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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Local tumors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metastatic_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metastatic_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Metastatic disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metastatic_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supportive_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supportive_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Supportive care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supportive_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hormonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hormonal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Medical conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventive_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Preventive surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pink_ribbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pink_ribbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Pink ribbon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pink_ribbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Breast cancer culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Emphasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_disparities_in_breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_disparities_in_breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Health disparities in breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_disparities_in_breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Special populations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Special populations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Men </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnant_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnant_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Pregnant women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnant_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cryoablation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryoablation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Cryoablation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryoablation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer_cell_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer_cell_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Breast cancer cell lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer_cell_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Molecular markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolic_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3.1 Metabolic markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Artificial intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Breast cancer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borskanker" title="Borskanker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Borskanker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="سرطان الثدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الثدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Կուրծքի Քաղցկեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կուրծքի Քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="স্তন কেন্সাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্তন কেন্সাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu_de_mama" title="Cáncanu de mama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu de mama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ma_akyt%C3%A3%27ai" title="Káma akytã'ai – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Káma akytã'ai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd_v%C9%99zi_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngi" title="Süd vəzi xərçəngi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süd vəzi xərçəngi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دؤش سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤش سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="স্তন ক্যান্সার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তন ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni-g%C3%A2m" title="Ni-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ni-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Рак малочнай залозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рак малочнай залозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Рак малочнай залозы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак малочнай залозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на гърдата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на гърдата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke" title="Rak dojke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak dojke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krign-bev_ar_vronn" title="Krign-bev ar vronn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krign-bev ar vronn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_de_mama" title="Càncer de mama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer de mama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinom_prsu" title="Karcinom prsu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karcinom prsu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser_y_fron" title="Canser y fron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser y fron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brystkr%C3%A6ft" title="Brystkræft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brystkræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cizzeboras" title="Čizzeboras – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čizzeboras" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brustkrebs" title="Brustkrebs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brustkrebs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinnav%C3%A4hk" title="Rinnavähk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rinnavähk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Καρκίνος του μαστού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος του μαστού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_mama" title="Cáncer de mama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de mama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_kancero" title="Mama kancero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mama kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bularreko_minbizi" title="Bularreko minbizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bularreko minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان پستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان پستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3stkrabbi" title="Bróstkrabbi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bróstkrabbi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_du_sein" title="Cancer du sein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer du sein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailse_bhrollaigh" title="Ailse bhrollaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailse bhrollaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_de_mama" title="Cancro de mama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro de mama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B0%A9%EC%95%94" title="유방암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유방암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran_Nono" title="Sankaran Nono – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sankaran Nono" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B1%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Կրծքագեղձի քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրծքագեղձի քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="स्तन कैन्सर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तन कैन्सर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke" title="Rak dojke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak dojke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_payudara" title="Kanker payudara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker payudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brj%C3%B3stakrabbamein" title="Brjóstakrabbamein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brjóstakrabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumore_alla_mammella" title="Tumore alla mammella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumore alla mammella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%93" title="סרטן השד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן השד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_payudara" title="Kanker payudara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kanker payudara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ತನ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ತನ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="მკერდის კიბო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მკერდის კიბო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanseri_y%E2%80%99ibere" title="Kanseri y’ibere – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanseri y’ibere" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_mammae" title="Cancer mammae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer mammae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%ABts_v%C4%93zis" title="Krūts vēzis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krūts vēzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%ABties_v%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Krūties vėžys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krūties vėžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C5%91r%C3%A1k" title="Emlőrák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlőrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_soso" title="Kanker soso – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kanker soso" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="स्तन क्यान्सर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्तन क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак на дојка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак на дојка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="സ്തനാർബുദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്തനാർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="स्तनाचा कर्करोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्तनाचा कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%89" title="سرطان الثدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان الثدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_payudara" title="Barah payudara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah payudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC" title="ရင်သားကင်ဆာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရင်သားကင်ဆာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borstkanker" title="Borstkanker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Borstkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="स्तन क्यान्सर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तन क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="乳癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brystkreft" title="Brystkreft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brystkreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ସ୍ତନ କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ତନ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_bezi_saratoni" title="Sut bezi saratoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut bezi saratoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਛਾਤੀ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛਾਤੀ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د سينې سرطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سينې سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_sutka" title="Rak sutka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak sutka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_da_mama" title="Cancro da mama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cancro da mama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_mamar" title="Cancer mamar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer mamar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Рак молочной железы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рак молочной железы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_o_the_breist" title="Cancer o the breist – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cancer o the breist" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri_i_gjirit" title="Kanceri i gjirit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri i gjirit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="පියයුරු පිළිකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පියයුරු පිළිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breast 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title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke" title="Rak dojke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rak dojke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%85%DA%A9" title="شێرپەنجەی مەمک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی مەمک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke" title="Rak dojke – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rak dojke" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke" title="Rak dojke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak dojke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintasy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Rintasyöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rintasyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6stcancer" title="Bröstcancer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bröstcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_sa_suso" title="Kanser sa suso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser sa suso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்பகப் புற்றுநோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்பகப் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Сөт бизе яман шеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөт бизе яман шеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="రొమ్ము కాన్సర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రొమ్ము కాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="มะเร็งเต้านม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งเต้านม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಿರೆ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮಿರೆ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme_kanseri" title="Meme kanseri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meme kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofo%C9%94_mu_kokoram" title="Nofoɔ mu kokoram – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nofoɔ mu kokoram" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Рак молочної залози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рак молочної залози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان پستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرطان پستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizcwng_Cij" title="Aizcwng Cij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aizcwng Cij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_v%C3%BA" title="Ung thư vú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư vú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_han_suso" title="Kanser han suso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanser han suso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="乳腺癌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乳腺癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Breast cancer</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_Cancer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="As seen on the image above the breast is already affected with cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Breast_Cancer.png/220px-Breast_Cancer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Breast_Cancer.png/330px-Breast_Cancer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Breast_Cancer.png/440px-Breast_Cancer.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1086" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An illustration of breast cancer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on the breast<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Being female, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, lack of exercise, alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> during <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, early age at <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">first menstruation</a>, having children late in life or not at all, older age, prior breast cancer, family history of breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NICHD-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">Tissue biopsy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonography">Ultrasonography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgery, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)" title="Hormonal therapy (oncology)">hormonal therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a> is approximately 85% (US, UK)<a href="#cite_note-SEER2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2013Prog-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2 million affected (global, 2020)<a href="#cite_note-Sung2021-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">685,000 (global, 2020)<a href="#cite_note-Sung2021-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Breast cancer is a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that develops from <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> tissue.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Signs of breast cancer may include a <a href="/wiki/Breast_lump" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast lump">lump</a> in the breast, a change in breast shape, <a href="/wiki/Dimpling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimpling">dimpling</a> of the skin, <a href="/wiki/Milk-rejection_sign" title="Milk-rejection sign">milk rejection</a>, fluid coming from the <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> In those with <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer" title="Metastatic breast cancer">distant spread of the disease</a>, there may be <a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">bone pain</a>, swollen <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yellow_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow skin">yellow skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Risk factors for developing breast cancer include <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">lack of physical exercise</a>, alcohol consumption, <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> during <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, an early age at <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">first menstruation</a>, having children late in life (or not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> About five to ten percent of cases are the result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> including <a href="/wiki/BRCA_mutation" title="BRCA mutation">BRCA mutations</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of <a href="/wiki/Milk_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk ducts">milk ducts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lobules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobules">lobules</a> that supply these ducts with milk.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Cancers developing from the ducts are known as <a href="/wiki/Invasive_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive ductal carcinoma">ductal carcinomas</a>, while those developing from lobules are known as <a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma" title="Lobular carcinoma">lobular carcinomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> There are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Ductal carcinoma in situ">ductal carcinoma in situ</a>, develop from <a href="/wiki/Pre-invasive_lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-invasive lesions">pre-invasive lesions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a <a href="/wiki/Breast_biopsy" title="Breast biopsy">biopsy</a> of the concerning tissue.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are carried out to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments are most likely to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Breast cancer screening can be instrumental, given that the size of a breast cancer and its spread are among the most critical factors in predicting the prognosis of the disease. Breast cancers found during screening are typically smaller and less likely to have spread outside the breast.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> found that it was unclear whether <a href="/wiki/Mammograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammograph">mammographic</a> screening does more harm than good, in that a large proportion of women who test positive turn out not to have the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Got2013-11">[11]</a> A 2009 review for the <a href="/wiki/US_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Preventive Services Task Force">US Preventive Services Task Force</a> found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTFScreen2016-13">[13]</a> The medications <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">raloxifene</a> may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preventive_mastectomy" title="Preventive mastectomy">Surgical removal of both breasts</a> is another preventive measure in some high risk women.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)" title="Hormonal therapy (oncology)">hormonal therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Types of surgery vary from <a href="/wiki/Breast-conserving_surgery" title="Breast-conserving surgery">breast-conserving surgery</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACSfive-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxProf-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_reconstruction" title="Breast reconstruction">Breast reconstruction</a> may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxProf-15">[15]</a> In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxProf-15">[15]</a> Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, the <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">extent of disease</a>, and the person's age.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxProf-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rates</a> in England and the United States are between 80 and 90%.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2008-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-SEER2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2013Prog-5">[5]</a> In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-17">[17]</a> In 2018, it resulted in two million new cases and 627,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Bra2018-18">[18]</a> It is more common in developed countries,<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> and is more than 100 times more common in women than <a href="/wiki/Male_breast_cancer" title="Male breast cancer">in men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2008-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals on <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">gender-affirming hormone therapy</a>, breast cancer is 5 times more common in cisgender women than in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">transgender men</a>, and 46 times more common in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> than in cisgender men.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoons of breasts with a lump, skin dimpling, red fluid leaking from the nipple, or changes in the appearance of the skin or nipple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg/350px-Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg/525px-Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg/700px-Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Common symptoms of breast cancer</figcaption></figure> Most people with breast cancer have no symptoms at the time of diagnosis; their tumor is detected by a breast cancer screening test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Evaluation_of_Breast_Masses"-21">[21]</a> For those who do have symptoms, a new <a href="/wiki/Breast_lump" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast lump">lump</a> in the breast is most common. Most breast lumps are not cancer, though lumps that are painless, hard, and with irregular edges are more likely to be cancerous.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-SS-22">[22]</a> Other symptoms include swelling or pain in the breast; dimpling, thickening, redness, or dryness of the breast skin; and pain, or inversion of the nipple.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-SS-22">[22]</a> Some may experience unusual discharge from the breasts, or swelling of the lymph nodes under the arms or along the <a href="/wiki/Collar_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar bone">collar bone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-SS-22">[22]</a> Some less common forms of breast cancer cause distinctive symptoms. Up to 5% of people with breast cancer have <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_breast_cancer" title="Inflammatory breast cancer">inflammatory breast cancer</a>, where cancer cells block the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph vessel">lymph vessels</a> of one breast, causing the breast to substantially swell and redden over three to six months.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Up to 3% of people with breast cancer have <a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease of the breast</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>-like red, scaly irritation on the nipple and <a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">areola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRUK-Paget-24">[24]</a> Advanced tumors can spread (metastasize) beyond the breast, most commonly to the bones, liver, lungs, and brain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Fig._9:_Common_Metastatic_Sites_in_Breast_Cancer"-25">[25]</a> Bone metastases can cause swelling, progressive <a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">bone pain</a>, and weakening of the bones that leads to <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BCRF-met-26">[26]</a> Liver metastases can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and skin problems – <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, itchy skin, or yellowing of the skin (<a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BCRF-met-26">[26]</a> Those with lung metastases experience <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, shortness of breath, and regular <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BCRF-met-26">[26]</a> Metastases in the brain can cause persistent <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, nausea, vomiting, and disruptions to the affected person's speech, vision, memory, and regular behavior.<a href="#cite_note-BCRF-met-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screening">Screening</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Screening">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_screening" title="Breast cancer screening">Breast cancer screening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg/220px-MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg/330px-MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg/440px-MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of a mammogram, with the breast to be imaged pressed between two plates.</figcaption></figure> Breast cancer screening refers to testing otherwise-healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to diagnose breast tumors early when treatments are more successful. The most common screening test for breast cancer is low-dose <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> imaging of the breast, called <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI-PDQ-27">[27]</a> Each breast is pressed between two plates and imaged. Tumors can appear unusually dense within the breast, distort the shape of surrounding tissue, or cause small dense flecks called <a href="/wiki/Microcalcification" title="Microcalcification">microcalcifications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Radiologists generally report mammogram results on a standardized scale – the six-point <a href="/wiki/Breast_Imaging-Reporting_and_Data_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System">Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System</a> (BI-RADS) is the most common globally – where a higher number corresponds to a greater risk of a cancerous tumor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenNarayan2023"Interpretation_of_a_Mammogram"-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetaxaHealyO'Keeffe2019"Introduction"-30">[30]</a> A mammogram also reveals breast density; dense breast tissue appears opaque on a mammogram and can obscure tumors.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> BI-RADS categorizes breast density into four categories. Mammography can detect around 90% of breast tumors in the least dense breasts (called "fatty" breasts), but just 60% in the most dense breasts (called "extremely dense").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenNarayan2023"Implications_of_Breast_Density"-33">[33]</a> Women with particularly dense breasts can instead be screened by <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), or <a href="/wiki/Tomosynthesis" title="Tomosynthesis">tomosynthesis</a>, all of which more sensitively detect breast tumors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Screening"-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg/220px-Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg/330px-Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg/440px-Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mammograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammograms">Mammograms</a> showing a normal breast (left) and a breast with cancer (right)</figcaption></figure> Regular screening mammography reduces breast cancer deaths by at least 20%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021"Screening"-35">[35]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">medical guidelines</a> recommend annual screening mammograms for women aged 50–70.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Screening_for_Breast_Cancer"-36">[36]</a> Screening also reduces breast cancer mortality in women aged 40–49, and some guidelines recommend annual screening in this age group as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Screening_for_Breast_Cancer"-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmanHelvie2022"Table_1"-37">[37]</a> For women at high risk for developing breast cancer, most guidelines recommend adding MRI screening to mammography, to increase the chance of detecting potentially dangerous tumors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Screening"-34">[34]</a> Regularly feeling one's own breasts for lumps or other abnormalities, called <a href="/wiki/Breast_self-examination" title="Breast self-examination">breast self-examination</a>, does not reduce a person's chance of dying from breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Clinical breast exams, where a health professional feels the breasts for abnormalities, are common;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenesCosterCosterShenhar-Tsarfaty2021"Abstract"-39">[39]</a> whether they reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer is not known.<a href="#cite_note-NCI-PDQ-27">[27]</a> Regular breast cancer screening is commonplace in most wealthy nations, but remains uncommon in the world's poorer countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Screening"-34">[34]</a> Still, mammography has its disadvantages. Overall, screening mammograms miss about 1 in 8 breast cancers, they can also give <a href="/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" title="False positives and false negatives">false-positive</a> results, causing extra anxiety and making patients overgo unnecessary additional exams, such as <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">bioposies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png/180px-Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png/270px-Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png/360px-Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Needle breast biopsy</figcaption></figure> Those who have a suspected tumor from a mammogram or physical exam first undergo additional imaging – typically a second "diagnostic" mammogram and ultrasound – to confirm its presence and location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Evaluation_of_Breast_Masses"-21">[21]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Breast_biopsy" title="Breast biopsy">biopsy</a> is then taken of the suspected tumor. Breast biopsy is typically done by <a href="/wiki/Core_needle_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Core needle biopsy">core needle biopsy</a>, with a hollow needle used to collect tissue from the area of interest.<a href="#cite_note-NBCF-Biopsy-41">[41]</a> Suspected tumors that appear to be filled with fluid are often instead sampled by <a href="/wiki/Fine-needle_aspiration" title="Fine-needle aspiration">fine-needle aspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBCF-Biopsy-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Diagnostic_Work-Up"-42">[42]</a> Around 10–20% of breast biopsies are positive for cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Pathologic_Findings_of_the_Breast"-43">[43]</a> Most biopsied breast masses are instead caused by <a href="/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes" title="Fibrocystic breast changes">fibrocystic breast changes</a>, a term that encompasses benign pockets of fluid, cell growth, or <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tissue">fibrous tissue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Pathologic_Findings_of_the_Breast"-43">[43]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, with minimal tubule formation, marked pleomorphism, and prominent mitoses, 40x field"><img alt="High-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, with minimal tubule formation, marked pleomorphism, and prominent mitoses, 40x field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg/120px-Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg/180px-Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg/240px-Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, with minimal tubule formation, marked <a href="/wiki/Pleomorphism_(cytology)" title="Pleomorphism (cytology)">pleomorphism</a>, and prominent <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_classification#Mitotic_count" title="Breast cancer classification">mitoses</a>, 40x field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamma-CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F-18 FDG PET/CT: A breast cancer metastasis to the right scapula"><img alt="F-18 FDG PET/CT: A breast cancer metastasis to the right scapula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mamma-CA.jpg/120px-Mamma-CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mamma-CA.jpg/180px-Mamma-CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mamma-CA.jpg/240px-Mamma-CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F-18 FDG PET/CT: A breast cancer metastasis to the right scapula</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_classification" title="Breast cancer classification">Breast cancer classification</a></div> Breast cancers are classified by several grading systems, each of which assesses a tumor characteristic that impacts a person's prognosis. First, a tumor is classified by the tissue it arises from, or the appearance of the tumor tissue under a microscope. Most breast cancers (85%) are ductal carcinoma – derived from the lining of the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ducts">mammary ducts</a>. 10% are lobular carcinoma – derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland#Structure" title="Mammary gland">mammary lobes</a> – or mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Invasive_Breast_Cancers"-44">[44]</a> Rarer types include <a href="/wiki/Mucinous_neoplasm" title="Mucinous neoplasm">mucinous carcinoma</a> (around 2.5% of cases; surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tubular_carcinoma" title="Tubular carcinoma">tubular carcinoma</a> (1.5%; full of small tubes of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a>), <a href="/wiki/Medullary_breast_carcinoma" title="Medullary breast carcinoma">medullary carcinoma</a> (1%; resembling "medullary" or middle-layer tissue), and <a href="/wiki/Papillary_carcinomas_of_the_breast" title="Papillary carcinomas of the breast">papillary carcinoma</a> (1%; covered in finger-like growths).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Invasive_Breast_Cancers"-44">[44]</a> Oftentimes a biopsy reveals cells that are cancerous but have not yet spread beyond their original location. This condition, called <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>, is often considered "precancerous" rather than a dangerous cancer itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Noninvasive_Breast_Neoplasms"-45">[45]</a> Those with <a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Ductal carcinoma in situ">ductal carcinoma in situ</a> (in the mammary ducts) are at increased risk for developing true invasive breast cancer – around a third develop breast cancer within five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Noninvasive_Breast_Neoplasms"-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Lobular carcinoma in situ">Lobular carcinoma in situ</a> (in the mammary lobes) rarely causes a noticeable lump, and is often found incidentally during a biopsy for another reason. It is commonly spread throughout both breasts. Those with lobular carcinoma in situ also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer – around 1% develop breast cancer each year. However, their risk of dying of breast cancer is no higher than the rest of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Noninvasive_Breast_Neoplasms"-45">[45]</a> Invasive tumor tissue is assigned a <a href="/wiki/Grading_(tumors)" title="Grading (tumors)">grade</a> based on how distinct it appears from healthy breast.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Grade-46">[46]</a> Breast tumors are graded on three features: the proportion of cancer cells that form tubules, the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a>, and how many cells are actively replicating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Histologic_Grade"-47">[47]</a> Each feature is scored on a three-point scale, with a higher score indicating less healthy looking tissue. A grade is assigned based on the sum of the three scores. Combined scores of 3, 4, or 5 represent grade 1, a slower-growing cancer. Scores of 6 or 7 represent grade 2. Scores of 8 or 9 represent grade 3, a faster-growing, more aggressive cancer.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Grade-46">[46]</a> In addition to grading, tumor biopsy samples are tested by <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> to determine if the tissue contains the proteins <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptor</a> (ER), <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptor</a> (PR), or <a href="/wiki/Human_epidermal_growth_factor_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2">human epidermal growth factor receptor 2</a> (HER2).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Theranostic_Biomarkers"-48">[48]</a> Tumors containing either ER or PR are called "hormone receptor-positive" and can be treated with hormone therapies.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-HRs-49">[49]</a> Around 15 to 20% of tumors contain HER2; these can be treated with HER2-targeted therapies.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The remainder that do not contain ER, PR, or HER2 are called "triple-negative" tumors, and tend to grow more quickly than other breast cancer types.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-HRs-49">[49]</a> After the tumor is evaluated, the breast cancer case is staged using the <a href="/wiki/American_Joint_Committee_on_Cancer" title="American Joint Committee on Cancer">American Joint Committee on Cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_for_International_Cancer_Control" title="Union for International Cancer Control">Union for International Cancer Control</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM staging system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Lymph_node_status_and_pathological_stage"-51">[51]</a> Scores are assigned based on characteristics of the tumor (T), <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> (N), and any metastases (M).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"Rules_for_Classification"-52">[52]</a> T scores are determine by the size and extent of the tumor. Tumors less than 2 <a href="/wiki/Centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimeter">centimeters</a> (cm) across are designated T1. Tumors 2–5 cm across are T2. A tumor greater than 5 cm across is T3. Tumors that extend to the chest wall or to the skin are designated T4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"Primary_Tumor_(T)"-53">[53]</a> N scores are based on whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. N0 indicates no spread to the lymph nodes. N1 is for tumors that have spread to the closest <a href="/wiki/Axillary_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Axillary lymph node">axillary lymph nodes</a> (called "level I" and "level II" axillary lymph nodes, in the armpit). N2 is for spread to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramammary_lymph_nodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intramammary lymph nodes (page does not exist)">intramammary lymph nodes</a> (on the other side of the breast, near the chest center), or for axillary lymph nodes that appear attached to each other or to the tissue around them (a sign of more severely affected tissue).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"Regional_Lymph_Nodes_–_Clinical"-54">[54]</a> N3 designates tumors that have spread to the highest axillary lymph nodes (called "level 3" axillary lymph nodes, above the armpit near the shoulder), to the <a href="/wiki/Supraclavicular_lymph_nodes" title="Supraclavicular lymph nodes">supraclavicular lymph nodes</a> (along the neck), or to both the axillary and intramammary lymph nodes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"Regional_Lymph_Nodes_–_Clinical"-54">[54]</a> The M score is binary: M0 indicates no evidence metastases; M1 indicates metastases have been detected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"Distant_Metastasis_(M)"-55">[55]</a> TNM scores are then combined with tumor grades and ER/PR/HER2 status to calculate a cancer case's "prognostic stage group". Stage groups range from I (best <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>) to IV (worst prognosis), with groups I, II, and III further divided into subgroups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In general, tumors of higher T and N scores and higher grades are assigned higher stage groups. Tumors that are ER, PR, and HER2 positive are slightly lower stage group than those that are negative. Tumors that have metastasized are stage IV, regardless of the other scored characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAJCC_Staging_Manual2017"AJCC_Prognostic_Stage_Groups"-56">[56]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage T1 breast cancer"><img alt="Stage T1 breast cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage T1 breast cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage T2 breast cancer"><img alt="Stage T2 breast cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="323" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage T2 breast cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage T3 breast cancer"><img alt="Stage T3 breast cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage T3 breast cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metastatic or stage 4 breast cancer"><img alt="Metastatic or stage 4 breast cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg/120px-Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg/180px-Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg/240px-Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metastatic or stage 4 breast cancer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_management" title="Breast cancer management">Breast cancer management</a></div> The management of breast cancer depends on the affected person's health, the cancer case's molecular characteristics, and how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_tumors">Local tumors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local tumors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastectomie_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastectomie_02.jpg/220px-Mastectomie_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastectomie_02.jpg/330px-Mastectomie_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mastectomie_02.jpg/440px-Mastectomie_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Chest after right breast <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a></figcaption></figure> Those whose tumors have not spread beyond the breast often undergo surgery to remove the tumor and some surrounding breast tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> The surgery method is typically chosen to spare as much healthy breast tissue as possible, removing just the tumor (<a href="/wiki/Lumpectomy" title="Lumpectomy">lumpectomy</a>) or a larger part of the breast (partial <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a>). Those with large or multiple tumors, high genetic risk of subsequent cancers, or who are unable to receive <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiation therapy</a> may instead opt for full removal of the affected breast(s) (full mastectomy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> To reduce the risk of cancer spreading, women will often have the nearest lymph node removed in a procedure called <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node" title="Sentinel lymph node">sentinel lymph node</a> biopsy. Dye is injected near the tumor site, and several hours later the lymph node the dye accumulates in is removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Evaluation_and_Treatment_of_the_Axillary_Lymph_Nodes"-58">[58]</a> After surgery, many undergo radiotherapy to decrease the chance of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_recurrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer recurrence">cancer recurrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> Those who had lumpectomies receive radiation to the whole breast.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Radio-59">[59]</a> Those who had a mastectomy and are at elevated risk of tumor spread – tumor greater than five centimeters wide, or cancerous cells in nearby lymph nodes – receive radiation to the mastectomy scar and chest wall.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Radio-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> If cancerous cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes, those lymph nodes will be irradiated as well.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Radio-59">[59]</a> Radiation is typically given five days per week, for up to seven weeks.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Radio-59">[59]</a> Radiotherapy for breast cancer is typically delivered via <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a>, where a device focuses radiation beams onto the targeted parts of the body. Instead, some undergo <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a>, where radioactive material is placed into a device inserted at the surgical site the tumor was removed from. Fresh radioactive material is added twice a day for five days, then the device is removed.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Radio-59">[59]</a> Surgery plus radiation typically eliminates a person's breast tumor. Less than 5% of those treated have their breast tumor grow back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> After surgery and radiation, the breast can be <a href="/wiki/Breast_reconstruction" title="Breast reconstruction">surgically reconstructed</a>, either by adding a <a href="/wiki/Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">breast implant</a> or transferring excess tissue from another part of the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Local_(Primary)_Treatments"-57">[57]</a> Chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurring in the next ten years by around a third. However, 1-2% of those on chemotherapy experience life-threatening or permanent side effects. To balance these benefits and risks, chemotherapy is typically offered to those with a higher risk of cancer recurrence. There is no established risk cutoff for offering chemotherapy; determining who should receive chemotherapy is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Prognostic_and_Predictive_Variables"-60">[60]</a> Chemotherapy drugs are typically given in two- to three-week cycles, with periods of drug treatment interspersed with rest periods to recover from the therapies' side effects.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Four to six cycles are given in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy"-62">[62]</a> Many classes of chemotherapeutic agents are effective for breast cancer treatment, including the <a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">DNA alkylating</a> drugs (<a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anthracycline" title="Anthracycline">anthracyclines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">doxorubicin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirubicin" title="Epirubicin">epirubicin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">fluorouracil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taxane" title="Taxane">taxanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">docetaxel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Platinum-based_chemotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-based chemotherapy">platinum-based chemotherapies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">carboplatin</a>). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy"-62">[62]</a> Chemotherapies from different classes are typically given in combination, with particular chemotherapy drugs selected based on the affected person's health and the different chemotherapeutics' side effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy"-62">[62]</a> Anthrocyclines and cyclophosphamide cause <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> in up to 1% of those treated. Anthrocyclines also cause <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> in around 1% of people treated. <a href="/wiki/Taxane" title="Taxane">Taxanes</a> cause <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, which is permanent in up to 5% of those treated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy_Toxicities"-63">[63]</a> The same chemotherapy agents can be given before surgery – called <a href="/wiki/Neoadjuvant_therapy" title="Neoadjuvant therapy">neoadjuvant therapy</a> – to shrink tumors, making them easier to safely remove.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Neoadjuvant_Chemotherapy"-64">[64]</a> For those whose tumors are HER2-positive, adding the <a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a>-targeted antibody <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">trastuzumab</a> to chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurrence and death by at least a third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Predictive_Factors"-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Anti-HER2_Therapy"-66">[66]</a> Trastuzumab is given weekly or every three weeks for twelve months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Anti-HER2_Therapy"-66">[66]</a> Adding a second HER2-targeted antibody, <a href="/wiki/Pertuzumab" title="Pertuzumab">pertuzumab</a> slightly enhances treatment efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Anti-HER2_Therapy"-66">[66]</a> In rare cases, trastuzumab can disrupt heart function, and so it is typically not given in conjunction with anthracyclines, which can also damage the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Anti-HER2_Therapy"-66">[66]</a> After their chemotherapy course, those whose tumors are ER-positive or PR-positive benefit from <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine therapy">endocrine therapy</a>, which reduces the levels of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterones</a> that hormone receptor-positive breast cancers require to survive.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Hormone-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a> treatment blocks the ER in the breast and some other tissues, and reduces the risk of breast cancer death by around 40% over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Systemic_Therapy"-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Endocrine_Therapy"-69">[69]</a> Chemically blocking estrogen production with <a href="/wiki/GnRH" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH">GnRH</a>-targeted drugs (<a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuprolide">leuprolide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Triptorelin" title="Triptorelin">triptorelin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatase inhibitors">aromatase inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">anastrozole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letrozole" title="Letrozole">letrozole</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">exemestane</a>) slightly improves survival, but has more severe side effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Systemic_Therapy"-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Endocrine_Therapy"-69">[69]</a> Side effects of estrogen depletion include <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, vaginal discomfort, and muscle and joint pain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Endocrine_Therapy"-69">[69]</a> Endocrine therapy is typically recommended for at least five years after surgery and chemotherapy, and is sometimes continued for 10 years or longer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Endocrine_Therapy"-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Systemic_Therapy"-68">[68]</a> Women with breast cancer who had a <a href="/wiki/Lumpectomy" title="Lumpectomy">lumpectomy</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a> and kept their other breast have similar survival rates to those who had a double mastectomy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> There seems to be no survival advantage to removing the other breast, with only a 7% chance of cancer occurring in the other breast over 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metastatic_disease">Metastatic disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metastatic disease">edit</a>]</div> For around 1 in 5 people treated for localized breast cancer, their tumors eventually spread to distant body sites – most commonly the nearby bones (67% of cases), liver (41%), lungs (37%), brain (13%), and <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> (10%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Diagnostic_Considerations"-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Fig._9:_Common_Metastatic_Sites_in_Breast_Cancer"-25">[25]</a> Those with metastatic disease can receive further chemotherapy, typically starting with capecitabine, an anthracycline, or a taxane. As one chemotherapy drug fails to control the cancer, another is started. In addition to the chemotherapeutic drugs used for localized cancer, <a href="/wiki/Gemcitabine" title="Gemcitabine">gemcitabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinorelbine" title="Vinorelbine">vinorelbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etoposide" title="Etoposide">etoposide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epothilone" title="Epothilone">epothilones</a> are sometimes effective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a> Those with bone metastases benefit from regular infusion of the bone-strengthening agents <a href="/wiki/Denosumab" title="Denosumab">denosumab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a>; infusion every three months reduces the chance of bone pain, fractures, and bone <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Bone-Modifying_Agents"-74">[74]</a> Up to 70% of those with ER-positive metastatic breast cancer benefit from additional endocrine therapy. Therapy options include those used in localized cancer, plus <a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">toremifene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">fulvestrant</a>, often used in combination with <a href="/wiki/CDK_inhibitor" title="CDK inhibitor">CDK4/6 inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palbociclib" title="Palbociclib">palbociclib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribociclib" title="Ribociclib">ribociclib</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abemaciclib" title="Abemaciclib">abemaciclib</a>). When one endocrine therapy fails, most will benefit from transitioning to a second one. Some respond to a third sequential therapy as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a> Adding an <a href="/wiki/MTOR_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="MTOR inhibitor">mTOR inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">everolimus</a>, can further slow the tumors' progression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a> Those with HER2-positive metastatic disease can benefit from continued use of trastuzumab, alone, in combination with pertuzumab, or in combination with chemotherapy. Those whose tumors continue to progress on trastuzumab benefit from HER2-targeted <a href="/wiki/Antibody_drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody drug conjugate">antibody drug conjugates</a> (HER2 antibodies linked to chemotherapy drugs) <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_emtansine" title="Trastuzumab emtansine">trastuzumab emtansine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_deruxtecan" title="Trastuzumab deruxtecan">trastuzumab deruxtecan</a>. The HER2-targeted antibody <a href="/wiki/Margetuximab" title="Margetuximab">margetuximab</a> can also prolong survival, as can HER2 inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Lapatinib" title="Lapatinib">lapatinib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neratinib" title="Neratinib">neratinib</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tucatinib" title="Tucatinib">tucatinib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a> Certain therapies are targeted at those whose tumors have particular gene mutations: <a href="/wiki/Alpelisib" title="Alpelisib">Alpelisib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capivasertib" title="Capivasertib">capivasertib</a> for those with mutations activating the protein <a href="/wiki/PIK3CA" class="mw-redirect" title="PIK3CA">PIK3CA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS-Meta-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/PARP_inhibitor" title="PARP inhibitor">PARP inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olaparib" title="Olaparib">olaparib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talazoparib" title="Talazoparib">talazoparib</a>) for those with mutations that inactivate <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a> or <a href="/wiki/BRCA2" title="BRCA2">BRCA2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Immune_checkpoint_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune checkpoint inhibitor">immune checkpoint inhibitor</a> antibody <a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">atezolizumab</a> for those whose tumors express <a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Systemic_Treatments_for_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer"-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS-Meta-75">[75]</a> And the similar immunotherapy <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a> for those whose tumors have mutations in various <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> pathways.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-Meta-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supportive_care">Supportive care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Supportive care">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg/220px-Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg/330px-Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg/440px-Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Breasts after double mastectomy followed by nipple-sparing reconstruction with implants</figcaption></figure> Many breast cancer therapies have side effects that can be alleviated with appropriate supportive care. Chemotherapy causes <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> in nearly everyone who receives it. <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetic</a> drugs can alleviate nausea and vomiting; cooling the scalp with a cold cap during chemotherapy treatments may reduce hair loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy_Toxicities"-63">[63]</a> Many complain of <a href="/wiki/Post-chemotherapy_cognitive_impairment" title="Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment">cognitive issues during chemotherapy treatment</a>. These usually resolve within a few months of the end of chemotherapy treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Chemotherapy_Toxicities"-63">[63]</a> Those on endocrine therapy often experience <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, muscle and joint pain, and vaginal dryness/discomfort that can lead to issues having sex. Around half of women have their hot flashes alleviated by taking <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>; pain can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a>; counseling and use of <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">personal lubricants</a> can improve sexual issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Endocrine_Therapy"-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Breast_Cancer_Survivorship_Issues"-76">[76]</a> In women with non-metastatic breast cancer, psychological interventions such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> can have positive effects on outcomes such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and mood disturbance, and can also improve the quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a> Physical activity interventions, yoga and meditation may also have beneficial effects on health related quality of life, cognitive impairment, anxiety, fitness and physical activity in women with breast cancer following adjuvant therapy.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> Breast cancer prognosis varies widely depending on how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. Overall, 91% of women diagnosed with breast cancer <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">survive at least five years</a> from diagnosis. Those whose tumor(s) are completely confined to the breast (nearly two thirds of cases) have the best prognoses – over 99% survive at least five years.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Those whose tumors have metastasized to distant sites have relatively poor prognoses – 31% survive at least five years from the time of diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Triple-negative breast cancer (up to 15% of cases) and inflammatory breast cancer (up to 5% of cases) are particularly aggressive and have relatively poor prognoses.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-TNBC-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS-IBC-85">[85]</a> Those with triple-negative breast cancer have an overall five-year survival rate of 77% – 91% for those whose tumors are confined to the breast; 12% for those with metastases.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-TNBC-84">[84]</a> Those with inflammatory breast cancer are diagnosed after the cancer has already spread to the skin of the breast. They have an overall five-year survival rate of 39%; 19% for those with metastases.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-IBC-85">[85]</a> The relatively rare tumors with tubular, mucinous, or medullary growth tend to have better prognoses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Prognostic_Factors"-86">[86]</a> In addition to the factors that influence cancer staging, a person's age can also impact prognosis. Breast cancer before age 35 is rare, and is more likely to be associated with genetic predisposition to aggressive cancer. Conversely, breast cancer in those aged over 75 is associated with poorer prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019"Prognosis"-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_of_breast_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factors of breast cancer">Risk factors of breast cancer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal">Hormonal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hormonal">edit</a>]</div> Up to 80% of the variation in breast cancer frequency across countries is due to differences in reproductive history that impact a woman's levels of female sex hormones (<a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors"-88">[88]</a> Women who <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">begin menstruating</a> earlier (before age 12) or who undergo <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> later (after 51) are at increased risk of developing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittCuzickPhillips2020"Non-Genetic_Risk_Factors"-89">[89]</a> Women who give birth early in life are protected from breast cancer – someone who gives birth as a teenager has around a 70% lower risk of developing breast cancer than someone who does not have children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittCuzickPhillips2020"Non-Genetic_Risk_Factors"-89">[89]</a> That protection wanes with higher maternal age at first birth, and disappears completely by age 35.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittCuzickPhillips2020"Non-Genetic_Risk_Factors"-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breastfeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeed">Breastfeeding</a> also reduces one's chance of developing breast cancer, with an approximately 4% reduction in breast cancer risk for every 12 months of breastfeeding experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittCuzickPhillips2020"Non-Genetic_Risk_Factors"-89">[89]</a> Those who lack functioning <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> have reduced levels of estrogens, and therefore greatly reduced breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors"-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a> for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> symptoms can also increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer, though the effect depends on the type and duration of therapy.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Combined <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>/estrogen therapy increases breast cancer risk – approximately doubling one's risk after 6–7 years of treatment (though the same therapy decreases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors"-88">[88]</a> Hormone treatment with estrogen alone has no effect on breast cancer risk, but increases one's risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>, and therefore is only given to women who have undergone <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hysterectomies">hysterectomies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors"-88">[88]</a> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">abortion–breast cancer hypothesis</a> posited that <a href="/wiki/Induced_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced abortion">induced abortion</a> increased the risk of developing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-RUSSO_505-92">[92]</a> This hypothesis was the subject of extensive scientific inquiry, which concluded that neither <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> nor abortions are associated with a heightened risk for breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal birth control">hormonal birth control</a> does not cause breast cancer for most women;<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> if it has an effect, it is small (on the order of 0.01% per user–year), temporary, and offset by the users' significantly reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Chelmow_2020-95">[95]</a> Among those with a family history of breast cancer, use of modern oral contraceptives does not appear to affect the risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">Alcohol and breast cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">Risk factors for breast cancer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of different sizes, showing how big a single serving of alcohol is for different types of alcoholic beverages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/260px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/390px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/520px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>All types of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, including beer, wine, or liquor, cause breast cancer.</figcaption></figure> Drinking <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> increases the risk of breast cancer, even among very light drinkers (women drinking less than half of one alcoholic drink per day).<a href="#cite_note-Choi-97">[97]</a> The risk is highest among heavy drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-Shield-98">[98]</a> Globally, about one in ten cases of breast cancer is caused by women drinking alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-Shield-98">[98]</a> Alcohol use is among the most common modifiable risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> increase the risk of breast cancer. A high <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) causes 7% of breast cancers while diabetes is responsible for 2%.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence_2023-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> At the same time the correlation between obesity and breast cancer is not at all linear. Studies show that those who rapidly gain weight in adulthood are at higher risk than those who have been overweight since childhood. Likewise, excess fat in the <a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">midriff</a> seems to induce a higher risk than excess weight carried in the lower body.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Dietary factors that may increase risk include a high-fat diet<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and obesity-related <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Dietary iodine deficiency may also play a role in the development of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking tobacco">Smoking tobacco</a> appears to increase the risk of breast cancer, with the greater the amount smoked and the earlier in life that smoking began, the higher the risk.<a href="#cite_note-Smoking2011-107">[107]</a> In those who are long-term smokers, the relative risk is increased by 35% to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Smoking2011-107">[107]</a> A lack of physical activity has been linked to about 10% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitting" title="Sitting">Sitting</a> regularly for prolonged periods is associated with higher mortality from breast cancer. The risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered.<a href="#cite_note-Biswas-109">[109]</a> Actions to prevent breast cancer include not drinking <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverages">alcoholic beverages</a>, maintaining a healthy <a href="/wiki/Body_composition" title="Body composition">body composition</a>, avoiding <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> and eating <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy food</a>. Combining all of these (leading the healthiest possible lifestyle) would make almost a quarter of breast cancer cases worldwide preventable.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2020-110">[110]</a> The remaining three-quarters of breast cancer cases cannot be prevented through lifestyle changes.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2020-110">[110]</a> Other risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Circadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian">circadian</a> disruptions related to <a href="/wiki/Shift-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-work">shift-work</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and routine late-night eating.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A number of chemicals have also been linked, including <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvents">organic solvents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Although the radiation from <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammography</a> is a low dose, it is estimated that yearly screening from 40 to 80 years of age will cause approximately 225 cases of fatal breast cancer per million women screened.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Around 10% of those with breast cancer have a family history of the disease or genetic factors that put them at higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021"Epidemiology_and_risk_factors"-115">[115]</a> Women who have had a first-degree relative (mother or sister) diagnosed with breast cancer are at a 30–50% increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Inherited_germline_susceptibility_factors"-116">[116]</a> In those with zero, one or two affected relatives, the risk of breast cancer before the age of 80 is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% with a subsequent mortality from the disease of 2.3%, 4.2%, and 7.6% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Women with certain genetic variants are at higher risk of developing breast cancer. The most well known are variants of the <a href="/wiki/BRCA_mutation" title="BRCA mutation">BRCA genes</a> BRCA1 and BRCA2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Inherited_germline_susceptibility_factors"-116">[116]</a> Women with pathogenic variants in either gene have around a 70% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime, as well as an approximately 33% chance of developing <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021"Epidemiology_and_risk_factors"-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Inherited_germline_susceptibility_factors"-116">[116]</a> Pathogenic variants in <a href="/wiki/PALB2" title="PALB2">PALB2</a> – a gene whose product directly interacts with that of BRCA2 – also increase breast cancer risk; a woman with such a variant has around a 50% increased risk of developing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021"Epidemiology_and_risk_factors"-115">[115]</a> Variants in other <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor suppressor">tumor suppressor</a> genes can also increase one's risk of developing breast cancer, namely <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> (causes <a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Fraumeni_syndrome" title="Li–Fraumeni syndrome">Li–Fraumeni syndrome</a>), <a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a> (causes <a href="/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">Cowden syndrome</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=PALB1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PALB1 (page does not exist)">PALB1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Inherited_germline_susceptibility_factors"-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medical conditions">edit</a>]</div> Breast changes like <a href="/wiki/Atypical_ductal_hyperplasia" title="Atypical ductal hyperplasia">atypical ductal hyperplasia</a><a href="#cite_note-urlUnderstanding_Breast_Changes_–_National_Cancer_Institute-118">[118]</a> found in benign breast conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes" title="Fibrocystic breast changes">fibrocystic breast changes</a>, are correlated with an increased breast cancer risk. <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> might also increase the risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23709491-119">[119]</a> Autoimmune diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a> seem also to increase the risk for the acquisition of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21237645-120">[120]</a> Women whose breasts have been exposed to substantial radiation doses before the age of 30 – typically due to repeated chest <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroscopies">fluoroscopies</a> or treatment for <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a> – are at increased risk for developing breast cancer. Radioactive iodine therapy (used to treat thyroid disease) and radiation exposures after age 30 are not associated with breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors"-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg/220px-Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg/330px-Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg/440px-Lobules_and_ducts_of_the_breast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Ducts</a> and lobules are the main locations of breast cancers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_transduction_pathways.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signal_transduction_pathways.svg/220px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signal_transduction_pathways.svg/330px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signal_transduction_pathways.svg/440px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a>. Mutations leading to loss of this ability can lead to cancer formation.</figcaption></figure> The major causes of sporadic breast cancer are associated with hormone levels. Breast cancer is promoted by estrogen. This hormone activates the development of breast throughout puberty, menstrual cycles and pregnancy. The imbalance between estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual phases causes cell proliferation. Moreover, oxidative metabolites of estrogen can increase DNA damage and mutations. Repeated cycling and the impairment of repair process can transform a normal cell into pre-malignant and eventually malignant cell through mutation. During the <a href="/wiki/Pre-malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-malignant">pre-malignant</a> stage, high proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Stromal_cell" title="Stromal cell">stromal cells</a> can be activated by estrogen to support the development of breast cancer. During the ligand binding activation, the ER can regulate gene expression by interacting with estrogen response elements within the promotor of specific genes. The expression and activation of ER due to lack of estrogen can be stimulated by extracellular signals.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The ER directly binding with the several proteins, including growth factor receptors, can promote the expression of genes related to cell growth and survival.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Breast cancer, like other <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, occurs because of an interaction between an environmental (external) factor and a genetically susceptible host. Normal cells divide as many times as needed, and stop. They attach to other cells and stay in place in tissues. Cells become cancerous when they lose their ability to stop dividing, to attach to other cells, to stay where they belong, and to die at the proper time. Normal cells will self-destruct (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a>) when they are no longer needed. Until then, cells are protected from programmed death by several protein clusters and pathways. One of the protective pathways is the <a href="/wiki/PI3K" class="mw-redirect" title="PI3K">PI3K</a>/<a href="/wiki/AKT" class="mw-redirect" title="AKT">AKT</a> pathway; another is the <a href="/wiki/Ras_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras (protein)">RAS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase_kinase" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase">MEK</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinases" title="Extracellular signal-regulated kinases">ERK</a> pathway. Sometimes the genes along these protective pathways are mutated in a way that turns them permanently "on", rendering the cell incapable of self-destructing when it is no longer needed. This is one of the steps that causes cancer in combination with other mutations. Normally, the <a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a> protein turns off the PI3K/AKT pathway when the cell is ready for programmed cell death. In some breast cancers, the gene for the PTEN protein is mutated, so the PI3K/AKT pathway is stuck in the "on" position, and the cancer cell does not self-destruct.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Mutations that can lead to breast cancer have been experimentally linked to estrogen exposure.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16675129-124">[124]</a> Additionally, G-protein coupled <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a> have been associated with various cancers of the female reproductive system including breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Abnormal <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factor</a> signaling in the interaction between <a href="/wiki/Stromal_cell" title="Stromal cell">stromal cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a> can facilitate malignant cell growth.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12817994-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In breast adipose tissue, overexpression of leptin leads to increased cell proliferation and cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20889333-128">[128]</a> Some mutations associated with cancer, such as <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a> and <a href="/wiki/BRCA2" title="BRCA2">BRCA2</a>, occur in mechanisms to correct errors in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. The inherited mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes can interfere with repair of <a href="/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA" title="Crosslinking of DNA">DNA crosslinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double-strand_breaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-strand breaks">double-strand breaks</a> (known functions of the encoded protein).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> These carcinogens cause DNA damage such as DNA crosslinks and double-strand breaks that often require repairs by pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/GATA-3" class="mw-redirect" title="GATA-3">GATA-3</a> directly controls the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and other genes associated with epithelial differentiation, and the loss of GATA-3 leads to loss of differentiation and poor prognosis due to cancer cell invasion and metastasis.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png/325px-NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png/488px-NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png/650px-NIHR-infographic-breast-risk-factors.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Some risk factors can be changed.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_2">Lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> Women can reduce their risk of breast cancer by maintaining a healthy weight, reducing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use">alcohol use</a>, increasing physical activity, and <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCRF2007-133">[133]</a> These modifications might prevent 38% of breast cancers in the US, 42% in the UK, 28% in Brazil, and 20% in China.<a href="#cite_note-WCRF2007-133">[133]</a> The benefits with moderate exercise such as brisk walking are seen at all age groups including postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-WCRF2007-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of breast cancer by about 14%.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-135">[135]</a> Strategies that encourage regular physical activity and reduce obesity could also have other benefits, such as reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Hay2013-136">[136]</a> A study that included data from 130,957 women of European ancestry found "strong evidence that greater levels of physical activity and less sedentary time are likely to reduce breast cancer risk, with results generally consistent across breast cancer subtypes".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="American Society of Clinical Oncology">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a> advised in 2016 that people should eat a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Eating foods rich in <a href="/wiki/Soluble_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble fiber">soluble fiber</a> contributes to reducing breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> High intake of citrus fruit has been associated with a 10% reduction in the risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Marine <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids">omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> appear to reduce the risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23814120-142">[142]</a> High consumption of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>-based foods may reduce risk.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_surgery">Preventive surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preventive surgery">edit</a>]</div> Removal of the breasts before breast cancer develops (called <a href="/wiki/Preventive_mastectomy" title="Preventive mastectomy">preventive mastectomy</a>) reduces the risk of developing breast cancer by more than 95%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Prevention_of_Breast_Cancer"-144">[144]</a> In women genetically predisposed to developing breast cancer, preventive mastectomy reduces their risk of dying from breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Prevention_of_Breast_Cancer"-144">[144]</a> For those at normal risk, preventive mastectomy does not reduce their chance of dying, and so is generally not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Prevention_of_Breast_Cancer"-144">[144]</a> Removing the second breast in a person who has breast cancer (contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy or CRRM) may reduce the risk of cancer in the second breast, but it is not clear whether removing the second breast improves the chance of survival.<a href="#cite_note-Carbine_2018-145">[145]</a> An increasing number of women who test positive for faulty BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes choose to have <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic_surgery" title="Prophylactic surgery">risk-reducing surgery</a>. The average waiting time for undergoing the procedure is two years, which is much longer than recommended.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a> (SERMs) reduce the risk of breast cancer but increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">thromboembolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2013-148">[148]</a> There is no overall change in the risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2013-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> They are thus not recommended for the prevention of breast cancer in women at average risk but it is recommended they be offered for those at high risk and over the age of 35.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The benefit of breast cancer reduction continues for at least five years after stopping a course of treatment with these medications.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">exemestane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">anastrozole</a>) may be more effective than SERMs (such as tamoxifen) at reducing breast cancer risk and they are not associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolism.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_breast_cancer" title="Epidemiology of breast cancer">Epidemiology of breast cancer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bar graph showing incidence increasing with age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif/lossy-page1-310px-Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif/lossy-page1-465px-Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif/lossy-page1-620px-Breast_cancer_incidence_by_age.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Breast cancer incidence in women by age group</figcaption></figure> Breast cancer is the most common <a href="/wiki/Invasive_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive cancer">invasive cancer</a> in women in most countries, accounting for 30% of cancer cases in women.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021"Epidemiology_and_risk_factors"-115">[115]</a> In 2022, an estimated 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 670,000 died of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of breast cancer is rising by around 3% per year, as populations in many countries are getting older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019Demographics,_incidence,_and_mortality-154">[154]</a> Rates of breast cancer vary across the world, but generally correlate with wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019Demographics,_incidence,_and_mortality-154">[154]</a> Around 1 in 12 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in wealthier countries, compared to 1 in 27 in lower income countries.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-153">[153]</a> Most of that difference is due to differences in menstrual and reproductive histories – women in wealthier countries tend to <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">begin menstruating</a> earlier and have children later, both factors that increase risk of developing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_Other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors-155">[155]</a> People in lower income countries tend to have less access to breast cancer screening and treatments, and so breast cancer death rates tend to be higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019Demographics,_incidence,_and_mortality-154">[154]</a> 1 in 71 women die of breast cancer in wealthy countries, while 1 in 48 die of the disease in lower income countries.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-153">[153]</a> Breast cancer predominantly affects women; less than 1% of those with breast cancer are men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_Other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors-155">[155]</a> Women can develop breast cancer as early as adolescence, but risk increases with age, and 75% of cases are in women over 50 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022Clinical,_Hormonal,_and_Other_Nongenetic_Risk_Factors-155">[155]</a> The risk over a woman's lifetime is approximately 1.5% at age 40, 3% at age 50, and more than 4% risk at age 70.<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg/220px-Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg/330px-Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg/440px-Louis-Jacques_Goussier_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Diderot_Pl_XXIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Breast cancer surgery in 18th century</figcaption></figure> Because of its visibility, breast cancer was the form of cancer most often described in ancient documents.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 9–13  Because autopsies were rare, cancers of the internal organs were essentially invisible to ancient medicine. Breast cancer, however, could be felt through the skin, and in its advanced state often developed into <a href="/wiki/Fungating_lesion" title="Fungating lesion">fungating lesions</a>: the tumor would become <a href="/wiki/Necrotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotic">necrotic</a> (die from the inside, causing the tumor to appear to break up) and <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcerate</a> through the skin, weeping fetid, dark fluid.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 9–13  The oldest discovered evidence of breast cancer is from Egypt and dates back 4200 years, to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Dynasty">Sixth Dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-158">[158]</a> The study of a woman's remains from the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Qubbet_el-Hawa" title="Qubbet el-Hawa">Qubbet el-Hawa</a> showed the typical destructive damage due to <a href="/wiki/Metastatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic">metastatic</a> spread.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-158">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a> describes eight cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by <a href="/wiki/Cauterization" title="Cauterization">cauterization</a>. The writing says about the disease, "There is no treatment."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> For centuries, physicians described similar cases in their practices, with the same conclusion. Ancient medicine, from the time of the Greeks through the 17th century, was based on <a href="/wiki/Humoralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humoralism">humoralism</a>, and thus believed that breast cancer was generally caused by imbalances in the fundamental fluids that controlled the body, especially an excess of <a href="/wiki/Black_bile" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bile">black bile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 32  Alternatively it was seen as <a href="/wiki/Divine_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine punishment">divine punishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yalom-160">[160]</a> Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as AD 548, when it was proposed by the court physician <a href="/wiki/Aetios_of_Amida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetios of Amida">Aetios of Amida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 9–13  It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could link breast cancer's spread to the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> in the armpit. In the early 18th century the French surgeon <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Petit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Louis Petit">Jean Louis Petit</a> performed total mastectomies that included removing the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_lymph_nodes" title="Axillary lymph nodes">axillary lymph nodes</a>, as he recognized that this reduced recurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Faguet_2015-161">[161]</a> Petit's work built on the methods of the surgeon <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Peyrilhe" title="Bernard Peyrilhe">Bernard Peyrilhe</a>, who in the 17th century additionally removed the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoral muscle</a> underlying the breast, as he judged that this greatly improved the prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> But poor results and the considerable risk to the patient meant that physicians did not share the opinion of surgeons such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Tulp" title="Nicolaes Tulp">Nicolaes Tulp</a>, who in the 17th century proclaimed "the sole remedy is a timely operation." The eminent surgeon <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman_(surgeon)" title="Richard Wiseman (surgeon)">Richard Wiseman</a> documented in the mid-17th century that following 12 mastectomies, two patients died during the operation, eight patients died shortly after the operation from progressive cancer and only two of the 12 patients were cured.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_2006-163">[163]</a>: 6  Physicians were conservative in the treatment they prescribed in the early stages of breast cancer. Patients were treated with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">detox purges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_letting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood letting">blood letting</a> and traditional remedies that were supposed to lower acidity, such as the alkaline <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Moulin_2013-164">[164]</a>: 24  When in 1664 <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a> was diagnosed with breast cancer, the initial treatment involved compresses saturated with <a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">hemlock</a> juice. When the lumps increased the King's physician commenced a treatment with arsenic <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Moulin_2013-164">[164]</a>: 25  The royal patient died in 1666 in atrocious pain.<a href="#cite_note-de_Moulin_2013-164">[164]</a>: 26  Each failing treatment for breast cancer led to the search for new treatments, spurring a market in remedies that were advertised and sold by <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalist">herbalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Apothecaries">apothecaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a> made mastectomy a painful and dangerous ordeal.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_2006-163">[163]</a> In the 18th century, a wide variety of anatomical discoveries were accompanied by new theories about the cause and growth of breast cancer. The investigative surgeon <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> claimed that neural fluid generated breast cancer. Other surgeons proposed that milk within the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ducts">mammary ducts</a> led to cancerous growths. Theories about trauma to the breast as cause for <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> changes in breast tissue were advanced. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Breast_lump" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast lump">breast lumps</a> and swellings fueled controversies about hard <a href="/wiki/Tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumors">tumors</a> and whether lumps were benign stages of cancer. Medical opinion about necessary immediate treatment varied.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_2006-163">[163]</a>: 5  The surgeon <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bell" title="Benjamin Bell">Benjamin Bell</a> advocated removal of the entire breast, even when only a portion was affected.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stewart_Halsted,_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg/220px-William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg/330px-William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg/440px-William_Stewart_Halsted%2C_Surgical_papers_Wellcome_L0004968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Radical mastectomy, Halsted's surgical papers</figcaption></figure> Breast cancer was uncommon until the 19th century, when improvements in sanitation and control of deadly <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> resulted in dramatic increases in lifespan. Previously, most women had died too young to have developed breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Aronowitz-167">[167]</a> In 1878, an article in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> described historical treatment by pressure intended to induce local ischemia in cases when surgical removal were not possible.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a> started performing <a href="/wiki/Radical_mastectomies" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical mastectomies">radical mastectomies</a> in 1882, helped greatly by advances in general surgical technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic technique">aseptic technique</a> and anesthesia. The Halsted radical mastectomy often involved removing both breasts, associated lymph nodes, and the underlying chest muscles. This often led to long-term pain and disability, but was seen as necessary to prevent the cancer from recurring.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 102–106  Before the advent of the Halsted radical mastectomy, 20-year survival rates were only 10%; Halsted's surgery raised that rate to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 1  <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">Breast cancer staging systems</a> were developed in the 1920s and 1930s to determining the extent to which a cancer has developed by growing and spreading.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 102–106  The first <a href="/wiki/Case-control" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-control">case-controlled</a> study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Lane-Claypon" title="Janet Lane-Claypon">Janet Lane-Claypon</a>, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 controls of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.<a href="#cite_note-isbn3-7643-6818-7-169">[169]</a> Radical mastectomies remained the standard of care in the USA until the 1970s, but in Europe, breast-sparing procedures, often followed by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, were generally adopted in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 102–106  In 1955 <a href="/wiki/George_Crile_Jr." title="George Crile Jr.">George Crile Jr.</a> published Cancer and Common Sense arguing that cancer patients needed to understand available treatment options. Crile became a close friend of the environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>, who had undergone a Halsted radical mastectomy in 1960 to treat her malign breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Knopf-Newman_2004-170">[170]</a>: 39–40  The US oncologist <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Urban" title="Jerome Urban">Jerome Urban</a> promoted super radical mastectomies, taking even more tissue, until 1963, when the ten-year survival rates proved equal to the less-damaging radical mastectomy.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 102–106  Carson died in 1964 and Crile went on to published a wide variety of articles, both in the popular press and in medical journals, challenging the widespread use of the Halsted radical mastectomy. In 1973 Crile published What Women Should Know About the Breast Cancer Controversy. When in 1974 <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> was diagnosed with breast cancer, the options for treating breast cancer were openly discussed in the press.<a href="#cite_note-Knopf-Newman_2004-170">[170]</a>: 58  During the 1970s, a new understanding of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> led to perceiving cancer as a systemic illness as well as a localized one, and more sparing procedures were developed that proved equally effective.<a href="#cite_note-Lax-171">[171]</a> In the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of women who had successfully completed standard treatment then demanded and received high-dose <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplants</a>, thinking this would lead to better long-term survival. However, it proved completely ineffective, and 15–20% of women died because of the brutal treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 200–203  The 1995 reports from the <a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a> and the 2002 conclusions of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> trial conclusively proved that <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">HRT</a> significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness" title="Breast cancer awareness">Breast cancer awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_breast_cancer" title="List of people with breast cancer">List of people with breast cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_differences_in_breast_cancer_diagnosis_and_treatment" title="Cultural differences in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment">Cultural differences in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment</a></div> Before the 20th century, breast cancer was feared and discussed in hushed tones, as if it were shameful. As little could be safely done with primitive surgical techniques, women tended to suffer silently rather than seeking care.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When surgery advanced, and long-term survival rates improved, women began <a href="/wiki/Raising_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising awareness">raising awareness</a> of the disease and the possibility of successful treatment. The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>) during the 1930s and 1940s was one of the first organized campaigns. In 1952, the first peer-to-peer <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">support group</a>, called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 37–38  The <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast cancer movement">breast cancer movement</a> of the 1980s and 1990s developed out of the larger <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Women's health movement in the United States">women's health movement</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 4  This series of political and educational campaigns, partly inspired by the politically and socially effective AIDS awareness campaigns, resulted in the widespread acceptance of second opinions before surgery, less invasive surgical procedures, support groups, and other advances in care.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pink_ribbon">Pink ribbon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pink ribbon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pink_ribbon.svg/170px-Pink_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pink_ribbon.svg/255px-Pink_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pink_ribbon.svg/340px-Pink_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pink_ribbon" title="Pink ribbon">pink ribbon</a> is a symbol to show support for breast cancer awareness.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pink_ribbon" title="Pink ribbon">Pink ribbon</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Pink_ribbon" title="Pink ribbon">pink ribbon</a> is the most prominent symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink ribbons, which can be made inexpensively, are sometimes sold as fundraisers, much like <a href="/wiki/Poppy_day#Poppies" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppy day">poppies on Remembrance Day</a>. They may be worn to honor those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, or to identify products that the manufacturer would like to sell to consumers that are interested in breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 27–72  In the 1990s, breast cancer awareness campaigns were launched by US-based corporations. As part of these <a href="/wiki/Cause-related_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause-related marketing">cause-related marketing</a> campaigns, corporations donated to a variety of breast cancer initiatives for every pink ribbon product that was purchased.<a href="#cite_note-Klawiter_2008-174">[174]</a>: 132–133  The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that "the strong emotions provoked by breast cancer translate to a company's <a href="/wiki/Bottom_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom line">bottom line</a>". While many US corporations donated to existing breast cancer initiatives, others such as <a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon</a> established their own breast cancer foundations on the back of pink ribbon products.<a href="#cite_note-Klawiter_2008-174">[174]</a>: 135–136  Wearing or displaying a pink ribbon has been criticized by the opponents of this practice as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">slacktivism</a>, because it has no practical positive effect. It has also been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>, because some people wear the pink ribbon to show good will towards women with breast cancer, but then oppose these women's practical goals, like <a href="/wiki/Patient_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient rights">patient rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-pollution_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pollution legislation">anti-pollution legislation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 366–368 <a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Critics say that the feel-good nature of pink ribbons and pink consumption distracts society from the lack of progress on preventing and curing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 365–366  It is also criticized for reinforcing gender stereotypes and <a href="/wiki/Objectifying" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectifying">objectifying</a> women and their breasts.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 372–374  <a href="/wiki/Breast_Cancer_Action" title="Breast Cancer Action">Breast Cancer Action</a> launched the "Think Before You Pink" campaign in 2002 against <a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(breast_cancer)" title="Pinkwashing (breast cancer)">pinkwashing</a>, to target businesses that have co-opted the pink campaign to promote products that cause breast cancer, such as alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer_culture">Breast cancer culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Breast cancer culture">edit</a>]</div> In her 2006 book Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King claimed that breast cancer has been transformed from a serious disease and individual tragedy to a market-driven industry of survivorship and corporate sales pitch.<a href="#cite_note-King_2006-177">[177]</a> In 2010 Gayle Sulik argued that the primary purposes or goals of breast cancer culture are to maintain breast cancer's dominance as the pre-eminent <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">women's health</a> issue, to promote the appearance that society is doing something effective about breast cancer, and to sustain and expand the social, political, and financial power of breast cancer activists.<a href="#cite_note-Sulik_2010-172">[172]</a>: 57  In the same year <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a> published an opinion piece in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>, lamenting that in breast cancer culture, breast cancer therapy is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> rather than a disease. To fit into this mold, the woman with breast cancer needs to normalize and feminize her appearance, and minimize the disruption that her health issues cause anyone else. Anger, sadness, and negativity must be silenced. As with most cultural models, people who conform to the model are given social status, in this case as <a href="/wiki/Cancer_survivor" title="Cancer survivor">cancer survivors</a>. Women who reject the model are shunned, punished and shamed. The culture is criticized for treating adult women like little girls, as evidenced by "baby" toys such as pink <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bears</a> given to adult women.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrenreich-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis">Emphasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Emphasis">edit</a>]</div> In 2009 the US science journalist <a href="/wiki/Christie_Aschwanden" title="Christie Aschwanden">Christie Aschwanden</a> criticized that the emphasis on breast cancer screening may be harming women by subjecting them to unnecessary radiation, biopsies, and surgery. One-third of diagnosed breast cancers might recede on their own.<a href="#cite_note-Ave-179">[179]</a> Screening mammography efficiently finds non-life-threatening, asymptomatic breast cancers and precancers, even while overlooking serious cancers. According to the cancer researcher <a href="/wiki/H._Gilbert_Welch" title="H. Gilbert Welch">H. Gilbert Welch</a>, screening mammography has taken the "brain-dead approach that says the best test is the one that finds the most cancers" rather than the one that finds dangerous cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Ave-179">[179]</a> In 2002 it was noted that as a result of breast cancer's high visibility, the statistical results can be misinterpreted, such as the claim that one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lives – a claim that depends on the unrealistic assumption that no woman will die of any other disease before the age of 95.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_2002-157">[157]</a>: 199–200  By 2010 the breast cancer survival rate in Europe was 91% at one years and 65% at five years. In the USA the five-year survival rate for localized breast cancer was 96.8%, while in cases of <a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a> it was only 20.6%. Because the prognosis for breast cancer was at this stage relatively favorable, compared to the prognosis for other cancers, breast cancer as cause of death among women was 13.9% of all cancer deaths. The second most common cause of death from cancer in women was lung cancer, the most common cancer worldwide for men and women. The improved survival rate made breast cancer the most prevalent cancer in the world. In 2010 an estimated 3.6 million women worldwide have had a breast cancer diagnosis in the past five years, while only 1.4 million male or female survivors from lung cancer were alive.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_disparities_in_breast_cancer">Health disparities in breast cancer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health disparities in breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> There are ethnic disparities in the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a> for breast cancer as well as in breast cancer treatment. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer affecting women of every ethnic group in the United States. Breast cancer incidence among Black women aged 45 and older is higher than that of white women in the same age group. White women aged 60–84 have higher incidence rates of breast cancer than Black women. Despite this, Black women at every age are more likely to succumb to breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_Racial_Disparity_in_Brea-181">[181]</a> Breast cancer treatment has improved greatly over the years, but Black women are still less likely to obtain treatment compared to white women.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_Racial_Disparity_in_Brea-181">[181]</a> Risk factors such as <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, late-stage, or breast cancer at diagnosis, genetic differences in tumor subtypes, and differences in healthcare access all contribute to these disparities. Socioeconomic determinants affecting the disparity in breast cancer illness include poverty, culture, and social injustice. In Hispanic women, the incidence of breast cancer is lower than in non-Hispanic women, but is often diagnosed at a later stage than white women with larger tumors. Black women are usually diagnosed with breast cancer at a younger age than white women. The median age of diagnosis for Black women is 59, in comparison to 62 in White women. The incidence of breast cancer in Black women has increased by 0.4% per year since 1975 and 1.5% per year among Asian/Pacific Islander women since 1992. Incidence rates were stable for non-Hispanic White, Hispanics, and Native American women. The five-year survival rate is noted to be 81% in Black women and 92% in White women. Chinese and Japanese women have the highest survival rates.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_Racial_Disparity_in_Brea-181">[181]</a> Poverty is a major driver for disparities related to breast cancer. Low-income women are less likely to undergo breast cancer screening and thus are more likely to have a late-stage diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_Racial_Disparity_in_Brea-181">[181]</a> Ensuring women of all ethnic groups receive equitable health care including breast screening can positively affect these disparities.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33419526-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_populations">Special populations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Special populations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Men">edit</a>]</div> Breast cancer is relatively uncommon in men, but it can occur. Typically, a breast tumor appears as a lump in the breast. Men who develop <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> (enlargement of the breast tissue due to hormone imbalance) are at increased risk, as are men with disease-associated variations in the BRCA2 gene, high exposure to estrogens, or men with <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a> (who have two copies of the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a>, and naturally high estrogen levels).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Male_Breast_Cancer"-183">[183]</a> Treatment typically involves surgery, followed by radiation if needed. Around 90% men's tumors are ER-positive, and are treated with endocrine therapy, typically tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Male_Breast_Cancer"-183">[183]</a> The disease course and prognosis is similar to that in women of similar age with similar disease characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Male_Breast_Cancer"-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnant_women">Pregnant women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pregnant women">edit</a>]</div> Diagnosing breast cancer in pregnant women is often delayed as symptoms can be masked by pregnancy-related breast changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Breast_Cancer_in_Pregnancy"-184">[184]</a> The diagnostic path is the same as in non-pregnant women, except that <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> is avoided. Chemotherapy is avoided during the first trimester, but can be safely administered through the rest of the pregnancy term. anti-HER2 treatments and endocrine therapies are delayed until after delivery. These treatments given after delivery can cross into the breast milk, and so <a href="/wiki/Breast_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast feeding">breast feeding</a> is generally not possible. The prognosis for pregnant women with breast cancer is similar to non-pregnant women of similar age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesLippman2022"Breast_Cancer_in_Pregnancy"-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Treatments are being evaluated in clinical trials. This includes individual drugs, combinations of drugs, and surgical and radiation techniques Investigations include new types of <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">cancer vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncolytic virotherapy">oncolytic virotherapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The latest research is reported annually at scientific meetings such as that of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="American Society of Clinical Oncology">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and the St. Gallen Oncology Conference in St. Gallen, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> These studies are reviewed by professional societies and other organizations, and formulated into guidelines for specific treatment groups and risk category. <a href="/wiki/Fenretinide" title="Fenretinide">Fenretinide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">retinoid</a>, is also being studied as a way to reduce the risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In particular, combinations of <a href="/wiki/Ribociclib" title="Ribociclib">ribociclib</a> plus endocrine therapy have been the subject of clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29457921-194">[194]</a> A 2019 review found moderate certainty evidence that giving people <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> before breast cancer surgery helped to prevent <a href="/wiki/Perioperative_mortality" title="Perioperative mortality">surgical site infection (SSI)</a>. Further study is required to determine the most effective antibiotic protocol and use in women undergoing immediate breast reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cryoablation">edit</a>]</div> As of 2014 <a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">cryoablation</a> is being studied to see if it could be a substitute for a lumpectomy in small cancers.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> There is tentative evidence in those with tumors less than 2 centimeters across.<a href="#cite_note-Rou2014-197">[197]</a> It may also be used in those in who surgery is not possible.<a href="#cite_note-Rou2014-197">[197]</a> Another review states that cryoablation looks promising for early breast cancer of small size.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer_cell_lines">Breast cancer cell lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Breast cancer cell lines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_breast_cancer_cell_lines" title="List of breast cancer cell lines">List of breast cancer cell lines</a></div> Part of the current knowledge on breast carcinomas is based on <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> studies performed with <a href="/wiki/Cell_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell lines">cell lines</a> derived from breast cancers. These provide an unlimited source of homogenous self-replicating material, free of contaminating <a href="/wiki/Stroma_(animal_tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroma (animal tissue)">stromal</a> cells, and often easily cultured in simple standard <a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">media</a>. The first breast cancer cell line described, <a href="/wiki/BT-20_(cell_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="BT-20 (cell line)">BT-20</a>, was established in 1958. Since then, and despite sustained work in this area, the number of permanent lines obtained has been strikingly low (about 100). Indeed, attempts to culture breast cancer cell lines from primary tumors have been largely unsuccessful. This poor efficiency was often due to technical difficulties associated with the extraction of viable tumor cells from their surrounding stroma. Most of the available breast cancer cell lines issued from metastatic tumors, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusions</a>. Effusions provided generally large numbers of dissociated, viable tumor cells with little or no contamination by <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> and other tumor stroma cells. Many of the currently used BCC lines were established in the late 1970s. A very few of them, namely <a href="/wiki/MCF-7" title="MCF-7">MCF-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-47D" title="T-47D">T-47D</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDA-MB-231" class="mw-redirect" title="MDA-MB-231">MDA-MB-231</a> and <a href="/wiki/SK-BR-3" class="mw-redirect" title="SK-BR-3">SK-BR-3</a>, account for more than two-thirds of all abstracts reporting studies on mentioned breast cancer cell lines, as concluded from a <a href="/wiki/Medline" class="mw-redirect" title="Medline">Medline</a>-based survey. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_markers">Molecular markers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Molecular markers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolic_markers">Metabolic markers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Metabolic markers">edit</a>]</div> Clinically, the most useful metabolic markers in breast cancer are the estrogen and progesterone receptors that are used to predict response to hormone therapy. New or potentially new markers for breast cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2<a href="#cite_note-pmid11522269-199">[199]</a> to identify people at high risk of developing breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/HER-2" class="mw-redirect" title="HER-2">HER-2</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/SCD1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCD1">SCD1</a>, for predicting response to therapeutic regimens, and <a href="/wiki/Urokinase_plasminogen_activator" class="mw-redirect" title="Urokinase plasminogen activator">urokinase plasminogen activator</a>, PA1-1 and SCD1 for assessing prognosis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence">edit</a>]</div> The integration of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) in breast cancer diagnosis and management has the potential to improve healthcare practices and enhance patient care.<a href="#cite_note-diaz2-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-al2-201">[201]</a> With the adoption of advanced technologies like surgical robots, healthcare providers are able to achieve greater accuracy and efficiency in surgeries related to breast diseases.<a href="#cite_note-diaz2-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-al2-201">[201]</a> AI can be used to predict breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> These AI-driven robots use <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to provide real-time guidance, analyze imaging data, and execute procedures with precision, ultimately leading to improved surgical outcomes for people with breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-diaz2-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-al2-201">[201]</a> Moreover, AI has the potential to transform the methods of monitoring and personalized treatment, using remote monitoring systems to facilitate continuous observation of a person's health status, assist early detection of disease progression, and enable individualized treatment options.<a href="#cite_note-diaz2-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-al2-201">[201]</a> The overall impact of these technological advancements enhances quality of care, promoting more interactive and personalized healthcare solutions.<a href="#cite_note-diaz2-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_tumor" title="Mammary tumor">Mammary tumor</a> for breast cancer in other animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis" title="Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis">Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaplastic_breast_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaplastic breast cancer">Metaplastic breast cancer</a> (MBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculogenic_mimicry" title="Vasculogenic mimicry">Vasculogenic mimicry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_cancer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Surg Clin North Am. 103 (1): 63–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2022.08.004">10.1016/j.suc.2022.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36410354">36410354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252990902">252990902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surg+Clin+North+Am&rft.atitle=Breast+Cancer+Screening+Modalities%2C+Recommendations%2C+and+Novel+Imaging+Techniques&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-82&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252990902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36410354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2022.08.004&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Narayan%2C+AK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreast+cancer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmanHelvie2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman WT, Helvie MA (September 2022). "Breast cancer screening in average and high-risk women". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 83: 3–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2021.11.007">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34903436">34903436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244447464">244447464</a>.</cite><span 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.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581" class="extiw" title="d:Q128581">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C50">C50</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=174">174</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=175">175</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=V10.3">V10.3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progenetix.org/subsets/?term_id=icdom:8502_3">M8502/3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/114480">114480</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001943">D001943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1598.htm">1598</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000913.htm">000913</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2808-overview">med/2808</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3287.htm#">med/3287</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic115.htm#">radio/115</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic521.htm#">plastic/521</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-cancer-pro">Breast cancer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">NCI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/breast">Breast cancer</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Breast cancer <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Breast+cancer">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Breast+cancer&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breast_cancer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breast_cancer_types" title="Template:Breast cancer types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breast_cancer_types" title="Template talk:Breast cancer types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breast_cancer_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breast cancer types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breast_cancer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breast cancer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_classification" title="Breast cancer classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_breast%E2%80%93ovarian_cancer_syndrome" title="Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome">Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRCA_mutation" title="BRCA mutation">BRCA mutation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_screening" title="Breast cancer screening">Screening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_self-examination" title="Breast self-examination">Self-examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_management" title="Breast cancer management">Treatment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_management" title="Breast cancer management">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_chemotherapy" title="Breast cancer chemotherapy">Breast cancer chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">Mastectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast-conserving_surgery" title="Breast-conserving surgery">Breast-conserving surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">Ductal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Ductal carcinoma in situ">Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease of the breast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedocarcinoma" title="Comedocarcinoma">Comedocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma#Invasive_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ductal carcinoma">Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraductal_papilloma" title="Intraductal papilloma">Intraductal papilloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Lobular carcinoma in situ">Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_lobular_carcinoma" title="Invasive lobular carcinoma">Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_lobular_breast_cancer" title="Hereditary lobular breast cancer">Hereditary lobular breast cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibroepithelial_neoplasm" title="Fibroepithelial neoplasm">Fibroepithelials</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stroma_(tissue)" title="Stroma (tissue)">stromal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibroadenoma" title="Fibroadenoma">Fibroadenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllodes_tumor" title="Phyllodes tumor">Phyllodes tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_breast_carcinoma" title="Medullary breast carcinoma">Medullary breast carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaplastic_carcinoma" title="Metaplastic carcinoma">Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_breast_cancer" title="Male breast cancer">Male breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_breast_cancer" title="Inflammatory breast cancer">Inflammatory breast cancer</a></li> <li>Precursor lesions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_ductal_hyperplasia" title="Atypical ductal hyperplasia">Atypical ductal hyperplasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_adenoma" title="Nipple adenoma">Nipple adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Breast cancer at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Breast_cancer" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Breast cancer">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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[\"CITEREFBrayFerlaySoerjomataramSiegel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittCuzickPhillips2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodyRudelMichelsMoysich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBöhm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarbineLostumboWallaceKo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalieriChakravartiGuttenplanHart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChelmowPearlmanYoungBozzuto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoiMyungLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollaborative_Group_on_Hormonal_Factors_in_Breast_Cancer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuzickSestakBonanniCostantino2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíazRodríguez-RuízSechopoulos2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenreich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliassenHankinsonRosnerHolmes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaguet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFakhriChadLahkimHouari2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarvidBarnettSpence2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarvidSpenceHolmesBarnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilardo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornageHwang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaffieldCulwellRavi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagherJonesBell-Syer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannakeasLimNarod2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldhirschIngleGelberCoates2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGøtzscheJørgensen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbeckPenault-LlorcaCortesGnant2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslamWoodward2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesLippman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesRichardsonFrampton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanelsinsKeslerAhlesMorrow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJardéPerrierVassonCaldefie-Chézet2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJassimDohertyWhitfordKhashan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonMillerCollishawPalmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaartinen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanadysBarańskaMalmBłaszczuk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlawiter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnopf-Newman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolata2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKouros-MehrKimBechisWerb2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyuBachmanAlexanderMumford2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahartMetsiosNevillCarmichael2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandeman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangeJolyVardyAhles2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeArteaga2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeShiromaLobeloPuska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinPietras2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoiblPoortmansMorrowDenkert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcinkuteWoodwardGandhiHowell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariettaThompsonLamerdinBrooks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinacNelsonBreenHartman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonaldGoyalTerry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenesCosterCosterShenhar-Tsarfaty2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetaxaHealyO\u0026#039;Keeffe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMocellinGoodwinPasquali2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorabia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulholland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonSmithGriffinFu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonTyneNaikBougatsos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsenNarayan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObermillerTaitHolt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlopadeFalkson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwensDavidsonKristBarry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelYuLeeCorcoran1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson-StuttardZhouKontisBentham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahmanHelvie2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothSwisherMeyn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoubidouxYangStafford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunowiczLeachHenryHenry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussoRusso1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersJassal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShieldSoerjomataramRehm2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongBae2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryawanshiZhangEssani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheruvathuJarugaNathDizdaroglu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenurLeone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinogradovaCouplandHippisley-Cox2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangArmstrongCairnsKey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsLin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchesterWinchesterHudisNorton2006\"] = 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