apparent disparity as an error on the part of the author of the Gospel of Luke,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding that he was more concerned with creating a symbolic narrative than a historical account,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was either unaware of, or indifferent to, the chronological difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there is some debate among Bible translators about the correct reading of <a href="/wiki/Luke_2:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke 2:2">Luke 2:2</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">"Αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου"</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Bible_Hub_commentaries_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_Bible_Hub_commentaries-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of translating the registration as taking place "when" Quirinius was governor of Syria, some versions translate it as "before"<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_Bible_Luke_2:2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_Bible_Luke_2:2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_OJB_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_OJB-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or use "before" as an alternative,<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_NIV_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_NIV-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_ESV_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_ESV-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_HSCB_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_HSCB-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Harold Hoehner</a>, <a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">F.F. Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Witherington">Ben Witherington</a> and others have suggested may be the correct translation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not in agreement, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a> also acknowledged that such a translation can be justified grammatically.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the tax census conducted by the Roman senator Quirinius particularly irritated the Jews, and was one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Zealot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot">Zealot</a> movement of armed resistance to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_18.1.1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus_18.1.1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, Luke may have been trying to differentiate the census at the time of Jesus' birth from the tax census mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a> 5:37<sup id="cite_ref-Acts_5:37_on_Bible_Hub_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acts_5:37_on_Bible_Hub-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that took place under Quirinius at a later time.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent's_Luke_2_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent's_Luke_2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One ancient writer identified the census at Jesus' birth, not with taxes, but with a universal pledge of allegiance to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jack Finegan noted some early writers' reckoning of the regnal years of Augustus are the equivalent to 3/2 BC, or 2 BC or later for the birth of Jesus, including <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Thebes" title="Hippolytus of Thebes">Hippolytus of Thebes</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (3/2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus Senator</a> (3 BC), <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a> (2 BC), <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Exiguus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysus Exiguus">Dionysus Exiguus</a> (1 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Chronographer of the Year 354</a> (AD 1).<sup id="cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_279-292_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_279-292-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finegan places the death of Herod in 1 BC, and says if Jesus was born two years or less before Herod the Great died, the birth of Jesus would have been in 3 or 2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_page_301_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_page_301-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finegan also notes the <a href="/wiki/Alogi" title="Alogi">Alogi</a> reckoned Jesus's birth with the equivalent of 4 BC or AD 9.<sup id="cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_289-290_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_289-290-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has no say on the Star of Bethlehem, except that it led the Magi to Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various theologians have speculated on the star's nature: star, angel, light, person, bird, illusion, hallucination, natural phenomenon, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_Icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nativity_Icon.jpg/220px-Nativity_Icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Nativity_Icon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">Russian icon</a> of the Nativity. The Star of Bethlehem is depicted at the center top as a dark semicircle, with a single ray coming down.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the Star of Bethlehem is interpreted as a miraculous event of symbolic and pedagogical significance, regardless of whether it coincides with a natural phenomenon; a sign sent by God to lead the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a> of the Nativity: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Your birth, O Christ our God,<br /> dawned the light of knowledge upon the earth.<br /> For by Your birth <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">those who adored stars</a><br /> were taught by a star<br /> to worship You, the Sun of Justice,<br /> and to know You, Orient from on High.<br /> O Lord, glory to You.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Christian_iconography" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian iconography">Christian iconography</a>, the Star of Bethlehem is often depicted not as golden, but as a dark <a href="/wiki/Aureola" title="Aureola">aureola</a>, a semicircle at the top of the icon, indicating the <a href="/wiki/Uncreated_Light" title="Uncreated Light">Uncreated Light</a> of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a>, with a ray pointing to "the place where the young child lay" (Matthew 2:9).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the faint image of an angel is drawn inside the aureola. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Athonite" title="Simon the Athonite">Simon the Athonite</a> founded the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Simonopetra" title="Simonopetra">Simonopetra</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> after seeing a star he identified with the Star of Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS</a> members believe that the Star of Bethlehem was an actual astronomical event visible the world over.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, which they believe contains writings of ancient prophets, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Lamanite" title="Samuel the Lamanite">Samuel the Lamanite</a> prophesies that a new star will appear as a sign that Jesus has been born, and <a href="/wiki/Nephi_the_Disciple" title="Nephi the Disciple">Nephi</a> later writes about the fulfillment of this prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe that the "star" was a vision or sign created by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, rather than a sign from God. This is because it led the pagan astrologers first to Jerusalem where King Herod consequently found out about the birth of the "king of the Jews", with the result that he attempted to have Jesus killed.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her 1898 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desire_of_Ages" title="The Desire of Ages">The Desire of Ages</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a> states "That star was a distant company of shining angels, but of this the wise men were ignorant."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_art">Depiction in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Depiction in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_169.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Paintings and other pictures of the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> may include a depiction of the star in some form. In the fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a>, it is depicted as a comet. In the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(tapestry)" title="Adoration of the Magi (tapestry)">tapestry of the subject</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (and in <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem_(painting)" title="Star of Bethlehem (painting)">the related watercolour</a>), the star is held by an angel. </p><p>The colourful star lantern known as a <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Parol" title="Parol">paról</a></i></span> is a cherished and ubiquitous symbol of Christmas for <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a>, its design and light recalling the star. In its basic form, the <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">paról</i></span> has five points and two "tails" that evoke rays of light pointing the way to the baby Jesus, and candles inside the lanterns have been superseded by electric illumination. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in Bethlehem, a silver star with 14 undulating rays marks the location traditionally claimed to be that of Jesus' birth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_jumpers111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christmas_jumpers111.jpg/220px-Christmas_jumpers111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christmas_jumpers111.jpg/330px-Christmas_jumpers111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christmas_jumpers111.jpg/440px-Christmas_jumpers111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Christmas sweater featuring multiple black eight-pointed Star of Bethlehem designs</figcaption></figure> <p>In European textiles a common eight-pointed star design is known as the Holy Star of Bethlehem. The design has been used in stone, metal, wood-work and embroidery in the Middle East since antiquity and is one of the oldest patterns in patterns in Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Tatreez" title="Tatreez">tatreez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 US congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Rashida Tlaib</a> was sworn in wearing a <a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">thobe</a> that featured the design.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Vogue Arabia's November 2023 cover the star took a central position in the celebration of Palestinian embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design also features on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas sweaters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> – the Jewish symbol of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, which the Star of Bethlehem is often associated with having been a miraculous appearance of.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCW_103" title="RCW 103">RCW 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nagaland" title="Flag of Nagaland">Flag of Nagaland</a> – where the Star of Bethlehem is a symbol of the Christian identity of the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:5–6&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:5–6</a>. Matthew's version is a conflation of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+5:2&version=nkjv">Micah 5:2</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+5:2&version=nkjv">2 Samuel 5:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:16&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:16</a> This is presented as a fulfillment of a prophecy and echoes the killing of firstborn by pharaoh in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+11:1–12:36&version=nkjv">Exodus 11:1–12:36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+13:5–7&version=nkjv">Judges 13:5–7</a> is sometimes identified as the source for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:23&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:23</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>'s <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ναζιραιον</span></span> (Nazirite) resembles Matthew's <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ναζωραῖος</span></span> (Nazorean). However, few scholars accept the view that Jesus was a Nazirite.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041224171230/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast16May_1.htm">"A Christmas Star for SOHO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast16May_1.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Star+for+SOHO&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2000%2Fast16May_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:1–2&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:11–12&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:11–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freed_2001_93-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freed_2001_93_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freed_2001_93_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed2001" class="citation book cs1">Freed, Edwin D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sF-ZKEssEGwC"><i>The Stories of Jesus' Birth: A Critical Introduction</i></a>. Continuum International. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08046-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08046-3"><bdi>0-567-08046-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+Jesus%27+Birth%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-567-08046-3&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsF-ZKEssEGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelegraph2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">Telegraph</a> (2008-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/3687843/Jesus-was-born-in-June-astronomers-claim.html">"Jesus was born in June"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jesus+was+born+in+June&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.au=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fchristmas%2F3687843%2FJesus-was-born-in-June-astronomers-claim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Star of Bethlehem." Cross, F. L., ed. The <i>Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos II</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a> (1998), 171; <a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a>, <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>, London: Penguin, 2006, p. 22; <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>, 1993, p. 85; Aaron Michael Adair, "Science, Scholarship and Bethlehem's Starry Night", <i>Sky and Telescope</i>, Dec. 2007, pp. 26–29 (reviewing astronomical theories).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosley1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mosley1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosley1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosley1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn" class="citation web cs1">John, Mosley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043233/http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/common_errors_xmas.html">"Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/common_errors_xmas.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Errors+in+%27Star+of+Bethlehem%27+Planetarium+Shows&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Mosley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-planetarium.org%2Fplanetarian%2Farticles%2Fcommon_errors_xmas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2020" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Samuel James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/star-and-magi/when-did-the-magi-visit.html">"When did the Magi visit?"</a>. <i>Salem Web Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salem+Web+Network&rft.atitle=When+did+the+Magi+visit%3F&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Samuel+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fjesus%2Fbirth-of-jesus%2Fstar-and-magi%2Fwhen-did-the-magi-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatti" class="citation web cs1">Ratti, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613012449/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sermons_that_work_6772_ENG_HTM.htm">"First Sunday after the Epiphany"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sermons_that_work_6772_ENG_HTM.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Sunday+after+the+Epiphany&rft.aulast=Ratti&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fsermons_that_work_6772_ENG_HTM.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2_bh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2_bh_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:17&version=nrsv">Luke 2:17, 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198811-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198811_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198811_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1988">Brown 1988</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:1–11&version=rsv">Matthew 2:1–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1997" class="citation book cs1">Long, Thomas (1997). <i>Matthew</i>. Westminster: John Knox Press. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:4&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:8&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt212-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt212_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:12&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:13–14&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:13–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:15&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:15</a> The original is from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea+11:1&version=nkjv">Hosea 11:1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Exodus motif prevails in the entire chapter." (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Joel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=byeQn2T93LAC&q=Matthew+recapitulates+story+of+Jewish&pg=PA156"><i>Recapitulation of Israel</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149825-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149825-1"><bdi>978-3-16-149825-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recapitulation+of+Israel&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149825-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbyeQn2T93LAC%26q%3DMatthew%2Brecapitulates%2Bstory%2Bof%2BJewish%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:10–21&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:10–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt223-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt223_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:23&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+13:5&version=nkjv">Judges 13:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebrew_meaning_netzer-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hebrew_meaning_netzer_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/hebrew/5342.htm">Concordances on the meaning of the word "netzer" on Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved December 29, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew_2:23_commentaries-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_2:23_commentaries_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/matthew/2-23.htm">Commentaries for Matthew 2:23 on Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved on December 29, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+11:1&version=nkjv">Isaiah 11:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah_11:1_bh-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah_11:1_bh_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/isaiah/11-1.htm">Isaiah chapter 11, verse 1 on Bible Hub with commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 29, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation cs2">Brown, Raymond E. (1993), <i>The Birth of the Messiah</i>, Anchor Bible Reference Library, p. 188</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible+Reference+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus Bockmuehl, This Jesus (Continuum International, 2004), p. 28; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2006-11-02), <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>, Penguin Books Ltd, p. 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1"><bdi>0-14-102446-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=0-14-102446-1&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, Ed Parish</a> (1993), <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>, London: Allen Lane, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9059-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9059-7"><bdi>0-7139-9059-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7139-9059-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ed+Parish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnhick.org.uk/article16.html">Believable Christianity</a>: A lecture in the annual October series on Radical Christian Faith at Carrs Lane URC Church, Birmingham, October 5, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikkos Kokkinos, "The Relative Chronology of the Nativity in Tertullian", in Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman and others, eds., <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos II</i>, Mercer University Press (1998), pp. 125–26.<br />Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar, <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</i>, HarperSanFrancisco, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-062979-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-062979-7">0-06-062979-7</a>. pp. 499, 521, 533.<br />Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos II</i>, Mercer University Press (1998), 171.<br />For Micah's prophecy, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+5:2&version=nkjv">Micah 5:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium">Jesus: apocalyptic prophet of the new millennium</a></i>, Oxford University Press 1999, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Vermes, Geza</a> (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214213149/http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31928&amid=30235606">"The First Christmas"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 56, no. 12. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31928&amid=30235606">the original</a> on 2007-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+First+Christmas&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2FMainArticle.aspx%3Fm%3D31928%26amid%3D30235606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+24:17&version=nkjv">Numbers 24:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2850"><i>The Wars of the Jews</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Jews&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F2850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering, Jona</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602013609/http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants13.html">"Messianic claimants"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants13.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messianic+claimants&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fmen-mh%2Fmessiah%2Fmessianic_claimants13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origen2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origen2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamantius" class="citation web cs1">Adamantius, Origen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.vi.ix.i.lx.html">"Contra Celsum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contra+Celsum&rft.aulast=Adamantius&rft.aufirst=Origen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf04.vi.ix.i.lx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>, Book I, Chapter LIX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orign3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orign3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orign3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamantius" class="citation web cs1">Adamantius, Origen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.vi.ix.i.lxi.html">"Contra Celsum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contra+Celsum&rft.aulast=Adamantius&rft.aufirst=Origen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf04.vi.ix.i.lxi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>. Book I, Chapter LX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">France, R.T., <i>The Gospel according to Matthew: an introduction and commentary</i>, p. 84. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+60:1–7&version=nkjv">Isaiah 60:1–7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+72:10&version=nkjv">Psalms 72:10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah606-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah606_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+60:6&version=nkjv">Isaiah 60:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecmarsh.com/lxx-kjv/isaiah/isa_060.htm">Isaiah 60:6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929135716/http://ecmarsh.com/lxx-kjv/isaiah/isa_060.htm">Archived</a> 2018-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Septuagint).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt211-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt211_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:11&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207183010/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf110.VI_1.html"><i>St. Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew</i></a>. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf110.VI_1.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Chrysostom%3A+Homilies+on+the+Gospel+of+Saint+Matthew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf110.VI_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTester1987" class="citation book cs1">Tester, S. J. (1987). <i>A History of Western Astrology</i>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Astrology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Tester&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkKidger-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkKidger_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Kidger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/comets/Star_of_Bethlehem/English/Chinese.htm">"Chinese and Babylonian Observations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Babylonian+Observations&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Kidger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosurf.com%2Fcomets%2FStar_of_Bethlehem%2FEnglish%2FChinese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota Astronomy Review Volume 18 – Fall 2003/2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.umn.edu/news/vol18.pdf">"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem+by+Karlis+Kaufmanis&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.umn.edu%2Fnews%2Fvol18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audio Version of Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801055112/https://sites.google.com/site/astrologicalstarofbethlehem/">"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/astrologicalstarofbethlehem/">the original</a> on 2018-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem+by+Karlis+Kaufmanis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fastrologicalstarofbethlehem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parpola-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simo Parpola, "The Magi and the Star," <i>Bible Review,</i> December 2001, pp. 16–23, 52, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott1968" class="citation magazine cs1">Sinnott, Roger (December 1968). "Thoughts on the Star of Bethlehem". <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">384–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+the+Star+of+Bethlehem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1968-12&rft.aulast=Sinnott&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2019" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Greg (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2015/06/is_this_what_the_star_of_bethl.html">"Is this what the Star of Bethlehem looked like? Venus, Jupiter put on a show"</a>. Alabama Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+this+what+the+Star+of+Bethlehem+looked+like%3F+Venus%2C+Jupiter+put+on+a+show&rft.pub=Alabama+Media+Group&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fliving%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F06%2Fis_this_what_the_star_of_bethl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250101.htm">"Book I, Chapter 5. The Time of his Appearance among Men"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History (Eusebius)</a></i>. <q>2. It was in the forty-second year of the reign of Augustus and the twenty-eighth after the subjugation of Egypt and the death of Antony and Cleopatra, with whom the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt came to an end, that our Saviour and Lord Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judea […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%2C+Chapter+5.+The+Time+of+his+Appearance+among+Men&rft.btitle=Church+History+%28Eusebius%29&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_of_Alexandria" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book1.html">"Book 1, Chapter XXI: The Jewish Institutions and Laws of Far Higher Antiquity Than the Philosophy of the Greeks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a></i>. <q>And our Lord was born in the twenty-eighth year [after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>], when first the census was ordered to be taken in the reign of Augustus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+1%2C+Chapter+XXI%3A+The+Jewish+Institutions+and+Laws+of+Far+Higher+Antiquity+Than+the+Philosophy+of+the+Greeks&rft.btitle=Stromata&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fclement-stromata-book1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidger2005" class="citation book cs1">Kidger, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKYJaBd-znAC"><i>Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8026-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8026-2"><bdi>0-8018-8026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Enigmas%3A+Life+on+Mars%2C+the+Star+of+Bethlehem%2C+and+Other+Milky+Way+Mysteries&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8018-8026-2&rft.aulast=Kidger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKYJaBd-znAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weintraub-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weintraub_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weintraub_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/12/26/amazingly-astronomy-can-explain-the-biblical-star-of-bethlehem/">Weintraub, David A., "Amazingly, astronomy can explain the biblical Star of Bethlehem", <i>Washington Post</i>, December 26, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molnar-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molnar_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molnar_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar1999" class="citation cs2">Molnar, Michael R. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012062556/http://eclipse.net/%7Emolnar/index.html"><i>The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi</i></a>, Rutgers University Press, pp. 86, 89, <span class="nowrap">106–</span>07, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2701-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2701-5"><bdi>0-8135-2701-5</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclipse.net/~molnar/index.html">the original</a> on 1999-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Magi&rft.pages=86%2C+89%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E07&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8135-2701-5&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eclipse.net%2F~molnar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Eiland, Murray (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/80960677">"The Star of Bethlehem, Jupiter, and imperial astrology"</a>. <i>Antiqvvs</i> (Christmas Supplement). Interview with Michael R. Molnar: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiqvvs&rft.atitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem%2C+Jupiter%2C+and+imperial+astrology&rft.issue=Christmas+Supplement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F80960677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattern2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pattern, Michael (2005). "Identifying the Star of Bethlehem". <i>The Journal of the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill</i>. <b>33</b>: 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Religious+Studies%2C+McGill&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+Star+of+Bethlehem&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=290&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pattern&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a similar interpretation, see Minnesota Astronomy Review Volume 18 – Fall 2003/2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.umn.edu/news/vol18.pdf">"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem+by+Karlis+Kaufmanis&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.umn.edu%2Fnews%2Fvol18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenger-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stenger_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenger2001" class="citation web cs1">Stenger, Richard (December 27, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/12/27/star.coverup/index.html">"Was Christmas star a double eclipse of Jupiter?"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Was+Christmas+star+a+double+eclipse+of+Jupiter%3F&rft.date=2001-12-27&rft.aulast=Stenger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2001%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F12%2F27%2Fstar.coverup%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Govier-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Govier_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Govier_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/december/o-subtle-star-of-bethlehem.html">Govier, Gordon. "O Subtle Star of Bethlehem", <i>Christianity Today</i>, Vol. 58, No. 10, p. 19, December 22, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidger3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kidger3_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidger2001" class="citation cs2">Kidger, Mark (December 5, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403212241/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc120501.html">"The Star of Bethlehem"</a>, <i>Cambridge Conference Correspondence</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc120501.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Conference+Correspondence&rft.atitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft.aulast=Kidger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabob.libs.uga.edu%2Fbobk%2Fccc%2Fcc120501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_2_all_bg_amp-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt_2_all_bg_amp_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2&version=AMP">Matthew chapter 2 on Bible Gateway, Amplified Version with footnotes.</a> Retrieved on December 22, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today_Lawton08-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_Lawton08_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-01-05-epiphany-star_N.htm">Lawton, Kim. "Christmas star debate gets its due on Epiphany". USA Today. January 5, 2008.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc13_Herzog07-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc13_Herzog07_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc13_Herzog07_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc13.com/archive/5848072/">Herzog, Travis. "Did the Star of Bethlehem exist?" abc13 Eyewitness News. December 20, 2007.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_2:2_bh-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt_2:2_bh_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/matthew/2-2.htm">Matthew chapter 2, verse 2. Bible Hub with commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt2:3_bh-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt2:3_bh_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/matthew/2-3.htm">Matthew chapter 2, verse 3. Bible Hub with commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt2:7_bh-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt2:7_bh_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/matthew/2-7.htm">Matthew chapter 2 verse 7. Bible Hub with commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_2:1-10allbhswc-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt_2:1-10allbhswc_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/context/matthew/2-1.htm">Matthew chapter 2, verses 2–10. Bible Hub with whole chapter and commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt2:9-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matt2:9_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/matthew/2-9.htm">Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 9. Bible Hub with commentaries.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ch_Hd_Ireland-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ch_Hd_Ireland_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianheadlines.com/news/evidence-emerges-for-star-of-bethlehems-reality-11556969.html">Ireland, Michael. "Evidence emerges for Star of Bethlehem's reality". Assist News Service. Christian Headlines. October 18, 2007.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imprimis_Chester_1993-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imprimis_Chester_1993_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/the-star-of-bethlehem/">Chester, Craig. "The Star of Bethlehem". <i>Imprimis</i>. December 1993, 22(12).</a> Originally presented at Hillsdale College during fall 1992. 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November 26, 2009.</a> Retrieved on January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_Chester-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_Chester_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/12/24/astronomer-analyzes-the-star-of-bethlehem/">Scripps Howard News Service. "Astronomer Analyzes The Star Of Bethlehem". <i>The Chicago Tribune</i>. December 24, 1993.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_book-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_book_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askelm.com/star/index.asp">Martin, Ernest. 1991 <i>The Star that Astonished the World</i>. ASK Publications. Can be read for free online, for personal study only. Other uses prohibited.</a> Retrieved on February 12, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945657880" title="Special:BookSources/9780945657880">9780945657880</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R&E_Lawton_2007-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R&E_Lawton_2007_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R&E_Lawton_2007_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2007/12/21/december-21-2007-star-of-bethlehem/4677/">Lawton, Kim. "Star of Bethlehem". Interview with Rick Larson. PBS, Religion & Ethics Newsweekly. December 21, 2007.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_Rao_2011-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_Rao_2011_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45778305">Rao, Joe. "Was the Star of Bethlehem a star, comet … or miracle?" NBC News. Updated December 12, 2011.</a> Includes a brief interactive at the bottom, "What's the story behind the Star?" showing retrograde motion and the 3–2 BC planetary conjunctions. Retrieved on January 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP_St_dance_coronation-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SP_St_dance_coronation_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemstar.com/starry-dance/coronation/">Larson, Frederick. "A coronation" Description of Jupiter as king planet.</a> Retrieved December 22, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP2007-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BP2007_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP2007_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP2007_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP2007_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpnews.net/27041">Foust, Michael. Baptist Press. December 14, 2007.</a> Retrieved on December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP_Westward_leading-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SP_Westward_leading_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemstar.com/starry-dance/westward-leading/">Larson, Frederick. "Westward leading" Description of when Jupiter and Venus aligned.</a> Retrieved December 22, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph_Reneke_08-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_Reneke_08_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/3687843/Jesus-was-born-in-June-astronomers-claim.html">Telegraph. "'Jesus was born in June", astronomers claim". The <i>Telegraph</i>. December 9, 2008.</a> Retrieved on December 22, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist_Christmas_12-25-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hist_Christmas_12-25_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-christmas">"History of Christmas". History.</a> Retrieved on December 22, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:2&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rising-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rising_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.oremus.org/?ql=119069890">Matthew 2:2</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edersheim, Alfred. The Life and times of Jesus the Messiah. Peabody, (MA: Hendrickson, 1993), several references, chapter 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair2013" class="citation book cs1">Adair, Aaron (2013). <i>The Star of Bethlehem: A Skeptical View (Kindle Edition – location 1304)</i>. Onus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956694867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956694867"><bdi>978-0956694867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem%3A+A+Skeptical+View+%28Kindle+Edition+%E2%80%93+location+1304%29&rft.pub=Onus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0956694867&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Courtney (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9z_0nQEACAAJ&q=editions:-hQLa5bJEgsC"><i>The Star of the Magi</i></a>. Career Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564149626" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564149626"><bdi>978-1564149626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+the+Magi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Career+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1564149626&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9z_0nQEACAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3A-hQLa5bJEgsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Humphreys, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Astronomy-Cosmology/S&CB%2010-93Humphreys.html">'The Star of Bethlehem'</a>, in <i>Science and Christian Belief</i> 5 (1995), 83–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2004" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, R.M. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005222753/http://www.bristolastrosoc.org.uk/www/media/Publications_BAS_Documents/the_star_of_bethlehem.pdf">"The Star of Bethlehem and the Comet of AD 66"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the British Astronomy Association</i>. No. 114. pp. <span class="nowrap">336–</span>43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolastrosoc.org.uk/www/media/Publications_BAS_Documents/the_star_of_bethlehem.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomy+Association&rft.atitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem+and+the+Comet+of+AD+66&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolastrosoc.org.uk%2Fwww%2Fmedia%2FPublications_BAS_Documents%2Fthe_star_of_bethlehem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Kidger, <i>Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries</i>, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), page 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin R. Nicholl. 2015. <i>The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem.</i> Crossway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterview_Greg_Cootsona2015" class="citation web cs1">Interview Greg Cootsona (23 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/december/what-kind-of-astronomical-marvel-was-star-of-bethlehem.html">"What Kind of Astronomical Marvel was the Star of ... – Christianity Today"</a>. <i>ChristianityToday.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChristianityToday.com&rft.atitle=What+Kind+of+Astronomical+Marvel+was+the+Star+of+...+%E2%80%93+Christianity+Today&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft.au=Interview+Greg+Cootsona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2015%2Fdecember%2Fwhat-kind-of-astronomical-marvel-was-star-of-bethlehem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo_Gonzalez2017" class="citation web cs1">Guillermo Gonzalez (16 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/book-reviews-great-christ-comet-revealing-the-true-star-of-bethlehem">"The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem"</a>. <i>TGC – The Gospel Coalition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TGC+%E2%80%93+The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=The+Great+Christ+Comet%3A+Revealing+the+True+Star+of+Bethlehem&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.au=Guillermo+Gonzalez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fbook-reviews-great-christ-comet-revealing-the-true-star-of-bethlehem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tipler-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tipler_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tipler_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_J._Tipler2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler" title="Frank J. 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Tipler</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/starofbethlehem.pdf">"The Star of Bethlehem: A Type Ia/Ic Supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_(journal)" title="The Observatory (journal)">The Observatory</a></i>. <b>125</b>: <span class="nowrap">168–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Obs...125..168T">2005Obs...125..168T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem%3A+A+Type+Ia%2FIc+Supernova+in+the+Andromeda+Galaxy%3F&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Obs...125..168T&rft.au=Frank+J.+Tipler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.tulane.edu%2F~tipler%2Fstarofbethlehem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_A._MagnierFrancis_A._PriminiSaskia_PrinsJan_van_Paradijs1997" class="citation journal cs1">Eugene A. Magnier; Francis A. Primini; Saskia Prins; Jan van Paradijs; Walter H. G. Lewin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1202169/2567_25290y.pdf">"ROSAT HRI Observations of M31 Supernova Remnants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>490</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490..649M">1997ApJ...490..649M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F304917">10.1086/304917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54162850">54162850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=ROSAT+HRI+Observations+of+M31+Supernova+Remnants&rft.volume=490&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54162850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F304917&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...490..649M&rft.au=Eugene+A.+Magnier&rft.au=Francis+A.+Primini&rft.au=Saskia+Prins&rft.au=Jan+van+Paradijs&rft.au=Walter+H.+G.+Lewin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F1202169%2F2567_25290y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorehouse1978" class="citation journal cs1">Morehouse, A. J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1978JRASC..72...65M/0000066.000.html">"The Christmas Star as a Supernova in Aquila"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>72</b>: 65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JRASC..72...65M">1978JRASC..72...65M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Christmas+Star+as+a+Supernova+in+Aquila&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978JRASC..72...65M&rft.aulast=Morehouse&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2F1978JRASC..72...65M%2F0000066.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIvor2005" class="citation journal cs1">McIvor, Robert S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=2005JRASC..99...87M&db_key=AST&page_ind=1&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES">"The Star on Roman Coins"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JRASC..99...87M">2005JRASC..99...87M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Star+on+Roman+Coins&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JRASC..99...87M&rft.aulast=McIvor&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3Fbibcode%3D2005JRASC..99...87M%26db_key%3DAST%26page_ind%3D1%26data_type%3DGIF%26type%3DSCREEN_VIEW%26classic%3DYES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:1&version=nkjv">Matthew 2:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:2&version=nkjv">Luke 2:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i> XVII:7:4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus_17.9.3-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_17.9.3_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/antiquities-jews/book-17/chapter-9.html">Josephus, Flavius. ~AD 93. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. Book 17, chapter 9, paragraph 3 (17.9.3) Bible Study Tools website. First sentence of paragraph 3 reads: "Now, upon the approach of that feast ..."</a> Retrieved on March 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus_WAR_2.1.3-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_WAR_2.1.3_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/war-of-the-jews/book-2/chapter-1.html">Josephus, Flavius. ~93 AD. <i>The War of the Jews</i>. Book 2, chapter 1, paragraph 3 (2.1.3) Bible Study Tools website. About one-third through paragraph three it reads: "And indeed, at the feast ...".</a> Retrieved on March 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herod4BC-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herod4BC_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy David Barnes, "The Date of Herod’s Death," <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i> ns 19 (1968), 204–19. P. M. Bernegger, "Affirmation of Herod’s Death in 4 B.C.," <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i> ns 34 (1983), 526–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_300_1998-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_300_1998_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. p. 300. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565631439" title="Special:BookSources/1565631439">1565631439</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann_Abraham_219-256_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Steinmann, <i>From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology</i>. (St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House, 2011), Print. pp. 219–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filmer_Chronology_283-298-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filmer_Chronology_283-298_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filmer_Chronology_283-298_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.E. Filmer, "The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>, 1966. 17(2): pp. 283–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_238-278-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_238-278_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998, 2015. pp. 238–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritJesus-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritJesus_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ"><i>Jesus Christ</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303091%2FJesus-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_parallel_Bible_Hub-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_parallel_Bible_Hub_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=ESV">Luke 2:2 Luke chapter 2 verse in parallel translations on Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Martin Novak, <i>Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts</i> (Continuum International, 2001), p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond E. Brown, <i>Christ in the Gospels of the Liturgical Year</i>, (Liturgical Press, 2008), p. 114. See, for example, James Douglas Grant Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) p. 344. Similarly, Erich S. Gruen, 'The expansion of the empire under Augustus', in <i>The Cambridge ancient history</i> Volume 10, p. 157, Geza Vermes, <i>The Nativity</i>, Penguin 2006, p. 96, <a href="/wiki/W._D._Davies" title="W. D. Davies">W. D. Davies</a> and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i> ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984, Anthony Harvey, <i>A Companion to the New Testament</i> (Cambridge University Press 2004), p. 221, Meier, John P., <i><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" title="John P. Meier">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a></i>. Doubleday, 1991, v. 1, p. 213, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke</i>. London: G. Chapman, 1977, p. 554, <a href="/wiki/A._N._Sherwin-White" title="A. N. Sherwin-White">A. N. Sherwin-White</a>, pp. 166–67, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1990" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1990). "Reflections on the trials of Jesus". <i>A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History (JSOT Suppl. 100) [eds. P.R. Davies and R.T. White]</i>. Sheffield: JSOT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+trials+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+Geza+Vermes%3A+Essays+on+Jewish+and+Christian+Literature+and+History+%28JSOT+Suppl.+100%29+%5Beds.+P.R.+Davies+and+R.T.+White%5D&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=JSOT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span> repr. in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2006). "The Greek World, the Jews, and the East". <i>Rome, the Greek World and the East</i>. <b>3</b>. University of North Carolina Press: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rome%2C+the+Greek+World+and+the+East&rft.atitle=The+Greek+World%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+the+East&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus J. Borg, <i>Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith</i>, (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elias Joseph Bickerman, Studies in Jewish and Christian History, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_Bible_Hub_commentaries-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Bible_Hub_commentaries_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/2-2.htm">Luke 2:2 commentaries on Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright_Bible_Luke_2:2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_Bible_Luke_2:2_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, N. T. 2011. <i>The Kingdom New Testament: A Contemporary Translation.</i> Luke 2:2. New York, HarperOne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062064912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062064912">978-0062064912</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_OJB-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_OJB_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=OJB">Luke 2:2 in the Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB) on BibleGateway.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_NIV-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_NIV_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=NIV">Luke 2:2 in the New International Version NIV) Bible on BibleGateway.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_ESV-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_ESV_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=ESV">Luke 2:2 in the English Standard Version (ESV) Bible on BibleGateway.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_HSCB-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_2:2_Biblegateway_HSCB_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=HCSB">Luke 2:2 in Holman Christian Standard Bible (HSCB) on BibleGateway.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brindle, Wayne. "The Census And Quirinius: Luke 2:2." JETS 27/1 (March 1984) 43–52. Other scholars cited in Brindle's article include A. Higgins, N. Turner, P. Barnett, I. H. Marshall and C. Evan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emil Schürer, Géza Vermès, and Fergus Millar, <i>The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ</i> (175 B.C.–A.D. 135), (Edinburgh: Clark, 1973 and 1987), 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus_18.1.1-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_18.1.1_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/antiquities-jews/book-18/chapter-1.html">Josephus, Flavius. ~93 AD. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. Book 18, chapter 1, paragraph 1 (hereafter noted as 18.1.1) Entire book free to read online. Bible Study Tools website. Scroll down from 18.1.1 to find Jewish revolt also mentioned in 18.1.6.</a> Retrieved on March 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acts_5:37_on_Bible_Hub-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acts_5:37_on_Bible_Hub_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/acts/5-37.htm">Acts of the Apostles, chapter 5, verse 2 with commentaries. Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved on March 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent's_Luke_2-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent's_Luke_2_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/vws/luke/2.htm">Vincent, Marvin R. <i>Vincent's Word Studies</i>. Luke chapter 2, verse 2. Bible Hub.</a> Retrieved on March 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulus Orosius, <i>Historiae Adversus Paganos</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/orosius6B.html#22">VI.22.7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/orosius7A.html#2">VII.2.16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_279-292-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_279-292_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. pp. 279–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_page_301-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_page_301_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan_Handbook_289-290-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_Handbook_289-290_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Jack. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. pp. 289–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a3p3.htm#528">Catechism of the Catholic Church 528</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/audio/caf/what-was-the-star-of-bethlehem">Catholic Answers, What Was The Star Of Bethlehem?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/special/listen_learn_share/nativity">"Hymns of the Feast"</a>. <i>Feast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feast+of+the+Nativity+of+our+Lord+and+Savior+Jesus+Christ&rft.atitle=Hymns+of+the+Feast&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fspecial%2Flisten_learn_share%2Fnativity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#2:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/12/28/103680-venerable-simon-the-myrrh-gusher-of-mt-athos">Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos</a> at oca.org, accessed 31 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Paul Thomas (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1997/12/birth-of-the-messiah?lang=eng">"Birth of the Messiah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Messiah&rft.date=1997-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1997%2F12%2Fbirth-of-the-messiah%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Helaman#14:5" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Helaman">Helaman 14:5</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/3_Nephi#1:21" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/3 Nephi">3 Nephi 1:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/jesus/events-up-to-jesus-ministry/astrologers-visit/"><i>Jesus – The Way, the Truth, the Life</i>, ch. 7: Astrologers Visit Jesus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Desire of Ages, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://text.egwwritings.org/publication.php?pubtype=Book&bookCode=DA&lang=en&collection=2&section=4&pagenumber=60/">p. 60</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126050741/https://text.egwwritings.org/publication.php?pubtype=Book&bookCode=DA&lang=en&collection=2&section=4&pagenumber=60%2F">Archived</a> 2020-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunayyer2020" class="citation book cs1">Munayyer, Hanan Karaman (2020). <i>Traditional Palestinian Costume - Origins and Evolution</i>. Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623719241" title="Special:BookSources/9781623719241"><bdi>9781623719241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Palestinian+Costume+-+Origins+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Interlink+Publishing+Group+Incorporated&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781623719241&rft.aulast=Munayyer&rft.aufirst=Hanan+Karaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZraick2019" class="citation web cs1">Zraick, Karen (January 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/us/politics/rashida-tlaib-palestinian-thobe.html">"As Rashida Tlaib Is Sworn In, Palestinian-Americans Respond With #TweetYourThobe"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Rashida+Tlaib+Is+Sworn+In%2C+Palestinian-Americans+Respond+With+%23TweetYourThobe&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Zraick&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frashida-tlaib-palestinian-thobe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2023" class="citation web cs1">Editorial, Vogue Arabia (October 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.vogue.me/culture/palestinian-fabric-tatreez-meaning-november-2023-cover/">"The Meaning Behind the Palestinian Fabric on Vogue Arabia's November 2023 Cover"</a>. <i>Vogue Arabia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue+Arabia&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+Behind+the+Palestinian+Fabric+on+Vogue+Arabia%27s+November+2023+Cover&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft.aulast=Editorial&rft.aufirst=Vogue+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.vogue.me%2Fculture%2Fpalestinian-fabric-tatreez-meaning-november-2023-cover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1973" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC&q=%22family+tradition%22&pg=PA61"><i>The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809117680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809117680"><bdi>978-0809117680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginal+Conception+and+Bodily+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0809117680&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0Ik5DuD01cC%26q%3D%2522family%2Btradition%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_1ZAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140088"><bdi>978-0300140088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+the+Gospels+of+Matthew+and+Luke&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0300140088&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_1ZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC"><i>An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Adult+Christ+at+Christmas%3A+Essays+on+the+Three+Biblical+Christmas+Stories&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+of+Bethlehem" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" class="extiw" title="commons:Star of Bethlehem"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Star of Bethlehem</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Star_of_Bethlehem" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Star of Bethlehem">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Case, Shirley Jackson (2006). <i>Jesus: A New Biography</i>, Gorgias Press LLC: New Ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-475-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-475-3">1-59333-475-3</a>.</li> <li>Coates, Richard (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/hovo/downloads/text1_10a.pdf">'A linguist's angle on the Star of Bethlehem', <i>Astronomy and Geophysics</i>, 49, pp. 27–49</a></li> <li>Consolmagno S.J., Guy (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20101231_1.htm">Looking for a star or Coming to Adore?</a></li> <li>Gill, Victoria: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20730828">Star of Bethlehem: the astronomical explanations and Reading the Stars</a> by Helen Jacobus with link to, Jacobus, Helen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20786572">Ancient astrology: how sages read the heavens/ Did the heavens predict a king?</a>, <i>BBC</i></li> <li>Jenkins, R.M., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolastrosoc.org.uk/www/media/Publications_BAS_Documents/the_star_of_bethlehem.pdf">The Star of Bethlehem and the Comet of 66AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005222753/http://www.bristolastrosoc.org.uk/www/media/Publications_BAS_Documents/the_star_of_bethlehem.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Journal of the British Astronomy Association</i>, June 2004, <b>114</b>, pp. 336–43. This article argues that the Star of Bethlehem is a historical fiction influenced by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in AD 66.</li> <li>Larson, Frederick A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemstar.net">What Was the Star?</a></li> <li>Nicholl, Colin R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatchristcomet.com/thegreatchristcomet-endorsements.html"><i>The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019193309/http://greatchristcomet.com/thegreatchristcomet-endorsements.html">Archived</a> 2016-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Crossway, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-4213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-4213-8">978-1-4335-4213-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/stellamagorum/stellamagorum.htm">Star of Bethlehem Bibliography</a>. Provides an extensive bibliography with Web links to online sources.</li></ul> <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="FFD700"> <td colspan="3"><b>Star of Bethlehem<br /><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Life of Jesus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">The Nativity</a></b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="white"> <td><span style="font-size:90%;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Infant Jesus at the Temple</a></b></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">   </span><b><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><span class="nowrap">   </span><br />Events</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:90%;">Followed by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Wise Men</a></b></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In folklore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf" title="The Elf on the Shelf">The Elf on the Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers' play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Din" title="Boro Din">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_folklore" title="Icelandic Christmas folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten_(poem)" title="Tomten (poem)">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of United States Christmas television specials">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Advent Conspiracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmasland_in_New_Taipei_City" title="Christmasland in New Taipei City">Christmasland in New Taipei City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GivingTuesday" title="GivingTuesday">GivingTuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and<br />drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smorgasbord#Julbord" title="Smorgasbord">Julbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (dessert)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plum" title="Sugar plum">Sugar plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bishop" title="Smoking bishop">Smoking bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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[\"Bibleverse\"] = 31,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Christmas\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Star Of Bethlehem\"] = 1,\n [\"Dash\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Matthew\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Lds\"] = 2,\n [\"Nativity of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research section\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Space\"] = 2,\n [\"Sup\"] = 10,\n [\"Synthesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Synthesis inline\"] = 6,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 9,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-fhnbj","timestamp":"20250216122746","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Star of Bethlehem","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_of_Bethlehem","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q211221","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q211221","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-20T15:02:43Z","dateModified":"2025-01-30T06:40:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg","headline":"celestial phenomenon that according to the New Testament revealed the birth of Jesus 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